Feeding device and method

Abstract

The invention provides a feeding device, which is used for spraying feed liquid into a tobacco material output by an electronic belt scale, and comprises a feeding pump of which the feeding end is communicated with a feed liquid source and the discharging end is provided with a feeding pipeline, and the outlet of the feeding pipeline faces the tobacco material; the frequency converter is electrically connected with the feeding pump and used for adjusting the actual operation frequency of the feeding pump; and the control system is electrically connected with the frequency converter and is used for outputting an alarm signal when the actual operation frequency is out of the theoretical frequency range. According to the invention, the pipeline blockage condition can be timely and accurately found. The invention further provides a feeding method.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of tobacco processing technology, and in particular to a feeding device and method. Background Technology

[0002] The feeding process primarily involves atomizing the liquid tobacco and flavorings through a feeding pipeline at the nozzle, evenly spraying them onto the tobacco material to reduce the irritation and off-flavors of cigarette products. As a crucial step in tobacco processing, the feeding process is vital to the quality of tobacco products. Blockages in the feeding pipeline will significantly impact the quality of the tobacco products. In existing technologies, workers periodically observe the atomization effect of the nozzles to determine if the pipeline is blocked. However, visual observation is subjective and time-sensitive, making it difficult for workers to detect pipeline blockages promptly and accurately. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to solve the technical problem of difficulty in timely and accurate detection of pipeline blockages. This invention provides a feeding device and method that can detect pipeline blockages in a timely and accurate manner.

[0004] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, embodiments of the present invention provide a feeding device for spraying liquid into the smoke output from an electronic belt scale. The feeding device includes:

[0005] The feeding pump has its inlet end connected to the liquid source and its outlet end equipped with a feeding pipe, with the outlet of the feeding pipe facing the smoke material in the feeding area.

[0006] A flow meter, installed on the feeding pipe, is used to detect the actual flow rate of the liquid being transported by the feeding pipe and output the actual flow rate value.

[0007] The frequency converter is electrically connected to the feeding pump and is used to adjust the actual operating frequency of the feeding pump.

[0008] The control system is electrically connected to the frequency converter and flow meter. The control system is used to control the frequency converter to adjust the actual operating frequency of the feed pump according to the actual flow value, and output an alarm signal when the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to the safe operating frequency.

[0009] Optionally, the control system includes a storage unit that stores the theoretical flow rate of the liquid. The control system can control the frequency converter to reduce the actual operating frequency when the actual flow rate is greater than the theoretical flow rate, and control the frequency converter to increase the actual operating frequency when the actual flow rate is less than the theoretical flow rate.

[0010] Optionally, the feed pump is a gear pump, and the safe operating frequency is:

[0011]

[0012] Where f is the safe operating frequency, D is the pitch circle diameter of the gear pump, B is the gear tooth width, m is the gear module, Q is the theoretical flow rate, ρ is the density of the liquid, P is the number of pole pairs of the rotating magnetic field of the motor, and K is the correction coefficient.

[0013] Optionally, the control system also includes a processing unit electrically connected to the electronic belt scale. The processing unit is used to calculate the theoretical flow rate of the liquid material based on the flow rate of the flue gas and store the theoretical flow rate in the storage unit.

[0014] Optionally, the control system also includes a timer, which is electrically connected to the processing unit. The processing unit can control the timer to keep running when the theoretical flow rate is calculated, and when the timer reaches a preset time, compare the actual flow rate with the theoretical flow rate, and apply the safe operating frequency calculated based on the theoretical flow rate to the frequency converter. The preset time is the time required for the tobacco to travel from the discharge end of the electronic belt scale to the feeding area.

[0015] Optionally, the theoretical flow rate is:

[0016] Q = kQ1

[0017] Where Q is the theoretical flow rate, Q1 is the flow rate of the tobacco output by the electronic belt scale, and k is the percentage of the weight of the liquid material required by the feeding process to the weight of the tobacco.

