Water and soil loss treatment method for key section of loess region

Abstract

The invention discloses a loess region key section water and soil loss treatment method comprising the following steps: 1, carrying out landform analysis on a loess region to accurately identify a key section area with high risk of water and soil loss; step 2, carrying out terrace transformation on the key section by adopting a terrace type land reclamation technology, and introducing a water and soil conservation system and a drainage system at the same time; step 3, constructing a soil erosion prevention and control system mainly based on biological measures, including but not limited to vegetation restoration and application of a soil conditioner; 4, a water and soil loss monitoring system is established to monitor the treatment effect, regular maintenance is conducted through a maintenance mechanism, and the problems that a traditional water and soil loss treatment method is low in efficiency and not lasting in treatment effect are solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of soil and water loss control, in particular to a method for controlling soil and water loss in key areas of loess regions. Background Art

[0002] Soil erosion refers to the loss of water and soil due to natural or human factors, whereby rainwater cannot be absorbed locally and instead flows downstream, washing away the soil. This phenomenon is widespread worldwide, but is particularly acute in the Loess Plateau, where soil erosion is a serious problem. Due to its unique geological structure and climatic conditions, soil erosion is particularly severe in the Loess Plateau, leading to land degradation, ecological deterioration, and a decline in agricultural productivity.

[0003] Traditional methods for controlling soil and water loss often have the problems of low efficiency and unsustainable control effects. Therefore, the present invention proposes a method for controlling soil and water loss in key areas of loess regions to solve the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the defects of the above-mentioned prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for controlling soil erosion in key areas of the loess region.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for controlling soil erosion in key areas of loess regions, comprising the following steps:

[0006] Step 1: Conduct a topographic analysis of the Loess Plateau region to accurately identify key areas with high risk of soil erosion;

[0007] Step 2: Use terraced land consolidation technology to terrace key areas, while introducing soil and water conservation and drainage systems;

[0008] Step 3: Establish a soil erosion prevention and control system based on biological measures, including but not limited to vegetation restoration and application of soil conditioners;

[0009] Step 4: Establish a soil and water loss monitoring system to monitor the control effect and perform regular maintenance through a maintenance mechanism.

[0010] Furthermore, in step 1, the topography and geomorphology analysis includes a comprehensive consideration of factors such as loess layer thickness, slope, vegetation coverage, rainfall and soil erosion degree, in order to accurately assess the potential risk of soil erosion. The topography and geomorphology analysis steps are as follows: remote sensing images acquired using satellites or aerial photography can cover a large area and provide macro information of topography and geomorphology, collect GIS data, including digital elevation models (DEMs), land use maps, soil type maps, etc.; clean, correct and format the collected data for easy analysis, extract digital elevation models (DEMs) from remote sensing data, and DEMs are important basic data for analyzing topography and geomorphology; calculate the slope of the terrain and understand the surface The degree of inclination, determine the orientation of the slope, that is, the direction of the slope inclination, identify the ups and downs of the terrain, identify different landforms, such as rivers, gullies, ridges, valleys, etc., analyze the degree and distribution of soil erosion, identify areas with severe erosion, extract key features of the terrain, such as ridge lines, valley bottom lines, watersheds, etc., analyze the spatial relationship between different terrain features, construct mathematical models to describe certain characteristics or processes of the terrain, use statistical methods to analyze terrain data, identify patterns and trends, create topographic maps, intuitively display the characteristics of the terrain, use GIS software to create three-dimensional terrain models, more intuitively understand the terrain, and identify key areas with high risk of soil erosion.

[0011] Furthermore, in step three, the soil conditioner includes microbial agents, mineral fertilizers, organic mulches and water-retaining agents. The microbial agents contain beneficial microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, which can promote the decomposition of organic matter in the soil, increase the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, improve the biological activity of the soil, use microbial flora to biologically improve the soil, and enhance the soil structure. Mineral fertilizers contain natural or synthetic substances of essential mineral elements for plants, such as phosphate rock powder, potassium rock powder, etc. Organic mulches are organic materials used to cover the soil surface to improve soil conditions and environment, such as straw, leaves, grass clippings, etc., which can be covered on the soil surface to reduce water evaporation, inhibit weed growth, and increase soil organic matter. The water-retaining agent is a substance that can absorb and retain a large amount of water, such as polyacrylamide, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.

[0012] Furthermore, in the step three, the vegetation restoration measures include selecting drought-resistant plants suitable for local growth, such as sea buckthorn, caragana and Chinese pine, to enhance the soil's resistance to erosion. In the step three, vegetation restoration adopts mixed planting and multi-level vegetation configuration to improve vegetation coverage and ecological diversity; including a detailed assessment of the soil, climate, water resources and other conditions of the degraded land to determine the plant species suitable for planting, and selecting local and adaptable plant species based on the assessment results, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, and selecting plants with deep and shallow root systems to utilize water and nutrients in different soil layers. Multi-level vegetation configuration: tree layer: planting high Large trees, such as pine and oak, can provide shade, reduce soil erosion and increase biodiversity; shrub layer: plant shrubs such as hawthorn and sea buckthorn under the trees, which can provide additional soil protection and wildlife habitats; herb layer: plant herbaceous plants such as turf and wildflowers under the shrubs, which can quickly cover the soil, reduce erosion and increase soil organic matter. Mixed planting of multiple plants in the same layer can increase the stability and resistance of the ecosystem. Mixed planting can improve the circulation of soil nutrients, reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, and combine with terraces, drainage ditch soil and water conservation projects to reduce soil erosion and create good conditions for vegetation restoration.

