Human body model

Abstract

The invention discloses a human body model, and relates to the technical field of teaching instruments, and the human body model comprises a first model frame which is provided with a plurality of first meshes and is used for simulating a human body skeleton; the second model frame is provided with a cavity, a first connecting part, a second connecting part and a plurality of second meshes, the first model frame is arranged in the cavity and detachably connected with the second model frame, the first connecting part is detachably connected with the second connecting part, the second model frame is used for simulating the outer contour of a human body, and the aperture of at least part of the second meshes is larger than that of the first meshes; each of the first model frame and the second model frame comprises at least one of a head and neck, a thorax, an abdomen, a pelvis and four limbs and is correspondingly arranged; the simulation structure comprises a first simulation piece and a second simulation piece, and the first simulation piece is used for simulating blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels; the second simulation piece is used for simulating human muscles and organs. The problem that in the prior art, a human body model used for teaching is difficult to operate manually while the internal structure is visualized is solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of teaching equipment technology, and in particular to a human body model. Background Technology

[0002] In medical education, there is a clear disconnect between anatomical models and surgical training tools; traditional physical models are mostly fixed structures, making it impossible to see the internal hierarchical relationships or provide operational feedback; while digital virtual models, although they can be observed from multiple angles, lack the real tactile sensation and feel of operating instruments.

[0003] Whether static models or high-end surgical simulators, most are closed systems, preventing users from independently disassembling, assembling, or observing the dynamic changes in the internal structure according to teaching needs. This separation of structural cognition, spatial understanding, and skills training severely restricts the integrated development of teaching effectiveness and clinical thinking. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The main objective of this invention is to propose a human body model that addresses the problem in existing teaching human body models that are difficult to manually operate while allowing visualization of their internal structure.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention proposes a human body model comprising:

[0006] The first model frame has multiple first mesh holes and is used to simulate the human skeleton. The second model frame has a chamber, a first connecting part, a second connecting part, and a plurality of second mesh openings. The first model frame is disposed in the chamber and detachably connected to the second model frame. The first connecting part and the second connecting part are detachably connected and can move closer to each other or further away from each other. When the first connecting part moves closer to the second connecting part and connects with it, the second model frame encloses the chamber. When the first connecting part moves away from the second connecting part and disconnects from it, the second model frame unfolds to expose the first model frame. The second model frame is used to simulate the external contour of the human body. At least some of the second mesh openings have a larger aperture than the first mesh openings. Both the first and second model frames include at least one of the following: head and neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper limbs, and lower limbs, and are correspondingly arranged. The simulation structure includes at least one of a first simulation component and a second simulation component disposed within the cavity and detachably connected to a first model frame. The first simulation component includes a hollow tube for simulating at least one of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. The second simulation component includes a thread for simulating at least one of human muscles and organs.

[0007] In one embodiment, the first model frame is provided with a plurality of anatomical structures, the anatomical structures including at least one for simulating pedicles, nerve roots or vascular bifurcations, and the anatomical structures are provided with feedback components, the feedback components including sensors disposed on the anatomical structures of the first model frame, and prompting components signal-connected to the sensors; The sensor is configured to sense external simulated surgical instruments within a preset distance to trigger the prompting device to generate a prompting signal.

[0008] In one embodiment, the first model frame includes a plurality of first model lines, which constitute the first model frame; the second model frame includes a plurality of second model lines, which constitute the second model frame; the plurality of first lines constitute the first mesh; and the plurality of second lines constitute the second mesh.

[0009] In one embodiment, the second model line is a metal wire, so as to enable the first connecting part and the second connecting part to be detachably connected and to move closer to each other or further apart.

[0010] In one embodiment, the diameter of the first model line is 2.0 mm to 5.0 mm; the diameter of the second model line is 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm; the diameter of the tube constituting the first simulation component is 0.5 mm to 4.0 mm; and the diameter of the line constituting the second simulation component is 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm.

[0011] In one embodiment, the second model frame includes a plurality of first model segments, which respectively correspond to the simulated head and neck segment, thoracic segment, pelvic segment, upper limb segment and lower limb segment; adjacent first model segments are detachably connected by at least one of plug-in connection, snap-fit ​​connection, threaded connection and magnetic connection. The mesh aperture or shape of at least one of the head and neck segment, thoracic segment, pelvic segment, upper limb segment, and lower limb segment is different.

[0012] In one embodiment, the first connecting part and the second connecting part are detachably connected by a snap-fit ​​structure; the first connecting part is provided with one of a snap-fit ​​part and a receiving part, and the second connecting part is provided with the other of a snap-fit ​​part and a receiving part. Alternatively, the first connecting part and the second connecting part can be detachably connected by Velcro, the first connecting part is provided with one of the hook face and the fur face, and the second connecting part is provided with the other of the hook face and the fur face. Alternatively, one of the first connecting part and the second connecting part is a magnetic suction member, and the other is a magnetic attraction member, with the first connecting part and the second connecting part magnetically connected and fixed.

[0013] In one embodiment, the first connecting part is provided with a fastening post, and the second connecting part is provided with a plurality of fastening hooks, the fastening hooks being fixed on the fastening post so that the first connecting part and the second connecting part are connected.

[0014] In one embodiment, the first model frame includes an exoskeleton layer and an endoskeleton layer, the endoskeleton layer enclosing a cavity, a gap between the exoskeleton layer and the endoskeleton layer, the exoskeleton layer having a plurality of outer mesh holes, the endoskeleton layer having a plurality of inner mesh holes, the aperture of the outer mesh holes being smaller than the aperture of at least a portion of the inner mesh holes; the first model frame is composed of multiple bones. A connector, through which two adjacent bones are connected, and a plurality of bones are connected to form at least one of the skull, spine, thorax, pelvis and limb bones; The first model frame is also provided with multiple mounting parts, at least some of which are arranged along a preset anatomical path.

[0015] In one embodiment, at least a portion of the first simulation component is provided with a light-emitting component, which is uniformly distributed along the tube body to emit dynamic light effects to simulate blood flow or distribution.

