Method for improving saline-alkali soil and planting oats

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of saline-alkali soil improvement and crop planting, and particularly relates to a method for saline-alkali soil improvement and oat planting, which comprises the following steps: sowing mixed bean green manure crops in April every year, and scattering diammonium phosphate into ploughed soil before sowing; the mixed bean green manure is common vetch and S001 wild soybean; turning, pressing and returning to the field in a green manure full-bloom stage; the oats are planted every 15 days, and before the oats are planted, charcoal is scattered into the ploughed soil; the method comprises the following steps: selecting a saline-alkaline tolerant feeding oat variety, and cradling in a heading period. By sowing the mixed bean green manure, the soil composition of the saline-alkali soil can be effectively improved, the pH value of the soil and the total amount of water-soluble salt are reduced, and the content of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and organic matter is remarkably increased, so that the method is suitable for oat planting; by sowing mixed bean green manure, turning, pressing and returning the mixed bean green manure to the field and applying biochar base fertilizer, the plant height and the yield of the oats are remarkably increased; the method is simple, effective, low in cost and suitable for large-scale popularization and application.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of saline-alkali soil improvement and crop planting, and particularly relates to a method for improving saline-alkali soil and planting oats. BACKGROUND

[0002] The saline-alkali soil causes serious restriction to the growth of plants due to excessive salt and alkaline substances in the soil, and the yield and quality of crops, especially forage crops, are reduced. The Hetao Irrigation District is located in the central part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an important agricultural area in the Yellow River Basin, and is also one of the important livestock bases in China. The saline-alkali soil is widely distributed in the Hetao Irrigation District, and has caused an impact on the local agricultural production and ecological environment. With the emphasis on environmental protection and ecological construction, the Hetao Irrigation District has continuously increased the strength of popularizing forage planting on the saline-alkali soil. Planting forage on the land not only can improve the saline-alkali soil, but also can provide abundant feed sources for the livestock industry.

[0003] The following disadvantages exist in the cultivation of oats on saline-alkali land: (1) Low seed germination rate: The high or low pH value of the soil and the high salt concentration in the soil can affect the germination rate of oat seeds, making it difficult for the seeds to germinate. (2) Poor growing environment: The salt and alkaline substances in the soil of saline-alkali land can damage the root system of oats, affecting their normal water and nutrient absorption, resulting in slow growth or even death of oats. (3) Insufficient nutrient supply: The soil of saline-alkali land is unbalanced in nutrients, lacking essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium required for the growth of oats, and even the application of organic fertilizer may not be effective due to the saline-alkali characteristics of the soil. Currently, there are some studies on the cultivation of oats on saline-alkali land, for example, Chinese patent CN202010388801.5 discloses a method for planting oats on saline-alkali land, which includes the following steps: (1) Leveling the land: using a rotary cultivator to deep plow and deep loosen the saline-alkali land to a depth of 35-45 cm, and airing for 3-5 days; (2) Watering to wash salt: watering the soil in step (1), with water penetrating 20-30 cm into the ground surface, and watering 1-2 times; (3) Soil improvement: applying biological organic fertilizer to the soil of step (2) at a rate of 1500-2500 kg / acre, and using a rotary cultivator to deep plow and deep loosen the soil to a depth of 35-45 cm, and airing for 8-10 days; (4) Seed treatment: soaking oat seeds in water at 30-35℃ for 2-4h, and then mixing the seeds with the seed dressing agent at a ratio of 3-5:1 of seed to seed dressing agent; (5) Sowing: sowing using a sowing machine, with a sowing depth of 2-4 cm, a sowing amount of 15-25 kg / acre, and a row spacing of 14-16 cm; (6) Field management: watering every 2 days within 8-10 days after sowing, with water penetrating 10-20 cm into the ground surface; removing newly grown weeds in the soil at the 3-4 leaf stage and the jointing stage, and spraying insecticide at a rate of 50-75 kg / acre; applying compound fertilizer at a rate of 200-300 kg / acre at the jointing and budding stage; (7) Harvesting: harvesting when the oat spikes turn from green to yellow, the upper and middle kernels become hard, and the kernels show normal size and color, and the yellow ripening stage is reached. Chinese patent CN202011411818.4 discloses a method for improving the mixed planting of grassland on saline-alkali land, which realizes the improvement of the mixed planting of grassland on saline-alkali land through three steps of grassland division, seed treatment, and mixed planting, separates the seeds of grasses and legumes, and selects different coordinate positions in different planting areas, which can improve the soil, reduce weed invasion, and significantly improve the alkalinity degree.