[0018] Embodiments of the present invention also provide a method for any of the aforementioned feeding devices, comprising:

[0019] Obtain the flow rate of the flue gas and calculate the theoretical flow rate of the liquid feed based on the flow rate of the flue gas;

[0020] Calculate the safe operating frequency of the feed pump based on the theoretical flow rate;

[0021] Obtain the actual operating frequency of the feed pump and compare it with the safe operating frequency;

[0022] If the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to the safe operating frequency, an alarm signal will be output.

[0023] Optionally, after calculating the safe operating frequency based on the theoretical flow rate and delaying it for a preset time, the theoretical flow rate and the safe operating frequency calculated based on the theoretical flow rate are applied to the frequency converter. The preset time is the time required for the tobacco to travel from the discharge end of the electronic belt scale to the feeding area.

[0024] Optionally, the safe operating frequency is:

[0025]

[0026] Where f is the safe operating frequency, D is the pitch circle diameter of the gear pump, B is the gear tooth width, m is the gear module, Q is the theoretical flow rate, ρ is the density of the liquid, P is the number of pole pairs of the rotating magnetic field of the motor, and K is the correction coefficient.

[0027] Optionally, the actual operating frequency of the feed pump is positively correlated with the difference between the theoretical flow rate and the actual flow rate: if the actual flow rate is greater than the theoretical flow rate, the frequency converter reduces the actual operating frequency; if the actual flow rate is less than the theoretical flow rate, the frequency converter increases the actual operating frequency.

[0028] Optionally, calculating the theoretical flow rate of the liquid feed based on the flow rate of the tobacco feed includes multiplying the flow rate of the tobacco feed output by the electronic belt scale by the percentage of the weight of the liquid feed required by the feeding process to the weight of the tobacco feed, thus obtaining the theoretical flow rate.

[0029] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0030] The frequency converter provided in this invention adjusts the actual operating frequency of the feeding pump according to the actual flow rate of the liquefied material conveyed in the feeding pipeline, thereby improving the stability of the liquefied material flow rate. When scale accumulates on the inner wall of the feeding pipeline, the diameter of the feeding tank decreases. To ensure a stable flow rate of the liquefied material conveyed to the flue gas, the frequency converter increases the actual operating frequency of the feeding pump to increase the flow rate of the liquefied material. When the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to the safe operating frequency, it indicates that the blockage in the feeding pipeline is quite serious. At this time, an alarm signal is output to remind the staff to perform timely maintenance. Compared with the prior art of visually observing the blockage, the embodiment of this application can detect the blockage of the feeding pipeline in a timely and accurate manner. Attached Figure Description

[0031] Figure 1 This diagram illustrates the structure of the feeding device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0032] Figure 2 This diagram shows a flowchart of the feeding method provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 3 A flowchart of the feeding method provided in another embodiment of the present invention is shown.

[0034] Figure label:

[0035] 1. Electronic belt scale, 2. Feeding pump, 3. Material source, 4. Feeding area, 5. Flow meter, 6. Feeding pipe, 7. Frequency converter. Detailed Implementation

[0036] The following specific embodiments illustrate the implementation of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the content disclosed in this specification. Although the description of the present invention is presented in conjunction with preferred embodiments, this does not mean that the features of the invention are limited to these embodiments. On the contrary, the purpose of describing the invention in conjunction with embodiments is to cover other options or modifications that may be derived based on the claims of the present invention. To provide a deep understanding of the invention, many specific details will be included in the following description. The invention may also be implemented without using these details. Furthermore, to avoid confusion or obscuring the focus of the invention, some specific details will be omitted in the description. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other.

[0037] It should be noted that in this specification, similar reference numerals and letters in the following figures indicate similar items. Therefore, once an item is defined in one figure, it does not need to be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.

[0038] In the description of this embodiment, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "inner", "bottom", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, or the orientation or positional relationship that the product of the invention is usually placed in during use. They are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0039] The terms “first”, “second”, etc., are used only to distinguish descriptions and should not be interpreted as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0040] In the description of this embodiment, it should also be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "set up," "connected," and "linked" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this embodiment based on the specific circumstances.

