Carrier transmission from multiple RF resources to environmental IoT devices

Abstract

An apparatus, a method, and a computer program product for carrier transmission are provided. An example method may include receiving, from a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with the PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. The example method may also include transmitting a communication to the second wireless device to indicate to the PUE that the first wireless device is present based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly to wireless communication systems employing carrier transmissions. BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems can employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

[0003] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. One example of a telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is a part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT)), and other SUMMARY

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects. It is not intended to identify key or critical elements of all aspects or to delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0005] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus at a first wireless device (e.g., a user equipment (UE)) are provided. The apparatus can include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. Based at least in part on stored information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor is configured to receive, from a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a passive user equipment (PUE), a target receive (Rx) signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. Based at least in part on stored information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor is configured to transmit, to the second wireless device, a communication for radio frequency (RF) source discovery with the PUE based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom. In some aspects, based at least in part on stored information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor is configured to receive, from a second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier for a passive user equipment (PUE). In some aspects, based at least in part on stored information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor is configured to transmit, to the PUE, the carrier based on the group control command.

[0006] In another aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus at a first wireless device (e.g., a network node such as a base station or a UE) are provided. The apparatus can include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. Based at least in part on stored information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor is configured to transmit, for a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. Based at least in part on stored information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor is configured to receive, from the second wireless device, a communication to indicate the first wireless device is present to the PUE based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom. Based at least in part on stored information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor is configured to determine that the second wireless device is an RF source for the PUE. Based at least in part on stored information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor is configured to transmit, for a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating the group of wireless devices to transmit a carrier to the PUE.

[0007] To achieve the foregoing and related objectives, one or more aspects include the features fully described below and specifically pointed out in the claims. The following description and drawings set forth some exemplary features of one or more aspects in detail. However, these features indicate only a few of the various ways in which the principles of the various aspects may be employed. Attached Figure Description

[0008] Figure 1 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.

[0009] Figure 2A This is an illustration of an example of the first frame according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0010] Figure 2B This is a diagram illustrating examples of downlink (DL) channels within a subframe according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0011] Figure 2C This is an illustration of an example of a second frame according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0012] Figure 2D This is a diagram illustrating examples of uplink (UL) channels within a subframe according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0013] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating examples of base stations and user equipment (UEs) in an access network.

[0014] Figure 4A This is an illustration of examples of single-site Internet of Things (IoT) deployment scenarios according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0015] Figure 4B This is an illustration of examples of single-site IoT deployment scenarios according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0016] Figure 4C This is an illustration of an example of a dual-site IoT deployment scenario according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0017] Figure 4D This is an illustration of an example of a dual-site IoT deployment scenario according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0018] Figure 4E This is an illustration of an example of a dual-site IoT deployment scenario according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0019] Figure 4F This is an illustration of an example of a dual-site IoT deployment scenario according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0020] Figure 5is a diagram illustrating example backscatter communications in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating example RF sources transmitting energy to passive UEs in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 7A is a diagram illustrating example RF sources transmitting carriers for backscatter in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 7B is a diagram illustrating example frequencies for backscatter in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating example communications between wireless devices in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 9A is a diagram illustrating example environmental IoT zones associated with estimated locations of PUEs in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 9B is a diagram illustrating example frequencies for backscatter in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 9C is a diagram illustrating example frequencies for backscatter in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 10 is a flow diagram of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 11 is a flow diagram of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0030] Figure 12 is a flow diagram of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 13 is a flow diagram of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 14 is a flow diagram of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 15 is a flow diagram of a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0034] Figure 16 is a diagram illustrating examples of hardware implementations for example apparatuses and / or network entities in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0035] Figure 17 FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] The example aspects provided herein enable discovery of RF sources that can be suitable to transmit a carrier signal to a PUE. Backscatter communication at the PUE can use a suitable input RF signal with high signal power (e.g., -30 dBm). Thus, a far RF source or an RF source that cannot transmit at such high signal power can not be suitable to transmit a sinusoidal signal to a passive device. Based on the aspects provided herein, suitable RF sources can be more efficiently identified, thereby improving the overall efficiency of a wireless communication system. In some wireless communication systems, a central node, such as a network node or a UE, can periodically transmit a carrier signal to a PUE for backscatter; and a potential RF source can measure the backscatter signal and report the results to the central node if the potential RF source is suitable (e.g., based on satisfying some criteria for the PUE). In such an approach, the potential RF source can have the capability to measure a backscatter signal, which can use a different waveform than other signals, thereby increasing the complexity at the potential RF source. Even if the potential RF source can not be suitable for carrier transmission, measuring the backscatter signal can consume power at the potential RF source. In another approach, a potential RF source can periodically transmit a carrier to a PUE, and a reader (e.g., a network node or a UE) can measure the backscatter signal from the PUE and identify whether the RF source is close to the PUE based on the measured signal power. Such an approach can consume a large amount of power at the potential RF source due to the periodic transmission of the carrier regardless of whether the potential RF source is close to the PUE. The example aspects provided herein can enable reduced complexity and increased power efficiency at the potential RF source.

[0037] The detailed description set forth below, in connection with the appended drawings and specifications, is a description of various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein can be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form, in order to avoid obscuring the concepts being described.

[0038] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements”). These elements can be implemented with electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends on the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0039] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements can be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. When implementing multiple processors, the processors can be either separate or combined on a single die or set of dies. Processors can include, among other things, microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC), baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system can execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination of them deemed useful by one of ordinary skill in the art, whether implemented in software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or otherwise.

[0040] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, implementations, and / or use cases, the described functionality can be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions can be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.

[0041] While aspects, implementations and / or use cases described herein can be described in the context of 5G NR technology, aspects, implementations and / or use cases described herein can be implemented in the context of any suitable wireless communication technology, such as any NR technology, 3GPP UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5G NR, etc. NR is often discussed in the context of new radio access technologies for mobile communications, including 5G NR. NR can include a radio technology of frequency range 1 (FR1), which can utilize spectrum from 1 GHz to 24 GHz, as well as a radio technology of frequency range 2 (FR2), which can utilize spectrum from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. NR can be a 5G technology that utilizes OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) in the radio frequency spectrum (millimeter wave (mmW)) in addition to or instead of OFDM in other parts of the radio frequency spectrum. NR technology can include beamforming, massive MIMO (MIMO), and / or other technologies. LTE technology is often discussed in the context of 4G technology but can also be applicable to 5G technology. For further discussion of various 5G technologies, see 3GPP LTE, 5G NR, and Next Generation Communication Systems, edited by Chih-Lin I, John Wiley & Sons, 2018; 5G Networking: Services, Challenges and Technologies, edited by Ahmad Rezaee and Faroozeh Sadat Ebrahimi, Scrivener Publishing, 2018; and 5G Systems: Principles and Applications, edited by Jussi Kangas, John Wiley & Sons, 2018.

[0042] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, can be arranged in a variety of ways with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system or network, a network node, network entity, mobility element of a network, radio access network (RAN) node, core network node, network element, or network equipment, such as a base station (BS), or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, can be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS, such as a Node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR BS, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a transmission reception point (TRP), or a cell, etc., can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also referred to as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.

[0043] A disaggregated base station can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed between two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs). In some aspects, a CU can be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed in one or more other RAN nodes. The DUs can be implemented to be in communication with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can be implemented as virtual units, a virtual central unit (VCU), virtual distributed unit (VDU), or virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0044] Base station operations or network designs can take into account the disaggregated nature of base station functionality. For example, a disaggregated base station can be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as network configurations initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also referred to as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Disaggregation can include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing functionality of at least one unit, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of a disaggregated base station or disaggregated RAN architecture can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0045] Figure 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating examples of wireless communication systems and access networks. The illustrated wireless communication systems include a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture can include one or more CUs 110 that can communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units, such as a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 105, or both. The CUs 110 can communicate with one or more DUs 130 via respective fronthaul links, such as Fl interfaces. The DUs 130 can communicate with one or more RUs 140 via respective front-haul links. The RUs 140 can communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, a UE 104 can be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 140.

[0046] Each of the units (i.e., CU 110, DU 130, RU 140, and near-RT RIC 125, non-RT RIC 115, and SMO framework 105) can include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of these units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include wired interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals to one or more of the other units over a wired transmission medium. Additionally, the units can include wireless interfaces that can include receivers, transmitters, or transceivers (such as RF transceivers) configured to receive or transmit signals to one or more of the other units over a wireless transmission medium, or both.

[0047] In some aspects, CU 110 can host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by CU 110. CU 110 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., central unit-user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., central unit-control plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, CU 110 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, CU-UP units can bi-directionally communicate with CU-CP units via an interface, such as an El interface. CU 110 can be implemented to communicate with DU 130 as needed for network control and signaling.

[0048] DU 130 can correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, DU 130 can host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) in accordance with a functional split, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, DU 130 can further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 130 or with control functions hosted by CU 110.

[0049] Lower layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, RUs 140 controlled by a DU 130 can correspond to logical nodes that host RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, among others) or both based at least in part on a functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, RUs 140 can be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with RUs 140 can be controlled by a corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable implementation of DUs 130 and CUs 110 in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0050] The SMO framework 105 can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 105 can be configured to support deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an Ol interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 105 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform, such as an Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 190 to perform network element lifecycle management, such as to instantiate a virtualized network element, via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an 02 interface. Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 110, DUs 130, RUs 140, and near-RT RICs 125. In some implementations, the SMO framework 105 can communicate with hardware aspects of a 4G RAN, such as an Open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via an Ol interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an Ol interface. The SMO framework 105 can also include a non-RT RIC 115 configured to support functionality of the SMO framework 105.

