Feed for improving production performance of dairy cows and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention provides a feed for improving production performance of dairy cows and a preparation method of the feed. The feed comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 17.35% of alfalfa hay, 1.29-7.09% of beet grain meal, 19.84-23.44% of corn, 3.6-5.8% of whole cotton seeds, 0.82% of sodium bicarbonate, 29.57% of silage and the balance of 21.73% of concentrate supplement, and the silage comprises corn silage and tomato seedling silage. The preparation method of the feed is rapid and convenient, and the prepared feed can improve the milk fat correction milk yield, milk yield, feed conversion rate and milk protein rate of dairy cows, has positive influence on the protein metabolism capability, has no damage to the liver and kidney of an organism, and can improve anti-inflammatory factors and milk quality.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of feed preparation technology, and in particular to a feed for improving the production performance of dairy cows and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Forage scarcity has become a major challenge for the development of herbivorous livestock farming. The development and utilization of unconventional feed resources can effectively alleviate this problem. Tomato vines are rich in tomatine, vitamins, and other bioactive substances, as well as solanine, an anti-nutritional factor, possessing multiple functions including antioxidant activity, lipid metabolism regulation, immune enhancement, and antibacterial and insecticidal effects. Currently, the tomato planting and processing industry is gradually expanding, but research on tomato vines mainly focuses on their use as roughage in livestock and poultry. There is a lack of literature on tomato vine silage, resulting in significant environmental pollution and resource waste. Research on the production and application of tomato vine silage in ruminants such as dairy cows and beef cattle, as well as monogastric animals such as horses and donkeys, is relatively limited. The appropriate and maximum addition amount of tomato vine silage as roughage in feed is still unclear, and there is no research on its effects on animal production performance, serum biochemical indicators, and milk quality. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to provide a feed for improving the production performance of dairy cows and a method for preparing the same, so as to solve the problems existing in the prior art and thereby improve the production performance of dairy cows.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following solution: One of the technical solutions of this invention is to provide a feed for improving the production performance of dairy cows, comprising the following components by mass percentage on a dry matter basis: 17.35% alfalfa hay, 1.29-7.09% beet pellet meal, 19.84-23.44% corn, 3.6-5.8% whole cottonseed, 0.82% sodium bicarbonate, 29.57% silage, and the remainder being 21.73% concentrate supplement, wherein the silage includes corn silage and tomato vine silage, and all components are commercially available products.

[0005] Preferably, the mass of the tomato seedling silage is 25-100% of the total mass of the silage, such as 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%.

[0006] Preferably, the concentrate supplement includes the following raw materials: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn dry alcohol residue, corn germ meal, cottonseed protein, sprayed corn husk, sodium chloride, stone powder and other mineral elements and their complexes, vitamins and vitamin-like substances, etc., wherein the product composition analysis values ​​are as follows: crude protein ≥32%, crude fiber ≤20%, crude ash ≤20%, calcium: 2.0-5.0%, total phosphorus ≥0.4%, sodium chloride: 1.0-5.0%, moisture ≤13.0%, lysine ≥0.5%.

[0007] Furthermore, a second aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing feed for improving dairy cow production performance as described above, comprising the following steps: (1) Take alfalfa hay, crush it, and mix it with silage to obtain coarse feed; (2) After crushing the corn into corn flour, mix it with beet pulp, concentrate supplement, whole cottonseed and sodium bicarbonate in a mixer to obtain mixed concentrate; (3) The roughage and the mixed concentrate are placed in a TMR mixer truck and mixed to obtain feed for improving the production performance of dairy cows.

[0008] Preferably, in step (3), the mixing time of the coarse material and the mixed concentrate is 3 to 5 minutes.

[0009] Preferably, the alfalfa in the roughage in step (1) is 4-6 cm long, preferably 5 cm.