[0013] Furthermore, in the step 2, the slope, width and length of the terraces are optimized according to the topography to maximize the water and soil conservation effect, and the terraces are constructed using modular design and prefabricated components to reduce construction costs; including planning the location, shape and size of the terraces according to the results of the topography analysis, designing the modular structure of the terraces, ensuring that each module can be produced in a standardized manner for easy transportation and installation, and designing reusable terrace modules, which can be concrete prefabricated parts, stone stacking structures or soil filling bags, etc., to ensure that the module design meets the local soil, climate and hydrological conditions, as well as anti-erosion requirements, and prefabricating terrace components in factories or on site. , such as concrete blocks, gabions or soil reinforcement materials. Prefabricated components should take into account the convenience of transportation, and the size and weight should be suitable for handling and installation. The prefabricated modules should be transported to the construction site. According to the construction plan and sequence, the transportation and stacking of the modules should be reasonably arranged. The prefabricated modules should be installed in the predetermined position according to the design drawings and construction plan; after the module is installed, the soil is filled to ensure that the soil is evenly distributed, to avoid gaps and uneven settlement, and to compact the soil to increase the stability and erosion resistance of the soil. In the second step, the drainage system automatically opens the drainage valve when the rainfall is heavy or the soil moisture is too high to prevent soil erosion and soil flooding.

[0014] Furthermore, in step 4, high-resolution remote sensing monitoring of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau is carried out using a multispectral sensor equipped with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), including selecting a suitable UAV platform, considering its endurance, load, stability and maneuverability, selecting a suitable multispectral sensor, selecting the sensor's spectral range and resolution according to monitoring requirements, performing flight missions at predetermined times and under predetermined conditions, collecting multispectral image data, ensuring that the flight route covers all monitoring areas, and has sufficient overlapping areas for subsequent image stitching, and preprocessing the collected multispectral image data, including radiation correction, atmospheric correction, etc. , use image processing software to stitch, crop and enhance images to improve image quality, use image analysis software to extract soil and water loss related features, such as vegetation index, soil erosion degree, etc., calculate monitoring indicators, such as vegetation coverage, soil exposed area, soil and water loss amount, etc., compare monitoring data at different time points, analyze the changes in soil and water loss, use time series analysis methods to identify trends and patterns of soil and water loss, verify and correct remote sensing monitoring results through ground measured data, evaluate the accuracy and reliability of remote sensing monitoring, ensure the accuracy of monitoring results, and adjust control measures in time according to monitoring data.

[0015] Furthermore, in step four, the monitoring system uses monitoring equipment to achieve real-time data collection and analysis to improve monitoring efficiency and accuracy. The maintenance mechanism includes regular vegetation pruning, engineering structure inspection and repair, and updating of agricultural technical measures, including the installation of soil moisture sensors, rain gauges, wind speed and direction sensors, erosion monitoring equipment, etc. in key areas to collect data in real time, and use drones and satellite remote sensing technology to regularly obtain data on surface cover and terrain changes. The collected data is integrated into the geographic information system (GIS) for analysis and visualization, ensuring that the data can be transmitted to the central database in real time for immediate analysis. A data analysis platform is established, and statistical and machine learning algorithms are used to conduct in-depth analysis of the data to identify trends and anomalies.

[0016] Furthermore, in the step 2, the soil and water conservation system includes a sensor system, a data processing center and an automatic adjustment device; the sensor system includes a soil moisture sensor, an erosion monitoring sensor, a vegetation growth monitoring sensor, a weather station, GIS and GPS technology, and the sensor system monitors soil moisture, erosion degree and vegetation growth status in real time; soil moisture sensor: monitors the moisture content of the soil and provides data support for irrigation decisions; erosion monitoring sensor: measures the degree of soil erosion, such as using an erosion plate or a sediment collector; vegetation growth monitoring sensor: monitors the growth and health of vegetation through multispectral or hyperspectral sensors; weather station: collects meteorological data such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, etc., and provides environmental parameters for soil and water conservation; GIS and GPS technology: provides accurate geographic location information to assist in the deployment and management of the sensor system.