[0016] The human body model of this application is designed with both the first and second model frames as having mesh structures, and at least some of the second mesh openings are larger than the openings of the first mesh, giving the model multi-level perspective capabilities. When the model is closed, learners can directly observe the first model frame simulating the skeleton and the innermost simulated structures through the second model frame simulating the skin layer. This solves the problem that traditional physical models, due to their fixed structure and lack of light transmission, cannot fully demonstrate internal layers and spatial relationships, thus elevating two-dimensional planar cognition to three-dimensional stereoscopic cognition. By setting up a first connecting part and a second connecting part that can move closer together or further apart, the second model frame becomes an openable shell. When the connecting part is disconnected, the shell can be unfolded to fully expose the first model frame and simulated structure inside, forming an open anatomical operation platform. This breaks the limitations of traditional closed model systems, allowing users to independently disassemble and observe internal dynamic changes, as well as assemble and lay simulated components such as blood vessels and nerves, thus realizing teaching from passive viewing to active operation. By setting up a first and a second simulation component that can be detachably connected to the first model frame, users can selectively match different simulation components according to the teaching focus, so that the human body model of this application can meet the multi-level and multi-scenario teaching needs from basic anatomy to local surgical training. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the structures shown in these drawings without creative effort.

[0018] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the human body model structure provided by the present invention; Figure 2 for Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the first model frame structure in one embodiment; Figure 3 for Figure 2 A partial structural diagram of one embodiment; Figure 4 for Figure 1 A schematic diagram of an embodiment of the structure; Figure 5 for Figure 1 Another embodiment of the structure is shown in the schematic diagram; Figure 6 for Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the second model frame structure in one embodiment; Figure 7 for Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the second model frame structure in one embodiment.

[0019] Explanation of icon numbers: 100, Second model frame; 110, First connecting part; 111, Magnetic suction part; 120, Second connecting part; 121, Magnetic suction mating part; 200, First model frame; 210, Exoskeleton layer; 211, Outer mesh; 220, Inner skeleton layer; 221, Inner mesh; 300, First simulation component; 400, Second simulation component.

[0020] The realization of the objective, functional features and advantages of the present invention will be further explained in conjunction with the embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Detailed Implementation

[0021] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0022] It should be noted that if the embodiments of the present invention involve directional indicators (such as up, down, left, right, front, back, etc.), the directional indicators are only used to explain the relative positional relationship and movement of the components in a specific posture. If the specific posture changes, the directional indicators will also change accordingly.

[0023] Furthermore, if the embodiments of this invention involve descriptions such as "first" or "second," these descriptions are for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying their relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined with "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of those features. Additionally, the use of "and / or" or "and / or" throughout the text includes three parallel solutions. For example, "A and / or B" includes solution A, solution B, or a solution where both A and B are satisfied simultaneously. Furthermore, the technical solutions of the various embodiments can be combined with each other, but this must be based on the ability of those skilled in the art to implement them. When the combination of technical solutions is contradictory or impossible to implement, it should be considered that such a combination of technical solutions does not exist and is not within the scope of protection claimed by this invention.

[0024] Please see Figure 1 In one embodiment of the present invention, a human body model for medical teaching anatomy is provided. The human body model includes a first model frame 200, a second model frame 100, and a simulation structure. The first model frame 200 has multiple first mesh openings for simulating a human skeleton. The second model frame 100 has a chamber, a first connecting portion 110, a second connecting portion 120, and multiple second mesh openings. The first model frame 200 is disposed within the chamber and detachably connected to the second model frame 100. The first connecting portion 110 and the second connecting portion 120 are detachably connected and can move closer together or further apart. When the first connecting portion 110 is close to and connected to the second connecting portion 120, the second model frame 100 encloses and forms the chamber. When the first connecting portion 110 is far apart from and disconnected from the second connecting portion 120, the second model frame 100... The frame 100 unfolds to reveal the first model frame 200; the second model frame 100 is used to simulate the external contour of the human body, and at least a portion of the aperture of the second mesh is larger than the aperture of the first mesh; both the first model frame 200 and the second model frame 100 include at least one of the following: head and neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper limb and lower limb, and are correspondingly arranged; the simulation structure includes at least one of the following: a first simulation component 300 and a second simulation component 400 disposed in the cavity and detachably connected to the first model frame 200, the first simulation component 300 including a hollow tube for simulating at least one of the following: blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels; the second simulation component 400 including a thread for simulating at least one of the following: human muscles and organs.

[0025] It is understood that, in this embodiment, the mesh shape of the first mesh and the second mesh can be selected according to design requirements and manufacturing process, including but not limited to regular or irregular geometric shapes such as rhombus, rectangle, circle, triangle or other polygons, and the specific shape and arrangement of the mesh are used to achieve the desired perspective effect, structural strength or appearance.

[0026] In this embodiment, the first model frame 200 and the second model frame 100 can be manufactured by a variety of manufacturing methods known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to one or more combinations of 3D printing, laser cutting, mold injection, casting, wire weaving, welding, knitting or molding.

[0027] In this embodiment, the first model frame 200 is used to simulate and construct the human skeletal system, and the second model frame 100 is used to simulate and outline the skin contours of the human body. To achieve modular teaching and flexible assembly, both the first model frame 200 and the second model frame 100 adopt a regional design. The first model frame 200 is anatomically divided into the head and neck skeleton, thoracic skeleton, abdominal skeleton, pelvic skeleton, upper limb skeleton, and lower limb skeleton. Correspondingly, the second model frame 100 is also divided into corresponding head and neck contours, thoracic contours, abdominal contours, pelvic contours, upper limb contours, and lower limb contours. Each contour part matches and corresponds to the skeleton part below in shape and spatial position.

[0028] For example, users can detach the upper limb contour and upper limb skeleton as a whole module from the connection between the thoracic contour and thoracic skeleton for independent local in-depth learning or model storage.

[0029] In this embodiment, the various human body parts and the first model frame 200 and the second model frame 100 are assembled through detachable connections. These detachable connections include, but are not limited to, magnetic adsorption connections, snap-fit ​​mechanical connections, and bolt-nut fastening connections—methods well-known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the same model system uses a unified connection interface standard to ensure compatibility between modules and ease of assembly.

[0030] See Figure 4 In this embodiment, the first simulation component 300 is used to simulate tubular anatomical structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. The first simulation component 300 is tubular in shape and is formed by extrusion of flexible material or by weaving wire into a tubular shape. The tubular body can present different colors and outer diameters according to the simulated object to simulate arteries, veins, nerves, and branches of different levels.

[0031] See Figure 5The second simulation element 400 is used to simulate solid or sheet-like anatomical structures such as muscle and organ contours. The second simulation element 400 is in the form of a thread, a strip, or a mesh-like surface woven from threads. It is made of materials of different colors and possessing a certain degree of extensibility and plasticity. Optionally, the material includes at least one of spandex thread, cotton thread, shape memory alloy wire, or flexible resin. The threads are shaped to form the origin and termination of muscles, their shape, and the approximate contours of organs through bending, winding, weaving, or attachment, and are detachably connected to the first model frame 200 or the second model frame 100.