[0051] The non-RT RIC 115 can be configured to include logical functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based steering of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 125. The non-RT RIC 115 can be coupled to, or in communication with, the near-RT RIC 125, such as via an Al interface. The near-RT RIC 125 can be configured to include logical functions that enable near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface, such as via an E2 interface, that connects one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, and an O-eNB with the near-RT RIC 125.

[0052] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 125, the non-RT RIC 115 can receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 125 and can be received at the SMO framework 105 or the non-RT RIC 115 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 115 or the near-RT RIC 125 can be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 115 can monitor long-term trends and patterns of performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO framework 105, such as via reconfiguration of Ol, or via creation of RAN management policies, such as Al policies.

[0053] At least one of the CUs 110, the DUs 130, and the RUs 140 can be referred to as a base station 102. Thus, the base station 102 can include one or more of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 (each component is indicated with a dashed line to represent that each component can or can not be included in the base station 102). The base station 102 provides wireless access to the core network 120 for the UEs 104. A base station 102 can include a macro cell (high power cellular base station) and / or a small cell (low power cellular base station). Small cells include femto cells, pico cells, and micro cells. A network that includes both small cells and macro cells can be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network also can include home evolved node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs), which can provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG). The communication links between the RUs 140 and the UEs 104 can include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a RU 140 to a UE 104. The communication links can use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links can be through one or more carriers, where a carrier can be a set of

[0054] Certain UEs 104 can communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 can use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 can use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). D2D communication can be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, Bluetooth ™ (Bluetooth is a trademark of Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)), Wi-Fi ™ based on Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (Wi-Fi is a trademark of Wi-Fi Alliance), LTE, or NR.

[0055] The wireless communications system can also include a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with UEs 104 (also referred to as Wi-Fi stations (STAs)) via communication links 154, e.g., in 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum, or the like. When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the UEs 104 / AP 150 can perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.

[0056] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided based on frequency / wavelength into various classes, bands, channels, and so forth. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz to 7. 125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz). Despite a portion of FR1 being greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar naming convention occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz to 300 GHz) which is designated as a “millimeter wave” band by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

[0057] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified operating bands for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7. 125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). Bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus can effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Moreover, even higher bands are currently under exploration to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (71 GHz to 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher bands fall within the EHF band.

[0058] With the above in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, if the term “Sub-6 GHz” or the like is used herein, this can broadly represent frequencies that can be less than 6 GHz, can be within FR1, or can include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, if the term “millimeter wave” or the like is used herein, this can broadly represent frequencies that can include mid-band frequencies, can be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2, and / or FR5, or can be within the EHF band.

[0059] The base stations 102 and the UEs 104 can each include multiple antennas (such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays) to facilitate beamforming. The base stations 102 can transmit to UEs 104 in one or more transmit directions using beamforming. The UEs 104 can receive from the base stations 102 in one or more receive directions using beamforming. The UEs 104 can also transmit to the base stations 102 in one or more transmit directions using beamforming. The base stations 102 can receive from the UEs 104 in one or more receive directions using beamforming. The base station 102 / UE 104 can perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 102 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 102 can or can not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 can or can not be the same.

[0060] The base stations 102 can include and / or be referred to as gNBs, NodeBs, eNBs, access points, base transceiver stations, radio base stations, radio transceiver, transceiver functions, basic service sets (BSSs), extended service sets (ESSs), TRPs, network nodes, network entities, network equipment, or some other suitable terminology. The base stations 102 can be implemented as integrated access and backhaul (IAB) nodes, relay nodes, sidelink nodes, aggregated (monolithic) base stations with baseband units (BBUs) including CUs and DUs and RUs, or as disaggregated base stations including one or more of CUs, DUs, and / or RUs. A collection of base stations that can include disaggregated and / or aggregated base stations can be referred to as a next generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN).

[0061] The core network 120 can include an access and mobility management function (AMF) 161, a session management function (SMF) 162, a user plane function (UPF) 163, a unified data management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is a control node that handles signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. The UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. The UDM 164 supports generation of authentication and key agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, and subscription management. The one or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) 165 and a location management function (LMF) 166. However, in general, the one or more location servers 168 can include one or more location / determination servers, which can include one or more of a GMLC 165, an LMF 166, a positioning determination entity (PDE), a serving mobile location center (SMLC), a mobile positioning center (MPC), and the like. The GMLC 165 and the LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) to access UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurements and assistance information from the NG-RAN and the UE 104 via the AMF 161 to compute a position of the UE 104. The NG-RAN can utilize one or more positioning methods to determine a position of the UE 104. Positioning the UE 104 can involve signal measurements, position estimation, and optional velocity calculations based on these measurements. The signal measurements can be made by the UE 104 and / or the base stations 102 serving the UE 104. The measured signals can be based on one or more of a satellite positioning system (SPS) 170 (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN), or other satellite positioning / location system), LTE signals, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, Terrestrial Beacon System (TBS), sensor-based information (e.g., barometric pressure sensors, motion sensors), NR Enhanced Cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (e.g., multi-round trip time (multi-RTT), DL angle of departure (DL-AoD), DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), and UL angle of arrival (UL-AoA) positioning), and / or other systems / signals / sensors.

[0062] Examples of a UE 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functional device. Some of the UEs 104 can be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., a parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicle, heart monitor, etc.). The UE 104 can also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE can also apply to one or more accessory devices such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices can collectively or individually access a network.

[0063] Referring again to Figure 1 In some aspects, a wireless device (such as a UE 104) that supports ambient power supply communication, passive communication, backscatter communication, etc. can include a CW component 198. In some aspects, the CW component 198 can be configured to receive, from a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, the CW component 198 can be further configured to transmit, to the second wireless device based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom, a communication to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE. In some aspects, the CW component 198 can be further configured to receive, from a second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier for a PUE. In some aspects, the CW component 198 can be further configured to transmit, to the PUE based on the group control command, the carrier.

[0064] In certain aspects, the base station 102 can include a CW component 199. In some aspects, the CW component 199 can be configured to transmit, for a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, the CW component 199 can also be configured to receive, from the second wireless device based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom, a communication to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE. In some aspects, the CW component 199 can also be configured to determine that the second wireless device is an RF source for the PUE. In some aspects, the CW component 199 can also be configured to transmit, for a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating the group of wireless devices to transmit a carrier to the PUE.

[0065] While the following description can focus on 5G NR, the concepts described herein can be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-A, CDMA, GSM, and other radio access technologies.

[0066] As described herein, a node (which can be referred to as a node, network node, network entity, or wireless node) can include, be, or can be included in (e.g., as a component of) a base station (e.g., any of the base stations described herein), a UE (e.g., any of the UEs described herein), a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a distributed unit (DU), a central unit (CU), a remote / radio unit (RU) (which can also be referred to as a remote radio unit (RRU)), and / or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a network node can be a UE. As another example, a network node can be a base station or network entity. As yet another example, a first network node can be configured to communicate with a second network node or a third network node. In one aspect of this example, the first network node can be a UE, the second network node can be a base station, and the third network node can be a UE. In another aspect of this example, the first network node can be a UE, the second network node can be a base station, and the third network node can be a base station. In yet other aspects of this example, the first network node, the second network node, and the third network node can be different with respect to these examples. Similarly, a reference to a UE, a base station, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, etc. can include a disclosure of a UE, a base station, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, etc. as a network node. For example, a disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node. Once a particular example has been expanded in accordance with the present disclosure (e.g., a disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node), the broader example of the narrower example can be interpreted in reverse, but in a broad, generic sense. In the above example in which a disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node, the first network node can refer to a first UE, a first base station, a first apparatus, a first device, a first computing system, a first set of one or more components, or a first processing entity, etc. that is configured to receive the information; and the second network node can refer to a second UE, a second base station, a second apparatus, a second device, a second computing system, a second set of one or more components, or a second processing entity, etc.

[0067] As described herein, different terminology can be used in various aspects to describe the communication of information (e.g., any information, signals, and / or the like). The disclosure of one communication term includes the disclosure of other communication terms. For example, a first network node can be described as being configured to transmit information to a second network node. In this example and consistent with the disclosure, the disclosure of the first network node being configured to transmit information to the second network node includes the disclosure of the first network node being configured to provide, deliver, output, communicate, or send information to the second network node. Similarly, in this example and consistent with the disclosure, the disclosure of the first network node being configured to transmit information to the second network node includes the disclosure of the second network node being configured to receive, obtain, or decode the information provided, delivered, output, communicated, or sent by the first network node.

[0068] Figure 2A FIG. 200 is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2B FIG. 230 is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G NR subframe. Figure 2C FIG. 250 is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2D FIG. 280 is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure can be frequency-division duplexed (FDD) in which Figure 2A 、 Figure 2C In the examples provided, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, with subframe 4 configured with slot format 28 (with mostly DL), where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible to use between DL / UL, and subframe 3 configured with slot format 1 (with all UL). While subframes 3, 4 are shown with slot formats 1, 28, respectively, any particular subframe can be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0, 1 are all DL, UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mix of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with a slot format (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) through a received slot format indicator (SFI). Note that the following description also applies for 5G NR frame structures that are TDD.

