Quarry blasting control construction method based on rock lumpiness partition and prediction

Abstract

The invention provides a blasting control construction method for a quarry based on rock mass lumpiness partition and prediction, and belongs to the technical field of blasting control construction. The method comprises the following steps: surveying and setting out, arranging steps and roads, partitioning blasting lumpiness, carrying out blasting design, predicting blasting grading, evaluating safety, drilling holes, cleaning and checking blast holes, loading explosives and detonators and blocking blast hole openings, connecting a detonating network, cleaning a site and warning all around, detonating and checking after blasting. Checking and eliminating unexploded shots; processing and analyzing muck pile images; clearing dangerous stones on the slope; clearing and transporting rock ballast and cleaning the bottom. Reasonable partitioning is carried out according to six indexes including rock types, rock hardness, average crack spacing, explosive unit consumption, blasting funnel volume and blasting lumpiness distribution indexes in a quarry, the qualified rate of specification stones is effectively increased, the resource utilization rate is increased, and a mathematical model Kuz-Ram model for quarry blasting lumpiness distribution forecasting has the advantages of being simple in structure and convenient to use. And predicting and forecasting the grading of the muck pile before blasting, and verifying the muck pile after blasting.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of blasting control construction technology, and in particular to a blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction. Background Technology

[0002] In large-scale quarry blasting projects, controlling the particle size of blasted blocks using deep-hole bench blasting to achieve blasting piles of various gradations has always been a technical challenge and a key research focus of deep-hole bench blasting. This is especially true in the blasting and mining of multi-graded boulders in extra-large quarries with complex geological conditions, where strict requirements on blasted block size gradation further complicate the blasting technology.

[0003] Traditional bench blasting technology in quarries designs and constructs blasting operations under the premise that the entire quarry has essentially the same geological conditions. This technology lacks a mathematical model for predicting the distribution of blasted blocks. To control the block size, adjustments are typically made to hole layout parameters and the amount of explosive consumed per unit of rock. Construction control relies on experience, which can easily result in excessively fine ore and sometimes even extra-large blocks. To enhance the fragmentation effect, bench blasting generally employs strong loosening blasting or weak throwing blasting methods, resulting in high explosive consumption per unit of rock and excessive rock fragmentation, again leading to excessively fine ore. To reduce drilling workload and enhance blasting effects, bench blasting typically uses a full-hole coupled charging structure, maximizing the charge per hole. Therefore, it is necessary to design a blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction, which solves the technical problems of bench blasting technology in quarries, which does not have block blasting, easily produces excessive ore powder, and consumes a large amount of rock explosives.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0006] The blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction includes: surveying and setting out → bench and road layout → blasting block size zoning → blasting design → blasting gradation prediction → safety assessment → drilling → hole cleaning and acceptance → loading explosives and detonators and plugging the blast hole openings → connecting the detonation network → clearing the site and perimeter security → detonation → post-blast inspection: checking and eliminating misfires → image processing and analysis of the blast pile → removing dangerous rocks from the slope → removing rock debris and cleaning the bottom.

[0007] Furthermore, the specific process of arranging steps and roads is as follows: platforms and construction access roads are key to the high-strength production of stone materials of various specifications. According to the actual situation of the project, graded platforms are determined and blasting is carried out using different blasting parameters.

[0008] Roads are a crucial guarantee for high-intensity production. Roads of different widths should be designed according to the different production levels of different platforms. Access roads should be maintained on time, and necessary ramps between secondary and primary elevations should be cleared to facilitate the passage of machinery and equipment, ensuring smooth traffic flow and efficient construction under high-intensity conditions.

[0009] Furthermore, the specific process of blasting block size zoning is as follows: In view of the factors affecting the blasting block size of the rock mass in the quarry, and in combination with the engineering geological conditions, a quarry blasting block size zoning method based on six indicators, namely rock type, rock hardness, average fracture spacing, explosive consumption, blasting funnel volume and blasting block size distribution index, is adopted to reasonably divide the quarry into pulverized block area, small block area, medium block area and large block area.

[0010] Furthermore, in the blasting design: firstly, the blasting area is determined according to the blasting block size requirements, and then the blasting design is carried out according to the gradation requirements of the standard stones and the terrain and geological conditions to maximize the blasting grade qualification rate of each blast hole;

[0011] The geometric parameters for blasting design include step height H, borehole diameter ф, step inclination angle α, borehole angle β, front row resistance line W, borehole spacing a, borehole row spacing b, width of the upper edge of the front row boreholes c, borehole depth L, plugging length h0, borehole over-depth (also known as over-drilling) h1, bottom charge length h2, top charge length h3, and base resistance line W. m L≥H, L=h0+h2+h3;

[0012] The charge distribution parameters include: 1) the single-hole bearing area S, S = ab = aW; 2) the linear density of the lower charge q2, q2 = (0.25 / m)πρφ. 2 In the formula, ρ is the charge density, ф is in m, m is the radial decoupling coefficient, 3) upper charge linear density q3, q3=(0.3~0.6)q2, take q3=0.5q2, 4) single hole lower charge Q2, Q2=q2h2, 5) single hole upper charge Q3, Q3=q3h3, 6) single hole charge Q, Q=Q2+Q3.

[0013] Furthermore, the design process for the blasting design is as follows: the resistance line control design method is adopted, and the design process is as follows: 1) Determine the linear density q2 of the lower charge, 2) Determine the design resistance line W;

[0014]

[0015] According to the type of explosives used and the drilling and clamping conditions, W m Determine the resistance line W':

[0016] W'=k1k2W m (2)

[0017] (2) In the formula, k1 is the explosive coefficient. For medium-explosive rocks in No. 2 rock explosive, k1 = 1. For rocks, emulsion explosives and ammonium nitrate explosives, the value of k1 is selected according to the explosive coefficient table. k2 is the clamping coefficient. For vertical holes, k2 = 1.0.

[0018] The hole opening deviation is: ΔW1=1.0ф, the drilling inclination deviation ΔW2 is controlled within 3%, then ΔW2=0.03L, the design resistance line is: W=W'-ΔW1-ΔW2;

[0019] 3) Determine the blockage length h0 and over-drilling h1, h0 = (20~30)ф, h1 = 0.3W m ;

[0020] 4) Determine the spacing between boreholes and the load-bearing area of ​​a single borehole, b = W, a = 1.25b, S = ab;

[0021] 5) Calculate the bottom charge length and bottom charge amount; Bottom charge length: h2 = 1.3W m Bottom charge amount: Q2 = q2h2;

[0022] 6) Calculate the length and amount of the upper charge. Upper charge length: h3 = L - h0 - h2, upper charge amount: Q3 = q3h3;

[0023] 7) Calculate the charge per hole and the average unit consumption. Charge per hole: Q = Q² + Q 3， Average unit drug consumption: q=Q / (abH).