[0010] The present invention discloses the following technical effects: This invention provides a feed for improving dairy cow production performance and its preparation method. The invention investigates the effects of tomato stalk silage preparation on dairy cow production performance, serum biochemical indicators, and milk quality through research on the process of incorporating tomato stalk silage into the feed. Tomato stalks are rich in various bioactive substances, such as tomatine, flavonoids, and vitamins, which help enhance the antioxidant capacity of dairy cow serum and strengthen immune function, thereby promoting milk production and improving milk quality. This feed preparation method is quick and convenient, suitable for areas with large tomato planting areas. The feed prepared by this invention can increase the fat-corrected milk yield, milk production, feed conversion ratio, and milk protein percentage in dairy cows, while also having a positive impact on protein metabolism and causing no damage to the liver and kidneys. It can also improve anti-inflammatory factors and milk quality. The best results were achieved when tomato silage replaced 50% of corn silage, significantly improving milk yield, 4% fat-corrected milk yield, and feed conversion ratio, ensuring high yield and efficiency. Regarding the nutritional quality of milk, the improvement in fatty acid composition was most pronounced when tomato silage replaced 50% of corn silage, with oleic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid content increasing significantly by 43.32%, 57.48%, and 43.99% respectively compared to existing technologies. It also significantly increased conjugated linoleic acid precursors, thereby maximizing the health value of milk. Simultaneously, it demonstrated excellent antioxidant capacity (significantly increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and anti-inflammatory capabilities, without adversely affecting serum biochemical indicators. Detailed Implementation

[0011] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention, but rather as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that the terminology used in this invention is merely for describing particular embodiments and is not intended to limit the present invention.

[0012] Unless otherwise stated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. While only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the implementation or testing of this invention. All references to this specification are incorporated by way of citation to disclose and describe methods and / or materials associated with those references. In the event of any conflict with any incorporated reference, the content of this specification shall prevail. Various modifications and variations to the specific embodiments described herein are apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments derived from this specification will be apparent to those skilled in the art. This specification and embodiments are merely exemplary.

[0013] In this embodiment of the invention, all raw materials were provided by the dairy farm of Yimuxin Agricultural and Livestock Development Co., Ltd., Yixian County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The specific components are as follows: corn (CP=7.55, crude protein content 7.55%), 9504 (concentrate supplement, including: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn dry ethanol residue, corn germ meal, cottonseed protein, sprayed corn husk, sodium chloride, limestone powder and other mineral elements and their complexes, vitamins and vitamin-like substances, etc., crude protein ≥32%, crude fiber ≤20%, crude ash ≤20%, calcium: 2.0-5.0%, total phosphorus ≥0. 0.4%, Sodium chloride: 1.0-5.0%, Moisture ≤13.0%, Lysine ≥0.5%, Beet meal (CP=10, crude protein content 10%), Whole cottonseed (CP=22.38, crude protein content 22.38%), Corn silage (CP=8.74, crude protein content 8.74%), Tomato vine silage (CP=9.96, crude protein content 9.96%), Sodium bicarbonate (total alkali ω / % is 99.0-100.5%), Alfalfa hay (CP=13.09, crude protein content 13.09%).

[0014] Example 1 1. Weigh the raw materials according to the following percentages by mass (on a dry matter basis): 17.35% alfalfa hay, 5.59% beet meal, 20.74% corn, 21.73% 9504 (concentrate supplement), 4.20% whole cottonseed, 0.82% sodium bicarbonate, 22.18% corn silage, and 7.39% tomato vine silage.

[0015] 2. The preparation steps are as follows: (1) Take alfalfa hay, crush it to about 5 cm, and mix it with corn silage and tomato vine silage to obtain coarse feed; (2) The corn is crushed into corn flour and beet pulp, concentrate supplement, whole cottonseed, and sodium bicarbonate and then mixed in a mixer to obtain mixed concentrate; (3) Take the roughage and the mixed concentrate and mix for 3-5 minutes to obtain feed for improving the production performance of dairy cows.