[0069] Figures 2A-2DA frame structure is illustrated, and aspects of the present disclosure can be applicable to other wireless communication technologies that can have different frame structures and / or different channels. One frame (10 ms) can be divided into 10 equal sized subframes (1 ms). Each subframe can include one or more slots. A subframe can also include mini-slots, which can contain 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot can include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether a cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For a normal CP, each slot can include 14 symbols, and for an extended CP, each slot can include 12 symbols. A symbol on the DL can be a CP-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbol. A symbol on the UL can be a CP-OFDM symbol (for high throughput scenarios) or a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbol (for power limited scenarios; limited to single stream transmission). The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and the numerology. The numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1). The symbol length / duration can be scaled with 1 / SCS.

[0070]

[0071] Table 1: Numerology, SCS, and CP

[0072] For a normal CP (14 symbols / slot), different numerologies m 0 to 4 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. For an extended CP, numerology 2 allows for 4 slots per subframe. Thus, for a normal CP and numerology m, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2 µ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing can be equal to where is the numerology 0 to 4. Thus, the subcarrier spacing for numerology m = 0 is 15 kHz, and the subcarrier spacing for numerology m = 4 is 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. Figures 2A-2D An example of a normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and numerology m = 2 with 4 slots per subframe is provided. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 ps. Within a frame collection, there can be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) that are frequency division multiplexed (see Figure 2B ). Each BWP can have a particular numerology and CP (normal or extended).

[0073] A resource grid can be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) that extend for the full duration, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0074] As Figure 2A illustrated, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE. The RS can include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS can also include beam measurement RS (BRS), beam refinement RS (BRRS), and phase tracking RS (PT-RS).

[0075] Figure 2B An example of various DL channels are illustrated within the subframe. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or multiple control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs), each CCE including six RE groups (REGs), each REG including 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH within one BWP can be referred to as a control resource set (CORESET). A UE is configured to monitor PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) for PDCCH candidates during PDCCH monitoring occasions on the CORESET, where the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs can be located at higher and / or lower frequencies on the channel bandwidth. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) can be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) can be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH), which carries a master information block (MIB), can be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (also referred to as SS block (SSB)). The MIB provides system bandwidth configuration information and a

[0076] As Figure 2CSome of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated by R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE can transmit DM-RS for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The PUSCH DM-RS can be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS can be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE can transmit sounding reference signals (SRS). The SRS can be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS can have a comb- type structure, and a UE can transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS can be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling for the UL.

[0077] Figure 2D Examples of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame are illustrated. The PUCCH can be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgment (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACKs and / or negative ACKs (NACKs)). The PUSCH carries data, and can additionally be used to carry buffer status reports (BSRs), power headroom reports (PHRs), and / or UCI.

[0078] Figure 3is a block diagram of the base station 310 in communication with the UE 350 in an access network. In the DL, Internet Protocol (IP) packets can be provided to a controller / processor 375. The controller / processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration associated with a serving cell and a neighbor cell; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs), error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of upper layer SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing / de-multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto / from transport blocks (TBs), scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0079] The transmit (TX) processor 316 and the receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, can include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols can then be split into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams if multiple spatial streams are used. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 can be used to determine the beamforming

[0080] At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they can be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.

[0081] The controller / processor 359 can be associated with a memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The memory 360 can be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

[0082] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 310, the controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0083] The TX processor 368 can use channel estimates derived by the channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 can be provided to different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354. Each transmitter 354 can modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0084] The UL transmission is processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 350. Each receiver 318 receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.

[0085] The controller / processor 375 can be associated with a memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The memory 376 can be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

[0086] At least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359 can be configured to perform aspects in connection with the CW component 198. Figure 1

[0087] At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375 can be configured to perform aspects in connection with the CW component 199. Figure 1

[0088] A wireless communication system can include devices that transmit signals using ambient power or received RF power. Such devices can be referred to as supporting ambient power transmission, supporting energy harvesting, supporting passive transmission, supporting backscatter transmission, passive UEs, passive devices, etc. In some aspects, Ambient IoT (which can also be referred to as passive IoT) (A-IoT) can be used to support ultra-low complexity and ultra-low power devices, providing orders of magnitude lower complexity and power consumption than other types of IoT. For example, a first type of A-IoT device (Type A) can be a battery-less device that has no energy storage capability and is completely dependent on the availability of an external energy source (e.g., RF energy harvesting). A second type of A-IoT device (Type B) can be a device with small energy storage (e.g., super or regular capacity) that can not be manually replaced or recharged. A-IoT devices can also be referred to as tags or PUEs. Such devices can be passive and not equipped with active RF components. For example, a PUE can perform data transmission based on modulating an incident RF signal emitted by an ambient transmitter (e.g., a cellular mobile station or base station). The ambient RF signal can serve as a signal resource for backscatter and an energy resource for harvesting.

[0089] Passive wireless devices can be battery-less or battery-assisted. For example, a passive wireless device can operate based on energy harvesting from incoming radio waves with or without a battery as an additional power source. A passive wireless device can have a low power consumption, such as between 1 and 1000 microwatts. Such passive wireless devices can be devices for inventory management, wireless sensors, etc. A passive device can use backscatter communication in order to communicate with another network entity, such as a base station.

[0090] ​​Backscatter communication can enable radio frequency identification (RFID). For example, a reader can transmit a continuous waveform signal and an interrogation command. An RF tag, which is a passive wireless device, can harvest energy from the continuous waveform signal and can respond to the interrogation by changing its input impedance (e.g., between conjugate match and strong mismatch), thus modulating the backscatter signal. RFID is a fast-growing technology that impacts many industries due to the potential for inventory / asset management inside and outside of warehouses, IoT, sustainable sensor networks in factories and / or agriculture, and smart homes. RFID can include small transponders that emit information-bearing signals when a signal is received, which can be referred to as tags. RFID can operate with low operational expenditure (OPEX) and can use small amounts of resources without a battery. RFID can use small amounts of maintenance and can have a long life cycle. The range of RFID can be small.

[0091] Figure 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a single station Internet of Things (IoT) deployment scenario in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 4A illustrated, a network node 402 can transmit forward link (FL) signaling 407 to an A-IoT UE 404, which can carry control signaling with a carrier that can act as an energy source and carrier signal for backscatter communication. The A-IoT UE 404 can transmit backscatter link (BL) communication 408 carrying data to the network node 402 based on the carrier.

[0092] Figure 4B is a diagram 410 illustrating an example of a single station IoT deployment scenario in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 4A illustrated, a full-duplex UE 412 can transmit FL signaling 417 to an A-IoT UE 414, which can carry control signaling with a carrier that can act as an energy source and carrier signal for backscatter communication. The A-IoT UE 414 can transmit BL communication 418 carrying data to the UE 412 based on the carrier.

[0093] Figure 4C is a diagram 420 illustrating an example of a two-station IoT deployment scenario in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 4C illustrated, there can be a UE-to-network node link (e.g., a Uu link) established between a half-duplex UE 426 and a network node 422. The network node 422 can transmit FL signaling and a CW to an A-IoT UE 424. Based on the CW, the A-IoT UE 424 can transmit BL communication to the UE 426. The UE 426 can transmit BL communication to the network node 422 based on the Uu link.

[0094] Figure 4Dis a diagram 430 illustrating an example of a two-station IoT deployment scenario in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 4D As illustrated, there can be a UE-to-network node link (e.g., a Uu link) established between the half-duplex UE 436 and the network node 432. The UE 436 can send FL signaling and a CW to the A-IoT UE 434. For example, information in the FL signaling can be received from the network node 422 based on the Uu link. Based on the CW, the A-IoT UE 434 can send BL communications to the network node 432.

[0095] Figure 4E is a diagram 440 illustrating an example of a two-station IoT deployment scenario in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 4E As illustrated, there can be a UE-to-network node link (e.g., a Uu link) established between the half-duplex UE 446 and the network node 442. The UE 446 can send FL signaling to the A-IoT UE 444. For example, information in the FL signaling can be received from the network node 442 based on the Uu link. The network node 442 can send a CW to the A-IoT UE 444. Based on the CW, the A-IoT UE 444 can send BL communications to the UE 446. The UE 446 can send BL communications to the network node 442 based on the Uu link.

[0096] Figure 4F is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a two-station IoT deployment scenario in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 4F As illustrated, there can be a UE-to-network node link (e.g., a Uu link) established between the half-duplex UE 456 and the network node 452. The network node 452 can send FL signaling to the A-IoT UE 454. The UE 456 can send a CW to the A-IoT UE 454. Based on the CW, the A-IoT UE 454 can send BL communications to the network node 452.