[0017] Furthermore, the data processing center analyzes the monitoring data and automatically adjusts irrigation and fertilization agricultural management activities, including real-time data collection from the sensor system, including soil moisture, temperature, pH value, conductivity, nutrient level, rainfall, evaporation, vegetation growth status, etc. Through the Internet of Things technology, the data is transmitted to the central database, the data is cleaned, outliers and noise are removed, and the data format is standardized for analysis. Statistical analysis methods such as regression analysis and time series analysis are used to identify patterns and trends in the data. Machine learning algorithms such as decision trees, random forests, neural networks, etc. are applied to conduct in-depth analysis of the data and predict the future status of soil and vegetation. Based on the analysis results, decision recommendations for irrigation and fertilization are generated. The automatic adjustment device adjusts soil and water conservation measures according to the instructions of the data processing center to achieve management. The automatic adjustment device includes an actuator, a controller, a sensor interface and control software. Actuator: a device used to execute adjustment instructions Equipment, such as electric valves, pumps, fertilizer spreaders, sprinkler systems, etc.; controller: an embedded controller or PLC (programmable logic controller), responsible for receiving instructions from the data processing center and controlling the actuators; sensor interface: connected to the sensor system to receive monitoring data in real time; control software: used to process instructions from the data processing center and control the operation of the actuators. The automatic adjustment device receives instructions from the data processing center through the network interface, including specific parameters for operations such as irrigation, fertilization, and drainage. According to the received instructions, the automatic adjustment device starts the corresponding actuator. For example: Irrigation system: automatically opens or closes irrigation valves and adjusts water flow and irrigation time based on soil moisture data; Fertilization system: automatically adjusts the fertilizer amount and fertilization time of the fertilizer spreader based on the results of soil nutrient analysis to ensure that crops receive the right amount of nutrients; Drainage system: automatically opens the drainage valve when rainfall is heavy or soil moisture is too high to prevent soil erosion and soil flooding.

[0018] Furthermore, in the step 2, a three-dimensional vegetation net technology is used to construct a three-dimensional vegetation structure in steep or severely eroded areas that are difficult to cover with vegetation; the three-dimensional vegetation net can improve the soil and water retention capacity of vegetation and reduce soil erosion. Terrain assessment: assess the slope, soil conditions, erosion degree and climate characteristics of the area to be restored, including designing a suitable three-dimensional vegetation net structure based on the terrain assessment results, including mesh size, net depth and net density, laying the net structure on the ground and fixing it with anchors or piles to prevent the net structure from being washed away by water, and performing soil improvement under the net structure, such as adding organic matter and soil conditioners to improve soil Soil fertility, suitable plant seeds or seedlings are planted in the mesh structure, and plant species with well-developed root systems and rapid growth are selected to quickly form a stable vegetation layer. In step three, biochar technology can also be used to improve soil structure and enhance the soil's water and nutrient retention capacity. Biochar can be made from various biomass, including agricultural waste (such as straw, rice husks), forestry waste (such as branches, leaves) and organic waste. Biochar is heated in an anaerobic or low-oxygen environment, and the temperature is usually controlled at 400-700°C to produce biochar. As needed, the biochar can be crushed, graded and chemically treated to enhance its soil improvement properties.

[0019] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0020] 1. The present invention uses biochar and soil conditioners to improve soil structure, enhance soil water retention and nutrient retention, increase soil organic matter content, and improve soil erosion resistance. Based on the application of biochar and soil improvement technology, it can improve soil structure and enhance soil erosion resistance in the long term, ensuring the durability of the treatment effect;

[0021] 2. The IoT-based irrigation system of the present invention can automatically adjust the irrigation amount and time according to soil moisture, meteorological conditions and plant growth needs, achieving precise irrigation, reducing water waste and lowering the risk of soil erosion.

[0022] 3. This invention uses multispectral sensors and GIS technology on drones to achieve high-resolution remote sensing monitoring of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, improving monitoring efficiency and accuracy and enabling more accurate identification and assessment of soil erosion.

[0023] 4. This invention combines traditional terraces with new terrace construction technologies to improve the water and soil conservation capacity of terraces while reducing the damage to the topography caused by terrace construction, achieving a win-win situation for ecological protection and agricultural production. By introducing a soil and water conservation system and a monitoring system, it can monitor soil and water erosion in real time, quickly respond and take corresponding measures, and significantly improve management efficiency.

[0024] 5. The present invention reduces natural disasters such as mud and rock flows and landslides caused by soil erosion through effective soil and water loss control, reduces threats to people's lives and property, reduces economic losses, and improves the region's disaster resistance and mitigation capabilities. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] In order to more clearly illustrate the solutions in the present invention, a brief introduction is given below to the drawings required for use in describing the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without any creative work.

[0026] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the process provided by the present invention; DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings so that the advantages and features of the present invention can be more easily understood by those skilled in the art, thereby making a clearer and more precise definition of the scope of protection of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making any creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0028] The terms "including" and "having," as well as any variations thereof, in the present specification, claims, and accompanying drawings are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions. The terms "first" and "second" in the present specification, claims, and accompanying drawings are used to distinguish between different items, not to describe a specific order.

