Built-in intelligent flower drum maintenance monitoring system

Abstract

The application relates to the field of intelligent monitoring, and discloses a built-in intelligent flower drum maintenance monitoring system, which comprises a hollow flower drum shaft, a rotating shell assembly, an intelligent monitoring module, a light-transmitting communication end cover and a magnetic triggering assembly. The rotating shell assembly is arranged outside the stationary hollow flower drum shaft, and the magnetic triggering assembly is arranged on the inner wall of the rotating shell assembly. The intelligent monitoring module is fixed in the inner cavity of the shaft, and is integrated with a micro control unit, a Hall sensor and an indicator lamp; the Hall sensor senses the magnetic field penetrating the shaft wall surface when the magnetic triggering assembly rotates and outputs a pulse; the micro control unit calculates the mileage and determines the maintenance state according to the pulse cumulative quantity, drives the indicator lamp to emit light, and the light is transmitted to the outside through the light guide structure of the light-transmitting communication end cover. Through the built-in non-contact detection and the end cover light guide structure, the application realizes accurate wear monitoring and visual interaction of the flower drum in the whole life cycle, and improves the protection and durability of the system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of intelligent monitoring, specifically to a built-in intelligent hub maintenance monitoring system. Background Technology

[0002] As the core component that bears the rotation of the wheel and withstands the impact of the road surface, the condition of the bearings and grease inside the bicycle hub directly affects the smoothness and safety of riding. Current hub maintenance often relies on the user's subjective experience or fixed time intervals for estimation, such as disassembly and maintenance every six months or a year. However, the actual degree of wear depends primarily on riding mileage and the intensity of operating conditions, rather than simply the length of time. This extensive management approach based on experience or time often leads to wasteful over-maintenance before the grease has deteriorated, or failure to detect bearing fatigue wear in time, resulting in mechanical failures or even the risk of seizure during riding.

[0003] To acquire riding data for maintenance assistance, current technologies typically employ external sensor solutions, fixing magnets or sensors to the outside of spokes, hub housings, or chainstays of the frame using cable ties, adhesives, or other methods. This exposed mounting method not only disrupts the clean look of the vehicle but also exposes delicate electronic components directly to the external environment, making them susceptible to damage from mud and water, impacts from road debris, or accidental scratches. This can lead to sensor damage or detachment, compromising the system's durability and reliability.

[0004] Because hub axles are typically enclosed metal structures, their internal lubrication and wear conditions are essentially invisible, like a black box. Users must use specialized tools to disassemble them to understand their internal condition, which requires a high level of technical expertise. While some existing smart accessories can wirelessly transmit data to a mobile app, this requires users to connect their phones and open specific software before riding, a cumbersome and immediacy-deficient process. In practice, this non-intuitive interaction method can easily lead users to overlook potential maintenance needs and fail to receive effective warnings in the early stages of malfunctions. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system, which mainly solves the technical problems of existing bicycle hubs lacking effective means of monitoring internal wear and tear, as well as the poor protection and lack of intuitive feedback of external sensors.

[0006] The present invention provides a built-in sensor-based counting intelligent hub maintenance reminder system, comprising a hollow hub axle, a rotating housing assembly, an intelligent monitoring module, a light-transmitting communication end cap, and a magnetic trigger assembly. The rotating housing assembly is coaxially sleeved outside the hollow hub axle, which has an internal cavity. The intelligent monitoring module is fixedly installed within this internal cavity and includes a circuit board and a microcontroller unit, a Hall sensor, and a light-emitting diode indicator light mounted on the circuit board. The magnetic trigger assembly is disposed on the inner wall of the rotating housing assembly. The light-transmitting communication end cap is installed at one end of the hollow hub axle and has a light-guiding structure.

[0007] This system operates using a non-contact penetration sensing mechanism. A Hall sensor detects changes in the magnetic field generated as the magnetic trigger assembly rotates with the rotating housing assembly and outputs pulse signals to the microcontroller unit. The microcontroller unit drives an LED indicator to illuminate based on the accumulated number of pulse signals. The light is transmitted through a light guide structure to the outside of the transparent communication end cover, forming an optical feedback signal on the hub end face.

[0008] Specifically, the Hall sensor is located on the circuit board near the edge of the internal cavity, with its sensing surface perpendicular to the axis of the hollow hub shaft. The magnetic trigger assembly is located on the same axial direction as the Hall sensor. When the rotating housing assembly rotates, the Hall sensor detects the magnetic field penetrating the wall of the hollow hub shaft, thus achieving signal acquisition within the sealed metal cavity.

[0009] The light-transmitting communication end cover is made of a non-metallic material that is permeable to radio frequency signals and visible light. The light guide structure is a column integrally formed inside the light-transmitting communication end cover and extends into the internal cavity. The emitting surface of the LED indicator light faces the incident surface of the light guide structure. Light-shielding foam is provided around the LED indicator light. The light guide structure of the light-transmitting communication end cover is pressed against or extends into the light-shielding foam to form a closed light path, preventing light from scattering inside.

[0010] Regarding power connection and protection, a charging interface is provided on the outer surface of the light-transmitting communication end cover. This charging interface passes through the light-transmitting communication end cover and is electrically connected to the intelligent monitoring module. The power management unit of the intelligent monitoring module includes a rechargeable lithium-ion battery and a reverse leakage protection circuit. The reverse leakage protection circuit is connected in series between the charging interface and the rechargeable lithium-ion battery. When no external power source is connected, it cuts off the discharge path from the rechargeable lithium-ion battery to the charging interface, preventing electrochemical corrosion.

[0011] The microcontroller internally stores wheel circumference parameters and magnetic pole number constants, and executes mileage conversion logic: multiply the total number of cumulative pulse signals detected by the Hall sensor by the wheel circumference parameters, then divide by the magnetic pole number constant to calculate the total driving mileage, and write the data into non-volatile memory for storage.

[0012] The microcontroller unit performs graded maintenance warnings based on total mileage. The system has preset Level 1 maintenance thresholds and Level 2 critical thresholds. The Level 1 maintenance threshold corresponds to the mileage point where the lubricating grease inside the hub deteriorates or becomes contaminated. The Level 2 critical threshold corresponds to the mileage point where the bearing components inside the hub reach their material fatigue life or experience accelerated wear, and the value of the Level 2 critical threshold is greater than the value of the Level 1 maintenance threshold. The microcontroller unit periodically compares the total mileage with the two thresholds: when the total mileage is less than the Level 1 maintenance threshold, it is considered to be in a healthy state; when the total mileage is greater than or equal to the Level 1 maintenance threshold but less than the Level 2 critical threshold, it is considered to be in a warning maintenance state, and the LED indicator light displays a yellow light effect; when the total mileage is greater than or equal to the Level 2 critical threshold, it is considered to be in a life-critical state, and the LED indicator light displays a red light effect.