[0097] As used herein, the term “energy transfer” transfer can be used interchangeably with “energy harvesting” (EH) to refer to a process in which a wireless device (which can be referred to as an “energy harvesting wireless device”) uses a carrier transmitted by another wireless device (which can be referred to as a “power provider wireless device”) to harvest energy. An example of an energy harvesting (EH) device can be an RF tag, and an example of a power provider (PP) wireless device can be an RF interrogator (which can also be referred to as an “RF reader”). Examples of energy harvesting wireless devices can include an energy harvesting UE, an RFID tag with a battery, an RFID tag without a battery, or other types of wireless devices with energy harvesting capabilities (e.g., based on any source, such as laser or other sources provided by the network, such as solar, heat, vibration, RF from the NW, or other RF sources including various types of wireless communications). As used herein, the term “RF source” can refer to a wireless device, such as a UE or a base station, that can transmit a carrier to a PUE to transmit a backscatter communication (which can also be referred to as “backscatter”). As used herein, the term “location information” refers to actual or estimated location information, such as GPS coordinates, a zone associated with a device (which can be referred to as “zone location information”), or other types of location information. In some aspects, an energy harvesting wireless device can be a UE with a modem and can be capable of performing energy harvesting. As used herein, the term “energy status” (which can also be referred to as “energy mode,” “energy information,” or “energy condition”) can refer to one or more of: an energy level curve representing available energy over time at an energy storage unit or battery of a device based on current measurements and predictions over time (e.g., current available energy, predicted future available energy and associated predicted time instances or durations, etc.), an energy charging curve representing an energy charging rate or other energy charging related parameters related to an energy storage unit or battery of a device (e.g., current energy charging rate, predicted future energy charging rate and associated predicted time instances or durations, etc.), an energy discharge curve representing an energy discharge rate (e.g., current energy discharge rate, predicted future energy discharge rate and associated predicted time instances or durations, etc.) or other energy discharge related parameters related to an energy storage unit or battery of a device. For example, an energy charging curve can include a currently measured charging rate, a time for which a current charging rate is predicted to last, a predicted charging rate for one or more future time instances or durations, etc.As one example, an energy charging profile can include P1, P2, P3, P4... PN (where each represents an energy charging rate) and T1 (a time instance or duration predicted to last for charging rate P1), T2 (a time instance or duration predicted to last for charging rate P2), T3 (a time instance or duration predicted to last for charging rate P3), T4 (a time instance or duration predicted to last for charging rate P4)... TN (a time instance or duration predicted to last for charging rate PN). In some aspects, based on a protocol with two wireless devices (such as a UE and a gNB or between two UEs), a wireless device can decide based on the profile (e.g., and the values in each profile, including P1, P2... PN, parameters, T1, T2... TN) for each of an energy charging profile, an energy discharging profile, or an energy level profile. In some aspects, the term "cancel" can refer to a scenario where there is RS transmission but no DM-RS, SRS, or other RS bundling (e.g., due to power difference and potentially no coherence) or a scenario where there is no RS transmission and transmission (e.g., associated PUSCH) (e.g., due to not enough power for transmission).

[0098] In backscatter communication, information transmission can be performed through antenna modulation that does not involve active RF generation. A backscatter device can modulate an incoming RF signal by intentionally switching the load impedance to change the amplitude or phase of its backscattered signal. For example, for amplitude shift keying (ASK) backscatter, the backscatter device switches the value of the load impedance between a very high impedance and a relatively matched load. In the high impedance case, the mismatch between the antenna and load impedance can reflect all the power back to the reader, while in the matched case, most of the power from the incoming RF signal is absorbed and a small amount of power can be reflected to the reader. The frequency at which the load impedance is switched is associated with the data rate.

[0099] Figure 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating an example backscatter communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 5 Illustrated, an RF reader 502 can transmit a carrier wave (CW) 504A for powering up a backscatter device 506, which can be an RF tag. Based on the carrier wave 504A, the backscatter device 506 can be powered on. The RF reader 502 can also transmit a wave carrying a modulation command 504B (e.g., by modulating the CW) to the backscatter device 506. Based on the energy collected from the carrier wave 504A, the backscatter device 506 can transmit a modulation response 508 (e.g., by modulating and reflecting) to the RF reader.

[0100] Multiple RF sources can simultaneously transmit energy signals to charge the PUEs to ensure that the input power to the EH circuit is above a target threshold (e.g., a threshold for the energy charging rate). A central node (e.g., a network node, a UE, a reader, etc.) can broadcast the time and frequency resources for the RF signal transmission. The RF sources in range (e.g., which can be UEs or network nodes) can transmit energy signals to the target A-IoT devices on the dedicated time and frequency resources. The signals from multiple RF sources can accumulate at the antennas of the A-IoT devices and the total power can increase, which can improve the EH efficiency. Figure 6 is a diagram 600 illustrating example RF sources transmitting energy to passive UEs according to various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 6 illustrated, RF source 602A, RF source 602B, and RF source 602C can each transmit energy signals to each of PUE 604A and PUE 604B. Based on the energy signals, PUE 604A and PUE 604B can harvest energy and communicate with central node 606. In some aspects, central node 606 can broadcast the time and frequency resources for the RF signal transmission. The RF sources in range including RF source 602A, RF source 602B, and RF source 602C (e.g., which can be UEs or network nodes) can transmit energy signals to PUE 604A and PUE 604B.

[0101] In addition to energy harvesting, multiple RF sources can also be used to transmit carriers for backscatter. For example, multiple RF sources can simultaneously transmit sinusoidal continuous wave signals to the PUEs. The multiple RF sinusoidal signals can be on the same or different frequencies, and the PUEs use frequency shift techniques for backscatter (e.g., shifting the backscatter signal to a clean channel that does not overlap with the frequencies of the RF sinusoidal signals).

[0102] Figure 7A is a diagram 700 illustrating example RF sources transmitting carriers for backscatter according to various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 7A illustrated, multiple RF sources including UE 702A, UE 702B, and UE 702C can transmit carriers at different frequencies fl, f2, and f3 to A-IoT UE 704. Based on the carriers, PUE 704 can transmit backscatter communications to network node 706.

[0103] Figure 7B is a diagram 750 illustrating example frequencies for backscatter according to various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 7B illustrated, three different frequencies including fl, f2, and f3 can be used to transmit carriers. The backscatter signals in the backscatter communications can be transmitted on different signals including fl+fs, f2+fs, and f3+fs, where fs is a frequency shift used for backscatter by PUE 704.

[0104] The example aspects provided herein enable discovery of RF sources that can be suitable to transmit a carrier signal to a PUE. Backscatter communication at a PUE can use a suitable input RF signal with high signal power (e.g., -30 dBm). Thus, a far RF source or an RF source that cannot transmit at such high signal power can not be suitable to transmit a sinusoidal signal to a passive device. Based on the aspects provided herein, suitable RF sources can be more efficiently identified, thereby improving the overall efficiency of a wireless communication system. In some wireless communication systems, a central node, such as a network node or a UE, can periodically transmit a carrier signal to a PUE for backscatter; and potential RF sources can measure the backscatter signal and report the results to the central node if the potential RF source is suitable (e.g., based on satisfying some criteria for the PUE). In such an approach, potential RF sources can have the ability to measure a backscatter signal, which can use a different waveform than other signals, thereby increasing the complexity at the potential RF source. Even if a potential RF source can not be suitable for carrier transmission, measuring a backscatter signal can consume power at the potential RF source. The example aspects provided herein can enable reduced complexity and increased power efficiency at potential RF sources. The example aspects provided herein can also enable scheduling and configuring multiple RF sources to transmit a carrier signal to a passive device for collision-free backscatter. As an example, assigning a different frequency for each available RF source to avoid signal cancellation due to phase differences can avoid collisions. But as the number of RF sources increases, the total bandwidth used can be high. For each available RF source, a central node can configure and activate carrier signal transmission to a passive device, and when dedicated signaling is used, the control signaling overhead can be large. The aspects provided herein can provide layer 1 (LI) procedures and signaling to support carrier transmission from multiple RF sources to a passive device for its backscatter communication with a central node or another wireless device.

[0105] Figure 8 is a diagram 800 illustrating example communications between wireless devices in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure. As Figure 8As illustrated in FIG. 8, wireless device 802 can be an RF source and wireless device 804 can be a central node. In some aspects, wireless device 802 can be an RF source in the form of a UE or a network node. In some aspects, wireless device 804 can be a central node in the form of a network node or a UE. For example, the communication link between wireless device 802 and wireless device 804 can be a Uu link, a sidelink, or a backhaul link. PUE 806 can be a backscatter device that communicates with other devices, such as wireless device 804 or another wireless device, based on backscatter communications performed by antenna modulation that does not involve active RF generation. PUE 806 can be able to modulate an incoming RF signal by switching a load impedance to change the amplitude or phase of its backscatter signal.

[0106] As Figure 8 illustrated, wireless device 804 can transmit a broadcast communication 808 associated with PUE 806, which can be in the form of zone configuration or estimated location information of the PUE. Wireless device 804 can also broadcast (e.g., in broadcast communication 808) a target Rx signal power to an antenna of PUE 806 and a maximum power headroom relative to a target Rx signal power associated with PUE 806. As an example, PUE 806 can be stationary and have low mobility. Thus, if PUE 806 is connected to wireless device 804, wireless device 804 can be able to estimate the location of PUE 806 by using passive localization techniques. Alternatively, a cell can be divided into one or more reading zones for PUE 806, and wireless device 804 can broadcast zone location information as the location information of PUE 806.

[0107] Based on the location information associated with PUE 806 in broadcast communication 808, at 812, wireless device 802 can estimate a minimum path loss to PUE 806, such as by using a free space propagation model. Wireless device 802 can also determine a transmit power, such as a minimum transmit power, for a carrier signal based on the estimated path loss and the target Rx signal power to the PUE antenna. If the power headroom between the minimum Tx power for carrier transmission (which can also be referred to as “carrier emission”) and the maximum Tx power of the RF source is lower than the indicated maximum power headroom, wireless device 802 can determine that it is suitable for carrier transmission to the target PUE 806 associated with the location information indicated by broadcast communication 808.