[0029] See also Figure 1 A method for controlling soil erosion in key areas of loess regions comprises the following steps:

[0030] Step 1: Conduct a topographic analysis of the Loess Plateau region to accurately identify key areas with high risk of soil erosion;

[0031] Step 2: Use terraced land consolidation technology to terrace key areas, while introducing soil and water conservation and drainage systems;

[0032] Step 3: Establish a soil erosion prevention and control system based on biological measures, including but not limited to vegetation restoration and application of soil conditioners;

[0033] Step 4: Establish a soil and water loss monitoring system to monitor the control effect and perform regular maintenance through a maintenance mechanism.

[0034] As an improvement to the above technical solution, in step one, the topography and geomorphology analysis includes comprehensive consideration of factors such as loess layer thickness, slope, vegetation coverage, rainfall and soil erosion degree, in order to accurately assess the potential risk of soil erosion. The topography and geomorphology analysis steps are as follows: remote sensing images acquired using satellites or aerial photography can cover a large area and provide macro information of topography and geomorphology, collect GIS data, including digital elevation models (DEMs), land use maps, soil type maps, etc.; clean, correct and format the collected data for easy analysis, extract digital elevation models (DEMs) from remote sensing data, and DEMs are important basic data for analyzing topography and geomorphology; calculate the slope of the terrain and understand the terrain. The system can also be used to determine the degree of inclination of the surface, determine the orientation of the slope, that is, the direction of the slope inclination, identify the ups and downs of the terrain, identify different landforms, such as rivers, gullies, ridges, valleys, etc., analyze the degree and distribution of soil erosion, identify areas with severe erosion, extract key features of the terrain, such as ridge lines, valley bottom lines, watersheds, etc., analyze the spatial relationship between different terrain and landform features, construct mathematical models to describe certain characteristics or processes of the terrain, use statistical methods to analyze terrain and landform data, identify patterns and trends, create topographic maps, intuitively display the characteristics of the terrain, use GIS software to create three-dimensional terrain models, understand the terrain more intuitively, and identify key areas with high risk of soil erosion.

[0035] As an improvement of the above technical solution, in step three, the soil conditioner includes microbial agents, mineral fertilizers, organic mulches and water-retaining agents. The microbial agents contain beneficial microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, which can promote the decomposition of organic matter in the soil, increase the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, improve the biological activity of the soil, and use microbial flora to biologically improve the soil and enhance the soil structure. Mineral fertilizers contain natural or synthetic substances of essential mineral elements for plants, such as phosphate rock powder, potassium rock powder, etc. Organic mulches are used to cover the soil surface to improve soil conditions and environment. Organic materials such as straw, leaves, grass clippings, etc. can be covered on the soil surface to reduce water evaporation, inhibit weed growth, and increase soil organic matter. Water-retaining agents are substances that can absorb and retain large amounts of water, such as polyacrylamide, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.

[0036] Specifically: mark lines in the east-west direction at a row spacing of 5m, use a crawler excavator to dig planting ditches with a width of 1m and a depth of 1m. After the planting ditches are dug, first level the banks on both sides of the ditch surface, then level the ditch bottom and ditch slope separately to ensure that the bottom surface of the planting ditch is flat and consistent from top to bottom. Evenly lay a 10cm thick layer of homemade soil improver on the bottom of each ditch, and fill the planting ditch with the soil excavated from the planting ditch.

[0037] As an improvement to the above technical solution, in step three, vegetation restoration measures include selecting drought-resistant plants suitable for local growth, such as sea buckthorn, caragana and Chinese pine, to enhance the soil's ability to resist erosion. In step three, vegetation restoration adopts mixed planting and multi-level vegetation configuration to improve vegetation coverage and ecological diversity; including a detailed assessment of the soil, climate, water resources and other conditions of the degraded land to determine the plant species suitable for planting. Based on the assessment results, local and adaptable plant species are selected, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. Plants with deep and shallow root systems are selected to utilize water and nutrients in different soil layers. Multi-level vegetation configuration: tree layer: planting Tall trees, such as pine and oak, can provide shade, reduce soil erosion and increase biodiversity; shrub layer: plant shrubs such as hawthorn and sea buckthorn under the trees, which can provide additional soil protection and wildlife habitats; herb layer: plant herbaceous plants such as turf and wildflowers under the shrubs, which can quickly cover the soil, reduce erosion and increase soil organic matter. Mixed planting of multiple plants in the same layer can increase the stability and resistance of the ecosystem. Mixed planting can improve the circulation of soil nutrients, reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, and combine with terraces, drainage ditch soil and water conservation projects to reduce soil erosion and create good conditions for vegetation restoration.