[0016] Example 2 The preparation steps are the same as in Example 1, except that the raw material components are weighed according to the following mass percentages (on a dry matter basis): 17.35% alfalfa hay, 4.20% beet meal, 21.63% corn, 21.73% 9504, 4.70% whole cottonseed, 0.82% sodium bicarbonate, 14.785% corn silage, and 14.785% tomato vine silage.

[0017] Example 3 The preparation steps are the same as in Example 1, except that the raw material components are weighed according to the following mass percentages (on a dry matter basis): 17.35% alfalfa hay, 2.79% beet meal, 22.54% corn, 21.73% 9504, 5.20% whole cottonseed, 0.82% sodium bicarbonate, 7.39% corn silage, and 22.18% tomato vine silage.

[0018] Example 4 The preparation steps are the same as in Example 1, except that the raw material components are weighed according to the following mass percentages (on a dry matter basis): 17.35% alfalfa hay, 1.29% beet meal, 23.44% corn, 21.73% 9504, 5.80% whole cottonseed, 0.82% sodium bicarbonate, 0% corn silage, and 29.57% tomato vine silage.

[0019] Comparative Example 1 Same as Example 1, except that the raw material components are weighed according to the following mass percentages (on a dry matter basis). 17.35% alfalfa hay, 7.09% beet meal, 19.84% corn, 21.73% 9504, 3.60% whole cottonseed, 0.82% sodium bicarbonate, 29.57% corn silage, and 0% tomato vine silage.

[0020] The experiment employed a single-factor randomized experimental design, selecting 50 healthy Holstein dairy cows with similar weight, parity, and milk yield. These cows were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 each. The experimental cows were housed in the same barn, fed twice daily at 09:00 and 18:00, with free access to water and a free-range management system. Milking was conducted three times daily in the milking parlor (09:30-10:30, 16:30-17:30, and 00:30-01:30). The experimental period was 40 days, including a 10-day pre-trial period and a 30-day trial period.

[0021] Specific application methods include: recording the amount of feed and the amount of leftover feed daily in groups, and calculating the dry matter intake based on the dry matter content. The calculation formula is: Dry matter intake = Feed amount × Feed dry matter content (%) - Leftover feed amount × Leftover feed dry matter content (%).

[0022] The formula for calculating feed conversion efficiency is: Feed conversion efficiency (FE) = Milk yield (kg) / Dry matter intake (DMI).

[0023] Milk production was recorded daily during the experiment, and milk samples were collected on day 30 of the trial period. A total of 50 mL of milk sample was collected based on the proportions of morning, noon, and evening milk production, and stored at 4°C for analysis. Milk composition was determined by Yili Yimuxin Dairy Co., Ltd. Fatty acids and amino acids in the milk were determined by Beijing Novogene Technology Co., Ltd.

[0024] Blood was collected from six cattle randomly in each group before morning feeding on day 30 of the trial period. A 5mL vacuum blood collection tube was used, and 10mL of blood was collected from each cow. After standing, the blood was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was then aliquoted into 1.5mL centrifuge tubes and stored at -20℃. Serum samples were sent to Beijing Huaying Biotechnology Research Institute for testing of serum parameters including total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose (GLU), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, tumor necrosis factor-TNF, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH), and catalase (CAT).