[0013] To reduce system power consumption, the microcontroller employs a dynamic power management strategy. When no rotation of the rotating housing assembly is detected, the intelligent monitoring module remains in deep sleep mode, retaining only the Hall sensor for periodic sampling. When the Hall sensor detects that the magnetic field strength exceeds the operating point threshold, it generates a level transition signal that triggers an external interrupt to the microcontroller, controlling it to switch to active operating mode. In active operating mode, the microcontroller starts a static timeout counter. If no new pulse signal is detected within the preset static determination time threshold, the control system re-enters deep sleep mode.

[0014] To identify the direction of rotation and prevent data fraud, a first Hall sensor and a second Hall sensor are arranged side-by-side along the tangential direction of rotation on the circuit board, with the distance between them less than the magnetic field coverage width of the magnetic trigger component. The microcontroller unit identifies the rotation direction of the rotating housing assembly by comparing the trigger timing of the output signals of the two sensors. When reverse rotation is detected, the microcontroller unit stops accumulating the total number of accumulated pulse signals or performing numerical deduction operations to ensure the authenticity and validity of the mileage data.

[0015] The intelligent monitoring module also integrates a wireless communication unit and an RF antenna. The RF antenna is located at the end of the circuit board near the light-transmitting communication end cover. The wireless communication unit establishes a connection with an external mobile terminal via Bluetooth, receiving parameter configuration commands from the external mobile terminal and sending status data calculated by the microcontroller unit. In terms of physical packaging, both the circuit board and the power management unit are encapsulated inside a cylindrical housing. The outer diameter of this housing is adapted to the inner diameter of the hollow hub shaft, achieving highly integrated modular installation.

[0016] This invention provides a built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0017] 1. This invention achieves highly integrated, concealed monitoring by embedding an intelligent monitoring module within the internal cavity of the hollow hub shaft and utilizing a Hall effect sensor in conjunction with a magnetic trigger component on the rotating housing for non-contact, penetrating sensing. Compared to external sensors, this built-in structure effectively utilizes the unused space inside the hub, preventing the sensor from being directly exposed to the external environment and protecting it from damage caused by mud and water erosion, road stones, or accidental collisions. While maintaining the original appearance and structural strength of the hub, it improves the durability and environmental adaptability of the sensing system.

[0018] 2. This invention utilizes the combination of a light-transmitting communication end cap and an internal light-guiding structure to create a visual feedback channel that allows for intuitive understanding of the internal status without disassembly. The light emitted by the LED indicator light is guided to the hub port surface via the light-guiding structure, allowing users to quickly determine the hub's lubrication and wear status by directly observing color changes on the end cap (such as yellow warning, red emergency). This avoids the cumbersome steps of connecting to a mobile app or disassembling the hub to check its condition, lowering the maintenance threshold and ensuring that potential problems can be detected promptly.

[0019] 3. This invention achieves high-precision mileage statistics based on physical pulse counting and wheel circumference parameters. Combined with dual threshold logic of first-level maintenance and second-level emergency, it provides graded maintenance guidance. The system can accurately distinguish different stages of lubricant deterioration and bearing fatigue wear, avoiding over-maintenance or maintenance delays caused by relying solely on experience estimation. With the power management strategy of magnetic induction wake-up and automatic hibernation when stationary, the system significantly reduces power consumption while ensuring the continuity of data recording, meeting the needs of long-term use. Attached Figure Description

[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the installation structure and hardware architecture of the intelligent monitoring module according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 2 This is a hardware block diagram of the intelligent monitoring module system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating the mileage calculation and maintenance classification early warning logic of an embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] Among them, 10 is the hollow hub axle; 11 is the internal cavity; 20 is the rotating shell assembly; 21 is the hub shell; 22 is the freehub base; 30 is the intelligent monitoring module; 31 is the cylindrical encapsulation shell; 32 is the circuit board; 33 is the microcontroller unit; 34 is the Hall sensor; 341 is the first Hall sensor; 342 is the second Hall sensor; 35 is the wireless communication unit; 351 is the radio frequency antenna; 36 is the light-emitting diode indicator; 37 is the power management unit; 40 is the light-transmitting communication end cover; 41 is the light guide structure; 42 is the charging interface; and 50 is the magnetic trigger assembly. Detailed Implementation

[0024] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0025] Please see the appendix Figure 1 -Appendix Figure 2 This invention provides a built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system, including a hollow hub shaft 10, a rotating shell assembly 20, an intelligent monitoring module 30, a light-transmitting communication end cap 40, and a magnetic trigger assembly 50.

[0026] The hollow hub axle 10, serving as a stationary support component of the system, is configured to be mounted on the rear or front fork of a bicycle frame. The hollow hub axle 10 has an axially extending cylindrical internal cavity 11. The hollow hub axle 10 is made of metal to provide structural strength. During bicycle operation, the hollow hub axle 10 remains stationary relative to the bicycle frame.

[0027] The rotating housing assembly 20 is coaxially sleeved on the outside of the hollow hub axle 10 and rotatably connected to the hollow hub axle 10 via a bearing assembly. The rotating housing assembly 20 includes a hub shell 21 and a freehub base 22 for mounting a freewheel. When the bicycle is in motion, the rotating housing assembly 20 rotates around the stationary hollow hub axle 10.

[0028] The intelligent monitoring module 30 is configured as an integrated electronic control unit and is installed within the internal cavity 11 of the hollow hub axle 10. The intelligent monitoring module 30 has a cylindrical encapsulated housing 31 adapted to its installation position. The outer diameter of the cylindrical encapsulated housing 31 is equal to or slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the hollow hub axle 10, and it is fixed to one end of the hollow hub axle 10 by interference fit, adhesive bonding, or snap-fit ​​connection. The intelligent monitoring module 30 remains stationary with the hollow hub axle 10 and does not rotate with the rotating housing assembly 20.

[0029] The intelligent monitoring module 30 integrates a circuit board 32, which is equipped with a microcontroller unit 33, a Hall sensor 34, a wireless communication unit 35, an LED indicator 36, and a power management unit 37.

[0030] The Hall sensor 34 is positioned on the circuit board 32 near the side wall of the cylindrical package 31. The sensing surface of the Hall sensor 34 faces the radially outward side of the hollow hub shaft 10 and is used to detect changes in the magnetic field from the direction of the rotating housing assembly 20.

[0031] The wireless communication unit 35 and the LED indicator 36 are arranged on the side of the circuit board 32 near the port 10 of the hollow hub shaft. The wireless communication unit 35 is configured to transmit and receive radio frequency signals. The LED indicator 36 is configured to emit visible light signals.

[0032] A light-transmitting communication end cap 40 is installed at the port of the hollow hub shaft 10 where the intelligent monitoring module 30 is mounted. The light-transmitting communication end cap 40 is made of a non-metallic material that is permeable to both radio frequency signals and visible light. The light-transmitting communication end cap 40 seals the port of the hollow hub shaft 10, providing physical protection for the intelligent monitoring module 30.