[0004] However, the yield of oats planted on improved saline-alkali land is not high at present, and it is necessary to study a method for improving saline-alkali land specifically for oat planting and an oat cultivation method. SUMMARY

[0005] The present application aims to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a method for improving saline-alkali soil and planting oats, which improves the soil composition by sowing mixed bean green manure, so that the soil is suitable for oat planting.

[0006] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present application provides a method for planting oats in saline-alkali soil, and the specific steps include:

[0007] (1) Sow mixed bean green manure crops in April every year, and before sowing, spread diammonium phosphate into the well-ploughed soil, and the amount of diammonium phosphate is 10-15 kg / acre; the mixed bean green manure is arrow-shaped pea and S001 wild soybean, and the seeds of arrow-shaped pea and S001 wild soybean are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1 for sowing, and the sowing amount is 3.5-4 kg / acre, and the row spacing is 40 cm;

[0008] (2) Turn under in the full-bloom period of green manure;

[0009] (3) Then plant oats every 15 days, and before planting oats, spread biochar into the well-ploughed soil, and the amount of biochar is 10 kg / acre, and the fertilization depth is 7-10 cm;

[0010] (4) Select a salt-tolerant oat variety for forage, and the sowing amount is 15 kg / acre, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm, and the row spacing is 25 cm; irrigate within 24 hours after sowing; and cut at the heading stage.

[0011] The present application only applies biochar base fertilizer before planting oats, and no additional fertilizer is applied afterwards.

[0012] The present application also provides a method for improving saline-alkali soil, and the specific steps include:

[0013] (1) Sow mixed bean green manure crops in April every year, and before sowing, spread diammonium phosphate into the well-ploughed soil, and the amount of diammonium phosphate is 10-15 kg / acre; the mixed bean green manure is arrow-shaped pea and S001 wild soybean, and the seeds of arrow-shaped pea and S001 wild soybean are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1 for sowing, and the sowing amount is 3.5-4 kg / acre, and the row spacing is 40 cm;

[0014] (2) Turn under in the full-bloom period of green manure.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the mixed bean green manure can effectively improve the soil composition of the saline-alkali soil, reduce the soil pH value and the total amount of water-soluble salt, and significantly increase the contents of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter, so that the mixed bean green manure is suitable for oat planting; in combination with the application of the biochar base fertilizer, the yield of the oat can be effectively improved, the soil composition can be improved, and the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced, so that the effect of reducing fertilizer and increasing efficiency is achieved, and the sustainable utilization of the saline-alkali soil is more favorable. Through the seeding of the mixed bean green manure and the turning and field application of the mixed bean green manure, in combination with the application of the biochar base fertilizer, the plant height and yield of the oat are significantly improved; the method is simple, effective and low in cost, and is suitable for large-scale popularization and use. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] The technical scheme of the present application will be further described in detail through specific examples.

[0017] Example 1

[0018] The present example relates to a method for improving saline-alkali soil, and the specific steps include:

[0019] (1) In April every year, a mixed bean green manure crop is seeded, and before seeding, diammonium phosphate is scattered into the well-ploughed soil, and the amount of diammonium phosphate is 10 kg / mu; the mixed bean green manure is arrow-shaped pea and S001 wild soybean, and the seeds of the arrow-shaped pea and the S001 wild soybean are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1 for seeding, and the seeding amount is 3.5 kg / mu, and the row spacing is 40 cm;

[0020] (2) The green manure is turned and field applied at the full flowering stage.