[0038] As an improvement to the above technical solution, in step 2, the slope, width and length of the terraces are optimized according to the topography to maximize the soil and water conservation effect. The terraces are constructed using modular design and prefabricated components to reduce construction costs. This includes planning the location, shape and size of the terraces based on the results of topography and landform analysis, designing the modular structure of the terraces to ensure that each module can be produced in a standardized manner for easy transportation and installation, and designing reusable terrace modules. These modules can be concrete prefabricated parts, stone stacking structures or soil filling bags, etc., to ensure that the module design meets the local soil, climate and water conditions. According to the cultural conditions and anti-erosion requirements, terrace components such as concrete blocks, gabions or soil reinforcement materials are prefabricated in the factory or on site. The prefabricated components should take into account the convenience of transportation, and the size and weight should be suitable for handling and installation. The prefabricated modules should be transported to the construction site. According to the construction plan and sequence, the transportation and stacking of the modules should be reasonably arranged. The prefabricated modules should be installed in the predetermined positions according to the design drawings and construction plan. After the modules are installed, soil filling should be carried out to ensure that the soil is evenly distributed, avoid gaps and uneven settlement, and compact the soil to increase the stability and anti-erosion ability of the soil.

[0039] In step 4, high-resolution remote sensing monitoring of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau is carried out using drones equipped with multispectral sensors, including selecting a suitable drone platform, considering its endurance, load, stability and maneuverability, selecting a suitable multispectral sensor, selecting the sensor's spectral range and resolution according to monitoring requirements, executing the flight mission at the predetermined time and under the conditions, collecting multispectral image data, ensuring that the flight route covers all monitoring areas and has sufficient overlapping areas for subsequent image stitching, pre-processing the collected multispectral image data, including radiation correction and atmospheric correction, and using image processing software for image stitching, cropping and enhancement. High image quality, using image analysis software to extract soil and water loss related features, such as vegetation index, soil erosion degree, etc., calculate monitoring indicators, such as vegetation coverage, soil exposed area, soil and water loss, etc., compare monitoring data at different time points, analyze the changes in soil and water loss, use time series analysis methods to identify soil and water loss trends and patterns, verify and correct remote sensing monitoring results through ground-based measured data, evaluate the accuracy and reliability of remote sensing monitoring, ensure the accuracy of monitoring results, and adjust control measures in a timely manner according to monitoring data. The monitoring system uses monitoring equipment to achieve real-time data collection and analysis, improve monitoring efficiency and accuracy, and maintain the mechanism. Including regular vegetation pruning, engineering structure inspection and repair, and updating of agricultural technical measures, including the installation of soil moisture sensors, rain gauges, wind speed and direction sensors, erosion monitoring equipment, etc. in key areas to collect data in real time, and using drones and satellite remote sensing technology to regularly obtain data on surface cover and terrain changes, integrating the collected data into the geographic information system (GIS) for analysis and visualization, ensuring that the data can be transmitted to the central database in real time for immediate analysis, establishing a data analysis platform, and using statistical and machine learning algorithms to conduct in-depth analysis of the data to identify trends and anomalies. In step two, the soil and water conservation system includes a sensor system, a data Data processing center and automatic adjustment device; the sensor system includes soil moisture sensors, erosion monitoring sensors, vegetation growth monitoring sensors, weather stations, GIS and GPS technology. The sensor system monitors soil moisture, erosion level and vegetation growth in real time. Soil moisture sensors: monitor soil moisture content and provide data support for irrigation decisions; erosion monitoring sensors: measure the degree of soil erosion, such as using erosion plates or sediment collectors; vegetation growth monitoring sensors: monitor vegetation growth and health through multispectral or hyperspectral sensors; weather stations: collect meteorological data such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, etc., and provide environmental parameters for soil and water conservation;GIS and GPS technologies: provide precise geographic location information, assist in the deployment and management of sensor systems, and analyze monitoring data at the data processing center to automatically adjust irrigation and fertilization agricultural management activities. This includes real-time data collection from the sensor system, including soil moisture, temperature, pH value, conductivity, nutrient levels, rainfall, evaporation, vegetation growth conditions, etc. The data is transmitted to the central database through IoT technology, the data is cleaned, outliers and noise are removed, and the data format is standardized for analysis. Statistical analysis methods such as regression analysis and time series analysis are used to identify patterns and trends in the data. Machine learning algorithms such as decision trees, random forests, and neural networks are applied to conduct in-depth analysis of the data and predict the future state of soil and vegetation. Based on the analysis results, irrigation and fertilization decision recommendations are generated. The automatic adjustment device adjusts soil and water conservation measures according to the instructions of the data processing center to achieve management. The automatic adjustment device includes actuators, controllers, sensor interfaces, and control software. Actuator: A device used to execute control instructions, such as electric valves, pumps, fertilizer spreaders, and sprinkler systems. Controller: An embedded controller or PLC (programmable logic controller) responsible for receiving instructions from the data processing center and controlling the actuators. Sensor interface: Connects to the sensor system to receive monitoring data in real time. Control software: Processes instructions from the data processing center and controls the operation of the actuators. Automatic control devices receive instructions from the data processing center through a network interface, including specific parameters for irrigation, fertilization, drainage, and other operations. Based on the received instructions, the automatic control device activates the corresponding actuator. For example: Irrigation system: Automatically opens or closes irrigation valves based on soil moisture data, adjusting water flow and irrigation time. Fertilization system: Automatically adjusts the fertilizer application rate and timing based on soil nutrient analysis results to ensure that crops receive the appropriate amount of nutrients. Drainage system: Automatically opens drainage valves when rainfall is heavy or soil moisture is too high to prevent soil erosion and flooding.