[0033] The light-transmitting communication end cover 40 has a light guide structure 41, the position of which corresponds to the position of the light-emitting diode indicator 36 on the intelligent monitoring module 30. The light emitted by the light-emitting diode indicator 36 can pass through the light guide structure 41 and be projected onto the outside of the light-transmitting communication end cover 40. The radio frequency signal emitted by the wireless communication unit 35 can penetrate the light-transmitting communication end cover 40 and be transmitted to an external mobile terminal.

[0034] A magnetic trigger assembly 50 is disposed on the inner wall surface of the rotating housing assembly 20. The magnetic trigger assembly 50 is located at an axial position corresponding to the Hall sensor 34 inside the hollow hub shaft 10. The magnetic trigger assembly 50 contains at least one permanent magnet.

[0035] When the rotating housing assembly 20 rotates around the hollow hub shaft 10, the magnetic trigger assembly 50 moves in a circular motion with the rotating housing assembly 20 and periodically passes over the sensing area of ​​the Hall sensor 34.

[0036] The intelligent monitoring module 30 acquires rotation data by detecting changes in the magnetic field. The system's counting principle based on the physical structure satisfies the following relationship:

[0037] Let the number of permanent magnets included in the magnetic triggering component 50 be... When the rotating housing assembly 20 rotates one revolution relative to the hollow hub shaft 10, the number of pulse signals sensed by the Hall sensor 34 is equal to... .

[0038] The microcontroller unit 33 is configured to count the total number of pulse signals generated by the Hall sensor 34. Based on this physical structure, the cumulative number of complete rotations of the rotating housing assembly 20 is... Determined by the following formula:

[0039] ;

[0040] in: This indicates the total number of rotations of the rotating housing assembly 20 relative to the hollow hub shaft 10; This indicates the total number of cumulative pulse signals detected by Hall sensor 34; This indicates the number of permanent magnets disposed on the inner wall of the rotating housing assembly 20. It is an integer greater than or equal to 1.

[0041] The intelligent monitoring module 30 presents a visual representation of the maintenance status to the outside through the light guide structure 41. When the microcontroller unit 33 determines that maintenance is required, it drives the LED indicator 36 to light up. Light passes through the light-transmitting communication end cover 40, forming a visible light spot or halo on the outer surface of the light-transmitting communication end cover 40.

[0042] The power management unit 37 is connected to the circuit board 32 via a cable, providing power to the microcontroller unit 33, Hall sensor 34, wireless communication unit 35, and LED indicator 36. A charging interface 42 is located at the center of the outer surface of the light-transmitting communication end cover 40. The charging interface 42 passes through the light-transmitting communication end cover 40 and is electrically connected to the power management unit 37 of the intelligent monitoring module 30 for charging the power management unit 37 from the outside.

[0043] In this embodiment of the invention, the core circuit control part is mainly carried by the circuit board 32 and is built based on a low-power system-on-a-chip architecture.

[0044] The circuit board 32 is designed as a long, rigid substrate. The width of the circuit board 32 is smaller than the inner diameter of the hollow hub shaft 10 to ensure that the circuit board 32 can be coaxially inserted into the internal cavity 11 of the hollow hub shaft 10. The circuit board 32 adopts a multi-layer wiring structure to achieve high-density component mounting on a limited surface area.

[0045] The microcontroller unit 33 and the wireless communication unit 35 are physically integrated into the same Bluetooth Low Energy system-on-chip (SoC). This Bluetooth Low Energy SoC is soldered and fixed to the surface of the circuit board 32. The use of a system-on-chip architecture can reduce the circuit footprint and lower the overall system power consumption.

[0046] The microcontroller unit 33 includes a central processing unit core, a memory unit, and multiple general-purpose input / output interfaces. The memory unit includes non-volatile memory (such as Flash memory or Electrically Erasable Read-Only Memory EEPROM) for storing the total number of accumulated pulses when the system is powered off or in hibernation mode. and the cumulative number of complete rotations Protect critical data to prevent data loss during maintenance.

[0047] The wireless communication unit 35 is electrically connected to an RF antenna 351. The RF antenna 351 is located on the edge of the circuit board 32 near the end of the light-transmitting communication end cover 40. The RF antenna 351 is a ceramic patch antenna or an onboard printed antenna. The radiation direction of the RF antenna 351 is directed towards the axial port of the light-transmitting communication end cover 40 to ensure that the RF signal can be radiated outward through the non-metallic light-transmitting communication end cover 40 and is not shielded by the metallic hollow hub shaft 10.

[0048] The microcontroller unit 33 establishes an electrical connection with the Hall sensor 34 via conductive copper foil traces on the circuit board 32. The Hall sensor 34 is connected to an external interrupt input pin of the microcontroller unit 33. When the level signal output by the Hall sensor 34 changes, this external interrupt input pin can trigger the microcontroller unit 33 to switch from sleep mode to operating mode.

[0049] The microcontroller unit 33 is electrically connected to the LED indicator 36 via a pulse width modulation (PWM) output pin or a general purpose input / output (GPIO) pin. A current-limiting resistor or a constant current drive circuit is provided between the LED indicator 36 and the microcontroller unit 33 to control the current intensity flowing through the LED indicator 36, thereby adjusting the brightness of the LED indicator 36. The LED indicator 36 uses a surface-mount red, green, and blue (RGB) tri-color LED, which can display different colors of light according to the control signal output by the microcontroller unit 33.

[0050] The power management unit 37 includes a voltage regulator circuit and a filter circuit. The voltage regulator circuit is connected between the battery and the microcontroller unit 33 and is used to convert the voltage output by the battery into a constant voltage (e.g., 3.3 volts or 1.8 volts) required for the operation of the microcontroller unit 33. The filter circuit is used to filter out noise interference on the power line to ensure the stability of the operation of the microcontroller unit 33 and the Hall sensor 34.

[0051] In terms of circuit layout, the Hall sensor 34 is arranged on the side edge of the circuit board 32, at the end away from the RF antenna 351, to reduce the interference of the RF signal on the magnetic field sensing signal, and to coordinate with the axial position of the magnetic trigger component 50 on the rotating housing assembly 20. The LED indicator 36 is arranged at the end of the circuit board 32 near the RF antenna 351, directly facing the light guide structure 41 of the light-transmitting communication end cover 40, to shorten the optical path transmission distance and reduce light loss.

[0052] In this embodiment of the invention, the sensing unit is configured to construct a magnetoelectric conversion system capable of non-contact detection by penetrating the solid wall or installation gap of the hollow hub shaft 10.

[0053] The Hall sensor 34 uses a low-power omnipolar Hall effect switch chip. This low-power omnipolar Hall effect switch chip is configured to respond to either a south pole (S pole) magnetic field or a north pole (N pole) magnetic field, as long as the absolute value of the magnetic flux density exceeds a preset operating point threshold. The Hall sensor 34 then activates. The use of all-polarity characteristics reduces the polarity requirements for the installation of the magnetic trigger assembly 50 on the rotating housing assembly 20, simplifying the assembly process.