[0032] See Figure 2 and Figure 3 The first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 are connected and opened via closable connectors such as hook and loop fasteners, magnetic fasteners, or snaps. When the mating edges of the two parts are aligned and pressed together, the connectors engage, causing the second model frame 100 to close and form a complete simulated skin layer. When a peeling force is applied, the connectors separate, and the second model frame 100 can unfold along a preset opening and closing line, thereby fully exposing its internal space. Optionally, a magnetic suction part 111 is provided on the first connecting part 110, and a magnetic attraction fitting part 121 is provided on the second connecting part 120. When the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 are brought close to each other, the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 are magnetically attracted and fixed. The unfolded structure allows students to intuitively and unobstructedly observe the realistic three-dimensional morphology and spatial adjacency of simulated structures such as the internal skeletal frame, blood vessels, nerves, and muscles, deepening their understanding of anatomical layers. At the same time, it provides students with a hands-on platform, which facilitates active construction training such as simulated anatomy and tissue laying, effectively transforming passive observation into inquiry-based learning.

[0033] For example, in this embodiment, when using the human body model, the teacher keeps the model in a closed state and displays it to the students. The students can clearly see, through the larger second mesh in the chest and abdomen area, the thoracic skeleton formed by the first model lines, the spinal outline, and the main structures such as the aorta, inferior vena cava, and sympathetic trunk, which serve as the first simulated component 300. The aorta, inferior vena cava, and sympathetic trunk are set with different colors. In this state, the teacher can explain the projection relationship between these deep structures and surface landmarks, and, with the help of a simulated X-ray light source located at the bottom of the human body model, dynamically demonstrate the changes in the internal structural images under different projection angles on the projection screen, helping students develop a three-dimensional understanding from the physical object to the image.

[0034] In this embodiment, the model switches between a closed and an unfolded state via an openable connection structure on the second model frame 100, thus achieving a functional mode conversion. In the closed state, the model maintains a complete human shape, and thanks to its mesh structure and differentiated mesh design, users can directly observe the spatial layout and hierarchical relationships of the internal skeleton and various simulated components from the outside. In the unfolded state, the internal space of the model is fully exposed, becoming an open anatomical operation platform. Users can directly touch, disassemble, assemble, or rearrange the internal skeleton and various simulated components for active anatomical construction and exploration. This design transforms traditional static observation into a dynamic learning process that integrates external perspective, internal exploration, and hands-on construction, turning abstract anatomical knowledge into tangible, operable, and verifiable physical experience.

[0035] In one embodiment, the first model frame 200 is provided with a plurality of anatomical structures, the anatomical structures including at least one for simulating pedicles, nerve roots or vascular bifurcations, and the anatomical structures are provided with feedback components, the feedback components including sensors disposed on the anatomical structures of the first model frame 200, and prompting devices signal-connected to the sensors; wherein, the sensors are configured to sense simulated surgical instruments outside within a preset distance to trigger the prompting devices to generate prompting signals.

[0036] In this embodiment, the sensing element is used to detect the interaction between the simulated surgical instrument and the anatomical structure. Optionally, the sensing element includes a thin-film pressure sensor, a contact sensor, or a capacitive proximity sensor. For example, for a simulated pedicle anatomical structure, the sensing element can be attached, bundled, or embedded in a first model frame 200 simulating the pedicle region; for a simulated nerve root anatomical structure, the sensing element is attached to the tube body simulating the nerve root; for a simulated vascular bifurcation anatomical structure, the sensing element can be disposed on the inner or outer side of the tube wall at the bifurcation location, to monitor in real time whether external simulated surgical instruments are approaching the placement point of the anatomical structure.

[0037] In this embodiment, the prompting element is used to receive signals from the sensor and generate prompting information that can be directly perceived by the user. Optionally, the prompting element includes at least one of an LED indicator, a miniature vibration motor, or a buzzer. The prompting element is located at the position of the sensor. For example, an LED indicating the pedicle region is disposed on the first model frame 200 corresponding to the outer side of the pedicle. This provides the operator with immediate indication of the location and type of the anatomical structure through visual and / or tactile cues.

[0038] Optionally, the preset distance can be selected or adjusted between 5mm and 30mm. For example, in the anatomical structure of the pedicle of the first model frame 200, the preset distance is set to 5mm-10mm. Once the simulated surgical instrument enters the range of the sensor, a prompt is issued to train the trainee's extreme spatial manipulation ability.

[0039] Furthermore, the anatomical structures can be positioned at various medical anatomical points on the first model frame 200, excluding simulated pedicles, nerve roots, or vascular bifurcations, according to teaching and training needs. These medical anatomical points include: The anatomical structure of the skeleton itself includes all bony structures that constitute nerve or vascular pathways or surgical targets. For example, the anatomical structure of the skeleton itself includes: the intervertebral foramen, the sacral hiatus, the radial groove, the ulnar groove, and osteofibrous canals formed by bones and ligaments, such as the carpal tunnel and the tarsal tunnel.

[0040] Key soft tissue structures that are adjacent to or fixed to the bones include the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, the bifurcation of the common iliac artery, the bifurcation of the femoral artery, the point where nerve roots emerge from the intervertebral foramen, the portion of the brachial plexus that passes through the scalene muscles and under the clavicle, and the point where the common peroneal nerve wraps around the neck of the fibula.

[0041] For example, a lumbar pedicle screw placement training module is used for demonstration. The first model frame 200 simulates a lumbar vertebra containing a pedicle channel. A miniature pressure sensor is attached to the inner wall of the simulated pedicle channel as a sensing element, and an LED light is set on the bone surface on the outer side of the pedicle as a prompting element. When the simulated external surgical drill deviates in the channel and excessively compresses the inner bone wall, simulating that it is about to puncture the cortex, the pressure sensor is triggered, and the outer LED immediately flashes red.

[0042] By setting the anatomical structures at key medical structural points in the first model frame 200, the invisible, tactile perforation risk during surgery is transformed into real-time, intuitive visual or auditory warnings. This allows trainees to instantly recognize the precise anatomical location of operational errors on the model, enabling rapid correction and greatly improving the safety, realism, and teaching efficiency of high-risk spinal fixation skills training.

[0043] In one embodiment, the first model frame 200 includes a plurality of first model lines, which constitute the first model frame 200. The second model frame 100 includes a plurality of second model lines, which constitute the second model frame 100. The plurality of first lines constitute the first mesh, and the plurality of second lines constitute the second mesh.