[0041] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0042] An embodiment of the present invention provides a feeding device for spraying liquid material into the smoke output from an electronic belt scale 1, such as... Figure 1As shown, the feeding device includes a feeding pump 2, a flow meter 5, a frequency converter 7, and a control system. The inlet of the feeding pump 2 is connected to the liquid source 3, and its outlet is provided with a feeding pipe 6, with the outlet of the feeding pipe 6 facing the smoke material in the feeding area 4. The flow meter 5 is installed on the feeding pipe 6 and is used to detect the actual flow rate of the liquid material transported by the feeding pipe 6 and output the actual flow rate value. The frequency converter 7 is electrically connected to the feeding pump 2 and is used to adjust the actual operating frequency of the feeding pump 2 according to the actual flow rate value of the liquid material transported by the feeding pipe 6, thereby improving the stability of the liquid material transport flow rate. When the actual flow rate value output by the flow meter 5 decreases, the frequency converter 7 controls the actual operating frequency of the feeding pump 2 to increase the liquid material transport flow rate; when the actual flow rate value output by the flow meter 5 increases, the frequency converter 7 controls the actual operating frequency of the feeding pump 2 to decrease the liquid material transport flow rate. In some embodiments, the operation of the frequency converter 7 is controlled by the control system. Specifically, the control system is electrically connected to the frequency converter 7 and the flow meter 5. The control system is used to control the frequency converter 7 to adjust the actual operating frequency of the feed pump 2 according to the actual flow value, and output an alarm signal when the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to the safe operating frequency.

[0043] By adopting the above technical solution, the frequency converter 7 adjusts the actual operating frequency of the feeding pump 2 according to the actual flow rate of the liquefied material conveyed by the feeding pipe 6, thereby improving the stability of the liquefied material flow rate. Specifically, when scale accumulates on the inner wall of the feeding pipe 6, the diameter of the feeding tank decreases. To ensure a stable flow rate of the liquefied material conveyed to the flue gas, the frequency converter 7 increases the actual operating frequency of the feeding pump 2 to increase the flow rate of the liquefied material. However, as the scale on the inner wall of the feeding pipe 6 increases, the risk of blockage in the feeding pipe 6 gradually increases, and the operating frequency of the feeding pump 2 also gradually increases. When the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to the safe operating frequency, it indicates that the blockage in the feeding pipe 6 is quite serious. This application monitors the actual operating frequency of the feeding pump 2 and outputs an alarm signal when the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to the safe operating frequency, which can remind the staff of the risk of blockage in the feeding pipe 6. Compared with the prior art of visually observing the blockage, the implementation method of this application can detect the blockage of the feeding pipe 6 in a timely and accurate manner.

[0044] Furthermore, the control system includes a storage unit that stores the theoretical flow rate of the liquid feed. The control system can control the frequency converter 7 to decrease the actual operating frequency when the actual flow rate is greater than the theoretical flow rate, and to increase the actual operating frequency when the actual flow rate is less than the theoretical flow rate. This dynamically brings the flow rate of the liquid feed output from the feeding pipe 6 closer to the theoretical flow rate, improving the stability of the liquid feed flow. In some embodiments, the feeding device adds a specific liquid feed to a specific tobacco product according to a fixed processing technology; therefore, the theoretical flow rate stored in the storage unit is a fixed value. In other embodiments, the feeding device is applied to different tobacco products at different times, and the processing technologies also differ. Therefore, the theoretical flow rate needs to be adjusted according to the processing technology. Operators need to manually store the theoretical flow rate in the storage unit, including providing a specific value or a specific independent variable, calculating the theoretical flow rate based on the independent variable, and then storing it in the storage unit. Specifically, the control system also includes a processing unit electrically connected to the electronic belt scale 1. The processing unit calculates the theoretical flow rate of the liquid feed based on the flow rate of the tobacco product and stores the theoretical flow rate in the storage unit.