[0108] In some aspects, the location information associated with the PUE 806 in the broadcast communication 808 can be zone information (rather than actual or estimated location information) broadcast by the wireless device 804. In some such aspects, the wireless device 802 can determine whether the wireless device 802 is suitable for carrier transmission to the target PUE 806 by comparing a zone associated with the wireless device 802 and the zone information associated with the PUE 806. For example, if the wireless device 802 and the PUE 806 are in the same zone or a sufficiently close zone, the wireless device 802 can (e.g., determine that it) is suitable for carrier transmission to the target PUE 806. Such zones can be environmental IoT zones, which can be static and defined without signaling, or dynamic (centered on the estimated location of the PUE 806). The zone size associated with a zone can be configurable, such as being configurable based on a target Rx signal power to the PUE’s antenna and a maximum power margin. In some aspects, RF sources within a zone can transmit carriers to a PUE, and the RF sources can indicate to the central node whether they are within (e.g., or close to) a zone associated with a certain PUE and / or in which zone.

[0109] Referring to Figure 9A , Figure 9A is a diagram 900 illustrating example environmental IoT zones associated with estimated locations of PUEs, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As Figure 9A illustrated, the UE 902B can be within or sufficiently close to the zone 906B associated with the PUE 904B, and can report its zone information or report that it is suitable for carrier transmission for the PUE 904B to the central node 910. As Figure 9A illustrated, the UE 902A can be within or sufficiently close to the zone 906A associated with the PUE 904A, and can report its zone information or report that it is suitable for carrier transmission for the PUE 904A to the central node 910. As Figure 9A illustrated, the UE 902C and the UE 908C can be within or sufficiently close to the zone 906C associated with the PUE 904C, and can report its zone information or report that it is suitable for carrier transmission for the PUE 904C, respectively, to the central node 910.

[0110] Referring back to Figure 8If the RF source (such as wireless device 802) determines that it is suitable to transmit a carrier for a PUE (such as PUE 806) (e.g., 826, which can implement backscatter 828), the wireless device 802 can perform a RACH procedure (such as a contention-based random access (CBRA) procedure or a contention-free random access (CFRA) procedure 814) to indicate its presence to the PUE 806. If the procedure 814 is a CBRA procedure, the wireless device 804 can measure the backscatter preamble in CBRA to discover the wireless device 802 as an RF source to the PUE 806. In some aspects, the preamble for RF source discovery can be a single-tone sinusoidal signal that is multiplexed with PRACH for NB-IoT. In some aspects, the RACH resources for RF source discovery can be zone-specific or dependent on location information of the PUE 806. In some aspects, the PUE 806 can be configured with the same resources to perform periodic backscatter 816 at the same occasion or dynamically activated by the RACH preamble for backscatter. In some aspects, the wireless device 804 can provide a backscatter configuration 810 to the PUE 806, which can include a configuration of resources. Upon receiving the backscatter 816, the wireless device 804 can perform measurements on the backscatter RACH to confirm whether the RACH is successful at 818.

[0111] The RF source (such as wireless device 802) can randomly select one occasion in the configured set of RACH resources to transmit a single-tone carrier. If one occasion includes multiple frequency occasions corresponding to different frequencies for carrier transmission, multiple RF sources can transmit at the same occasion. If the RACH is successful, the RF source (such as wireless device 802) can be provided a configuration 822 (which can be an RRC configuration) for carrier transmission to the PUE, where the configuration can include a group random network temporary identifier (G-RNTI) G-RNTI for PDCCH monitoring, an index within the group, a list of available frequencies for carrier transmission (e.g., 826), etc. In some aspects, if the RACH is successful, the wireless device 804 can send an RF source discovery confirmation 820 to the wireless device 802. In some aspects, the RF sources associated with the same PUE can be configured into the same group for group control for activation and deactivation of carrier transmission to the PUE based on a group control command 824, which can be dynamic group control for activation and deactivation of carrier transmission to the PUE 806.

[0112] In some aspects, if the procedure 814 is a PDCCH order based CFRA procedure, the wireless device 804 can transmit a PDCCH order to trigger a contention-free RACH for RF source discovery, i.e., an RF source (such as the wireless device 802) transmits a single tone PRACH (used by the PUE 806 as a carrier for backscatter). The PDCCH order can include PUE information (e.g., zone information or other location information) used by the RF source (such as the wireless device 802) to select the relevant PRACH resource for carrier transmission.

[0113] The list of frequencies for carrier transmission can be equally spaced (e.g., f1, f1+D, f1+2D,...) or individually configured (e.g., f1, f2, f3,...). Referring to Figure 9B , Figure 9B is a diagram 950 illustrating example frequencies for backscatter in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the frequencies can include large frequency spacing for low backscatter link rates or small frequency shifts caused by backscatter. Figure 9B

[0114] Figure 9C is a diagram 970 illustrating example frequencies for backscatter in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the frequencies used can include small frequency spacing for high backscatter link rates or large frequency shifts caused by backscatter. Figure 9C

[0115] In some aspects, a group control command 824 can be transmitted by the wireless device 804 to multiple RF sources (including the wireless device 802) to activate or deactivate carrier transmission from the multiple RF sources to the same passive device (e.g., the PUE 806). In some aspects, such as when the number of frequencies in the list is greater than the number of RF sources in the group, all RF sources can be activated for carrier transmission. Each RF source can use its index in the group to select one frequency from the list for carrier transmission. In some aspects, a subset of RF sources can be activated for carrier transmission, where, for example, the subset can change dynamically across slots when the number of frequencies in the list is less than the number of RF sources in the group. For example, the RF sources in the group can be further divided into K subgroups, and one RF source can be randomly selected from each subgroup for carrier transmission. Thus, a total of K RF sources can be transmitted in each slot, where K can be the same as the number of frequencies in the list or individually configured. In some aspects, the random selection of RF sources can be based on a cell-specific pseudo-random sequence (e.g., ), where is the slot number, and is the number of RF sources in the subgroup. The pseudo-random sequence generator may be initialized with a cell ID or a subgroup index.​​

[0116] In some aspects, a higher layer can configure whether a subset of RF sources can be activated for carrier transmission or all RF sources can be activated for carrier transmission. In some aspects, it can be dynamically indicated in the group control command 824 whether a subset of RF sources can be activated for carrier transmission or all RF sources can be activated for carrier transmission.

[0117] In some aspects, the group control command 824 can also include dynamic power control commands. For example, in some aspects, the dynamic control commands can include power up or down commands to update the Tx power for carrier transmission. The power control commands can be common for all RF sources or independent for each RF source. In some aspects, each RF source can maintain two separate power control loops, one for communication with the wireless device 804 and the other for carrier transmission to the PUE 806. In some aspects, the group control command 824 can also enable or disable carrier transmission from each individual RF source. For example, the enable or disable can be based on a list of frequencies. If one frequency in the list is disabled, all RF sources associated with that frequency can stop transmitting carriers to the PUE 806.

[0118] Figure 10 FIG. 10 is a flowchart 1000 of a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a first wireless device, such as a UE (e.g., the UE 104, the wireless device 802; the apparatus 1604). The method can be used to facilitate identifying RF sources for a PUE.

[0119] At 1002, the wireless device can receive, from a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. For example, the wireless device 802 can receive, from a second wireless device (e.g., 804), a broadcast communication (e.g., 808) indicating location information associated with a PUE (e.g., 806), a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, 1002 can be performed by the CW component 198.

[0120] At 1004, the wireless device can transmit, to the second wireless device, a communication to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom. For example, the wireless device 802 can transmit, to the second wireless device, a communication (e.g., 814) to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE (e.g., for RF source discovery) based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom. In some aspects, 1004 can be performed by the CW component 198.

[0121] Figure 11 FIG. 11 is a flow chart 1100 of a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a first wireless device, such as a UE (e.g., the UE 104, the wireless device 802; the apparatus 1604). The method can be used to facilitate identifying an RF source for a PUE.

[0122] At 1102, the wireless device can receive, from a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. For example, the wireless device 802 can receive, from a second wireless device (e.g., 804), a broadcast communication (e.g., 808) indicating location information associated with a PUE (e.g., 806), a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, 1102 can be performed by the CW component 198. In some aspects, the location information associated with the PUE includes a location associated with the PUE or zone location information associated with the PUE.

[0123] At 1104, the wireless device can transmit, to the second wireless device, a communication to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom. For example, the wireless device 802 can transmit, to the second wireless device, a communication (e.g., 814) to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE (e.g., for RF source discovery) based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom. In some aspects, 1104 can be performed by the CW component 198. In some aspects, the location information associated with the PUE includes zone location information associated with the PUE. In some such aspects, the wireless device can transmit the communication based on the first wireless device and the PUE sharing a same zone based on the zone location information. In some aspects, the location information associated with the PUE includes zone location information associated with the PUE. In some such aspects, the wireless device can transmit the communication based on the first wireless device being associated with a first zone and the PUE being associated with a second zone indicated by the zone location information, where the first zone and the second zone are associated. In some aspects, to transmit the communication, the wireless device can perform a CBRA or CFRA procedure with the second wireless device to indicate the presence of the first wireless device. In some aspects, the wireless device can perform the CBRA procedure based on a set of RACH resources, where the set of RACH resources is based on the location information. In some aspects, the set of RACH resources corresponds to a set of resources for backscatter by the PUE.

[0124] At 1106, the wireless device can receive, from the second wireless device, a configuration for a carrier to the PUE based on the CBRA procedure being successful, and where the configuration includes at least one of: a group random network temporary identifier (G-RNTI) for PDCCH monitoring, a list of available frequency resources associated with the carrier, or an index within a group associated with the PUE. For example, the wireless device 802 can receive, from the second wireless device (e.g., 804), a configuration (e.g., 820) for a carrier to the PUE based on the CBRA procedure or the CFRA procedure being successful, and where the configuration includes at least one of: a group random network temporary identifier (G-RNTI) for PDCCH monitoring, a list of available frequency resources associated with the carrier, or an index within a group associated with the PUE. In some aspects, 1106 can be performed by the CW component 198.