[0040] As an improvement to the above technical solution, in step 2, three-dimensional vegetation net technology is used to construct a three-dimensional vegetation structure in steep or severely eroded areas that are difficult to cover with vegetation; the three-dimensional vegetation net can improve the soil and water retention capacity of vegetation and reduce soil erosion. Terrain assessment: assess the slope, soil conditions, erosion degree and climate characteristics of the area to be restored, including designing a suitable three-dimensional vegetation net structure based on the terrain assessment results, including mesh size, net depth and net density, laying the net structure on the ground and fixing it with anchors or piles to prevent the net structure from being washed away by water, and improving the soil under the net structure, such as adding organic matter and soil conditioners. Improve soil fertility, plant suitable plant seeds or seedlings in the mesh structure, and select plant species with well-developed root systems and rapid growth to quickly form a stable vegetation layer. In step three, biochar technology can also be used to improve soil structure and improve the soil's water and nutrient retention capacity. Biochar can be made from various biomass, including agricultural waste (such as straw, rice husks), forestry waste (such as branches, leaves) and organic waste. Biomass is heated in an anaerobic or low-oxygen environment, and the temperature is usually controlled at 400-700°C to produce biochar. As needed, biochar can be crushed, graded and chemically treated to enhance its soil improvement properties.

[0041] Working principle and usage of the present invention:

[0042] Working principle:

[0043] Directly obtain topographic and geomorphic data through field surveys and measurements, obtain remote sensing images using satellites or aerial photography, collect GIS data, including digital elevation models (DEMs), land use maps, soil type maps, etc., clean, correct, and format the collected data for easy analysis, extract DEMs from remote sensing data, calculate the slope of the terrain, analyze elevation changes, identify terrain types and erosion levels, extract key features of the terrain and geomorphology, construct mathematical models to describe terrain characteristics or processes, use statistical methods to analyze data, produce topographic maps and three-dimensional terrain models, and design targeted soil and water loss control plans based on the results of topographic and geomorphic analysis, including vegetation restoration and water conservancy facility construction measures, planting drought-resistant plants, building terraces, setting up drainage systems, and applying soil conditioners (including microbial agents, mineral fertilizers). Materials, organic mulch and water-retaining agents), modular design and prefabricated components are used to build terraces, the slope, width and length of the terraces are optimized, and drones equipped with multispectral sensors are used for high-resolution remote sensing monitoring to collect multispectral image data and extract water and soil erosion-related features. Monitoring equipment is used to collect data in real time and integrate it into GIS for analysis and visualization. A data analysis platform is established and statistical and machine learning algorithms are used for in-depth analysis. The soil and water conservation system monitors soil moisture, erosion level and vegetation growth in real time. The data processing center analyzes the monitoring data and automatically adjusts agricultural management activities such as irrigation and fertilization. In areas where vegetation coverage is difficult, a three-dimensional vegetation structure is constructed to improve the soil fixation and water retention capacity of vegetation. Biochar technology can also be used to improve soil structure and enhance the soil's water and nutrient retention capacity.

[0044] Directions:

[0045] Conduct field surveys and measurements to collect topographic data. Utilize remote sensing technology and GIS software to analyze data and create topographic maps and models. Based on the analysis results, design soil and water erosion control plans, including selecting appropriate plant species and constructing water conservancy facilities. Plant plants, build terraces and drainage systems, and apply soil conditioners. Use prefabricated components and modular designs to construct terraces to improve construction efficiency and reduce costs. Regularly use drones for remote sensing monitoring to collect soil and water erosion data. Install monitoring equipment to collect real-time data on soil moisture, rainfall, wind speed and direction, and other data. Utilize a data processing center to analyze monitoring data and automatically adjust irrigation and fertilization rates for management. Lay three-dimensional vegetation grids in steep or severely eroded areas, plant appropriate plants, and use biochar to improve the soil.

[0046] Example: Soil and Water Loss Control Project in a Key Area of ​​the Loess Plateau

[0047] 1. Project Background

[0048] A certain region of the Loess Plateau is experiencing severe soil and water loss, leading to land degradation, deterioration of the ecological environment, and a decline in agricultural productivity. To improve this situation, a method provided by the present invention has been adopted to control soil and water loss.

[0049] 2. Topography and geomorphology analysis

[0050] Field survey and data collection: Organize professional teams to conduct field surveys and measurements in selected key areas to directly obtain topographic data, including loess layer thickness, slope, vegetation coverage, etc.

[0051] Remote sensing image acquisition: Use high-resolution satellite images and aerial photography technology to obtain the macro-topographic information of the area.