[0024] Furthermore, the specific process of safety assessment is as follows: Before submitting an application for blasting operations to the local public security authority, each stone quarry blasting design should be assessed by an expert group composed of qualified blasting companies. The safety assessment includes: 1. Whether the qualifications of the design and construction units meet the regulations; 2. The completeness and reliability of the data on which the design is based; 3. The rationality of the design methods and design parameters; 4. The accuracy of the detonation network; 5. The feasibility of the selected design scheme; 6. The existing harmful effects and the possible scope of impact; 7. The reliability of measures to ensure the safety of the engineering environment; 8. Whether the prevention and rescue measures for possible accidents are appropriate.

[0025] The blasting design documents and safety assessment report for stone mining should be bound together and submitted to the local public security authority. If the application meets the requirements, the public security authority will make an approval decision, and the operating unit can carry out blasting operations. If it is found during construction that the actual situation is inconsistent with the data submitted during the assessment and has a significant impact on safety, the necessary survey and mapping work on the blasting target and environment should be carried out, and the original design should be revised in a timely manner. Major modifications should be resubmitted for assessment.

[0026] Furthermore, the specific process of drilling, cleaning, and inspecting the blast holes is as follows:

[0027] 1. Hole layout: The arrangement of blast holes directly affects the gradation of blasting. In this method, the blast holes are arranged in a rectangular plan.

[0028] 2. Drilling rig alignment: The alignment of the drilling rig directly affects the drilling quality. The requirements are: accurate alignment, correct direction, and precise angle.

[0029] 3. The basic requirements for drilling operations include the following:

[0030] 1) You must be familiar with the properties of the rock and understand the drilling patterns of different rock strata;

[0031] 2) Master the key points of drilling operation: the hole opening must be complete, the hole wall must be smooth, and the slag removal must be smooth;

[0032] 4. Hole cleaning and acceptance: After the blast holes are drilled, use compressed air to remove rock powder and rock cuttings from the bottom of the holes. Measure the depth and angle of the blast holes. After acceptance, take protective measures for the blast holes to prevent surface water and debris from entering the holes.

[0033] Furthermore, before loading explosives and detonators and sealing the borehole, the selection and inspection of explosives and detonators are carried out. Explosives are loaded in strips. When there is water in the borehole, explosives with good water resistance are used. The explosive force parameters are qualified. Non-electric millisecond detonating cord detonators are selected. Before carrying out the blasting charge, all blasting materials used are visually inspected. The detonator tube body is not flattened, damaged, or corroded. The reinforcing cap is not crooked. There is no broken explosive, foreign objects or blockages in the detonating cord. There are no folds, oil stains, or perforations. The end is sealed. Emulsion explosives should not be diluted or hardened.

[0034] Furthermore, in the explosive loading process, the loading structure adopts a non-uniform radially decoupled loading structure throughout the borehole. The radial decoupling coefficient at the bottom of the borehole is m = 1.0–1.3, and the radial decoupling coefficient at the top of the borehole is m = 1.5–2.0. For a borehole diameter of ф140mm, the length of the upper loading section is h3, using explosive cartridges of ф70mm, ф80mm, ф90mm, and ф100mm, with the cartridge diameter gradually increasing from top to bottom. The lower loading section… The length is h2, using ф110mm explosive cartridges, and the length of the top filling section is h0. Rock powder or stemming mud is used to compact the material layer by layer. When the step height H = 15m, the vertical drilling depth is h1 = 1m, and the borehole length L = 16m, h2 = 4m, h3 = 8m, and h0 = 4m are used. Manual loading is used. Before loading, various types of explosives of different specifications are placed on the top surface of each hole according to the design quantity. The loading personnel must load the explosives according to the loading structure and quantity, and the loading must be in place.

[0035] The present invention, by adopting the above-described technical solution, has the following beneficial effects:

[0036] This invention employs a rational zoning method within a quarry based on six indicators: rock type, rock hardness, average fracture spacing, explosive consumption per unit area, blasting hopper volume, and blasting block size distribution index. This effectively improves the qualified rate of sized stone and increases resource utilization. The Kuz-Ram mathematical model for predicting blasting block size distribution in quarries is used to predict the gradation of the blast pile before blasting and to verify the blast pile after blasting. The deep-hole bench collapse blasting method fully utilizes the energy and potential of explosives to rationally break the rock, reduces the explosive consumption per unit rock, controls the maximum particle size, reduces excessively fine ore, and meets the requirements for controlling the blasting block size distribution. Attached Figure Description

[0037] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the method of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of the blasting boreholes in the stepped structure of this invention;

[0039] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the planar arrangement of the boreholes in this invention;

[0040] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the gun hole charging structure of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the detonation network of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0042] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments. However, it should be noted that many details listed in the specification are merely to provide the reader with a thorough understanding of one or more aspects of the present invention, and these aspects of the invention can be implemented even without these specific details.

[0043] like Figure 1 As shown, the blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction includes: surveying and setting out → bench and road layout → blasting block size zoning → blasting design → blasting gradation prediction → safety assessment → drilling → hole cleaning and acceptance → loading explosives and detonators and plugging the blast hole openings → connecting the detonation network → clearing the site and perimeter security → detonation → post-blast inspection: checking and eliminating misfires → image processing and analysis of the blast pile → removing dangerous rocks on the slope → clearing away rock debris and cleaning the bottom.

[0044] Specifically as follows:

[0045] 1. Measurement and layout: Measurement and layout are to ensure that the height of the steps, the location and depth of the drilling, and the road construction meet the design requirements.

[0046] 2. The layout of steps and roads, platforms, and construction access roads are crucial for the high-strength production of various specifications of stone. Different tiered platforms will be determined based on the actual project conditions, and different blasting parameters will be used for blasting.

[0047] Roads are a crucial guarantee for high-intensity production. Roads of different widths should be designed according to the different production levels of different platforms. Access roads should be maintained on time, and necessary ramps between secondary and primary elevations should be cleared to facilitate the passage of machinery and equipment, ensuring smooth traffic flow and efficient construction under high-intensity conditions.