[0125] In some aspects, the wireless device can perform the CFRA procedure based on receiving a PDCCH order from the second wireless device, where the PDCCH order includes the location information. In some aspects, each frequency of the set of frequencies available for the carrier to the PUE is equally spaced or individually configured.

[0126] At 1108, the wireless device can receive, from the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier to the PUE. For example, the wireless device 802 can receive, from the second wireless device (e.g., 804), a group control command (e.g., 824) associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier to the PUE. In some aspects, 1108 can be performed by the CW component 198. In some aspects, the group of wireless devices is a complete list of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, where each wireless device of the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency of a set of frequencies available for the carrier. In some aspects, the group of wireless devices is a subset of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, where the subset dynamically changes across one or more slots associated with the carrier to the PUE. In some aspects, the group control command includes a power control command to increase or decrease a transmit power associated with the carrier. In some aspects, the power control command is associated with all wireless devices of the group of wireless devices. In some aspects, the power control command includes a plurality of power control parameters, each power control parameter of the plurality of power control parameters being respectively associated with one wireless device of the group of wireless devices. In some aspects, each wireless device of the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency of a set of frequencies available for the carrier, and where the group control command includes an indication associated with enabling or disabling the carrier on one or more frequencies of the set of frequencies.

[0127] In some aspects, the wireless device can estimate a minimum path loss to the PUE based on the location information and a free space propagation model. In some aspects, the wireless device can determine a transmit power for transmitting the communication based on the minimum path loss and the target Rx signal power. At 1110, the wireless device can transmit the communication based on the transmit power being less than a maximum transmit power associated with the first wireless device by at least the power margin or transmit a carrier for the PUE based on indicating the presence of the first wireless device to the PUE. For example, the wireless device 802 can transmit the communication (e.g., 814) based on the transmit power being less than a maximum transmit power associated with the first wireless device by at least the power margin or transmit a carrier for the PUE (e.g., 826) based on indicating the presence of the first wireless device to the PUE. In some aspects, 1110 can be performed by the CW component 198. As one example, if the maximum transmit power associated with (e.g., supported by) the first wireless device is equal to 23 dBm and the margin is equal to 6 dB, then the wireless device can be assumed to be eligible to transmit if the transmit power is less than 23 + 6 = 29 dBm. Otherwise, the wireless device can determine (e.g., assume) that it is too far from the PUE and does not need to transmit.

[0128] Figure 12 FIG. 12 is a flow diagram 1200 of a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a first wireless device, such as a UE (e.g., the UE 104, the wireless device 802; the apparatus 1604). The method can be used to facilitate identifying an RF source for a PUE.

[0129] At 1202, the wireless device can receive, from a second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier for a PUE. For example, the wireless device 802 can receive, from a second wireless device (e.g., 804), a group control command (e.g., 824) associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier for a PUE (e.g., 806). In some aspects, 1102 can be performed by the CW component 198.

[0130] At 1204, the wireless device can transmit, to the PUE, the carrier based on the group control command. For example, the wireless device 802 can transmit, to the PUE, the carrier (e.g., 826) based on the group control command (e.g., 824). In some aspects, 1104 can be performed by the CW component 198.

[0131] Figure 13is a flowchart 1300 of a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a wireless device such as a UE or network entity (e.g., the base station 102, the UE 104, the wireless device 804, the apparatus 1604, the network entity 1602, the network entity 1702). The method can be used to facilitate identifying RF sources for a PUE.

[0132] At 1302, the wireless device can transmit, to a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. For example, the wireless device 804 can transmit, to a second wireless device (e.g., 802), a broadcast communication (e.g., 808) indicating location information associated with a PUE (e.g., 806), a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, 1302 can be performed by the CW component 199. In some aspects, the location information associated with the PUE includes a location associated with the PUE or zone location information associated with the PUE.

[0133] At 1304, the wireless device can receive, from the second wireless device, a communication based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom to indicate, to the PUE, a presence of the first wireless device. For example, the wireless device 804 can receive, from the second wireless device (e.g., 802), a communication (e.g., 814) based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom to indicate, to the PUE, a presence of the first wireless device (e.g., for RF source discovery). In some aspects, 1304 can be performed by the CW component 199.

[0134] Figure 14 is a flowchart 1400 of a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a wireless device such as a UE or network entity (e.g., the base station 102, the UE 104, the wireless device 804, the apparatus 1604, the network entity 1602, the network entity 1702). The method can be used to facilitate identifying RF sources for a PUE.

[0135] At 1402, the wireless device can transmit, to a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. For example, the wireless device 804 can transmit, to a second wireless device (e.g., 802), a broadcast communication (e.g., 808) indicating location information associated with a PUE (e.g., 806), a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, 1402 can be performed by the CW component 199. In some aspects, the location information associated with the PUE comprises a location associated with the PUE or zoning location information associated with the PUE.

[0136] At 1404, the wireless device can receive, from the second wireless device, a communication based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE. For example, the wireless device 804 can receive, from the second wireless device (e.g., 802), a communication (e.g., 814) based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE (e.g., for RF source discovery). In some aspects, 1404 can be performed by the CW component 199.

[0137] At 1406, the wireless device can transmit, for the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device to transmit a carrier to the PUE. For example, the wireless device 804 can transmit, for the second wireless device (e.g., 802), a group control command (e.g., 824) associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device to transmit a carrier to the PUE. In some aspects, 1406 can be performed by the CW component 199. In some aspects, the group of wireless devices is a complete list of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, where each wireless device in the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency in a set of frequencies available for the carrier. In some aspects, the group of wireless devices is a subset of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, where the subset dynamically changes across one or more time slots associated with the carrier to the PUE. In some aspects, the group control command includes a power control command to increase or decrease a transmit power associated with the carrier. In some aspects, the power control command is associated with all wireless devices in the group of wireless devices. In some aspects, the power control command includes a plurality of power control parameters, each power control parameter in the plurality of power control parameters being respectively associated with one wireless device in the group of wireless devices. In some aspects, each wireless device in the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency in a set of frequencies available for the carrier, and where the group control command includes an indication associated with enabling or disabling the carrier on one or more frequencies in the set of frequencies.

[0138] Figure 15 FIG. 15 is a flow diagram 1500 of a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a wireless device, such as a UE or a network entity (e.g., the base station 102, the UE 104, the wireless device 804, the apparatus 1604, the network entity 1602, the network entity 1702). The method can be used to facilitate identifying an RF source for a PUE.

[0139] At 1502, the wireless device can determine that a second wireless device is an RF source for a PUE. For example, the wireless device 804 can determine that a second wireless device (e.g., 802) is an RF source for a PUE (e.g., 806). In some aspects, 1502 can be performed by the CW component 199.

[0140] At 1504, the wireless device can transmit, for a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating the group of wireless devices to transmit a carrier to the PUE. For example, the wireless device 804 can transmit, for a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device (e.g., 802), a group control command (e.g., 824) associated with activating the group of wireless devices to transmit a carrier to the PUE. In some aspects, 1504 can be performed by the CW component 199.

[0141] Figure 16is a diagram 1600 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 1604. The apparatus 1604 can be a UE, a component of a UE, or can implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include at least one cellular baseband processor 1624 (also referred to as a modem) coupled with one or more transceivers 1622 (e.g., cellular RF transceivers). The cellular baseband processor 1624 can include at least one on-chip memory 1624'. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can further include one or more Subscriber Identity Modules (SIM) cards 1620, and at least one application processor 1606 coupled with a secure digital (SD) card 1608 and a screen 1610. The application processor 1606 can include on-chip memory 1606'. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can further include a Bluetooth module 1612, a WLAN module 1614, a SPS module 1616 (e.g., a GNSS module), one or more sensor modules 1618 (e.g., a barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; a motion sensor such as an inertial measurement unit (IMU), a gyroscope, and / or an accelerometer; a light detection and ranging (LIDAR), a radio detection and ranging (RADAR), a sound navigation and ranging (SONAR), a magnetometer, audio, and / or other technology for positioning), an additional memory module 1626, a power supply 1630, and / or a camera 1632. The Bluetooth module 1612, the WLAN module 1614, and the SPS module 1616 can include on-chip transceivers (TRXs) (or in some cases, only receivers (RXs)). The Bluetooth module 1612, the WLAN module 1614, and the SPS module 1616 can include their own dedicated antennas and / or communicate using the antennas 1680. The cellular baseband processor 1624 communicates with the UE 104 and / or with a RU associated with the network entity 1602 by the transceiver 1622, via the one or more antennas 1680. The cellular baseband processor 1624 and the application processor 1606 can each include computer-readable media / memory 1624', 1606', respectively. The additional memory module 1626 can also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory 1624', 1606', 1626 can be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor 1624 and the application processor 1606 each are responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor 1624 / application processor 1606, causes the cellular baseband processor 1624 / application processor 1606 to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory can also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the cellular baseband processor 1624 / application processor 1606 when executing software.The cellular baseband processor 1624 / application processor 1606 can be a component of the UE 350 and can include at least one memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 1604 can be at least one processor chip (modem and / or application) and include only the cellular baseband processor 1624 and / or the application processor 1606, and in another configuration, the apparatus 1604 can be the entire UE (e.g., see FIG. 15. of the UE 350) and include additional modules of the apparatus 1604. Figure 3 The cellular baseband processor 1624 / application processor 1606 can be a component of the UE 350 and can include at least one memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 1604 can be at least one processor chip (modem and / or application) and include only the cellular baseband processor 1624 and / or the application processor 1606, and in another configuration, the apparatus 1604 can be the entire UE (e.g., see FIG. 15. of the UE 350) and include additional modules of the apparatus 1604.