[0021] Example 2

[0022] The present example relates to a method for planting oats in saline-alkali soil, and the specific steps include:

[0023] (1) In April every year, a mixed bean green manure crop is seeded, and before seeding, diammonium phosphate is scattered into the well-ploughed soil, and the amount of diammonium phosphate is 10 kg / mu; the mixed bean green manure is arrow-shaped pea and S001 wild soybean, and the seeds of the arrow-shaped pea and the S001 wild soybean are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1 for seeding, and the seeding amount is 3.5 kg / mu, and the row spacing is 40 cm;

[0024] (2) The green manure is turned and field applied at the full flowering stage.

[0025] (3) Oats are planted every 15 days, and before planting the oats, biochar is scattered into the well-ploughed soil, and the amount of biochar is 10 kg / mu, and the fertilization depth is 7-10 cm;

[0026] (4) A salt-tolerant oat variety for feeding is selected, the seeding amount is 15 kg / mu, the seeding depth is 3-5 cm, and the row spacing is 25 cm; irrigation is carried out within 24 hours after seeding; and cutting is carried out at the heading stage.

[0027] Example 3

[0028] This example relates to the effect experiment of Example 1 and Example 2. The test site is located in Linhe District of Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia, with a planting area of 1.7 mu. The specific experimental method is as follows:

[0029] (1) The test site is divided into 4 treatments, one treatment as a blank control group (K) without planting green manure; the other three treatments all plant green manure, and Diammonium phosphate 10 kg / mu is applied before sowing green manure crops every April; the three green manure treatments are as follows:

[0030] Y1: 60% of the area is planted with arrow-shaped pea (sowing amount: 6 kg / mu) + 40% of the area is planted with mixed oat (sowing amount: 15 kg / mu), calculate the seed amount of arrow-shaped pea and oat, then mix the seeds of arrow-shaped pea and oat together for sowing, with a row spacing of 25 cm;

[0031] Y2: 50% of the area is planted with S001 wild soybean (sowing amount: 3.3 kg / mu) + 50% of the area is planted with oat (sowing amount: 15 kg / mu), calculate the seed amount of S001 wild soybean and oat, then mix the seeds of S001 wild soybean and oat together for sowing, with a row spacing of 25 cm;

[0032] Y3: Mixed bean green manure (seeds of arrow-shaped pea and S001 wild soybean are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1) is sown, with a sowing amount of 3.5 kg / mu and a row spacing of 40 cm;

[0033] (2) The above-mentioned three treatments are all turned under and returned to the field in the full flowering stage of green manure;

[0034] (3) Oat is sown every 15 days, and base fertilizer is applied before sowing oat, with a fertilization depth of 7-10 cm; base fertilizers of Y1, Y2 and Y3 are divided into three treatments:

[0035] M1: No fertilizer is applied;

[0036] M2: Conventional chemical fertilizer Diammonium phosphate (15 kg / mu) is applied;

[0037] M3: Reduced chemical fertilizer (Diammonium phosphate 12 kg / mu) + biochar (10 kg / mu) is applied;

[0038] At the same time, the base fertilizer of the blank control group K is treated as M2, that is, conventional chemical fertilizer Diammonium phosphate (15 kg / mu) is applied; (4) All the above-mentioned treatments select salt-tolerant forage oat variety Baiyan 23, with a sowing amount of 15 kg / mu, a sowing depth of 3-5 cm, and a row spacing of 25 cm; irrigation is carried out within 24 hours after sowing; and cutting is carried out at the heading stage.

[0039] Watering and other field management during the oat planting period is the same as the existing method.

[0040] (5) The oat plant height was measured during the oat grain filling period, and the oat yield was counted, and the results are shown in Table 1.

[0041] Table 1 Effect of fertilizer treatment on oat plant height and forage yield in saline-alkali soil

[0042] Note: The same column and different small letters represent significant differences (P<0.05) among different green manure treatments, and different capital letters represent significant differences (P<0.05) among different base fertilizer treatments.

[0043] As can be seen from Table 1, among different green manure treatments, the oat plant height and forage yield of Y3 treatment (mixed bean green manure) were the best, which were significantly different from Y1 and Y2, and there was no obvious difference between Y1 and Y2. Among different base fertilizer treatments, the oat plant height and forage yield of M3 treatment (biochar) were the best, which were significantly different from M1 and M2, and there was no obvious difference between M1 and M2. In summary, spring sowing mixed bean green manure (arrowhead pea and S001 wild soybean), and planting oats after turning under, the effect of base fertilizer application of biochar is the best, which can significantly improve the oat plant height and yield, and the oat yield reaches 338.57 kg / acre, which is increased by 34.97% compared with the oat yield under the condition of no green manure and conventional fertilization.