[0025] The dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber content of the feeds prepared according to Examples 1-4 and the comparative examples were determined. The basal diet was formulated in accordance with the "Dairy Cow Feeding Standard (NY / T 34–2004)" and based on the isoenergetic and isonitrogenous principle to prepare TMR diets. The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed tomato stalk silage to replace 0% (Comparative Example 1), 25% (Example 1), 50% (Example 2), 75% (Example 3), and 100% (Example 4) of the corn silage in the basal diet, respectively. The contents of other raw materials were adjusted to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous in each group. During the experiment, the groups had free access to feed and water, and the amount of leftover feed was kept between 5% and 15%. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0026] Table 2 shows the effects of different treatment groups on dairy cow production performance. According to Table 2, the 4% milk fat corrected milk yield of Example 2 was significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 1; the milk yield of Example 2 was also significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 1; the feed conversion ratio of Examples 1, 2, and 3 was significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 1; and the milk protein content of Example 2 was significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 1. Therefore, the feed of the present invention can improve the 4% milk fat corrected milk yield, milk yield, feed conversion ratio, and milk protein content of dairy cows, thus contributing to improved dairy cow production performance.

[0027] Note: Data in the same row without superscript letters or with the same lowercase letters indicates that the difference is not significant. P >0.05), different lowercase letters indicate significant differences ( P ≤0.05), different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant differences ( P <0.01).

[0028] Table 3 shows the effects of different proportions of tomato seedling silage replacing whole-plant corn silage on serum biochemical indicators of dairy cows. According to Table 3, albumin and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Example 4 were significantly higher than in Control Example 1; urea nitrogen in Example 1 was significantly lower than in Example 4. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) content of tomato seedling silage replacing corn silage was higher than that of the control group. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) content showed a decreasing trend in Example 1, Example 2, and Example 3 groups, but rebounded in Example 4. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) content showed a decreasing trend in Example 1 and Example 2, increased in Example 3, and decreased in Example 4, but was still higher than in Examples 1 and Example 2. Therefore, the amount of tomato seedling silage added when replacing corn silage needs to be strictly controlled.

[0029] Note: Data in the same row without superscript letters or with the same lowercase letters indicates that the difference is not significant. P >0.05), different lowercase letters indicate significant differences ( P≤0.05), different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant differences ( P <0.01).

[0030] Table 4 shows the effects of different proportions of tomato seedling silage replacing whole-plant corn silage on serum immune indicators in dairy cows. According to Table 4, the total antioxidant capacity of Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4 was significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 1; the superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels of Examples 2, 3, and 4 were significantly higher than those of Comparative Example 1, while the SOD level of Example 1 was significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 1; the glutathione peroxidase (GPO) levels of Examples 2, 3, and 4 were significantly higher than those of Comparative Example 1, while the GPO level of Example 1 was significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 1; the catalase levels of Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4 were significantly higher than those of Comparative Example 1; and the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of Examples 2, 3, and 4 were significantly lower than those of Comparative Example 1. Therefore, the feed of this invention has a positive effect on improving the antioxidant capacity of dairy cows.

[0031] Note: Data in the same row without superscript letters or with the same lowercase letters indicates that the difference is not significant. P >0.05), different lowercase letters indicate significant differences ( P ≤0.05), different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant differences ( P <0.01).

[0032] Table 5 shows the effects of different proportions of tomato seedling silage replacing whole-plant corn silage on serum antioxidant indicators in dairy cows. According to Table 5, the tumor necrosis factor in Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4 was significantly lower than that in Comparative Example 1; the interleukin-1 and transforming growth factor in Examples 2, 3, and 4 were significantly lower than those in Comparative Example 1, while Example 1 was significantly lower; the interleukin-10 in Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4 was significantly higher than that in Comparative Example 1. Therefore, the feed of this invention has a positive effect on improving the immunity of dairy cows and can increase anti-inflammatory factors.

[0033] Note: Data in the same row without superscript letters or with the same lowercase letters indicates that the difference is not significant. P >0.05), different lowercase letters indicate significant differences ( P ≤0.05), different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant differences ( P <0.01).