[0054] In the physical layout of the circuit board 32, the sensing surface of the Hall sensor 34 faces a radially outward direction perpendicular to the axis of the hollow hub shaft 10. The Hall sensor 34 is located at the edge of the internal cavity 11 of the hollow hub shaft 10 and is mounted close to the inner wall of the hollow hub shaft 10 to minimize the physical air gap distance between the Hall sensor 34 and the inner wall of the rotating housing assembly 20.

[0055] In terms of circuit connections, the power supply pin of the Hall sensor 34 is connected to the regulated output of the power management unit 37. A decoupling capacitor is connected in parallel between the power supply pin of the Hall sensor 34 and the ground terminal. The decoupling capacitor is configured to filter out power supply ripple and prevent false triggering caused by power supply fluctuations. The output pin of the Hall sensor 34 is connected to a high-level voltage source through a pull-up resistor and is also connected to the external interrupt input interface of the microcontroller unit 33.

[0056] The output of the Hall sensor 34 is configured as an open-drain output. When no effective magnetic field is detected, the output pin of the Hall sensor 34 remains at a high level due to the pull-up resistor. When the rotating housing assembly 20 drives the magnetic trigger assembly 50 to rotate into the sensing range of the Hall sensor 34, and the magnetic induction intensity passing through the wall of the hollow hub shaft 10 reaches the operating threshold of the Hall sensor 34... When the Hall sensor 34 is activated, the driver inside it turns on, pulling the output pin low.

[0057] To prevent false pulses caused by fluctuations in the magnetic field near the threshold due to road bumps or minor vibrations of the hub during bicycle riding, the Hall sensor 34 integrates a Schmitt trigger with hysteresis characteristics. The Hall sensor 34 has a set release point threshold (…). ), and release point threshold ( The absolute value of ) is less than the working point threshold ( The absolute value of ). Only when the magnetic flux density decreases to less than the release point threshold ( When the operating point threshold ( ) is reached, the output pin of the Hall sensor 34 will return from low to high. ) and release point threshold ( The difference between the two values ​​is defined as the hysteresis window, which ensures the stability of the output signal in the critical region of the magnetic field and eliminates jitter interference.

[0058] For hollow hub shafts 10 made of non-ferromagnetic metal materials such as aluminum alloy and titanium alloy, the sensitivity of the Hall sensor 34 is set to be able to penetrate the metal wall thickness of the hollow hub shaft 10 for detection. For hollow hub shafts 10 made of ferromagnetic materials such as steel, a magnetically permeable window is provided at the position corresponding to the Hall sensor 34. The magnetically permeable window is filled with a non-magnetic material such as epoxy resin or plastic to ensure that the magnetic lines of force can reach the sensing surface of the Hall sensor 34 smoothly.

[0059] In terms of power consumption control, the Hall sensor 34 employs a clock cycle wake-up mode. The internal clock generator of the Hall sensor 34 controls the Hall element to cycle through wake-up, sampling, and sleep states. The internal sampling frequency of the Hall sensor 34 is set to be more than twice the magnetic field change frequency corresponding to the bicycle wheel at its highest designed speed, to satisfy the Nyquist sampling theorem and prevent missed pulses during high-speed riding. For example, when the frequency corresponding to the highest detection speed is set to... At that time, the internal wake-up sampling frequency of the Hall sensor 34 satisfy .

[0060] In this embodiment of the invention, the power management unit 37 is configured as the power supply center of the intelligent monitoring module 30, responsible for energy storage, charging and discharging management, and providing a stable operating voltage to the microcontroller unit 33 and the Hall sensor 34.

[0061] The power management unit 37 includes a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, a charging management circuit, a battery protection circuit, and a voltage regulation circuit.

[0062] The rechargeable lithium-ion battery is designed in a cylindrical shape, with its outer diameter fitting into the internal space of the cylindrical package 31 of the smart monitoring module 30, and is located behind the circuit board 32. The rechargeable lithium-ion battery is electrically connected to the power pads on the circuit board 32 via wires or nickel strips. The capacity of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery is set to support the smart monitoring module 30 in low-power sleep mode for several months to several years of standby time.

[0063] The charging management circuit is integrated on circuit board 32. The input terminal of the charging management circuit is electrically connected to the charging interface 42 located on the light-transmitting communication end cover 40. The charging interface 42 includes a positive contact and a negative contact. The positive and negative contacts are made of corrosion-resistant gold-plated copper alloy material and are fixed to the outer surface of the light-transmitting communication end cover 40 by an insert injection molding process, forming a planar or grooved magnetic connection structure. A sealing structure is provided at the joint between the positive and negative contacts and the light-transmitting communication end cover 40 to meet the requirements for waterproof and dustproof ratings.

[0064] At the connection interface between the light-transmitting communication end cover 40 and the intelligent monitoring module 30, an elastic conductive connector (such as a spring pin or conductive spring) is provided. When the light-transmitting communication end cover 40 is installed and fixed at the port of the hollow hub shaft 10, the elastic conductive connector is compressed, thereby establishing a physical electrical connection between the inside of the charging interface 42 and the charging input terminal of the circuit board 32.

[0065] The charging management circuit is configured to perform constant current charging and constant voltage charging logic. When an external power source is attached to the charging interface 42 via a magnetic charging cable, the charging management circuit converts the externally input DC voltage into a charging voltage and current suitable for the rechargeable lithium-ion battery. The charging management circuit integrates a reverse connection protection unit; when the polarity of the external charging electrodes is reversed, the reverse connection protection unit can cut off the circuit loop to prevent damage to internal components.

[0066] A battery protection circuit is connected in series between the rechargeable lithium-ion battery and the system load. The battery protection circuit is configured to monitor the voltage and current parameters of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery in real time.

[0067] When the voltage of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery is detected to exceed a preset overcharge voltage threshold (e.g., 4.25 volts), the battery protection circuit cuts off the charging circuit.

[0068] When the voltage of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery is detected to be lower than a preset over-discharge voltage threshold (e.g., 2.8 volts), the battery protection circuit cuts off the discharge circuit, completely powering off the system to prevent the battery from being damaged by over-discharge.

[0069] When the current flowing through the circuit exceeds the preset short-circuit protection threshold, the battery protection circuit cuts off the circuit within microseconds.

[0070] The voltage regulation circuit employs a low-dropout linear regulator (LDO). The LDO's input is connected to the positive terminal of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery, and its output is connected to the power supply pins of the microcontroller unit 33, the Hall sensor 34, and the wireless communication unit 35. The LDO is configured to convert the voltage of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery, which fluctuates with its charge (e.g., 3.0 volts to 4.2 volts), into a constant operating voltage (e.g., 3.3 volts) required by the system, ensuring consistent sensitivity of the Hall sensor 34 to magnetic field detection and stability of the radio frequency signal from the wireless communication unit 35.