[0044] (6) After the green manure was turned under and before the oat was planted, the soil composition of each treatment was detected, taking the soil composition before sowing the green manure as the control (CK), and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0045] Table 2 Effect of green manure on soil nutrients in saline-alkali soil

[0046] Note: The same column and different small letters represent significant differences (P<0.05) among different green manure treatments, and different capital letters represent significant differences (P<0.05) among different base fertilizer treatments.

[0047] As can be seen from Table 2, after the green manure was turned under, the soil pH value and total water-soluble salt content decreased, and the total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter content increased. Among them, the mixed bean green manure (arrowhead pea and S001 wild soybean) had the best effect, the soil pH value was decreased by 11.37% compared with CK, the total water-soluble salt content was decreased by 23.00% compared with CK, and the total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter content in the soil were increased by 29.27%, 73.32%, 51.84% and 43.69% respectively compared with CK.

[0048] The soil components after planting oats in the soil conditions after planting mixed bean green manure were detected, and the results are shown in Table 3.

[0049] Table 3 Effects of green manure and oat re-planting on soil nutrients in saline-alkali soil

[0050] Note: The same column and different lowercase letters represent significant differences (P<0.05) among different green manure treatments, and different capital letters represent significant differences (P<0.05) among different base fertilizer treatments.

[0051] As shown in Table 3, compared with no fertilization (M1) and conventional chemical fertilizer (M2), the reduced chemical fertilizer combined with biochar (M3) has a certain improvement effect on the saline-alkali soil when planting oats. Biochar can improve soil structure, increase soil porosity and aeration, which is conducive to root growth, can adsorb excess salt in the soil, reduce soil salt concentration, thereby reducing the toxic effect of salt on oat root system; adjust the pH value of the soil to make it closer to the suitable range for oat growth; biochar can also improve soil nutrient status, increase the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, and reduce nutrient loss due to soil salinization. After harvesting oat forage grass, the total amount of water-soluble salt in the soil can be reduced by 20% when using reduced chemical fertilizer combined with biochar, while the soil pH value and the total amount of water-soluble salt in the soil after conventional chemical fertilizer treatment are higher than those in the soil without fertilization. Therefore, reduced chemical fertilizer combined with biochar can achieve the effect of reducing fertilizer and increasing efficiency, which is more conducive to the sustainable use of saline-alkali soil.

Claims

1. A method for growing oats in saline-alkali land, characterized in that: The specific steps include: (1) Sow mixed bean green manure crops in April each year. Sprinkle diammonium phosphate into the tilled soil before sowing. The mixed bean green manure is arrow pea and S001 wild soybean. The sowing rate is 3.5-4 kg / mu and the row spacing is 40 cm. (2) Turn over and return the green manure to the field during the peak flowering period; (3) Plant oats every 15 days. Before planting oats, spread biochar into the tilled soil. (4) Select salt- and alkali-tolerant forage oat varieties, with a sowing rate of 15 kg / mu, a sowing depth of 3-5 cm, and a row spacing of 25 cm; irrigate within 24 hours after sowing; and mow at the heading stage.

2. The method for growing oats in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, wherein: The dosage of diammonium phosphate is 10-15kg / mu.

3. The method for growing oats in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, wherein: The dosage of biochar is 10kg / mu, and the fertilization depth is 7-10cm.

4. A method for improving saline-alkali land, characterized in that: The specific steps include: (1) Sow mixed bean green manure crops in April each year. Sprinkle diammonium phosphate into the tilled soil before sowing. The dosage of diammonium phosphate is 10-15 kg / mu. The mixed bean green manure is arrow pea and S001 wild soybean. The sowing amount is 3.5-4 kg / mu and the row spacing is 40 cm. (2) Turn over and return the green manure to the field during its peak flowering period.

5. The method for improving saline-alkali land according to claim 4, characterized in that: The seeds of Vitis vinifera and S001 soybean were mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1 and sown.

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