[0044] In this application, the first model frame 200 is formed by connecting multiple first model lines with certain rigidity and retention through three-dimensional weaving, bending and welding processes. The multiple first model lines intersect in space, and the gaps they enclose form the first mesh holes that cover the skeleton. Through the design of the wire mesh holes, the skeleton achieves lightweight and high light transmittance while ensuring sufficient support strength.

[0045] The second model frame 100 is a continuous mesh surface formed by multiple flexible second model threads through weaving or knitting. The gaps formed by the intersection of multiple second model threads are the second mesh holes, so that the second model frame 100 can both conform to the human body contour and allow light to pass through.

[0046] Furthermore, the second model line is a metal wire, so that the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 can be detachably connected and can move closer to each other or further apart.

[0047] In this further embodiment, to reliably realize the function of repeatedly opening and closing the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120, the second model line constituting the second model frame 100 is preferably a metal wire. The moderate rigidity and deformation recovery capability provided by the metal wire allow the outer shell mesh surface woven from it to maintain the stability of its overall shape when opening and closing, avoiding excessive loosening or wrinkling that may occur with soft materials. At the same time, the metal wire itself is easy to process or connect various connectors at its ends, so as to build a strong and durable first connecting part 110 and second connecting part 120 at the edge of the mesh surface, thereby ensuring that the outer shell can reliably switch between the closed enclosure and the open state.

[0048] Furthermore, the diameter of the first model line is 2.0 mm to 5.0 mm; the diameter of the second model line is 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm; the diameter of the tube constituting the first simulation component 300 is 0.5 mm to 4.0 mm; and the diameter of the line constituting the second simulation component 400 is 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm.

[0049] In this further approach, to achieve differentiated mechanical simulation and visual effects, the diameter of the first model line is set to a range of 2.0 mm to 5.0 mm to simulate the strength and morphological differences in the skeletal system from compact bone to cancellous bone. The lower limit of 2.0 mm ensures the minimum rigidity of the core framework of the human body model, preventing overall deformation; the upper limit of 5.0 mm satisfies the high strength and visual volume required to simulate load-bearing bones such as the femur and spine. By selecting different diameters within this range, for example, 4 mm for cortical bone and 2.5 mm for cancellous bone, differences can be established visually and tactilely, guiding students to understand the mechanical characteristics of different parts of the skeleton.

[0050] The diameter of the second model line is set to be between 1.0 mm and 3.0 mm in order to maintain the shape of the human body outline of the second model frame 100 and balance the needs of perspective effect and opening and closing function.

[0051] For example, in the chest and abdomen areas where high transparency is required, fine metal wires with a diameter of 1.0 mm to 1.8 mm are used for weaving to maximize the mesh opening ratio and ensure that the internal structure is clearly visible. In areas such as joints and armpits where repeated opening and closing or increased anchor point strength are required, plastic-coated metal wires or elastic memory metal wires with a diameter of 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm are used to enhance local durability and shape retention.

[0052] The outer diameter of the tube body of the first simulation component 300 is set to range from 0.5 mm to 4.0 mm to cover the full-scale teaching simulation requirements from micro-branches to main pipelines.

[0053] For example, when simulating large blood vessels such as the aorta and main vein, colored silicone tubes with an outer diameter of 3.0 mm to 4.0 mm are used, and LED light strips can be pre-embedded inside. When simulating medium-sized structures such as the radial artery and ulnar nerve, flexible tubes with an outer diameter of 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm are used. When simulating capillary lymphatic vessels or cutaneous nerve endings, ultra-fine fiber tubes or wires with an outer diameter of 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm are used.

[0054] The diameter of the thread in the second simulation component 400 is set to range from 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm. This is suitable for sculpting the volume of muscle bundles and the basic framework of organs. By varying the thread diameter and weaving density, the thickness and thinness of muscles, as well as the size and shape of organs, can be expressed. This gives the model a rich sense of three-dimensionality and layering when representing soft tissue, making up for the shortcomings of traditional models in expressing the three-dimensional morphology of soft tissue.

[0055] For example, when simulating the biceps brachii and gastrocnemius muscles, multiple strands of elastic thread with a diameter of approximately 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm are woven or wrapped to represent their robust shape. When simulating the fascia layer or thin muscle layer, flat thread strips with a diameter of approximately 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm are used.

[0056] In this implementation, when students observe and operate the model, they can visually distinguish different tissues and touch the simulated structures to receive tactile feedback, thereby building a deep and three-dimensional understanding of human anatomy.

[0057] In one alternative implementation, the material and specifications of the metal wire are matched according to simulated tissue mechanics properties.

[0058] It should be noted that, in this embodiment, the difference from the above embodiments is that, in this embodiment, the tube body of the first simulation component 300, in addition to the hollow tube body, also includes: Solid cables, stranded wires, or braided ropes: such as gold-plated brass stranded wires, cotton ropes, nylon threads, etc. Although these materials are solid, their flexible, bendable, cord-like shape can perfectly simulate the course, branching, and tactile sensation of solid bundle-like structures such as nerves, ligaments, and tendons.

[0059] Special functional wires, such as nickel-titanium shape memory alloy wires, are used to simulate the pulsation of blood vessels or the expansion and contraction of ligaments through their superelasticity, and to simulate pathological morphology through their shape memory effect.

[0060] The first simulation element 300 can distinguish different types of anatomical structures by differences in color, material, and diameter. For example, a red hollow silicone tube can be used to simulate an artery, a yellow-plated brass stranded wire can be used to simulate a nerve trunk, and a white nickel-titanium shape memory alloy wire can be used to simulate a ligament.

[0061] For example, the first model line simulating the cortex of long bones or serving as the main load-bearing skeleton is made of 304 stainless steel wire with a diameter of 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm; the high strength and high rigidity of 304 stainless steel wire provides a stable core support for the model, accurately simulating the hard texture and mechanical function of cortical bone.

[0062] The first model line simulating the trabecular structure of vertebral cancellous bone is made of brass or copper wire with a diameter of 0.3 mm to 0.8 mm. The first model line has medium stiffness and good plasticity, and is easy to weave into grids of different densities, so as to intuitively show the differences in morphology and density of cancellous bone in normal or osteoporotic states.

[0063] To achieve a good fit and appropriate perspective, the second model line can be made of annealed iron wire or flexible stainless steel wire with a diameter of 1.0mm to 2.0mm; at the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 where the opening and closing function is required, the annealed iron wire or flexible stainless steel wire can provide a base for the integrated buckle or magnetic component.

[0064] As an alternative, when simulating the epidermis or superficial fascia layer, a fine metal wire mesh wrapped in silicone can be used as a second model line. This composite material combines the shaping ability of a metal mesh with the elastic feel of silicone, and can be semi-transparent to reveal deeper layers.