[0052] GIS data collection: Collect GIS data such as digital elevation models (DEMs), land use maps, and soil type maps.

[0053] Data analysis: Clean, correct and format the collected data, extract DEM, calculate the slope of the terrain, and analyze elevation changes and terrain types.

[0054] Topographic map and model production: Use GIS software to construct mathematical models, identify the extent and distribution of soil erosion, and produce topographic maps and three-dimensional terrain models to intuitively display topographic and geomorphological features.

[0055] 3. Design of Soil and Water Loss Control Program

[0056] Vegetation restoration plan: Based on the results of topographic and geomorphological analysis, select drought-resistant plant species suitable for local growth, such as sea buckthorn, caragana and Chinese pine, and design mixed planting and multi-level vegetation configuration plans.

[0057] Water conservancy facilities construction: Plan the location, shape and size of terrace construction, and design a modular structure to ensure that the modules can be produced in a standardized manner and facilitate transportation and installation.

[0058] IV. Implementation of the Governance Plan

[0059] Vegetation planting: Plant drought-tolerant plants in selected areas, adopt mixed planting and multi-level vegetation configuration to enhance the soil's resistance to erosion.

[0060] Terrace Construction: Modular design and prefabricated components are used to build terraces, reducing construction costs. Terrace components, such as concrete blocks, gabions, or soil reinforcement materials, are prefabricated in the factory and transported to the construction site for installation.

[0061] Drainage system setting: Set up drainage system to prevent soil erosion and soil waterlogging.

[0062] Soil conditioner application: Apply soil conditioners, including microbial agents, mineral fertilizers, organic mulches and water-retaining agents, to improve soil structure and increase soil water-retention capacity.

[0063] V. Monitoring, Evaluation and Maintenance

[0064] Remote sensing monitoring: Use drones equipped with multispectral sensors for high-resolution remote sensing monitoring, collect multispectral image data, and perform preprocessing and analysis to extract soil and water loss related features.

[0065] Monitoring equipment installation: Soil moisture sensors, rain gauges, wind speed and direction sensors, and erosion monitoring equipment were installed at key locations to collect data in real time and integrate it into GIS for analysis and visualization.

[0066] Establishment of data analysis platform: Establish a data analysis platform to use statistical and machine learning algorithms to conduct in-depth analysis of data, identify trends and anomalies, and adjust governance measures in a timely manner.

[0067] 6. Soil and Water Conservation System

[0068] A soil and water conservation system was introduced, including a sensor system, a data processing center and an automatic adjustment device to monitor soil moisture, erosion level and vegetation growth in real time.

[0069] Data processing and automatic adjustment: The data processing center analyzes monitoring data and automatically adjusts agricultural management activities such as irrigation and fertilization to achieve management.

[0070] 7. Application of 3D vegetation net technology and biochar technology

[0071] Three-dimensional vegetation network construction: In steep or severely eroded areas that are difficult to cover with vegetation, a three-dimensional vegetation structure is constructed to improve the vegetation's ability to fix soil and retain water.

[0072] Biochar technology application: Biochar technology can also be used to improve soil structure and increase the soil's water and nutrient retention capacity. Biochar is made from agricultural waste and is produced by heating biomass in an oxygen-free or low-oxygen environment.

[0073] Through the above embodiments, the method for controlling soil erosion in key areas of the Loess Plateau can effectively control soil erosion, protect and improve the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau, and provide more stable and sustainable agricultural production conditions for local residents.

[0074] The above description is only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments can still be modified, or some or all of the technical features therein can be replaced with the same. Any effective structural or effective process transformation made using the contents of the present invention specification and drawings, or directly or indirectly applied to other related technical fields, are also included in the patent protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for controlling soil erosion in key areas of loess regions, characterized by: The steps include: Step 1: Conduct a topographic analysis of the Loess Plateau region to accurately identify key areas with high risk of soil erosion; Step 2: Use terraced land consolidation technology to terrace key areas, while introducing soil and water conservation and drainage systems; Step 3: Establish a soil erosion prevention and control system based on biological measures, including but not limited to vegetation restoration and application of soil conditioners; Step 4: Establish a soil and water loss monitoring system to monitor the control effect and perform regular maintenance through a maintenance mechanism.

2. The method for controlling soil and water loss in key areas of loess regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step 1, the topography and geomorphology analysis includes comprehensive consideration of factors such as loess layer thickness, slope, vegetation coverage, rainfall and soil erosion degree, using remote sensing images obtained by satellite or aerial photography to provide macro information of the topography and geomorphology, collecting GIS data, cleaning, correcting and formatting the collected data, extracting digital elevation models (DEMs) from remote sensing data, calculating the slope of the terrain, understanding the degree of inclination of the surface, identifying the ups and downs of the terrain, analyzing the degree and distribution of soil erosion, identifying areas with severe erosion, extracting key features of the topography and geomorphology, analyzing the spatial relationship between different topography and geomorphology features, constructing mathematical models to describe certain features or processes of the topography and geomorphology, using statistical methods to analyze topography and geomorphology data, identifying patterns and trends, making topographic maps, using GIS software to make three-dimensional terrain models, and identifying key areas with high risk of soil and water loss.