[0048] 3. Blasting Block Size Zoning: Based on the main factors affecting the blasting block size of the rock mass in a quarry, and combined with engineering geological conditions, a quarry blasting block size zoning method is adopted, using six indicators: rock type, rock hardness, average fracture spacing, explosive consumption per unit volume, blasting hopper volume, and blasting block size distribution index. This allows for the rational zoning of the quarry for mining. Generally, it can be divided into powder block area, small block area, medium block area, and large block area.

[0049] 4. Blasting design: First, determine the blasting area based on the required block size. Then, design the blasting based on the gradation requirements of the sized stones and the terrain and geological conditions to maximize the blasting grade qualification rate of each blast hole. Figure 2 As shown.

[0050] 1. Explanation of geometric parameters for blasting design

[0051] 1) Step height H, m. Generally, H = 8 to 20 m, while the step height is mostly 12 to 15 m.

[0052] 2) Drilling diameter ф, mm. When the step height is 12-15m, take ф = 140mm.

[0053] 3) The inclination angle of the step surface is α.

[0054] 4) The drilling angle is β. Generally, to facilitate the operation of decoupled charging in the borehole, β is taken as 90°.

[0055] 5) The front row resistance line is W, m. The borehole spacing is a, m. The borehole row spacing is b, m. Take b = W, a = 1.25b, and the width of the upper edge of the front row boreholes is c, m. Rectangular borehole layout.

[0056] 6) Drilling depth L, m. L≥H, L=h0+h2+h3.

[0057] 7) Blockage length h0, m. h0 = (20~30)ф.

[0058] 8) Over-depth drilling, also known as over-drilling h1, m. Generally, h1 = 0.3W. m , or h1=(10~20)ф.

[0059] 9) Bottom charge length h2, m. Generally, h2 = (1.2~1.3)W m .

[0060] 10) The length of the upper charge is h3, in meters. h3 = L - h0 - h2.

[0061] 11) Chassis resistance line W m , m. W m = (1.2~1.3)W but W m ≤40ф.

[0062] 2. Description of drug application parameters

[0063] 1) Single-hole bearing area S,m 2 S = ab = aW.

[0064] 2) Linear density of the lower charge, q2, kg / m. q2 = (0.25 / m)πρφ 2 In the formula, ρ is the charge density, kg / m³ 3 ; ф is in meters; m is the radial decoupling coefficient.

[0065] 3) Linear density of the upper charge q3, kg / m. q3 = (0.3~0.6)q2, generally taken as q3 = 0.5q2.

[0066] 4) Charge amount at the bottom of a single hole: Q2, kg. Q2 = q2h2.

[0067] 5) Charge amount at the top of a single hole: Q3, kg. Q3 = q3h3.

[0068] 6) Single-hole charge amount Q, kg. Q = Q2 + Q3.

[0069] 3. Design Methodology Description

[0070] The resistance line control design method is adopted, and the design process is as follows:

[0071] 1) Determine the linear density q2 of the lower charge.

[0072] 2) Determine the design resistance line W.

[0073]

[0074] According to the type of explosives used and the drilling and clamping conditions, W m Determine the resistance line W':

[0075] W'=k1k2W m (2)

[0076] (2) In the formula, k1 is the explosive coefficient. For medium-explosive rocks in No. 2 rock explosive, k1 = 1. For other rocks, as well as emulsion explosives and ammonium nitrate explosives, the value of k1 is selected according to Table 5.2.4.

[0077] k2 — clamping coefficient, k2 = 1.0 for vertical holes.

[0078] Table 1. Values ​​of explosive coefficient k1 for different rocks.

[0079]

[0080] Opening deviation: ΔW1=1.0ф(3)

[0081] If the borehole inclination deviation ΔW2 is controlled within 3%, then

[0082] ΔW2=0.03L(4)

[0083] Design resistance line

[0084] W = W' - ΔW1 - ΔW2(5)

[0085] 3) Determine the blockage length h0 and the over-drilling length h1.

[0086] h0=(20~30)ф(6)

[0087] h1 = 0.3W m (7)

[0088] 4) Determine the spacing between boreholes and the load-bearing area of ​​a single borehole.

[0089] b = W(8)

[0090] a = 1.25b(9)

[0091] S = ab(10)

[0092] 5) Calculate the length and amount of the bottom charge.

[0093] Bottom charge length:

[0094] h2 = 1.3W m (11)

[0095] Bottom charge amount:

[0096] Q2=q2h2(12)

[0097] 6) Calculate the length and amount of the upper charge.

[0098] Upper charge length:

[0099] h3=L-h0-h2(13)

[0100] Upper charge amount: Q3 = q3h3 (14)

[0101] 7) Calculate the charge amount per hole and the average specific consumption.

[0102] Charge amount per hole:

[0103] Q = Q2 + Q3 (15)

[0104] Average specific charge consumption:

[0105] q = Q / (abH) (16) 5. Safety assessment

[0106] Before submitting a blasting operation application to the local public security organ for each stone quarrying blasting design, an expert group composed of a qualified blasting company should be invited for assessment. The content of the safety assessment includes:

[0107] 1. Whether the qualifications of the design and construction units comply with the regulations;

[0108] 2. The integrity and reliability of the data on which the design is based;

[0109] 3. The rationality of the design method and design parameters;

[0110] 4. The guaranteed initiation of the initiation network;

[0111] 5. The feasibility of the design selection scheme;

[0112] 6. The existing harmful effects and the possible affected range;

[0113] 7. The reliability of the measures to ensure the safety of the project environment;

[0114] 8. Whether the preventive countermeasures and rescue measures for possible accidents are appropriate.

[0115] Bind the stone quarrying blasting design document and the safety assessment report into a volume and submit an application to the local public security organ. For those that meet the conditions, the public security organ shall make an approval decision, and the operating unit can then carry out the blasting operation.

[0116] During construction, if it is found that the actual situation does not match the data submitted during the assessment and has a greater impact on safety, necessary exploration and surveying work on the blasting object and the environment should be supplemented, the original design should be modified in a timely manner, and major modification parts should be reported for re-assessment.

[0117] 6. Drilling, 1. Hole layout, The hole layout form directly affects the grading of the blasting. The hole layout of this method is rectangular on the plane, as Figure 3 shown.

[0118] 2. Drilling rig alignment

[0119] The alignment of the drilling rig directly affects the drilling quality, and the requirements are: accurate alignment, correct direction, and precise angle.