[0065] The first simulation component 300, which simulates the main nerve trunk, uses gold-plated brass stranded wire with a diameter of 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm for its tube or wire body. Its flexible and malleable properties and gold appearance can effectively simulate the cord-like shape and course of nerve bundles.

[0066] The first simulation element 300, which simulates joint ligaments, intervertebral discs, or structures with dynamic deformation requirements, can be made of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy wire with a diameter of 0.5 mm to 1.2 mm. Its superelasticity and shape memory effect can vividly simulate the extensibility and repositioning of soft tissues.

[0067] The second simulator 400, which simulates the contours of muscles or organs, uses anodized aluminum wire with a diameter of 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm. The anodized aluminum wire is lightweight and easy to bend and shape by hand, making it convenient for users to construct complex three-dimensional muscle shapes and maintain stability.

[0068] In one embodiment, the second model frame 100 includes a plurality of first model segments, which respectively correspond to simulate the head and neck segment, the thoracic segment, the pelvic segment, the upper limb segment, and the lower limb segment; adjacent first model segments are detachably connected by at least one of plug-in connection, snap-fit ​​connection, threaded connection, and magnetic connection; wherein, at least one of the head and neck segment, the thoracic segment, the pelvic segment, the upper limb segment, and the lower limb segment has different mesh apertures or shapes.

[0069] It is understandable that when one of the above methods is used, the rest of the structure is assembled and connected in the same way to achieve modularity, which makes it easier for students to install or replace later.

[0070] When using magnetic connection, strip magnets are built into the splicing edges of each module. For example, a magnetic strip is set at the lower edge of the thoracic section and a corresponding magnetic strip is set at the upper edge of the abdominal section. The magnetic strips attract each other, enabling quick alignment and closure, and the connection is concealed.

[0071] When using snap-fit ​​connections, for example, a snap-fit ​​is provided on the upper limb segment, and a slot is provided at the axillary connection between the upper limb segment and the thoracic segment. The snap-fit ​​and the slot are locked together to ensure that the upper limb segment will not accidentally fall off during activity.

[0072] When using a plug-in connection, for example, the bottom of the head and neck segment can be designed as a slot, and the upper edge of the thoracic segment can be provided with a tenon. The slot and the tenon are engaged and locked together to achieve a stable connection.

[0073] This implementation allows the model's skin to be disassembled in sections. For example, only the module of the anterior chest and abdomen can be removed to directly observe the structures within the thoracic and abdominal cavities without fully unfolding the entire outer shell.

[0074] In this embodiment, the mesh of different first model segments is different in aperture and / or shape to match the anatomical and teaching characteristics of the simulated parts.

[0075] For example, the head and neck segment and joint areas employ a high-density, small-aperture hexagonal or rhomboid mesh to provide stronger local support and more anchor points for internal structural fixation, facilitating posture adjustment and internal pipeline fixation, and simulating relatively tight skin and subcutaneous tissue.

[0076] For example, the thoracic and abdominal sections use large-aperture square or rhomboid meshes to maximize the perspective area, allowing students to easily observe the internal skeleton simulated by the first model frame 200, the heart model simulated by the second model 400, and so on, to quickly understand the internal structure of the human body.

[0077] For example, the limb segments are made of medium-density, flexible rectangular or wavy meshes to ensure perspective while allowing the model limbs to bend and rotate to a certain extent to simulate the extensibility of skin and soft tissue.

[0078] For example, the lumbosacral region and other curved transition areas use a grid of gradually varying density, transitioning from a denser grid on the back to a sparser grid on the sides of the abdomen, to naturally shape the curves of the human body.

[0079] In this embodiment, by setting differentiated second mesh openings, teachers and students can selectively remove model segments from specific areas for in-depth local anatomical observation or surgical approach simulation without fully unfolding the model, greatly facilitating classroom demonstrations and group exercises. Students can intuitively see and touch why the mesh on the skin at joints needs to be dense and strong, while the mesh on the abdomen is so loose and permeable, thus connecting anatomical knowledge with biomechanics and clinical physical examination.

[0080] Furthermore, the first model segment includes multiple second model segments, which respectively correspond to the simulated head and neck segment, thoracic segment, pelvic segment, upper limb segment, and lower limb segment; adjacent second model segments are detachably connected by at least one of plug-in connection, snap-fit ​​connection, threaded connection, and magnetic connection; wherein, at least two of the head and neck segment, thoracic segment, pelvic segment, upper limb segment, and lower limb segment have different mesh apertures or shapes.

[0081] For example, at the junction of the thoracic segment and the upper limb segment, the scapula of the thoracic segment is provided with a cylindrical male connector, while the proximal end of the humerus of the upper limb segment is provided with a corresponding female connector. The connector can be locked by inserting and rotating it at a certain angle.

[0082] For example, magnets are respectively embedded between the sacral end of the pelvic segment and the femoral head of the lower limb segment. One is a magnetic attraction part 111 and the other is a magnetic attraction mating part 121. The attraction of opposite poles enables rapid docking and retention, while allowing a certain range of passive movement to simulate hip joint movement.

[0083] Through one or more of the above-described connection methods, the entire skeleton can be flexibly assembled and disassembled like building blocks. Teachers can show only the upper limb bones or remove the spine separately for explanation, depending on the needs of the course.

[0084] In this embodiment, the mesh of different first model segments is different in aperture and / or shape to match the anatomical and teaching characteristics of the simulated parts.

[0085] For example, the head and neck segment uses dense circular or small hexagonal meshes to outline complex structures such as eye sockets, nasal cavities, and skull base, while providing sufficient structural strength to support the head, and the small aperture simulates the high density of the skull.

[0086] For example, the thoracic section uses a large diamond or square mesh to maximize the perspective area while maintaining the shape of the rib cage, so that students can directly observe the cardiovascular model simulated by the first simulator 300 passing through it and the lung and heart contour models simulated by the second simulator 400 that may be placed inside it.

[0087] For example, the diaphysis of the upper and lower limbs uses a longitudinally arranged narrow rectangular mesh to simulate the strong texture of the cortex of long bones; while the bone ends near the joints, such as the humeral head or femoral head, use sparse, irregular polygonal meshes to simulate the structure of cancellous bone and create a visual contrast with the diaphysis.

[0088] For example, the pelvic segment uses a dense mesh structure in the weight-bearing acetabular region to demonstrate its strength, while a looser mesh is used in non-weight-bearing areas such as the sacral wing to reduce weight and increase transparency.