[0071] The power management unit 37 also includes a voltage monitoring divider circuit. This circuit is connected between the positive terminal of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery and the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) input pin of the microcontroller unit 33. The microcontroller unit 33 calculates the remaining percentage of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery by reading the voltage value at the ADC input pin. When the remaining percentage falls below a preset low-battery warning threshold (e.g., 20%), the microcontroller unit 33 is configured to drive the wireless communication unit 35 to send a low-battery alarm data packet to the mobile terminal, and simultaneously control the LED indicator 36 to display a specific low-battery color mode (e.g., red breathing flash).

[0072] In this embodiment of the invention, the light effect driving circuit is configured as the interactive feedback execution terminal of the system, responsible for converting the digital status signal output by the microcontroller 33 into an optical physical signal that can be recognized by the human eye.

[0073] The core light-emitting device of the light effect driving circuit is a surface-mount full-color light-emitting diode (LED). The surface-mount full-color LED is packaged on the end of the circuit board 32 facing the light-transmitting communication end cover 40. The surface-mount full-color LED integrates three independent light-emitting wafers: a red light chip, a green light chip, and a blue light chip, and the three light-emitting wafers share a common anode or a common cathode.

[0074] In terms of circuit connections, the microcontroller unit 33 is equipped with three independent pulse width modulation (PWM) output pins. These three PWM output pins are electrically connected to the red, green, and blue light control pins of the surface-mount full-color LEDs via current-limiting resistors, respectively. The resistance value of the current-limiting resistors is precisely matched according to the on-state voltage drop characteristics of each color LED wafer and the target operating current to ensure consistency of light intensity when switching between different colors.

[0075] The microcontroller unit 33 independently controls the luminous intensity of red, green and blue light by adjusting the duty cycle of the pulse signals output to each control pin.

[0076] When a green light effect is needed to indicate health status, the microcontroller unit 33 outputs a high duty cycle signal to the green light control pin, while simultaneously turning off the red and blue light channels.

[0077] When a yellow or orange light effect is needed to indicate a warning status, the microcontroller unit 33 simultaneously outputs pulse signals with a specific duty cycle to the red light control pin and the green light control pin, and synthesizes the target color using the principle of three primary colors mixing.

[0078] When a red light effect is required to indicate an emergency maintenance status, the microcontroller unit 33 only outputs a signal to the red light control pin.

[0079] In addition, the microcontroller unit 33 is configured to drive a surface-mount full-color light-emitting diode to produce a gradually brightening and dimming breathing light effect by periodically and continuously changing the duty cycle value of the pulse width modulation, so as to reduce instantaneous current surges and improve the visibility of visual cues.

[0080] Regarding the optical path coupling structure, in order to solve the technical problem that the light-emitting point located deep in the hollow hub shaft 10 is difficult to be observed from the outside, this embodiment adopts a light guide column coupling design.

[0081] The inner center of the light-transmitting communication end cover 40 has an integrally formed light guide column extending into the hollow hub shaft 10. The light guide column is made of polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate material with high light transmittance.

[0082] When the intelligent monitoring module 30 is installed, the light-emitting surface of the surface-mount full-color LED is close to the incident end face of the light guide column, and a safety assembly gap of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm is maintained between the two.

[0083] To prevent diffuse reflection of light inside the hollow hub shaft 10, which could cause light energy loss or interference with other photosensitive devices (if any) on the circuit board 32, light-shielding foam is provided around the surface-mount full-color LED. The light-shielding foam is adhered to the circuit board 32 and wraps around the side of the surface-mount full-color LED. When the light-transmitting communication end cap 40 is assembled, the end of the light guide column is pressed against or extends into the cavity formed by the light-shielding foam, thereby constructing a closed light transmission channel.

[0084] Light emitted from a surface-mount full-color LED enters the light guide column and is transmitted along the column using the principle of total internal reflection, eventually exiting from the outer surface of the transparent communication end cover 40. The outer surface of the transparent communication end cover 40 has a frosted texture or microlens array at the position corresponding to the exit end of the light guide column to scatter the emitted light, thereby forming a soft, wide-viewing-angle circular light spot at the center of the transparent communication end cover 40.

[0085] In this embodiment of the invention, the signal acquisition and filtering process is executed collaboratively by the main program and interrupt service routine of the microcontroller unit 33. This process aims to convert the physical level changes output by the Hall sensor 34 into accurate logic counting signals and eliminate false pulses caused by road bumps, mechanical vibrations, or electromagnetic interference.

[0086] The signal acquisition principle is based on the open-drain output characteristic of the Hall sensor 34. When the magnetic trigger component 50 on the rotating housing assembly 20 is not aligned with the Hall sensor 34, the output pin of the Hall sensor 34 is pulled up to a high-level logic state (logic 1) by a pull-up resistor. When the magnetic trigger component 50 rotates to directly above the Hall sensor 34, the magnetic induction intensity exceeds the operating point threshold, and the output pin of the Hall sensor 34 switches to a low-level logic state (logic 0). As the rotating housing assembly 20 continues to rotate, the magnetic trigger component 50 leaves the sensing area, and the output pin returns to a high level. This process forms a complete negative pulse signal.

[0087] The microcontroller unit 33 captures the signal by configuring its external interrupt controller. The external interrupt controller is set to falling edge triggered mode. That is, the moment the signal line voltage of the Hall sensor 34 drops from a high level to a low level, the microcontroller unit 33 suspends the current main program task and jumps to execute the first-level interrupt service routine for signal acquisition.

[0088] To eliminate false triggering caused by mechanical jitter or high-frequency noise, this embodiment employs a dual mechanism combining hardware filtering and software filtering in the signal acquisition path.

[0089] At the hardware filtering level, a filter capacitor (e.g., 100 picofarads to 10 nanofarads) is connected in parallel between the output signal line of the Hall sensor 34 and the ground terminal. This filter capacitor, together with the pull-up resistor, forms an RC low-pass filter. This RC low-pass filter is configured to filter out nanosecond-level spike interference pulses, smooth the edges of the signal waveform, and prevent glitches from triggering external interrupts to the microcontroller unit 33.

[0090] At the software filtering level, the microcontroller unit 33 executes a time-threshold-based de-jitter algorithm. The core logic of this algorithm is to use the extreme characteristics of the physical rotational speed of a bicycle hub to identify illegal signals.

[0091] The microcontroller unit 33 internally maintains a global system clock or a high-precision timer. When a falling edge triggers an interrupt, the microcontroller unit 33 immediately reads the current system timestamp and records it as such. The memory of the microcontroller unit 33 stores the time of the last valid count, denoted as . The microcontroller unit 33 calculates the time difference between the current time and the last valid count time. :

[0092] ;

[0093] The microcontroller 33 has a preset minimum effective time interval threshold. The minimum effective time interval threshold. It is set based on the rotation period of the bicycle hub at its physical maximum speed limit. For example, assuming that the maximum speed of a bicycle is unlikely to exceed 120 kilometers per hour, the corresponding minimum wheel rotation period is approximately 60 milliseconds (depending on the wheel diameter). It is set to a safe value (e.g., 20 to 50 milliseconds) that is less than the physical limit period.