[0120] 3. Basic requirements for drilling operations

[0121] 1) You must be familiar with the properties of the rock and understand the drilling patterns of different rock strata;

[0122] 2) Master the key points of drilling operation: the hole opening must be complete, the hole wall must be smooth, and the slag removal must be smooth;

[0123] 3) Basic drilling operation method: slow drilling in soft rock and fast drilling in hard rock.

[0124] 4. Hole cleaning and acceptance

[0125] After the blast holes are drilled, compressed air is used to remove rock powder and rock cuttings from the bottom of the holes. The depth and angle of the blast holes are measured. After acceptance, the blast holes are protected to prevent surface water and debris from entering the holes.

[0126] 7. Selection and inspection of explosives and detonators

[0127] Explosives should preferably be in strip-shaped charge; when there is water in the borehole, explosives with good water resistance should be used, and their explosive force and other parameters should be qualified; non-electric millisecond detonating cord detonators should be selected.

[0128] Before blasting, all blasting materials used should be visually inspected. Detonator tubes should not be flattened, damaged, or corroded, and reinforcing caps should not be crooked; detonating cords should be free of broken explosives, foreign objects or blockages, folds, oil stains, perforations, and have sealed ends; emulsion explosives should not be diluted or hardened.

[0129] 8. Explosive loading, 1. Explosive loading structure

[0130] 1) A non-uniform radial decoupled charge structure with full borehole is adopted. The radial decoupling coefficient of the lower part of the borehole is m = 1.0 to 1.3, and the radial decoupling coefficient of the upper part of the borehole is m = 1.5 to 2.0.

[0131] 2) For a borehole diameter of ф140mm, the upper charging section is h3 in length, using ф70mm, ф80mm, ф90mm, and ф100mm explosive cartridges, with the cartridge diameter gradually increasing from top to bottom; the lower charging section is h2 in length, using ф110mm explosive cartridges; the top filling section is h0 in length, using rock powder or stemming clay, compacted layer by layer. See [reference needed]. Figure 4 When the step height H = 15m, the vertical drilling depth is taken as h1 = 1m, and the blast hole length L = 16m, then h2 = 4m, h3 = 8m, and h0 = 4m are taken.

[0132] 2. Loading method

[0133] Manual loading is used. Before loading, various types of explosives of different specifications are placed on the top surface of each hole according to the design quantity. The loading personnel must load the explosives according to the loading structure and quantity, and the loading must be in place.

[0134] 9. Connect to the detonation network, such as Figure 5 As shown, millisecond detonating cord detonators should be used, connected in a cluster to form a parallel detonation network. Detonators in the same row of boreholes should be of the same segment, with the detonators in the later row detonating 100-150ms later than those in the previous row.

[0135] 10. Network Acceptance

[0136] 1. The explosive materials used for network connection must be consistent with the design to ensure that the detonator detonation time matches the design.

[0137] 2. The detonators at the network nodes should be tied in a straight line, with the direction of the detonator's shaped charge hole opposite to the direction of the detonation of the detonating cord. The detonating cords should be evenly distributed on the detonating detonators, tightly wrapped with tape, and covered with sandbags.

[0138] 3. The distance between the detonator of the detonating cord and the binding end of the detonating cord shall not be less than 15cm.

[0139] 4. The protection of the blasting network must be carried out according to the design, and the network safety must be ensured during the protection process.

[0140] 11. Clearing the area, securing the perimeter, and detonating.

[0141] 1. The minimum safe distance for deep-hole bench blasting shall not be less than 200 meters; when blasting along a hillside, the permissible safe distance for flying rocks in the downhill direction should be increased by 50%.

[0142] 2. Based on the warning signal, clear the blast area. After confirming safety, the detonation station will detonate on time according to the command post's instructions.

[0143] 12. Post-blast inspection and removal of dangerous rocks from the slope.

[0144] Fifteen minutes after detonation, once the smoke and dust have dissipated, blasting technicians will conduct a safety inspection of the blasting work area and the warning zone. This inspection will include:

[0145] 1. Confirm whether there are any misfires;

[0146] 2. Is the blast pile stable? Are there any dangerous slopes or rocks?

[0147] 3. Whether the equipment and buildings within the restricted area are damaged.

[0148] After confirming the blast zone is safe, report to the on-site blasting commander and lift the alert. If a misfire is suspected, conduct a misfire inspection and eliminate the possibility of one.

[0149] 13. Inspection and troubleshooting of misfires:

[0150] 1. Inspection of misfires

[0151] After deep-hole bench blasting, the blast pile is clearly thrown forward under normal conditions; the size of the blasted blocks is uniform, and the height of the blast pile is significantly lower than the bench surface; the grooves between the blast pile and the unblasted rock mass are obvious.

[0152] If the following conditions are found during the post-explosion inspection:

[0153] 1) A group of blast holes or individual blast holes did not detonate, the blast pile was incomplete, and the blasted rock mass borne by the unexploded blast holes was intact;

[0154] 2) After the blasting of some blast holes, a few cracks appeared in the rock mass, but most of it remained untouched;

[0155] 3) The rock mass in the local area of ​​the blasting is intact, the top surface of the local area is significantly higher than the blast pile surface, and clear grooves and cracks can be seen around it.

[0156] If any of the above three situations occur, they can be checked and handled as misfires.

[0157] 2. Methods for handling misfires

[0158] 1) Before handling the blasting area, set up danger signs and set up a cordon at a distance of 100m (the specific distance shall be determined by the blasting engineer). Unauthorized personnel shall not approach the area.

[0159] 2) Send experienced blasters to handle the situation, with the participation of blasting engineers.

[0160] 3) The processing method is as follows:

[0161] If the blasting network is intact and the minimum resistance line remains unchanged, it can be reconnected and detonated. If the minimum resistance line changes, the safety distance should be recalculated and the warning area increased before reconnecting and detonating.

[0162] A parallel hole may be drilled at a distance of no less than 10 times the diameter of the borehole from the blind blast hole for charging and detonation. The blasting parameters shall be determined by the blasting engineering technicians and approved by the blasting leader.

[0163] If the explosive used is a non-water-resistant ammonium nitrate explosive and the hole wall is intact, some of the packing material can be removed and water poured into the hole to render it ineffective, and then further processing can be carried out.