[0045] Furthermore, the theoretical flow rate is:

[0046] Q = kQ1

[0047] Where Q is the theoretical flow rate, Q1 is the flow rate of the tobacco output by the electronic belt scale 1, and k is the percentage of the weight of the liquid material required by the feeding process to the weight of the tobacco. Specifically, both the theoretical flow rate and the flow rate of the tobacco are weight flow rates (kg / min), and the flow meter 5 is a weight flow meter.

[0048] In some embodiments, the smoke flow rate Q1 is 50 kg / min, and the required weight percentage of the liquid feed to the smoke feed is 3.82%, resulting in a theoretical flow rate of 1.91 kg / min. In other embodiments, the smoke flow rate Q1 is 49.83 kg / min, and the required weight percentage of the liquid feed to the smoke feed is 3.79%, resulting in a theoretical flow rate of 1.89 kg / min.

[0049] Furthermore, the feed pump is a gear pump, which is driven by an electric motor. The motor's speed is the same as the gear pump's speed, and the safe operating frequency is:

[0050]

[0051] Where f is the safe operating frequency, D is the pitch circle diameter of the gear pump, B is the gear tooth width, m is the gear module, Q is the theoretical flow rate, ρ is the density of the liquid, P is the number of pole pairs of the rotating magnetic field of the motor, and K is the correction coefficient, with a value ranging from 1.05 to 1.15.

[0052] Taking a gear pump of a certain brand as an example, its gear pitch circle diameter D is 32mm, gear tooth width B is 6.28mm, gear module m is 4mm, and the number of pole pairs P of the rotating magnetic field of the motor is 3. When the density ρ of the liquid is 1.12kg / L, if the theoretical flow rate Q is taken as 1.89kg / min and K is taken as 1.15, the safe operating frequency f can be calculated as 45.64Hz according to the above formula. If the theoretical flow rate Q is taken as 1.91kg / min and K is taken as 1.05, the safe operating frequency f can be calculated as 50.51Hz according to the above formula.

[0053] The sensitivity of the feeding device's anti-blockage warning function can be adjusted by changing the correction coefficient K. When K is a larger value, such as K=1.15, the corresponding safe operating frequency decreases (e.g., when the theoretical flow rate is 1.89 kg / min, the safe operating frequency is 45.64 Hz). The device can issue an early warning when there is only a small amount of dirt adhering to the inner wall of the feeding pipe 6, alerting the operator to a minor blockage and allowing the operator to prepare for maintenance of the feeding device in advance. When K is a smaller value, such as K=1.05, the corresponding safe operating frequency is higher (e.g., when the theoretical flow rate is 1.91 kg / min, the safe operating frequency is 50.51 Hz). The device can issue an early warning when there is a large amount of dirt adhering to the inner wall of the feeding pipe 6, alerting the operator to a severe blockage and allowing the operator to maintain the feeding device as quickly as possible.

[0054] In some embodiments of this application, to facilitate operators in early warning of blockages and to ensure timely maintenance, avoiding missing the optimal maintenance opportunity, the applicant may set two or more safe operating frequencies. For example, a first safe operating frequency and a second safe operating frequency may be set. The first safe operating frequency is lower than the second safe operating frequency. When the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to the first safe operating frequency, the control system outputs a first alarm signal to alert the operator that a slight blockage has occurred in the feeding pipe 6, allowing the operator to prepare for maintenance in advance. When the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to the second safe operating frequency, the control system outputs a second alarm signal to alert the operator that a severe blockage has occurred in the feeding pipe 6, allowing the operator to maintain the feeding device as soon as possible. Those skilled in the art may also set three or four safe operating frequencies according to actual engineering needs, enabling operators to receive timely warning signals, prepare for maintenance work in advance, and avoid missing the optimal maintenance opportunity. Missing the optimal maintenance opportunity may result in the feeding pipe 6 becoming completely blocked, preventing the application of liquid feed to the flue gas, causing downstream processing steps to malfunction, and leading to a production accident.