[0089] In this further embodiment, by setting different mesh shapes and sizes for the first mesh, teachers can separately extract the diseased lumbar vertebral segment and the normal segment for comparison and explanation, or use only the upper limb segment for specialized training in brachial plexus nerve block, thereby achieving precise teaching.

[0090] In this application, in the first model frame 200 and the second model frame 100, if a local model segment is damaged, the corresponding model segment can be replaced individually without scrapping the entire model; at the same time, a set of models can meet the teaching needs of anatomy courses such as systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, orthopedics, and radiology by combining different modules.

[0091] In one embodiment, the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 are detachably connected by a snap-fit ​​structure; the first connecting part 110 is provided with one of a snap-fit ​​part and a receiving part, and the second connecting part 120 is provided with the other of a snap-fit ​​part and a receiving part. Alternatively, the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 can be detachably connected by Velcro, the first connecting part 110 is provided with one of the hook face and the fur face, and the second connecting part 120 is provided with the other of the hook face and the fur face. Alternatively, one of the first connecting portion 110 and the second connecting portion 120 may be a magnetic attracting member, and the other may be a magnetically engaging member, with the first connecting portion 110 and the second connecting portion 120 being magnetically connected and fixed.

[0092] When a snap-fit ​​structure is used for connection, the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 are respectively provided with a fastening part and a receiving part that cooperate with each other. For example, the first connecting part 110 is provided with a plurality of raised cylinders as fastening parts, and the second connecting part 120 is provided with a plurality of metal rings or elastic plastic rings with annular grooves as receiving parts at positions corresponding to the round cap button. When it is necessary to close the model, the two side edges are aligned and pressure is applied to make the middle groove of the metal ring or elastic plastic ring fit onto the raised cylinder, thus completing the locking. When opening, it is only necessary to apply force to make the middle groove of the metal ring or elastic plastic ring move upward along the raised cylinder and disengage from the raised cylinder, thus removing the protrusion.

[0093] When using Velcro fasteners, the first connecting portion 110 and the second connecting portion 120 are respectively provided with a hook-and-loop side and a loop side. For example, on the opening line of the model's torso, a hook-and-loop webbing is sewn onto the first connecting portion 110, and a loop side webbing is sewn onto the second connecting portion 120. When closed, the two webbings are aligned and pressed together, and the small hooks of the hook side and the loops of the loop side become entangled to achieve connection. When opened, they can be simply torn apart.

[0094] When magnetic connection is used, one of the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 is a magnetic attractor, and the other is a magnetic mating part. For example, in areas where concealed connection is needed, such as the shoulder or armpit of the model, a row of small cylindrical neodymium iron boron magnets is embedded in the first connecting part 110, and nickel-plated steel sheets are embedded in corresponding positions in the second connecting part 120. When the two parts are brought close to a certain distance, they automatically align and attract each other under the action of magnetic force. To open, a pulling force to overcome the magnetic force is required for separation.

[0095] In this embodiment, a first connecting part 110 and a second connecting part 120 that can be detached are provided to perform repeated connection and separation operations, thereby ensuring that the model can stably switch between a closed teaching state and an open observation state, so as to solve the teaching shortcomings of traditional physical models that are closed and invisible, and that it is difficult to restore the form when the model is simply disassembled.

[0096] In one embodiment, the first connecting part 110 is provided with a fastening post, and the second connecting part 120 is provided with a plurality of fastening hooks, the fastening hooks being fixed on the fastening post so that the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 are connected.

[0097] When a snap-fit ​​connection is used, the first connecting part 110 and the second connecting part 120 are respectively provided with a fastening part and a receiving part that cooperate with each other. For example, on the opening and closing line of the model's torso, the first connecting part 110 is fixed with a row of spaced columnar protrusions as fastening parts, and the second connecting part 120 is correspondingly provided with a row of elastic hooks with openings as receiving parts. When the model needs to be closed, the two side edges are aligned, and pressure is applied to make the openings of the elastic hooks hook onto the columnar protrusions, thus completing the locking. When opening, simply pinch the hook part to disengage the opening from the columnar protrusion, and the protrusion can be disengaged.

[0098] In one embodiment, at least a portion of the first simulation element 300 is provided with a light-emitting component, which is uniformly distributed along the tube body to emit dynamic light effects to simulate blood flow or distribution.

[0099] In this embodiment, in order to realize dynamic visualization teaching of physiological processes such as blood circulation and nerve impulse conduction, a light-emitting component is integrated inside at least part of the first simulation component 300. The light-emitting component mainly includes a light source unit, a light guide medium, and a control unit.

[0100] For example, when simulating large and medium-sized blood vessels, flexible LED light strips are used as light source units. The flexible LED light strips are tightly attached to or embedded in the inner wall or interlayer of the transparent or translucent silicone tube simulating the blood vessel, ensuring that the LEDs are evenly spaced along the axial direction of the tube. Optionally, in the tube simulating the aorta, one LED is placed every 1-2 centimeters.

[0101] For example, when simulating a nerve trunk or requiring precise optical path demonstration, multiple independent optical fibers are used as the light guiding medium; multiple optical fibers are inserted side by side into a transparent nerve simulation tube, with one end connected to an RGB LED light source and the other end sealed. By controlling the on / off state of different optical fibers, a clear trajectory of light spot movement can be formed.

[0102] Connection of the control unit: The light source end of the light source unit or light guide medium is electrically connected to a control unit. This control unit can be implemented using a conventional microcontroller in the art; optionally, the microcontroller includes Arduino or ESP32. The specific circuit structure of the microcontroller and the basic driving method for the LED are prior art and will not be described further in this application.

[0103] For example, when simulating arterial blood flow, the control unit cyclically executes the following light sequence: at the beginning of the tube in the simulated heart position, the LED lights up with a strong red pulse light; when it reaches the bifurcation of the blood vessel, the brightness of the light pulse is distributed to each branch according to the physiological shunt flow ratio; this cycle is repeated to simulate the heartbeat and the propagation of the pulse wave.

[0104] For example, simulating nerve impulse conduction: controlling the yellow LEDs to light up and turn off rapidly and sequentially along the simulated nerve tube at a physiological conduction speed of about 10-100 meters per second, clearly demonstrating the unidirectional or bidirectional conduction path of nerve signals.

[0105] For example, pathological state simulation: when simulating vascular stenosis, the LED light at the distal end of the stenotic segment dims, flashes, or the flow rate slows down; when simulating nerve conduction block, the signal light is interrupted at the blockage point.