[0164] If misfires, unexploded or undetonated explosives or detonators are discovered during mechanical excavation and debris removal, mechanical operations should be stopped immediately. The site management personnel should be notified, and experienced blasters or blasting technicians should be assigned to handle or recover them. Handheld explosive detectors can be used to assist in locating unexploded or undetonated explosives and detonators.

[0165] 14. Clear away the stones and the bottom. For the blasted piles, use an excavator to excavate, sort, or directly load them onto trucks for transport. Blasting technicians should conduct a blind blast inspection and treatment of the foundation of the blasted bench surface.

[0166] 15. Quality Control

[0167] 15.1 The deviation of the borehole opening position shall not exceed 10cm, and the hole depth shall meet the design requirements.

[0168] 15.2 The under-excavation of the slope surface after blasting should not exceed 15cm.

[0169] 15.3 The gradation of the blasted rock pile should meet production requirements, with the proportion of large blocks not exceeding 5% and the content of fine ore less than 10%.

[0170] 16. Safety Measures

[0171] 16.1 Blasting construction enterprises engaged in stone quarrying shall obtain a "Blasting Construction Enterprise Qualification Certificate" or have blasting construction content indicated in their construction qualification certificate, and hold a permit from the local public security authority approving blasting operations. Blasting construction enterprises shall have a blasting work leader, blasting engineering technicians, safety officers, and blasters; they shall hold an "Explosives Use Permit" issued by a public security authority at or above the county level; and if they have established a blasting material warehouse, they shall be equipped with a custodian.

[0172] 16.2 Blasting personnel must undergo professional technical training, pass the examination administered by the public security organ of the municipal people's government, and obtain a "Blasting Operation Personnel License" before engaging in blasting operations. Blasters, custodians, safety officers, and escorts must hold valid certificates to work.

[0173] 16.3 Blasting operations and the purchase, transportation, storage, use and recycling of blasting materials (detonators, explosives, etc.) shall comply with the relevant provisions of the "Regulations on the Safety Management of Civil Explosives" and the "Blasting Safety Regulations" (GB6722-2003).

[0174] 16.4 In view of the special geological and environmental conditions of stone mining blasting operations, in accordance with the "Safety Regulations for Blasting" (GB6722-2003) and relevant regulations, a special construction safety plan should be attached to the blasting design for mining various specifications of stone, and submitted to the local public security authority for approval and filing.

[0175] The technical requirements for blasting materials such as detonators, detonators, explosives, and other specialized equipment required for operations are as follows:

[0176] 16.5.1 Blasting in stone mining generally uses detonators for initiation, and the power of the initiation power supply must be able to ensure that all detonators detonate accurately.

[0177] 16.5.2 The emulsion explosives used in blasting shall comply with the national standard GB 18095-2000.

[0178] 16.5.3 Plastic detonating cord detonators used for blasting shall comply with the national standard GB19417-2003.

[0179] 16.5.4 The detonation velocity of the detonating cord is 1950±50m / s.

[0180] 16.6 Before carrying out blasting charges, all blasting materials to be used shall be visually inspected. The detonator tube shall not be flattened, damaged, or corroded, and the reinforcing cap shall not be crooked; the detonating cord shall not contain broken charges, foreign objects or blockages, be broken, oily, or perforated, and the end shall be sealed; the emulsion explosive shall not be diluted or hardened.

[0181] 16.7 When a tropical storm or typhoon is approaching, or when thunderstorms, heavy rain or snow are expected, blasting operations should be stopped and personnel should be immediately evacuated to a safe location.

[0182] 16.8 The quality of the plugging must be guaranteed. The borehole opening must be protected before blasting to prevent damage from flying rocks.

[0183] 16.9 Proper protection measures should be taken for the detonation network to prevent damage and ensure accurate detonation.

[0184] 16.10 After the blasting smoke and dust have dissipated, a safety inspection should be conducted by blasting technicians to recover and dispose of any remaining blasting materials. If a misfire is suspected, refer to 16.11.

[0185] 16.11 Misfires should be checked and eliminated.

[0186] Check and eliminate misfires, following procedure 12 for checking and eliminating misfires.

[0187] 16.12 After each blast, an excavator is used to clear loose rocks and boulders from the slope to eliminate unsafe factors and ensure the safety of subsequent construction processes.

[0188] 17. Environmental Protection Measures

[0189] 17.1 Use low-noise down-the-hole drills to reduce noise.

[0190] 17.2 Use drilling rigs equipped with dust collection devices to reduce dust pollution.

[0191] 17.3 Drilling rigs and air compressors should be properly maintained and kept in good condition to prevent oil leaks that could pollute the environment during operation.

[0192] 17.4 Optimize blasting parameters in real time during construction to reduce the ore powder rate and improve resource utilization.

[0193] 17.5 Maintain good transport roads, keep the road surface flat and straight, and water them frequently during the dry season to ensure smooth transport and reduce dust.

[0194] 10. Benefit Analysis: This achievement was applied at the Tielugang Quarry, providing 5.5 million cubic meters of ordinary boulders of various specifications for Project 1112. 3 580,000 cubic meters of qualified low-magnetic stones 3 This effectively guaranteed the construction of national defense projects. Adopting this technology reduced mining costs by 2.50 yuan / m³. 3 This saved approximately 15.2 million yuan in construction costs.

[0195] The research results of "Research on Quarry Rock Mass Block Size Zoning, Block Size Prediction and Control Technology" were applied in the Jingshan Temple Mining Project in Wugang, Henan Province. Under the conditions of low ore grade and highly irregular burial distribution, 27.98 million tons of ore were mined, saving 1.66 yuan per ton in mining costs, resulting in a total cost saving of approximately 46.45 million yuan. The project was completed 60 days ahead of schedule as required by the owner, creating significant economic and social benefits.

[0196] In a key national defense project in northern China, the research findings on "quarry rock mass block size zoning, block size prediction and control technology" were applied. Under extremely complex geological conditions, and in accordance with the client's stringent requirements for gradation of sized stone, a maximum daily production capacity of 200,000 cubic meters of sized stone was achieved. 3 The total amount of standard stone mined was approximately 19.78 million cubic meters. 3 The mining cost is approximately 2.50 yuan / m³. 3 This saved approximately 49.45 million yuan in construction costs and completed the project 45 days ahead of schedule, making a significant contribution to the construction of national military engineering projects.

[0197] my country's open-pit mining has broad prospects: In terms of open-pit iron ore, according to statistics, my country's total iron ore reserves are 57.6 billion tons, of which open-pit mines account for about 72.3% of the output.