[0142] As discussed above, the CW component 198 can be configured to receive, from a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, the CW component 198 can be further configured to transmit, to the second wireless device, a communication to indicate, to the PUE, a presence of the first wireless device based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom (e.g., for RF source discovery). In some aspects, the CW component 198 can be further configured to receive, from the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier for the PUE. In some aspects, the CW component 198 can be further configured to transmit, to the PUE, the carrier based on the group control command. The CW component 198 can be located within the cellular baseband processor 1624, the application processor 1606, or both the cellular baseband processor 1624 and the application processor 1606. The component 198 can be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When implementing in multiple processors, the multiple processors can implement the stated processes / algorithm individually or in combination. As illustrated, the apparatus 1604 can include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 1604 (and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1624 and / or the application processor 1606) can include means for receiving, from a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for transmitting, to the second wireless device, a communication to indicate, to the PUE, a presence of the first wireless device based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for estimating a minimum path loss to the PUE based on the location information and a free space propagation model. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for determining a transmit power for transmitting the communication based on the minimum path loss and the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for transmitting the communication based on the transmit power being less than a maximum transmit power associated with the first wireless device by at least the power headroom. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for transmitting the communication based on the first wireless device and the PUE sharing a same zone based on the zone location information.In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for transmitting the communication based on the first wireless device being associated with a first zone and the PUE being associated with a second zone indicated by the zone location information, where the first zone and the second zone are associated. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for performing a contention-based random access (CBRA) procedure or a contention-free random access (CFRA) procedure with the second wireless device to indicate the presence of the first wireless device. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for performing the CBRA procedure based on a set of RACH resources, where the set of RACH resources are based on the location information. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for receiving a configuration for a carrier to the PUE from the second wireless device based on the CBRA procedure being successful, and where the configuration includes at least one of: a group random network temporary identifier (G-RNTI) for PDCCH monitoring, a list of available frequency resources associated with the carrier, or an index within a group associated with the PUE. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for performing the CFRA procedure based on receiving a PDCCH order from the second wireless device, where the PDCCH order includes the location information. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for receiving a group control command from the second wireless device associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier to the PUE. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for transmitting the carrier for the PUE based on RF source discovery. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for receiving a group control command from a second wireless device associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier for the PUE. In some aspects, the apparatus 1604 can include means for transmitting the carrier to the PUE based on the group control command. The means can be the components 198 of the apparatus 1604 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described above, the apparatus 1604 can include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. Accordingly, in one configuration, the means can be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.

[0143] Figure 17is a diagram 1700 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 1702. The network entity 1702 can be a BS, a component of a BS, or can implement BS functionality. The network entity 1702 can include at least one of a CU 1710, a DU 1730, or a RU 1740. For example, depending on the layer functionality handled by the components 199, the network entity 1702 can include the CU 1710; both the CU 1710 and the DU 1730; each of the CU 1710, the DU 1730, and the RU 1740; the DU 1730; both the DU 1730 and the RU 1740; or the RU 1740. The CU 1710 can include at least one CU processor 1712. The CU processor 1712 can include on-chip memory 1712'. In some aspects, the CU 1710 can also include an additional memory module 1714 and a communication interface 1718. The CU 1710 communicates with the DU 1730 over a backhaul link, such as an Fl interface. The DU 1730 can include at least one DU processor 1732. The DU processor 1732 can include on-chip memory 1732'. In some aspects, the DU 1730 can also include an additional memory module 1734 and a communication interface 1738. The DU 1730 communicates with the RU 1740 over a front-haul link. The RU 1740 can include at least one RU processor 1742. The RU processor 1742 can include on-chip memory 1742'. In some aspects, the RU 1740 can also include an additional memory module 1744, one or more transceivers 1746, antennas 1780, and a communication interface 1748. The RU 1740 communicates with the UE 104. The on-chip memories 1712', 1732', 1742' and the additional memory modules 1714, 1734, 1744 can each be considered a computer- readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory can be non-transitory. Each of the processors 1712, 1732, 1742 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor, causes the processor to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory can also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor when executing software.

[0144] As discussed above, the CW component 199 can be configured to transmit, to a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, the CW component 199 can be further configured to receive, from the second wireless device, a communication to indicate, to the PUE, a presence of the first wireless device based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom. In some aspects, the CW component 199 can be further configured to determine that the second wireless device is an RF source for the PUE. In some aspects, the CW component 199 can be further configured to transmit, to a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating the group of wireless devices to transmit a carrier to the PUE. The CW component 199 can be within one or more processors of one or more of the CU 1710, the DU 1730, and the RU 1740. The component 199 can be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When performing the stated processes / algorithm, the one or more processors can perform the processes / algorithm individually or in combination with one another. The network entity 1702 can include a variety of components configured for various functions. In some aspects, the network entity 1702 can include means for transmitting, to a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a PUE, a target Rx signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power. In some aspects, the network entity 1702 can include means for receiving, from the second wireless device, a communication to indicate, to the PUE, a presence of the first wireless device based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom. In some aspects, the network entity 1702 can include means for transmitting, to the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device to transmit a carrier to the PUE. In some aspects, the network entity 1702 can include means for determining that the second wireless device is an RF source for the PUE. In some aspects, the network entity 1702 can include means for transmitting, to a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating the group of wireless devices to transmit a carrier to the PUE. The means can be the component 199 of the network entity 1702 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described above, the network entity 1702 can include the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375. Accordingly, in one configuration, the means can be the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and / or the controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.

[0145] It should be understood that the particular order or hierarchy of steps in the processes / flow diagrams disclosed are merely examples. It should be appreciated that a particular order or hierarchy of steps in the processes / flow diagrams can be re-arranged based on design choices. Furthermore, some steps can be optional. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

[0146] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein can be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not to be limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be given the full scope defined by the language of the claims. Unless otherwise defined, a reference to a singular element includes “one or more” thereof. Terms such as “if,” “when,” and “while” do not imply direct temporal relationships or reactions. That is, the phrases, “when,” “if,” and “while,” for example, do not necessarily mean that the action occurs immediately upon the occurrence of the condition or during the occurrence of the condition. Rather, these phrases mean that the action will occur if the condition is met, but not necessarily immediately or during the occurrence of the condition. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of the group consisting of A, B, and C,” “one or more of the group consisting of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, and / or C” include the entire group of A, B, and / or C and can include combinations of one or more A, one or more B, or one or more C. Specifically, the combinations “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of the group consisting of A, B, and C,” “one or more of the group consisting of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, and / or C” can be A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combination can contain one or more members of A, B, or C. A set should be interpreted as a collection of elements that can be one or more. Accordingly, a set of X includes one or more elements of X. When a set of one or more processors is configured to perform a set of functions, the set of one or more processors is individually or collectively configured to perform the set of functions. Accordingly, each processor of the set of one or more processors can be configured to perform a particular subset of the set of functions, where the subset can be a proper subset of the complete set, a subset of the complete set, or the complete set itself. If a first device receives data from a second device or sends data to the second device, the data can be received or sent directly from or to the first device and the second device, or indirectly via a set of devices between the first device and the second device. A device configured to “output” data, such as a signal or message, may, for example, send the data with a transceiver, or can transfer the data to a device that sends the data.A device configured to "obtain" data (such as transmit, signal, or message) can receive the data, e.g., with a transceiver, or can obtain the data from a device that receives the data. Information stored in memory includes instructions and / or data. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, any combination of the

[0147] As used herein, the phrase "based on" shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, conditions, factors, or any such combination thereof that can have been explicitly

[0148] The following aspects are merely exemplary and can be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein without limitation.

[0149] Aspect 1 is a method for wireless communication by a first wireless device, comprising: receiving, from a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a passive user equipment (PUE), a target receive (Rx) signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power margin relative to the target Rx signal power; and transmitting, to the second wireless device, a communication to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power margin.

[0150] Aspect 2 is the method of Aspect 1, wherein the location information associated with the PUE comprises a location associated with the PUE or zoning location information associated with the PUE.

[0151] Aspect 3 is the method of any of aspects 1-2, further comprising: estimating a minimum path loss to the PUE based on the location information and a free space propagation model; determining a transmit power for transmitting the communication based on the minimum path loss and the target Rx signal power; and transmitting the communication based on the transmit power being at least the power margin less than a maximum transmit power associated with the first wireless device.

[0152] Aspect 4 is the method of any of aspects 1-3, wherein the location information associated with the PUE comprises zone location information associated with the PUE, and the method further comprises transmitting the communication based on the first wireless device and the PUE sharing a same zone based on the zone location information.

[0153] Aspect 5 is the method of any of aspects 1-4, wherein the location information associated with the PUE comprises zone location information associated with the PUE, and the method further comprises transmitting the communication based on the first wireless device being associated with a first zone and the PUE being associated with a second zone indicated by the zone location information, wherein the first zone and the second zone are associated.

[0154] Aspect 6 is the method of any of aspects 1-5, wherein transmitting the communication further comprises performing a contention-based random access (CBRA) procedure or a contention- free random access (CFRA) procedure with the second wireless device to indicate the presence of the first wireless device to the PUE.

[0155] Aspect 7 is the method of aspect 6, the method further comprising performing the CBRA procedure based on a set of random access channel (RACH) resources, wherein the set of RACH resources is based on the location information associated with the PUE.