3. The method for controlling soil and water loss in key areas of loess regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step three, the soil conditioner includes microbial agents, mineral fertilizers, organic mulches and water-retaining agents. The microbial agents contain beneficial microorganisms, the mineral fertilizers contain natural or synthetic substances of essential mineral elements for plants, the organic mulches cover the soil surface to improve soil conditions and environment, and the water-retaining agent can absorb and retain a large amount of water.

4. The method for controlling soil erosion in key areas of loess regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step three, the vegetation restoration measures include selecting drought-resistant plants suitable for local growth. In step three, vegetation restoration adopts mixed planting and multi-level vegetation configuration, including a detailed assessment of the soil, climate, and water resource conditions of the degraded land, selecting local and adaptable plant species based on the assessment results, selecting plants with deep and shallow root systems, and planting a variety of plants in a mixed manner at the same level.

5. The method for controlling soil and water loss in key areas of loess regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the second step, the slope, width and length of the terrace are optimized according to the topography, and the terraces are constructed using modular design and prefabricated components, including planning the location, shape and size of the terraces according to the results of the topography analysis, designing the modular structure of the terraces, designing reusable terrace modules, prefabricating terrace components in a factory or on-site, transporting the prefabricated modules to the construction site, reasonably arranging the transportation and stacking of the modules, and installing the prefabricated modules in predetermined locations; after the modules are installed, soil filling is carried out and the soil is compacted. In the second step, the drainage system automatically opens the drainage valve when the rainfall is heavy or the soil moisture is too high to prevent soil erosion and soil flooding.

6. The method for controlling soil and water loss in key areas of loess regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step four, high-resolution remote sensing monitoring of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau is carried out using a drone equipped with a multispectral sensor, including selecting a suitable drone platform, selecting a suitable multispectral sensor, selecting the spectral range and resolution of the sensor according to monitoring requirements, performing a flight mission at a predetermined time and under predetermined conditions, collecting multispectral image data, ensuring that the flight route covers all monitoring areas, preprocessing the collected multispectral image data, including radiation correction and atmospheric correction, using image processing software to stitch, crop and enhance the images to improve image quality, using image analysis software to extract soil erosion-related features, comparing monitoring data at different time points, analyzing changes in soil erosion, using time series analysis methods to identify trends and patterns in soil erosion, and verifying and correcting the remote sensing monitoring results through ground-based measured data.

7. The method for controlling soil and water loss in key areas of loess regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 4, the monitoring system uses monitoring equipment to achieve real-time data collection and analysis to improve monitoring efficiency and accuracy. The maintenance mechanism includes regular vegetation pruning, engineering structure inspection and repair, and updating of agricultural technical measures, including the installation of soil moisture sensors, rain gauges, wind speed and direction sensors, and erosion monitoring equipment in key areas to collect data in real time, and the use of drones and satellite remote sensing technology to regularly obtain data on surface cover and terrain changes. The collected data is integrated into a geographic information system (GIS), and a data analysis platform is established. Statistical and machine learning algorithms are used to conduct in-depth analysis of the data to identify trends and anomalies.

8. The method for controlling soil and water loss in key areas of loess regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 2, the soil and water conservation system includes a sensor system, a data processing center and an automatic adjustment device; the sensor system includes a soil moisture sensor, an erosion monitoring sensor, a vegetation growth monitoring sensor, a weather station, GIS and GPS technology, and the sensor system monitors soil moisture, erosion level and vegetation growth status in real time.

9. The method for controlling soil and water loss in key areas of loess regions according to claim 8, characterized in that: The data processing center analyzes monitoring data and automatically adjusts irrigation and fertilization agricultural management activities, including real-time data collection from the sensor system, transmitting the data to the central database through Internet of Things technology, cleaning the data, removing outliers and noise, standardizing the data format, using statistical analysis methods to identify patterns and trends in the data, applying machine learning algorithms, conducting in-depth analysis of the data, predicting the future state of soil and vegetation, and generating irrigation and fertilization decision-making recommendations based on the analysis results. The automatic adjustment device receives instructions from the data processing center through the network interface. The automatic adjustment device includes an actuator, a controller, a sensor interface and control software. According to the received instructions, the automatic adjustment device starts the corresponding actuator.

10. The method for controlling soil and water loss in key areas of loess regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the second step, three-dimensional vegetation net technology is used to construct a three-dimensional vegetation structure in steep or severely eroded areas that are difficult to cover with vegetation. This includes designing a suitable three-dimensional vegetation net structure based on the terrain assessment results, laying the net structure on the ground and fixing it with anchors or piles, improving the soil under the net structure, and planting suitable plant seeds or seedlings in the net structure. In the third step, biochar technology can also be used to improve the soil structure.

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