[0055] Furthermore, the control system also includes a timer electrically connected to the processing unit. The processing unit calculates the theoretical flow rate upon receiving the flow rate of the tobacco, and simultaneously controls the timer to start timing. When the timer reaches a preset time, the actual flow rate is compared with the theoretical flow rate. The preset time is the time required for the tobacco to travel from the outlet of the electronic belt scale 1 to the feeding area 4 at the given flow rate. It is worth noting that the time difference between the tobacco flow rate output by the electronic belt scale 1 and the flow rate received by the processing unit is negligible, and the time it takes for the unit to receive the tobacco flow rate is the same as the time it takes for the tobacco to travel to the outlet of the electronic belt scale 1. In some embodiments, the feeding area 4 is adjacent to the outlet of the electronic belt scale 1, and the time required for the tobacco to travel from the outlet of the electronic belt scale 1 to the feeding area 4 can be negligible, i.e., the preset time is 0. In other embodiments, other conveying mechanisms are provided between the feeding area 4 and the electronic belt scale 1, and the time required for the tobacco to travel from the outlet of the electronic belt scale 1 to the feeding area 4 cannot be ignored; therefore, the preset time is not 0. By delaying the preset time, the amount of flue gas added to the liquid can be matched with the theoretical flow rate and the safe operating frequency.

[0056] Embodiments of the present invention also provide a method for any of the aforementioned feeding devices, such as... Figure 2 As shown, the feeding method includes:

[0057] Obtain the flow rate of the flue gas and calculate the theoretical flow rate of the liquid feed based on the flow rate of the flue gas;

[0058] Calculate the safe operating frequency of feed pump 2 based on the theoretical flow rate;

[0059] Obtain the actual operating frequency of the feed pump 2 and compare it with the safe operating frequency;

[0060] If the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to the safe operating frequency, an alarm signal will be output.

[0061] Furthermore, such as Figure 3 As shown, the feeding method also includes, after calculating the safe operating frequency of the feeding pump 2 based on the theoretical flow rate, applying the theoretical flow rate and the safe operating frequency calculated based on the theoretical flow rate to the frequency converter 7 after a preset time delay. The preset time is the time required for the smoke material to travel from the discharge end of the electronic belt scale 1 to the feeding area 4.

[0062] Furthermore, the safe operating frequency is:

[0063]

[0064] Where f is the safe operating frequency, D is the pitch circle diameter of the gear pump, B is the gear tooth width, m is the gear module, Q is the theoretical flow rate, ρ is the density of the liquid, P is the number of pole pairs of the rotating magnetic field of the motor, and K is the correction coefficient. As mentioned above, the value of K is 1.05 to 1.15. By adjusting the value of the correction coefficient K, the sensitivity of the feeding device in predicting blockage can be adjusted.

[0065] Furthermore, the actual operating frequency of the feed pump 2 is positively correlated with the difference between the theoretical flow rate and the actual flow rate: if the actual flow rate is greater than the theoretical flow rate, the frequency converter 7 reduces the actual operating frequency; if the actual flow rate is less than the theoretical flow rate, the frequency converter 7 increases the actual operating frequency.

[0066] Furthermore, calculating the theoretical flow rate of the liquid feed based on the flow rate of the tobacco feed includes multiplying the flow rate of the tobacco feed output by the electronic belt scale 1 by the percentage of the weight of the liquid feed required by the feeding process to the weight of the tobacco feed, thus obtaining the theoretical flow rate.

[0067] While the present invention has been illustrated and described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the above description is a further detailed explanation of the invention in conjunction with specific embodiments, and should not be construed as limiting the specific implementation of the invention to these descriptions. Various changes in form and detail can be made by those skilled in the art, including several simple deductions or substitutions, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A feeding device for spraying a liquid into a tobacco material output from an electronic belt weigher, characterized in that, The feeding device comprises: a feeding pump, an inlet of which is connected to a source of the material liquid, and an outlet of which is provided with a feeding pipeline, an outlet of the feeding pipeline being directed towards the tobacco material in the feeding area; a flow meter arranged on the feeding pipeline, the flow meter being configured to detect an actual flow rate of the material liquid conveyed by the feeding pipeline and output an actual flow rate value; a frequency converter, which is electrically connected to the feeding pump and configured to adjust a size of an actual operating frequency of the feeding pump; a control system, which is electrically connected to the frequency converter and the flow meter, and configured to control the frequency converter to adjust the actual operating frequency of the feeding pump according to the actual flow rate value, and output an alarm signal when the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to a safe operating frequency.