[0106] In this embodiment, for example, a flexible LED light strip is embedded inside a red, translucent silicone tube simulating the ascending aorta and coronary arteries, and connected to a control unit. After power is turned on, the control unit executes the arterial blood flow program, controlling the light to emit red pulses from the root of the aorta and flow to the left and right coronary arteries and their main branches, respectively, visually demonstrating the blood supply path of the heart.

[0107] This embodiment, by implementing the aforementioned light-emitting component with controllable light state, enables the human body model provided in this application to achieve dynamic functional demonstrations. Utilizing mature control and light-emitting components in the prior art, invisible physiological and pathological processes are transformed into intuitive visual displays, effectively enhancing the vividness, immersion, and depth of understanding of complex physiological mechanisms in teaching.

[0108] See Figure 6 and Figure 7 In one embodiment, the first model frame 200 includes an exoskeleton layer 210 and an inner skeleton layer 220. The inner skeleton layer 220 is enclosed to form a cavity. There is a gap between the exoskeleton layer 210 and the inner skeleton layer 220. The exoskeleton layer 210 is provided with a plurality of outer mesh holes 211, and the inner skeleton layer 220 is provided with a plurality of inner mesh holes 221. The aperture of the outer mesh holes 211 is smaller than the aperture of at least a portion of the inner mesh holes 221. The first model frame 200 is composed of multiple skeletons. A connector, through which two adjacent bones are connected, and a plurality of bones are connected to form at least one of the skull, spine, thorax, pelvis and limb bones; The first model frame 200 is also provided with multiple mounting parts, at least some of which are arranged along a preset anatomical path.

[0109] It is understood that, in this embodiment, in order to achieve uniform light transmission, the shape of the outer mesh 211 and the inner mesh 221 is not specifically limited, and the mesh shape can be selected as circular, rhomboid, rectangular or other geometric shapes.

[0110] Understandably, each bone in the first simulation frame has a double-layered hollow structure, with each bone including an inner skeleton layer 220 and an outer skeleton layer 210. The outer skeleton layer 210 is used to simulate high-density cortical bone, and the inner skeleton layer 220 is used to simulate medium- to low-density cancellous bone.

[0111] The inner skeleton layer 220 has the internal contour of the skeleton, which encloses to form a cavity that can be used to simulate the medullary cavity.

[0112] The exoskeleton layer 210 wraps around the endoskeleton layer 220, and the two are connected at their ends to maintain their relative positions, thus forming a continuous gap between the two layers. This gap represents the area where the cancellous bone of the skeleton is located.

[0113] The exoskeleton layer 210 is covered with multiple outer mesh holes 211, and the inner skeleton layer 220 is covered with multiple inner mesh holes 221. The aperture of the outer mesh holes 211 is smaller than that of the inner mesh holes 221, so that the density of the exoskeleton layer 210 region is higher than that of the inner skeleton layer 220 region in terms of visual appearance and light transmittance.

[0114] Adjacent bones are movably connected by connectors; for example, the humerus and scapula at the shoulder joint can be connected by joint connectors, and vertebrae can be connected in series by connectors; so that the various parts of the skeleton can move and can be positioned in a variety of anatomical positions.

[0115] During instruction, a fixed light source is used to illuminate the skeleton from one side. The light penetrates the bone, which is made of filaments. Because the exoskeleton layer 210 has smaller, denser meshes, while the endoskeleton layer 220 has larger, sparser meshes, an image with rich grayscale levels is projected onto the receiving area of ​​the light source on the other side of the skeleton. The portion of the image corresponding to the outer edge of the bone is darker to simulate high-density cortical bone, the middle portion shows a gray transition to simulate medium- to low-density cancellous bone, and the central area may be the brightest or form a light spot to simulate the translucent medullary cavity. Changing the position of the light source or the skeleton causes the projected image to change dynamically, vividly simulating the effect of X-ray films at different projection angles.

[0116] By setting up a double-layer hollow skeleton structure made of lines, with an exoskeleton layer 210 and an inner skeleton layer 220, the problems of traditional solid models being opaque and unable to display internal density differences are effectively solved. By setting meshes with different apertures on the exoskeleton layer 210 and the inner skeleton layer 220, and setting the aperture of the outer mesh 211 to be smaller than the aperture of at least some of the inner meshes 221, the problem that the projection of a simple hollow model only shows the outline and cannot reflect gray levels is effectively solved; when light passes through, due to the density difference, an image with light and dark contrast can be formed on the projection surface, realistically simulating the image differences between cortical bone, cancellous bone and medullary cavity in real X-ray films; By setting a first simulation component 300 on the skeleton for attaching and threading simulated nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, and a second simulation component 400 for simulating muscles and organs, the problem of existing models lacking physical guidance and students making mistakes during hands-on operation is effectively solved. This application transforms abstract anatomical knowledge into tangible and operable physical paths, guiding students to conduct accurate weaving practice and realizing a shift from passive observation to active construction in teaching methods.

[0117] For example, in multiple bones, multiple mounting portions are provided on the outer surface of the bone representing the humerus. At least a portion of these mounting portions are arranged according to the course of specific tissues in human anatomy.

[0118] The mounting parts are arranged linearly along a preset anatomical path, which corresponds to the direction of the radial nerve behind the humerus, i.e., the projection path of the radial groove. When a first simulation element 300 or a second simulation element 400 needs to be set, the first simulation element 300 only needs to be installed along the path, or the second simulation element 400 needs to be fixed to the mounting part, so that the teaching skeleton can be simulated on the skeleton.

[0119] By pre-setting multiple mounting parts along anatomical paths that correspond to the routes of key nerves or blood vessels, the skeleton of this invention provides built-in, standardized operational guidance. When users learn using the simulators, they can easily connect or attach the first simulator 300 simulating blood vessels sequentially to or close to these mounting parts arranged along the path, thereby ensuring that the simulated nerve or blood vessel routes conform to real anatomical relationships. This effectively avoids path errors that may occur in traditional teaching due to a lack of guidance. By transforming abstract anatomical theory into intuitive and operable paths, the accuracy and efficiency of teaching are effectively improved.

[0120] Furthermore, the filaments simulating the first model frame 200 are made of a flexible material, including an inner skeleton layer 220 and an outer skeleton layer 210. The flexible material is at least one of resin, nylon, or an elastic metal material.

[0121] Understandably, in the area simulating the outer periphery of the skeleton, the threads are woven or arranged at a high density, with very fine mesh between the threads, thus forming a relatively dense outline in terms of both visual appearance and structure, used to simulate cortical bone; in the area simulating the interior of the skeleton, the threads are woven at a lower density, forming larger mesh, thus forming a relatively sparse internal space in terms of both visual appearance and light transmission, used to simulate cancellous bone; the space enclosed or defined by the innermost wireframe naturally forms a cavity, used to simulate the medullary cavity.