[0198] Data shows that my country's iron ore production was 588 million tons. Based on open-pit mining accounting for 72.3%, an ore weight ratio of 3.3, and a stripping ratio of 1:5, the total stripping volume of open-pit iron ore in China in 2006 was approximately 384 million cubic meters. 3 The market size is approximately 14.2 billion yuan.

[0199] China's iron ore production is 824 million tons. Based on open-pit mining accounting for 72.3%, an ore weight ratio of 3.3, and a stripping ratio of 1:5, the total stripping volume of open-pit iron ore in China in 2008 was estimated to be approximately 538 million cubic meters. 3 The market size is approximately 19.8 billion yuan.

[0200] Regarding open-pit coal mines, my country's total proven coal reserves are approximately 1 trillion tons, of which open-pit mines account for about 7%. my country's total coal production is 2.38 billion tons, with open-pit mining accounting for about 5-6%, estimated at 120 million tons. Based on a weight ratio of 1.5 and a stripping ratio of 1:5, the stripping volume of open-pit coal mines is approximately 400 million cubic meters. 3The market size is approximately 6 billion yuan, with Inner Mongolia and Shanxi accounting for a large proportion.

[0201] my country is entering a period of rapid development in open-pit coal mining. This period is characterized by: a surge in coalfield reserves suitable for open-pit mining; the adoption of modern advanced mining technologies and processes; highly centralized mining operations; and the full utilization of engineering contracting systems to rapidly construct open-pit mines. In 2006, my country's total open-pit coal production reached 100 million tons, and by 2010 it was projected to exceed 200 million tons of raw coal per year. The total projected production capacity of open-pit coal mines nationwide is expected to reach 500-700 million tons, or approximately 250-350 million cubic meters. 3 The market size is expected to reach 7.5 to 10.5 billion yuan. The development prospects are promising.

[0202] If these open-pit coal mines adopt the findings of the "Research on Quarry Rock Mass Block Size Zoning, Block Size Prediction and Control Technology," they can achieve high-efficiency production, reduced energy consumption, reduced pollution, lower costs, and effective resource utilization. The annual output of open-pit mines nationwide is approximately 800 million cubic meters. 3 After adopting this technology, production costs will be reduced by 1.5 yuan / m². 3 It is estimated that this technology can generate direct economic benefits of approximately 1.2 billion yuan annually. Besides open-pit mines, the direct economic benefits of adopting this technology in earthwork engineering for various large-scale construction projects are enormous, and the resulting indirect economic benefits are also considerable. The quarry rock mass block size zoning, prediction, and controlled blasting method solves the problem of producing multi-sized blocks of rock, reduces secondary crushing work, effectively reduces the content of fine ore, saves resources, lowers overall costs, and promotes the innovative development of engineering blasting technology in my country. This method has created significant economic and social benefits and has broad application value.

[0203] Application column:

[0204] The second phase of the Sanya Tielugang Quarry project primarily involves deep-hole bench blasting for the extraction of various graded boulders. The quarry extracts granite boulders, characterized by complex geological conditions, highly developed joints, fissures, weathering gullies, fracture zones, and abundant fissure water. The site is also limited, measuring only 400m east to west with a 180m elevation difference, making construction extremely challenging. Guangdong Hongda Blasting Co., Ltd. successfully completed 5.5 million cubic meters of quarry blasting using a rock mass block size zoning, predictive, and controlled blasting method. 3 The blasting and mining of qualified graded boulders met the contract and specification requirements, and the entire construction process was safe and environmentally friendly. This method reduced mining costs by 2.50 yuan / m³ compared to traditional methods. 3 This saved a total of 13.75 million yuan in costs. The project was completed 20 days ahead of schedule, effectively guaranteeing the construction of key national projects.

[0205] The first phase of the Jingshan Temple open-pit mine project in Wuyang City, Henan Province, was a deep-mining and blasting operation with extremely complex geological conditions. The ore grade was low, and the deposits were irregularly distributed, requiring very strict ore gradation and making blasting extremely challenging. Guangdong Hongda Blasting Co., Ltd. successfully completed the mining of 27.98 million tons of qualified ore using a quarry rock mass zoning and predictive and controlled blasting method. The project quality met contract and specification requirements, and the entire construction process was safe and environmentally friendly. This method reduced mining costs by 1.66 yuan / ton compared to traditional methods, resulting in cost savings of 46.45 million yuan. The actual construction period was completed 60 days ahead of schedule, creating significant economic and social benefits.

[0206] The first phase of the Beifang Dahongshan super-large quarry project features a relatively gentle mountain shape with an elevation difference of approximately 60 meters. The site is large in scale, with extremely complex geological conditions, making construction exceptionally challenging. Guangdong Hongda Blasting Co., Ltd. successfully completed 10.32 million cubic meters of quarry blasting using methods of rock mass block zoning, prediction, and controlled blasting. 3 The quarrying project for qualified graded stone was completed, and the project quality met the contract and specification requirements. The entire construction process was safe and environmentally friendly. Thanks to this construction method, construction efficiency and the yield of graded stone blocks were significantly improved, achieving a maximum daily production of 90,000 cubic meters of qualified graded stone. 3 The mining cost is 2.50 yuan / m³ lower than that of traditional methods. 3 This resulted in savings of 25.8 million yuan, and the actual construction period was completed 48 days ahead of schedule, creating significant economic and social benefits and effectively guaranteeing the construction of key national projects.

[0207] The Beifang Dahongshan Extra-Large-Scale Quarry Project, Section 2, features a relatively gentle mountain terrain with an elevation difference of approximately 55 meters. The site is large in scale, with extremely complex geological conditions. The blasting gradation requirements are almost stringent, making blasting and mining extremely difficult. Guangdong Hongda Blasting Co., Ltd. applied quarry rock mass block size zoning, prediction, and controlled blasting methods to complete 9.46 million cubic meters of blasting. 3 The quarrying project for qualified graded stone was completed, with the project quality meeting contractual and specification requirements. The entire construction process was safe and environmentally friendly. Thanks to this construction method, construction efficiency and the yield of graded stone blocks were significantly improved, achieving a maximum daily production of 110,000 cubic meters of qualified graded stone. 3 The mining cost is 2.50 yuan / m³ lower than that of traditional methods. 3 This resulted in savings of 23.65 million yuan, and the actual construction period was 45 days ahead of schedule, creating significant economic and social benefits and effectively guaranteeing the construction of key national projects.