[0094] The microcontroller unit 33 will calculate the and Comparison:

[0095] in the case of The microcontroller unit 33 determines that the current falling edge signal is a false signal caused by interference noise or mechanical jitter. The microcontroller unit 33 ignores the signal, does not perform the counting operation, and does not update the count. .

[0096] in the case of The microcontroller unit 33 determines that the current falling edge signal is a valid magnetic induction trigger signal. At this time, the microcontroller unit 33 will accumulate the total number of pulses. Increment the value by 1, and Update to the current .

[0097] Furthermore, to prevent multiple triggerings under critical conditions, the microcontroller 33 starts a short dead-time timer after confirming the signal's validity. During the dead-time timer's duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds), the microcontroller 33 temporarily ignores the input to the external interrupt pin or disables the external interrupt enable in software logic until the dead time expires. This mechanism ensures that the system records only one valid rotation count each time the magnetic trigger component 50 passes the Hall sensor 34.

[0098] Please see the appendix Figure 3 In this embodiment of the invention, the mileage conversion method is executed by the arithmetic logic unit inside the microcontroller unit 33. This method aims to convert the discrete pulse signal collected by the Hall sensor 34 into a physically meaningful total driving mileage (…). The numerical value is used as the basis for judging the wear level of the hub.

[0099] The registers of the microcontroller 33 define and store three core variables: the total number of accumulated pulses (… ), number constant of magnetic poles ( ) and wheel circumference parameters ( ).

[0100] Total number of pulses ( The microcontroller 33 is configured as a long integer variable in volatile memory. Whenever the signal acquisition program confirms a valid falling-edge interrupt signal, the microcontroller 33 will accumulate the total number of pulses ( The value of is incremented by 1. To prevent data overflow, the data type of this variable is set to at least 32-bit unsigned integer.

[0101] Magnetic pole number constant ( The number of magnetic poles ( ) is a fixed value corresponding to the physical structure of the magnetic trigger assembly 50 mounted on the rotating housing assembly 20. In this embodiment, the magnetic trigger assembly 50 contains only one permanent magnet embedded in the inner wall of the rotating housing assembly 20, therefore the number of magnetic poles constant ( ) is a fixed value. The preset value is 1. This means that when the rotating housing assembly 20 rotates a full circle relative to the hollow hub shaft 10, the Hall sensor 34 generates only one pulse signal. The microcontroller unit 33 uses a division operation to calculate the total number of accumulated pulses ( Divide by the number of magnetic poles ( ), thereby obtaining the total number of complete rotations of the rotating housing assembly 20 relative to the hollow hub shaft 10 ( ).

[0102] Wheel circumference parameters ( The wheel circumference parameter represents the straight-line distance traveled by a bicycle wheel equipped with this smart hub in one revolution, in millimeters. Different types of bicycles (such as road bikes and mountain bikes) use different wheel diameters and tire specifications, resulting in varying wheel circumference parameters. The variable is designed to be a configurable variable and stored in the non-volatile memory connected to the microcontroller 33.

[0103] The microcontroller unit 33 executes the following mileage calculation logic: The microcontroller unit 33 reads the current cumulative total number of pulses ( Wheel circumference parameters in non-volatile memory The microcontroller unit 33 calculates the current total mileage based on the following linear relationship (). ):

[0104] ;

[0105] in: This represents the total distance traveled by the hub since system initialization, and the unit of the calculation result is the same as the wheel circumference parameter. The units should be consistent. This indicates the number of pulses accumulated in real time. This indicates the preset or configured wheel circumference value; This indicates the number of effective magnetic poles in the magnetic trigger component 50.

[0106] To accommodate different users' equipment specifications, embodiments of the present invention provide wheel circumference parameters ( The wireless configuration method.

[0107] Once the intelligent monitoring module 30 establishes a connection with an external mobile terminal (such as a smartphone) via the wireless communication unit 35, the microcontroller unit 33 can receive parameter configuration instructions from the mobile terminal. These instructions contain the circumference value corresponding to a specific tire specification selected or entered by the user in the mobile terminal application. Upon receiving the new circumference value, the microcontroller unit 33 performs an erase and write operation, overwriting the new circumference value into the corresponding address in the non-volatile memory, thus updating the wheel circumference parameter. In the factory default state without receiving user configuration instructions, the wheel circumference parameter ( The circumference is set to the typical value of a standard 700C road wheel set (e.g., 2096 mm).

[0108] Considering the balance between data storage security and memory write lifespan, the microcontroller 33 employs a periodic storage strategy. Instead of writing to the non-volatile memory with every pulse, the microcontroller 33 sets a mileage increment threshold (e.g., for every 1 kilometer increase) or a time interval threshold. Only when the calculated total mileage ( The microcontroller unit 33 will only update the current cumulative total number of pulses (when the increment relative to the last saved value exceeds the mileage increment threshold, or when the system detects a prolonged period of inactivity before entering sleep mode) when the increment exceeds the mileage increment threshold. ) and total mileage ( The data is written to non-volatile memory. This strategy ensures that historical mileage data is not completely lost even if the battery is depleted or the system experiences an abnormal power outage.

[0109] In this embodiment of the invention, the maintenance threshold determination logic is executed by the firmware program embedded in the microcontroller unit 33. This logic aims to establish the total mileage. The mapping relationship between the wear and tear of the hub's internal mechanical components is used to achieve graded early warning.

[0110] The microcontroller 33 has two key threshold parameters preset in its non-volatile memory regarding the lifespan of the hub bearing and lubricating medium: the first-level maintenance threshold ( ) and Level II critical threshold ( ).

[0111] Level 1 maintenance threshold ( This corresponds to the mileage point where the grease inside the hub begins to deteriorate, dry out, or become slightly contaminated. At this stage, the mechanical parts have not yet suffered substantial physical damage and only require cleaning and re-lubrication.

[0112] Level II critical threshold ( This corresponds to a mileage point where the bearing balls or raceways inside the hub have reached their material fatigue life, or lubrication failure has led to accelerated wear. At this stage, it is recommended to replace the bearings or perform a thorough disassembly and inspection of the hub's internal components.

[0113] Level II critical threshold ( The value is set greater than the first-level maintenance threshold. The value of ).

[0114] The microcontroller 33 internally defines a status indicator variable ( This is used to identify the current health level of the hub. The microcontroller unit 33 periodically reads the currently calculated total mileage ( And compare it with the first-level maintenance threshold ( ) and Level II critical threshold ( Perform numerical comparisons and update the state indicator variable based on the comparison results. The value of ).

[0115] The specific judgment logic is as follows:

[0116] When the total mileage ( Less than the first-level maintenance threshold ( When the hub is in a healthy operating period, the microcontroller 33 determines that the hub is in a healthy operating period. At this time, the microcontroller 33 will change the status indicator variable ( The value is set to 0. In this state, the system does not require user intervention by default.