[0034] Table 6 shows the effects of different proportions of tomato silage replacing whole-plant corn silage on the fatty acid composition of milk. According to Table 6, compared to Comparative Example 1, Example 2 has the most significant positive effect on improving the fatty acid composition of milk. The milk in this group reached the highest levels of several key beneficial fatty acids. Specifically, the contents of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid in Example 2 increased by 43.32%, 57.48%, and 43.99% respectively compared to Comparative Example 1. Simultaneously, trans-11 isoleic acid and cis-11 eicosenoic acid, important precursors to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), also increased significantly, indicating that this replacement ratio optimized the rumen's biohydrogenation pathway, allowing more unsaturated fatty acids to be retained in milk fat. In contrast, although Examples 1 and 3 showed some improvement, they were not as comprehensive as Example 2; while the complete replacement group in Example 4 showed a comprehensive inhibition of fatty acid synthesis, resulting in a significant decrease in the content of most fatty acids. Therefore, using the tomato silage replacement ratio of Example 2 can most effectively improve the nutritional value and health benefits of milk without changing the dairy cow's production performance.

[0035] Note: Data in the same row without superscript letters or with the same lowercase letters indicates that the difference is not significant. P >0.05), different lowercase letters indicate significant differences ( P ≤0.05), different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant differences ( P <0.01).

[0036] Table 7 shows the effect of different proportions of tomato seedling silage replacing whole-plant corn silage on the amino acid content of milk. According to Table 7, some amino acids, such as isoleucine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, serine, and glutamic acid, showed significant or highly significant inter-group differences in some examples. P <0.05), indicating that the addition of tomato silage has a significant regulatory effect on the content of these amino acids. However, most other amino acids, such as glycine, alanine, valine, and leucine, did not show significant differences. P >0.05), indicating that its content is less affected by the substitution ratio. In conclusion, different proportions of tomato vine silage replacing whole-plant corn silage can affect the composition of some amino acids in milk, especially a number of essential and functional amino acids, which may have a positive impact on the nutritional quality and related physiological functions of dairy products.

[0037] Note: Data in the same row without superscript letters or with the same lowercase letters indicates that the difference is not significant. P >0.05), different lowercase letters indicate significant differences ( P≤0.05), different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant differences ( P <0.01).

[0038] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A feed for improving the production performance of dairy cows, characterized in that, The composition comprises the following components by weight percentage: 17.35% alfalfa hay, 1.29-7.09% beet pellets, 19.84-23.44% corn, 3.6-5.8% whole cottonseed, 0.82% sodium bicarbonate, 29.57% silage, and the remainder being 21.73% concentrate supplement, wherein the silage includes corn silage and tomato vine silage.

2. The feed for improving dairy cow production performance according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mass of the tomato seedling silage is 25-100% of the total mass of the silage.

3. A method for preparing feed for improving dairy cow production performance as described in any one of claims 1-2, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Take silage and crushed alfalfa hay and mix them to obtain coarse feed; (2) Pour beet pulp, concentrate supplement, whole cottonseed, sodium bicarbonate and crushed corn into a mixer and mix them to obtain mixed concentrate; (3) Take the roughage and the mixed concentrate and mix them to obtain feed for improving the production performance of dairy cows.

4. The method for preparing feed for improving dairy cow production performance according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step (3), the mixing time of the coarse material and the mixed concentrate is 3-5 minutes.

5. The method for preparing feed for improving dairy cow production performance according to claim 3, characterized in that, The alfalfa pulverized in step (1) is 4-6 cm in length.

6. The application of tomato vine silage in feed to improve dairy cow production performance, characterized in that, Tomato vine silage is used as part of the silage raw material in feed, and the mass of the tomato vine silage is 25-100% of the total mass of the silage.

7. The application of tomato silage as described in claim 6 in feed for improving dairy cow production performance, characterized in that, Tomato vine silage is used as part of the silage raw material in feed, and the mass of the tomato vine silage is 50-75% of the total mass of the silage.

8. The application of tomato silage as described in claim 6 in feed for improving dairy cow production performance, characterized in that, Tomato vine silage is used as part of the silage raw material in the feed, and the mass of the tomato vine silage is 50% of the total mass of the silage.

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