[0208] At the Sanya Tielugang granite quarry, in order to complete the blasting and mining of boulders of various sizes and grades, blasting block size zoning and blasting block size prediction technologies were adopted to optimize blasting parameters. Through computer simulation and processing of blast pile images, the maximum size of the boulders was controlled to not exceed 2500kg, and the content of fine stone materials under 10kg was reduced to below 10%, which met the requirements of different gradations of blast piles.

[0209] This achievement has been successfully applied in blasting projects in Wugang, Henan Province, and the first, second, and third phases of the Northern Dahongshan project, achieving significant economic and social benefits and demonstrating good value for promotion and application.

[0210] This construction method improves resource utilization. Traditional bench blasting technology in quarries designs and constructs blasting operations under the premise that the entire quarry has basically the same geological conditions. In contrast, this method rationally divides the quarry according to six indicators: rock type, rock hardness, average fracture spacing, explosive consumption per unit area, blasting funnel volume, and blasting block size distribution index. This effectively improves the qualified rate of sized stones and increases resource utilization.

[0211] This method allows for the prediction and forecasting of gradation in explosive reactors.

[0212] Traditional bench blasting technology in quarries does not employ a mathematical model for predicting the blast block size distribution. To control the blast block size, adjustments are typically made to the hole layout parameters and the amount of explosive consumed per unit rock. The construction control process relies on experience, which can easily result in excessively fine ore and sometimes even extra-large blocks. In contrast, this method uses the Kuz-Ram model, a mathematical model for predicting the blast block size distribution in quarries. The gradation of the blast pile is predicted before blasting and verified after blasting.

[0213] Energy conservation and emission reduction, and reduction of excessively fine ore. Traditional bench blasting, in order to enhance the crushing effect, generally adopts strong loosening blasting or weak throwing blasting methods, which consume a large amount of explosive per unit of rock, resulting in excessive rock crushing and the generation of excessively fine ore. This method adopts deep-hole bench collapse blasting, which makes full use of the energy and potential energy of explosives to rationally break the rock, reduces the amount of explosives consumed per unit of rock, controls the maximum particle size, reduces excessively fine ore, and meets the requirements for controlling the blasting block size distribution.

[0214] The charging structure is reasonable, effectively reducing dust and debris. Traditional bench blasting generally adopts a fully coupled charging structure to maximize the charge per hole in order to reduce drilling workload and enhance blasting effect. This method adopts a non-uniform, uncoupled charging structure, which not only meets the requirements for blasting block size distribution, but also effectively reduces the content of fragments and debris weighing less than 10 kg.

[0215] By employing a reasonable hole layout, the yield of boulders can be improved. Traditional bench blasting typically uses a quincunx hole layout, while this method uses a rectangular hole layout, which helps to reduce fine ore and increase the yield of graded boulders.

[0216] Using a reasonable detonation sequence is more conducive to the formation of boulders. Traditional bench blasting generally uses boreholes in the same row to be detonated sequentially according to the design order, while this method uses boreholes in the same row to be detonated simultaneously, which is more conducive to the formation of graded boulders.

[0217] The design and optimization are guided by blasting image processing technology. Another difference between this method and traditional bench blasting is the application of image processing technology for the size distribution of blasted piles. This allows for simple and quick verification of the size distribution of blasted piles, guiding the investigation and optimization of blasting parameters and improving the yield of graded boulders.

[0218] The mining platform and construction roads should be arranged in a reasonable manner to meet the needs of high-intensity blasting mining.

[0219] Scope of application: This method is applicable to the mining of multi-graded block stones in large quarries such as mines, transportation, ports, water conservancy, and hydropower, and is also applicable to mining of poor mineral resources under complex geological conditions.

[0220] In deep-hole bench blasting operations, a quarry blasting block size zoning method based on six indicators—rock type, rock hardness, average fracture spacing, explosive consumption per unit volume, blasting hopper volume, and blasting block size distribution index—was adopted to rationally zone the quarry for mining. Based on this zoning, the Kuz-Ram model, a mathematical model for predicting quarry blast pile gradation, was applied to predict the blast pile gradation. Image processing technology for blast pile block size was used to quickly and easily analyze images of the blast pile on-site to obtain the actual blast pile block size distribution. Parameters were then corrected by computer, enabling real-time optimization of blasting parameters for deep-hole bench blasting. A non-uniform, decoupled charging structure was used throughout the hole, and the uncharged section at the borehole opening was tightly sealed with medium-fine sand or stemming clay. Because the lower explosive charge needs to push aside the bottom rock with a greater clamping effect during blasting, the lower charge linear density should be high, and the decoupling coefficient should be small to ensure that the lower rock is blasted open and the upper rock collapses. The upper charge linear density is low, so the upper charge must be controlled, and the decoupling coefficient should be larger. The upper part is the key to controlling excessively fine ore. By controlling the blasting according to the above, the energy of the explosive and the potential energy of the rock can be fully utilized to control the mining requirements of multiple graded ore.

[0221] Matters not covered in this invention are common knowledge.

[0222] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction, characterized by: Surveying and setting out → Step and road layout → Blasting block size zoning → Blasting design → Blasting gradation prediction → Safety assessment → Drilling → Hole cleaning and acceptance → Loading explosives and detonators and plugging the blast hole opening → Connecting the detonation network → Clearing the site and perimeter security → Detonation → Post-blast inspection: Inspection and elimination of misfires → Image processing and analysis of blast piles → Removing dangerous rocks from the slope → Removing rock debris and cleaning the bottom.

2. The blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific process of arranging steps and roads is as follows: Platforms and construction access roads are key to the high-strength production of stone materials of various specifications. Based on the actual situation of the project, graded platforms are determined and blasting is carried out using different blasting parameters. Roads are a crucial guarantee for high-intensity production. Roads of different widths should be designed according to the different production levels of different platforms. Access roads should be maintained on time, and necessary ramps between secondary and primary elevations should be cleared to facilitate the passage of machinery and equipment, ensuring smooth traffic flow and efficient construction under high-intensity conditions.

3. The blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The specific process of blasting block size zoning is as follows: In view of the factors affecting the blasting block size of the rock mass in the quarry, and in combination with the engineering geological conditions, a quarry blasting block size zoning method based on six indicators, namely rock type, rock hardness, average fracture spacing, explosive consumption, blasting funnel volume and blasting block size distribution index, is adopted to reasonably divide the quarry into pulverized block area, small block area, medium block area and large block area.