[0117] When the total mileage ( ) greater than or equal to the first-level maintenance threshold ( And at the same time, it is less than the level 2 critical threshold ( When the hub enters a pre-warning maintenance period, the microcontroller unit 33 determines that the hub has entered a pre-warning maintenance period. At this time, the microcontroller unit 33 will change the status indicator variable ( The value is assigned to 1. This state indicates that the lubrication conditions inside the hub have decreased, and basic maintenance is required to prevent further wear.

[0118] When the total mileage ( ) greater than or equal to the Level 2 critical threshold ( When the hub is in a critical lifespan, the microcontroller unit 33 determines that the hub is in a critical lifespan period. At this time, the microcontroller unit 33 will change the status indicator variable ( The value is assigned to 2. This state indicates that the component is at risk of excessive wear, and continued use may easily lead to mechanical failure.

[0119] To adapt to different riding environments and hub models, the first-level maintenance threshold ( ) and Level II critical threshold ( It is designed to be a configurable parameter.

[0120] Under factory default settings, the first-level maintenance threshold ( The first preset value (e.g., 3000 km) is set, and the second critical threshold is set. The value is set to the second preset value (e.g., 5000 km).

[0121] When the intelligent monitoring module 30 is connected to the mobile terminal via the wireless communication unit 35, the microcontroller unit 33 can receive threshold adjustment commands from the mobile terminal. If the user sets more severe riding environment parameters (such as mud or rain) through the mobile terminal application, the microcontroller unit 33 will adjust the first-level maintenance threshold ( ) and Level II critical threshold ( The corresponding adjustments will be made to shorten the maintenance cycle.

[0122] Furthermore, this embodiment of the invention also includes maintenance reset logic. After the user completes the maintenance or replacement of parts according to the prompts, they can send a reset command to the intelligent monitoring module 30 via a mobile terminal.

[0123] Upon receiving a reset command, the microcontroller unit 33 performs one of the following operations:

[0124] The first mode is the reset mode: the microcontroller unit 33 will accumulate the total number of pulses ( ) and total mileage ( The count is reset to zero, and the next counting cycle begins again.

[0125] The second mode is incremental mode: the microcontroller 33 retains historical total mileage data as a full lifecycle record, but in the current maintenance cycle calculation logic, it updates the starting comparison point to the current mileage value. That is, the microcontroller 33 updates the threshold for the next trigger warning to the current mileage value plus the preset maintenance cycle span value.

[0126] The microcontroller unit 33 will update the status indicator variable ( The data is stored in an internal register for subsequent interactive feedback modules to drive the LED indicator 36 to display the corresponding color or to send a specific status code via the wireless communication unit 35.

[0127] The microcontroller unit 33 uses an event-triggered strategy to control the LED indicator 36. It only displays the LED indicator 36 after a wake-up event (detection of the first pulse in sleep mode) or a stationary event (rotation turning to standstill) within a preset display time window. The indicator light will illuminate within 5 to 10 seconds (for example), and will automatically turn off after the window closes.

[0128] The microcontroller unit 33 is based on the state indication variable ( Implement hierarchical control:

[0129] Health status ( ): The green channel outputs a breathing light effect, indicating good operation.

[0130] Warning status ( ): Drives the red and green channels to mix light to produce a yellow light effect, and performs a low-frequency flashing of 0.5-1Hz to indicate basic maintenance.

[0131] Emergency situation ( ): Drive the red channel to perform a 2-4Hz high-frequency rapid flash, warning to stop use.

[0132] Power status has the highest display priority. When the battery voltage is below the low charge threshold (e.g., 3.6V), it is forced to switch to a red dual-flash mode. When connected to an external power source for charging, a blue breathing light effect is displayed; when fully charged, it displays a solid blue light. The charging indicator is unaffected. limit.

[0133] The wireless communication unit 35 runs the GATT protocol stack as a slave device, defining private services and feature values.

[0134] Broadcast and Connection: When the microcontroller unit 33 is woken up, it sends data including battery voltage and other information at preset intervals. A summary of the broadcast packet. After the external terminal scans and establishes a connection, it stops broadcasting and enters point-to-point transmission.

[0135] Status synchronization (Read / Notify): Status data characteristics include: total mileage ( Instantaneous speed, battery level and Data is automatically pushed to the terminal when it changes or when a cycle is reached.

[0136] Parameter configuration (Write): The terminal issues commands by configuring control feature values:

[0137] Wheel circumference configuration: Update the wheel circumference parameter in non-volatile memory ( ).

[0138] Threshold setting: Adjust the first-level maintenance threshold ( ) and Level II critical threshold ( ).

[0139] Maintenance Reset: Receives a reset command (e.g., 0xFF), and... Reset to 0, and clear or update the maintenance mileage starting point.

[0140] Security and Upgrades: Key verification is required during the connection process. OTA firmware upgrades are supported.

[0141] The system is divided into deep hibernation and active working modes.

[0142] Deep sleep: When there is no rotation, only the low-frequency clock and external interrupt monitoring are retained. Hall sensor 34 polls at a low duty cycle, and the system power consumption is in the microampere range.

[0143] Hardware wake-up: The magnetic trigger component 50 passes over the Hall sensor 34, generating a falling edge signal and triggering an external interrupt. The microcontroller unit 33 instantly resumes the high-frequency clock, enters active mode, and executes the check count of the first pulse.

[0144] Quiet Sleep: Starts the quiet sleep timeout counter in active mode. If the quiet sleep timeout threshold is reached ( If no new pulse is detected within 120-300 seconds, the system saves the data, turns off Bluetooth, and enters deep sleep mode. If Bluetooth is connected, the automatic sleep logic is suspended until disconnected.

[0145] The charging interface 42 is located on the surface of the light-transmitting communication end cover 40, and uses gold-plated concentric circles or double-point contacts, which are used to connect with magnetic external cables.

[0146] The power management unit 37 integrates a reverse leakage protection circuit (connected in series with a Schottky diode or MOSFET). When not charging, it cuts off the battery's discharge path to the interface to prevent electrochemical corrosion; when a valid input voltage (e.g., >4.5V) is detected, it activates the charging circuit.

[0147] After detecting the charging voltage, the microcontroller 33 interrupts its sleep mode and enters the charging management mode. It also monitors the battery temperature through a thermistor and forcibly cuts off the circuit if the temperature exceeds the safe range (such as 0-45℃).

[0148] A first Hall sensor 341 and a second Hall sensor 342 are arranged side by side on the circuit board 32 along the rotation tangent direction, with the distance between them being less than the magnetic field coverage width of the magnetic trigger component 50, to ensure the generation of overlapping pulse signals.

[0149] The microcontroller unit 33 determines the rotation direction based on the interrupt trigger timing:

[0150] Forward rotation: The signal from the first Hall sensor leads that of the second Hall sensor, indicating the direction marker ( Set to 1, cumulative total number of pulses ( Normal accumulation.

[0151] Reverse rotation: The signal from the second Hall sensor leads that of the first Hall sensor, and the direction marker ( Set to -1.