[0156] Aspect 8 is the method of aspect 7, wherein the set of RACH resources corresponds to a set of resources for backscattering by the PUE.

[0157] Aspect 9 is the method of any of aspects 7-8, the method further comprising receiving a configuration for a carrier to the PUE from the second wireless device based on the CBRA procedure being successful, and wherein the configuration comprises at least one of a group random network temporary identifier (G-RNTI) for physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) monitoring, a list of available frequency resources associated with the carrier, or an index within a group associated with the PUE.

[0158] Aspect 10 is the method of aspect 6, the method further comprising performing the CFRA procedure based on receiving a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) order from the second wireless device, wherein the PDCCH order comprises the location information.

[0159] Aspect 11 is the method of any of aspects 1-10, wherein each frequency of a set of frequencies available for a carrier to the PUE is equally spaced or individually configured.

[0160] Aspect 12 is a method of any one of aspects 1 through 11, further comprising: receiving, from the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier to the PUE.

[0161] Aspect 13 is a method of aspect 12, wherein the group of wireless devices is a complete list of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, wherein each wireless device in the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency in a set of frequencies available for the carrier.

[0162] Aspect 14 is a method of aspect 12, wherein the group of wireless devices is a subset of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, wherein the subset of wireless devices changes dynamically across one or more time slots associated with the carrier to the PUE.

[0163] Aspect 15 is a method of any one of aspects 12 through 14, wherein the group control command comprises a power control command to increase or decrease a transmit power associated with the carrier.

[0164] Aspect 16 is a method of aspect 15, wherein the power control command is associated with all wireless devices in the group of wireless devices.

[0165] Aspect 17 is a method of aspect 15, wherein the power control command comprises a plurality of power control parameters, each of the plurality of power control parameters respectively associated with one of the wireless devices in the group of wireless devices.

[0166] Aspect 18 is a method of any one of aspects 12 through 17, wherein each wireless device in the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency in a set of frequencies available for the carrier, and wherein the group control command comprises an indication associated with enabling or disabling the carrier on one or more frequencies in the set of frequencies.

[0167] Aspect 19 is a method of any one of aspects 1 through 18, further comprising: transmitting a carrier for the PUE based on indicating to the PUE that the first wireless device is present.

[0168] Aspect 20 is a method for wireless communications by a first wireless device, comprising: receiving, from a second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier for a passive user equipment (PUE); and transmitting the carrier to the PUE based on the group control command.

[0169] Aspect 21 is a method for wireless communications by a first wireless device, comprising: transmitting, to a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a passive user equipment (PUE), a target receive (Rx) signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power; and receiving, from the second wireless device, a communication based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE.

[0170] Aspect 22 is the method of aspect 21, wherein the location information associated with the PUE comprises a location associated with the PUE or zone location information associated with the PUE.

[0171] Aspect 23 is the method of any of aspects 21 through 22, further comprising: transmitting, to the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device to transmit a carrier to the PUE.

[0172] Aspect 24 is the method of aspect 23, wherein the group of wireless devices is a complete list of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, wherein each wireless device in the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency of a set of frequencies available for the carrier.

[0173] Aspect 25 is the method of aspect 23, wherein the group of wireless devices is a subset of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, wherein the subset of wireless devices changes dynamically across one or more time slots associated with the carrier to the PUE.

[0174] Aspect 26 is the method of any of aspects 23 through 25, wherein the group control command comprises a power control command to increase or decrease a transmit power associated with the carrier.

[0175] Aspect 27 is the method of aspect 26, wherein the power control command is associated with all wireless devices in the group of wireless devices.

[0176] Aspect 28 is the method of aspect 26, wherein the power control command comprises a plurality of power control parameters, each of the plurality of power control parameters respectively associated with one of the wireless devices in the group of wireless devices.

[0177] Aspect 29 is the method of any of aspects 23-28, wherein each wireless device of the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency of a set of frequencies available for the carrier, and wherein the group control command includes an indication associated with enabling or disabling the carrier on one or more frequencies of the set of frequencies.

[0178] Aspect 30 is a method for wireless communications by a first wireless device, comprising determining that a second wireless device is a radio frequency (RF) source for a passive user equipment (PUE), and transmitting, for a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating the group of wireless devices to transmit a carrier to the PUE.

[0179] Aspect 31 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a device (e.g., a network node), the apparatus comprising at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to, individually or in combination, implement any of aspects 1-20 based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory.

[0180] Aspect 32 is the apparatus of aspect 31, further comprising one or more transceivers or one or more antennas coupled to the at least one processor.

[0181] Aspect 33 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising means for implementing any of aspects 1-20.

[0182] Aspect 34 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer- readable medium) storing computer executable code, where the code when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to implement any of aspects 1-20.

[0183] Aspect 35 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a device (e.g., a network node), the apparatus comprising at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to, individually or in combination, implement any of aspects 21-30 based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory.

[0184] Aspect 36 is the apparatus of aspect 35, further comprising one or more transceivers or one or more antennas coupled to the at least one processor.

[0185] Aspect 37 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising means for implementing any of aspects 21-30.

[0186] Aspect 38 is a computer-readable medium (for example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code, where the code, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to implement any of aspects 21 to 30.

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, to: receive, from a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a passive user equipment (PUE), a target receive (Rx) signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power margin relative to the target Rx signal power; and transmit, to the second wireless device, a communication to indicate a presence of the first wireless device to the PUE based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power margin.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the location information associated with the PUE comprises a location associated with the PUE or zone location information associated with the PUE.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: estimate a minimum path loss to the PUE based on the location information and a free space propagation model; determine a transmit power for transmitting the communication based on the minimum path loss and the target Rx signal power; and transmit the communication based on the transmit power being less than a maximum transmit power associated with the first wireless device by at least the power margin.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the location information associated with the PUE comprises zone location information associated with the PUE, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transmit the communication based on the first wireless device and the PUE sharing a same zone based on the zone location information.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the location information associated with the PUE comprises zone location information associated with the PUE, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transmit the communication based on the first wireless device being associated with a first zone and the PUE being associated with a second zone indicated by the zone location information, wherein the first zone and the second zone are associated.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor, to transmit the communication, is configured to: perform a contention-based random access (CBRA) procedure or a contention-free random access (CFRA) procedure with the second wireless device to indicate the presence of the first wireless device to the PUE.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: perform the CBRA procedure based on a set of random access channel (RACH) resources, wherein the set of RACH resources is based on the location information associated with the PUE.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the set of RACH resources corresponds to a set of resources for backscattering by the PUE.

9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive, from the second wireless device, a configuration for a carrier to the PUE based on the CBRA procedure being successful, and wherein the configuration comprises at least one of: a group random network temporary identifier (G-RNTI) for physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) monitoring, a list of available frequency resources associated with the carrier, or an index within a group associated with the PUE.

10. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: perform the CFRA procedure based on receiving a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) order from the second wireless device, wherein the PDCCH order comprises the location information.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each frequency of a set of frequencies available for a carrier to the PUE is equally spaced or individually configured.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive, from the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier to the PUE.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the group of wireless devices is a complete list of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, wherein each wireless device of the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency of a set of frequencies available for the carrier.

14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the group of wireless devices is a subset of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, wherein the subset of wireless devices changes dynamically across one or more time slots associated with the carrier to the PUE.

15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the group control command comprises a power control command to increase or decrease a transmit power associated with the carrier.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the power control command is associated with all wireless devices of the group of wireless devices.

17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the power control command comprises a plurality of power control parameters, each of the plurality of power control parameters respectively associated with one of the group of wireless devices.

18. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein each wireless device of the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency of a set of frequencies available for the carrier, and wherein the group control command comprises an indication associated with enabling or disabling the carrier on one or more frequencies of the set of frequencies.

19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transmit a carrier for the PUE based on indicating to the PUE that the first wireless device is present.

20. An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: receive, from a second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the first wireless device to transmit a carrier for a passive user equipment (PUE); and transmit the carrier to the PUE based on the group control command.

21. An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: transmit, to a second wireless device, a broadcast communication indicating location information associated with a passive user equipment (PUE), a target receive (Rx) signal power associated with an antenna of the PUE, and a power headroom relative to the target Rx signal power; and receive, from the second wireless device, a communication based on the location information, the target Rx signal power, or the power headroom to indicate to the PUE that the first wireless device is present.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the location information associated with the PUE comprises a location associated with the PUE or zoning location information associated with the PUE.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transmit, to the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device to transmit a carrier to the PUE.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the group of wireless devices is a complete list of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, wherein each wireless device in the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency of a set of frequencies available for the carrier.

25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the group of wireless devices is a subset of wireless devices to transmit the carrier to the PUE, wherein the subset of wireless devices changes dynamically across one or more time slots associated with the carrier to the PUE.

26. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the group control command comprises a power control command to increase or decrease a transmit power associated with the carrier.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the power control command is associated with all wireless devices in the group of wireless devices.

28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the power control command comprises a plurality of power control parameters, each of the plurality of power control parameters respectively associated with one of the wireless devices in the group of wireless devices.

29. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein each wireless device of the group of wireless devices is associated with a respective frequency of a set of frequencies available for the carrier, and wherein the group control command comprises an indication associated with enabling or disabling the carrier on one or more frequencies of the set of frequencies.

30. An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory: determine that a second wireless device is a radio frequency (RF) source for a passive user equipment (PUE); and transmit, for a group of wireless devices including the second wireless device, a group control command associated with activating the group of wireless devices to transmit a carrier to the PUE.

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