[0122] Furthermore, the flexible wires constituting the simulated skeleton are made of at least one of resin fibers, nylon filaments, or elastic shape-memory metal wires. Using resin fibers, nylon filaments, or elastic shape-memory metal wires effectively ensures that the wires possess the necessary flexibility to adapt to the shape, while also providing sufficient structural strength to maintain the overall form of the skeleton.

[0123] In summary, this invention proposes a human body model for teaching human anatomy. It employs a second, closable model frame 100, woven from linear materials such as metal wires and featuring differentiated mesh apertures, as a simulated skin layer. This structure maintains the human body contour when closed and fully exposes the internal space when unfolded, achieving a model that transitions from closed to open. Inside this human contour frame, a first model frame 200, composed of a double-layered mesh structure of an exoskeleton layer 210 and an endoskeleton layer 220, is set up to simulate the skeletal system. The density difference between the inner and outer mesh layers naturally creates grayscale levels simulating cortical and cancellous bone images under transmitted light. The model also includes detachable first and second simulation components 300 and 400, each with different materials and colors, used to simulate blood vessels, nerves, and muscles, respectively. A feedback system consisting of micro-sensors and prompting devices is integrated at key anatomical sites. Programmable light-emitting components are embedded within simulated channels to simulate the flow of blood or nerve conduction in the human body.

[0124] Among them, the openable mesh human contour frame and internal mesh skeleton design allow students to build the model layer by layer from the skeleton to the surface, and still observe the spatial relationship of the internal multi-layer structure when the model is closed, realizing the transformation of the teaching mode from passive observation to active exploration; the sensor feedback system integrated into key points can provide real-time and intuitive sound, light or vibration prompts when simulated surgical instruments touch risky structures, and has more easily understood anatomical skill training memory points; the built-in light-emitting components can transform the abstract blood flow or nerve conduction process into dynamic and visible light effects, which greatly promotes the understanding of physiological and pathological mechanisms.

[0125] The above description is merely an exemplary embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the patent scope of the present invention. Any equivalent structural transformations made using the contents of the present invention specification and drawings under the technical concept of the present invention, or direct / indirect applications in other related technical fields, are included within the patent protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A human body model, characterized in that, include: The first model frame has multiple first mesh holes and is used to simulate the human skeleton. The second model frame has a chamber, a first connecting part, a second connecting part, and a plurality of second mesh openings. The first model frame is disposed in the chamber and detachably connected to the second model frame. The first connecting part and the second connecting part are detachably connected and can move closer to each other or further away from each other. When the first connecting part moves closer to the second connecting part and connects with it, the second model frame encloses the chamber. When the first connecting part moves away from the second connecting part and disconnects from it, the second model frame unfolds to expose the first model frame. The second model frame is used to simulate the external contour of the human body. At least some of the second mesh openings have a larger aperture than the first mesh openings. Both the first and second model frames include at least one of the following: head and neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper limbs, and lower limbs, and are correspondingly arranged. The simulation structure includes at least one of a first simulation component and a second simulation component disposed within the cavity and detachably connected to a first model frame. The first simulation component includes a hollow tube for simulating at least one of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. The second simulation component includes a thread for simulating at least one of human muscles and organs.

2. The human body model as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The first model frame is provided with multiple anatomical structures, including at least one for simulating pedicles, nerve roots or blood vessel bifurcations. The anatomical structures are provided with feedback components, including sensors disposed on the anatomical structures of the first model frame and prompting components signal-connected to the sensors. The sensor is configured to sense external simulated surgical instruments within a preset distance to trigger the prompting device to generate a prompting signal.

3. The human body model as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The first model frame includes multiple first model lines, which constitute the first model frame. The second model frame includes multiple second model lines, which constitute the second model frame. Multiple first lines form the first mesh, and multiple second lines form the second mesh.

4. The human body model as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The second model line is a metal wire, so as to enable the first connecting part and the second connecting part to be detachably connected and to move closer to each other or further apart.

5. The human body model as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The diameter of the first model line is 2.0 mm to 5.0 mm; the diameter of the second model line is 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm; the diameter of the tube constituting the first simulation component is 0.5 mm to 4.0 mm; and the diameter of the line constituting the second simulation component is 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm.

6. The human body model as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The second model frame includes multiple first model segments, which respectively correspond to the simulated head and neck segment, thoracic segment, pelvic segment, upper limb segment, and lower limb segment; adjacent first model segments are detachably connected by at least one of plug-in connection, snap-fit ​​connection, threaded connection, and magnetic connection. The mesh aperture or shape of at least one of the head and neck segment, thoracic segment, pelvic segment, upper limb segment, and lower limb segment is different.

7. The human body model as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The first connecting part and the second connecting part are detachably connected by a snap-fit ​​structure; the first connecting part is provided with one of a snap-fit ​​part and a receiving part, and the second connecting part is provided with the other of a snap-fit ​​part and a receiving part. Alternatively, the first connecting part and the second connecting part can be detachably connected by Velcro, the first connecting part is provided with one of the hook face and the fur face, and the second connecting part is provided with the other of the hook face and the fur face. Alternatively, one of the first connecting part and the second connecting part is a magnetic suction member, and the other is a magnetic attraction member, with the first connecting part and the second connecting part magnetically connected and fixed.

8. The human body model as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The first connecting part is provided with a fastening post, and the second connecting part is provided with a plurality of fastening hooks. The fastening hooks are fixed on the fastening post so that the first connecting part and the second connecting part are connected.

9. The human body model as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The first model frame includes an exoskeleton layer and an endoskeleton layer. The endoskeleton layer is enclosed to form a cavity. There is a gap between the exoskeleton layer and the endoskeleton layer. The exoskeleton layer has multiple outer mesh holes, and the endoskeleton layer has multiple inner mesh holes. The diameter of the outer mesh holes is smaller than the diameter of at least some of the inner mesh holes. The first model frame is composed of multiple bones. A connector, through which two adjacent bones are connected, and a plurality of bones are connected to form at least one of the skull, spine, thorax, pelvis and limb bones; The first model frame is also provided with multiple mounting parts, at least some of which are arranged along a preset anatomical path.

10. The human body model as described in claim 1, characterized in that, At least a portion of the first simulation component is provided with a light-emitting component, which is uniformly distributed along the tube body to emit dynamic light effects to simulate blood flow or distribution.

Images