The invention provides an electronic detonator initiation device, which comprises a control module, a man-machine interactive module, a power supply management module, a single modulation and transmission module, a signal demodulation and receiving module, a signal bus and a power supply, wherein the power supply management module can include an analog/digital converter, a digital/analog converter and a voltage conversion module; the signal modulation and transmission module can include a signal modulation module and a boost module; the signal demodulation and receiving module can include a signal sampling module and a signal conditioning circuit; and the man-machine interactive module can include a set and display device, and an authorization device, a locking device or an anti-misoperation switch. The invention also provides a main control process of the initiation device, and explains the flow processes of the communication voltage management process, the signal transmission process, the signal receiving process, the charging process and the initiation process in detail. According to the technical scheme, the initiation device matched with an electronic detonator can achieve the basic functions such as two-way communication with the electronic detonator and initiation of the electronic detonator.