4. The blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction according to claim 1, characterized in that: In blasting design: First, the blasting area is determined according to the blasting block size requirements. Then, the blasting design is carried out according to the gradation requirements of the standard stones and the terrain and geological conditions to maximize the blasting grade qualification rate of each blast hole. The geometric parameters for blasting design include step height H, borehole diameter ф, step inclination angle α, borehole angle β, front row resistance line W, borehole spacing a, borehole row spacing b, width of the upper edge of the front row boreholes c, borehole depth L, plugging length h0, borehole over-depth (also known as over-drilling) h1, bottom charge length h2, top charge length h3, and base resistance line W. m L≥H, L=h0+h2+h3; The charge distribution parameters include: 1) the single-hole bearing area S, S = ab = aW; 2) the linear density of the lower charge q2, q2 = (0.25 / m)πρφ. 2 In the formula, ρ is the charge density, ф is in m, m is the radial decoupling coefficient, 3) upper charge linear density q3, q3=(0.3~0.6)q2, take q3=0.5q2, 4) single hole lower charge Q2, Q2=q2 h2, 5) single hole upper charge Q3, Q3=q3 h3, 6) single hole charge Q, Q=Q2+Q3.

5. The blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction according to claim 4, characterized in that: The design process for blasting is as follows: the resistance line control design method is adopted, and the design process is as follows: 1) Determine the linear density q2 of the lower charge, 2) Determine the design resistance line W; According to the type of explosives used and the drilling and clamping conditions, W m Determine the resistance line W': W'=k1k2 W m (2) (2) In the formula, k1 is the explosive coefficient. For medium-explosive rocks in No. 2 rock explosive, k1 = 1. For rocks, emulsion explosives and ammonium nitrate explosives, the value of k1 is selected according to the explosive coefficient table. k2 is the clamping coefficient. For vertical holes, k2 = 1.

0. The hole opening deviation is: ΔW1=1.0ф, the drilling inclination deviation ΔW2 is controlled within 3%, then ΔW2=0.03L, the design resistance line is: W=W'-ΔW1-ΔW2; 3) Determine the blockage length h0 and over-drilling h1, h0 = (20~30)ф, h1 = 0.3W m ; 4) Determine the spacing between boreholes and the load-bearing area of ​​a single borehole, b = W, a = 1.25b, S = ab; 5) Calculate the bottom charge length and bottom charge amount; Bottom charge length: h2 = 1.3W m Bottom charge amount: Q2 = q2 h2; 6) Calculate the length and amount of the upper charge. Upper charge length: h3 = L - h0 - h2, upper charge amount: Q3 = q3h3; 7) Calculate the charge per hole and the average unit consumption. Charge per hole: Q = Q2 + Q3, Average unit consumption: q = Q / (abH).

6. The blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific process of safety assessment is as follows: Before submitting an application for blasting operations to the local public security authority, each stone quarry blasting design should be assessed by an expert group composed of qualified blasting companies. The safety assessment includes:

1. Whether the qualifications of the design and construction units meet the regulations; 2. The completeness and reliability of the data on which the design is based; 3. The rationality of the design methods and design parameters; 4. The accuracy of the detonation network; 5. The feasibility of the selected design scheme; 6. The existing harmful effects and the possible scope of impact; 7. The reliability of measures to ensure the safety of the engineering environment; 8. Whether the prevention and rescue measures for possible accidents are appropriate. The blasting design documents and safety assessment report for stone mining should be bound together and submitted to the local public security authority. If the application meets the requirements, the public security authority will make an approval decision, and the operating unit can carry out blasting operations. If it is found during construction that the actual situation is inconsistent with the data submitted during the assessment and has a significant impact on safety, the necessary survey and mapping work on the blasting target and environment should be carried out, and the original design should be revised in a timely manner. Major modifications should be resubmitted for assessment.

7. The blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific process of drilling, cleaning, and inspecting the blast holes is as follows:

1. Hole layout: The arrangement of blast holes directly affects the gradation of blasting. In this method, the blast holes are arranged in a rectangular plan.

2. Drilling rig alignment: The alignment of the drilling rig directly affects the drilling quality. The requirements are: accurate alignment, correct direction, and precise angle.

3. The basic requirements for drilling operations include the following: 1) You must be familiar with the properties of the rock and understand the drilling patterns of different rock strata; 2) Master the key points of drilling operation: the hole opening must be complete, the hole wall must be smooth, and the slag removal must be smooth; 4. Hole cleaning and acceptance: After the blast holes are drilled, use compressed air to remove rock powder and rock cuttings from the bottom of the holes. Measure the depth and angle of the blast holes. After acceptance, take protective measures for the blast holes to prevent surface water and debris from entering the holes.

8. The blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction according to claim 1, characterized in that: Before loading explosives and detonators and sealing the borehole, the selection and inspection of explosives and detonators should be carried out. Explosives should be loaded in strips. When there is water in the borehole, explosives with good water resistance should be used. The explosive force parameters should be qualified. Non-electric millisecond detonating cord detonators should be selected. Before carrying out the blasting charge, all blasting materials used should be visually inspected. The detonator tube should not be flattened, damaged, or corroded. The reinforcing cap should not be crooked. There should be no broken explosives, foreign objects or blockages in the detonating cord. There should be no folds, oil stains, or perforations. The end should be sealed. Emulsion explosives should not be diluted or hardened.

9. The blasting control construction method for quarries based on rock mass block size zoning and prediction according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the explosive loading process, a non-uniform radially decoupled loading structure is adopted throughout the borehole. The radial decoupling coefficient at the bottom of the borehole is m = 1.0–1.3, and the radial decoupling coefficient at the top of the borehole is m = 1.5–2.

0. For a borehole diameter of ф140mm, the length of the upper loading section is h3. ф70mm, ф80mm, ф90mm, and ф100mm explosive cartridges are used, with the cartridge diameter gradually increasing from top to bottom. The length of the lower loading section is… h2 uses ф110mm explosive cartridges, with a top filling section length of h0. Rock powder or stemming mud is used to compact the material layer by layer. When the step height H = 15m, the borehole is drilled vertically, and the extra depth is h1 = 1m, and the borehole length L = 16m, h2 = 4m, h3 = 8m, and h0 = 4m are used. Manual loading is used. Before loading, various specifications of explosives are placed on the top surface of each hole according to the design quantity. The loading personnel must load the explosives according to the loading structure and quantity, and the loading must be in place.

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