2. The charging device of claim 1, wherein The control system comprises a storage unit, which stores a theoretical flow rate value of the material liquid, and the control system is capable of controlling the frequency converter to decrease the actual operating frequency when the actual flow rate value is greater than the theoretical flow rate value, and controlling the frequency converter to increase the actual operating frequency when the actual flow rate value is less than the theoretical flow rate value.

3. The charging device of claim 2, wherein The feeding pump is a gear pump, and the safe operating frequency is: wherein f is the safe operating frequency, D is a diameter of a gear pitch circle of the gear pump, B is a gear width of the gear pump, m is a module of the gear pump, Q is the theoretical flow rate value, p is a density of the material liquid, P is a pole pair number of a rotating magnetic field of a motor, and K is a correction coefficient.

4. The charging device of claim 3, wherein The control system further comprises a processing unit, which is electrically connected to the electronic belt scale, and configured to calculate the theoretical flow rate value of the material liquid according to a flow rate value of the tobacco material, and store the theoretical flow rate value in the storage unit.

5. A charging device according to claim 4, wherein The control system further comprises a timer, which is electrically connected to the processing unit, and the processing unit is capable of controlling the timer to time when the theoretical flow rate value is calculated, and comparing the actual flow rate value with the theoretical flow rate value when the timer times up to a preset time, and applying the safe operating frequency calculated according to the theoretical flow rate value to the frequency converter; The preset time is a time required for the tobacco material to run from an outlet of the electronic belt scale to the feeding area.

6. The charging device of claim 4, wherein The theoretical flow rate value is: Q=kQ1 wherein Q is the theoretical flow rate value, Q1 is a flow rate value of the tobacco material output by the electronic belt scale, and k is a percentage of a weight of the material liquid required by a feeding process to a weight of the tobacco material.

7. A method for charging the charging device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by, The method comprises: obtaining a flow rate value of the tobacco material, and calculating a theoretical flow rate value of the material liquid according to the flow rate value of the tobacco material; calculating a safe operating frequency of the feeding pump according to the theoretical flow rate value; obtaining an actual operating frequency of the feeding pump, and comparing the actual operating frequency with the safe operating frequency; outputting an alarm signal if the actual operating frequency is greater than or equal to the safe operating frequency.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein, The safe operation frequency is calculated according to the theoretical flow value, and the theoretical flow value and the safe operation frequency calculated according to the theoretical flow value are applied to the frequency converter after a preset time delay, and the preset time is the time required for the tobacco material to run from the discharge end of the electronic belt scale to the feeding area.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein, The safe operation frequency is: Wherein, f is the safe operation frequency, D is the gear pitch circle diameter of the gear pump, B is the gear width, m is the gear modulus, Q is the theoretical flow value, ρ is the density of the material liquid, P is the pole pair number of the motor rotating magnetic field, and K is the correction coefficient.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein, The actual operation frequency of the feeding pump is positively correlated with the difference between the theoretical flow value and the actual flow value: if the actual flow value is greater than the theoretical flow value, the frequency converter reduces the actual operation frequency; if the actual flow value is less than the theoretical flow value, the frequency converter increases the actual operation frequency.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein, The calculation of the theoretical flow value of the material liquid according to the flow value of the tobacco material includes: multiplying the flow value of the tobacco material output by the electronic belt scale by the percentage of the weight of the material liquid in the weight of the tobacco material required by the feeding process, i.e. obtaining the theoretical flow value.

Images