[0152] based on Execute anti-cheating logic: When reverse rotation is detected, do not accumulate the total number of pulses. ); or in continuous reverse cycles, from the total number of accumulated pulses ( Deduct the corresponding value from the total mileage to ensure that the total mileage is within the specified range. It reflects the true and effective displacement. Simultaneously, it utilizes a dual-sensor trigger time difference to verify linear velocity and identify strong magnetic interference attacks.

Claims

1. A built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system, characterized in that, It includes a hollow hub shaft (10), a rotating housing assembly (20), an intelligent monitoring module (30), a light-transmitting communication end cap (40), and a magnetic trigger assembly (50); The rotating housing assembly (20) is coaxially sleeved outside the hollow hub shaft (10), and the hollow hub shaft (10) has an internal cavity (11). The intelligent monitoring module (30) is fixedly installed inside the internal cavity (11). The intelligent monitoring module (30) includes a circuit board (32) and a microcontroller unit (33), a Hall sensor (34) and a light-emitting diode indicator (36) disposed on the circuit board (32). The magnetic triggering component (50) is disposed on the inner wall surface of the rotating housing component (20); The light-transmitting communication end cap (40) is installed at one end of the hollow hub shaft (10), and the light-transmitting communication end cap (40) has a light guide structure (41). The Hall sensor (34) senses the change in magnetic field generated when the magnetic trigger component (50) rotates with the rotating housing component (20) and outputs a pulse signal to the microcontroller unit (33); The microcontroller unit (33) drives the light-emitting diode indicator (36) to generate an optical feedback signal that is transmitted to the outside of the light-transmitting communication end cover (40) via the light guide structure (41) according to the cumulative number of the pulse signals. The microcontroller unit (33) stores wheel circumference parameters and magnetic pole number constants. The microcontroller unit (33) executes the mileage conversion logic: multiply the total number of cumulative pulse signals detected by the Hall sensor (34) by the wheel circumference parameter, and then divide by the magnetic pole number constant to calculate the total driving mileage; The microcontroller unit (33) writes the total driving mileage into a non-volatile memory for storage; The microcontroller unit (33) is preset with a first-level maintenance threshold and a second-level emergency threshold. The first-level maintenance threshold corresponds to the mileage node when the lubricating grease inside the hub deteriorates or becomes contaminated. The second-level emergency threshold corresponds to the mileage node when the bearing components inside the hub reach the material fatigue life or wear intensifies. The value of the second-level emergency threshold is greater than the value of the first-level maintenance threshold. The microcontroller unit (33) periodically compares the total mileage with the first-level maintenance threshold and the second-level emergency threshold; When the total mileage is less than the first-level maintenance threshold, the microcontroller unit (33) is determined to be in a healthy state; When the total mileage is greater than or equal to the first-level maintenance threshold and less than the second-level emergency threshold, the microcontroller unit (33) determines that it is in a pre-warning maintenance state and drives the LED indicator (36) to display a yellow light effect; When the total mileage is greater than or equal to the Level 2 emergency threshold, the microcontroller (33) determines that the lifespan is in a critical state and drives the LED indicator (36) to display a red light effect.

2. The built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rotating housing assembly (20) includes a hub shell (21) and a hub base (22), and the magnetic trigger assembly (50) is disposed on the inner wall surface of the hub shell (21); The Hall sensor (34) is located on the circuit board (32) near the edge of the internal cavity (11), and the sensing surface of the Hall sensor (34) is perpendicular to the axis of the hollow hub shaft (10). The magnetic trigger assembly (50) and the Hall sensor (34) are located in the same axial position. When the rotating housing assembly (20) rotates, the magnetic field generated by the magnetic trigger assembly (50) penetrates the wall of the hollow hub shaft (10) and is detected by the Hall sensor (34).

3. The built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The light-transmitting communication end cap (40) is made of a non-metallic material that can transmit radio frequency signals and visible light; The light guide structure (41) is a column integrally formed on the inner side of the light-transmitting communication end cover (40) and extending into the internal cavity (11). The light-emitting surface of the light-emitting diode indicator (36) faces the incident end face of the light guide structure (41). The outer surface of the light-transmitting communication end cover (40) is provided with a charging interface (42), which passes through the light-transmitting communication end cover (40) and is electrically connected to the intelligent monitoring module (30).

4. The built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system according to claim 3, characterized in that, The intelligent monitoring module (30) includes: The power management unit (37) includes a rechargeable lithium-ion battery and a reverse leakage protection circuit. The charging interface (42) is connected to the circuit board (32) through an elastic conductive connector; the anti-reverse leakage circuit is connected in series between the charging interface (42) and the rechargeable lithium-ion battery, and cuts off the discharge path of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery to the charging interface (42) when no external power is connected.

5. The built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The microcontroller unit (33) operates with a power management strategy: When no rotation of the rotating housing assembly (20) is detected, the intelligent monitoring module (30) is in a deep sleep mode, and only the Hall sensor (34) is used for periodic sampling; When the Hall sensor (34) detects that the magnetic field strength exceeds the operating point threshold, it generates a level transition signal to trigger an external interrupt of the microcontroller (33), causing the microcontroller (33) to switch to the active operating mode. The microcontroller unit (33) starts the static timeout counter in the active working mode. If no new pulse signal is detected within the preset static judgment time threshold, the control system re-enters the deep sleep mode.

6. The built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The Hall sensor (34) includes: A first Hall sensor (341) and a second Hall sensor (342) are arranged side by side on the circuit board (32) along the rotation tangent direction, and the distance between them is less than the magnetic field coverage width of the magnetic trigger component (50). The microcontroller unit (33) is connected to the first Hall sensor (341) and the second Hall sensor (342). It identifies the rotation direction of the rotating housing assembly (20) by comparing the trigger timing of the output signals of the two sensors. When the rotation is identified as reverse rotation, the microcontroller unit (33) stops accumulating the total number of accumulated pulse signals or performs a numerical deduction operation.

7. The built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The intelligent monitoring module (30) includes: The wireless communication unit (35) and the radio frequency antenna (351) are integrated with the microcontroller unit (33), and the radio frequency antenna (351) is arranged on the circuit board (32) near the end of the light-transmitting communication end cover (40). The wireless communication unit (35) establishes a connection with an external mobile terminal via Bluetooth protocol, receives parameter configuration instructions sent by the external mobile terminal, and sends the status data calculated by the microcontroller unit (33).

8. The built-in intelligent hub maintenance and monitoring system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The intelligent monitoring module (30) also includes: A cylindrical package housing (31) and a power management unit (37), wherein the outer diameter of the cylindrical package housing (31) is adapted to the inner diameter of the hollow hub shaft (10); The circuit board (32) and the power management unit (37) are both encapsulated inside the cylindrical encapsulation shell (31); The light-emitting diode indicator (36) is surrounded by light-shielding foam, and the light-guiding structure (41) of the light-transmitting communication end cap (40) is pressed or extended into the light-shielding foam to form a closed light path.

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