Transparent laminate, image display device, double-sided anti-reflection laminate, and transparent protective tool for face

Abstract

The present application provides a transparent laminate, an image display device, a double-sided anti-reflection laminate, and a transparent protective tool for a face. According to one embodiment of the present application, a transparent laminate (10) is provided, which is a transparent laminate (10) provided with a functional layer (12) and a low-refractive layer (13) having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer (12), wherein a surface (13A) of the low-refractive layer (13) forms a surface (10A) of the transparent laminate (10), and when a fog resistance test is performed by placing the transparent laminate (10) in an environment of -15°C for 5 minutes, and then moving the transparent laminate (10) to an environment of 20°C or higher and 25°C or lower, and a relative humidity of 40% or higher and 70% or lower, for 5 minutes, the surface (10A) of the transparent laminate (10) does not fog, and an absolute value ΔY1 of a difference in light reflectance Y of the surface (10A) of the transparent laminate (10) before and after the fog resistance test is 0.2% or lower.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application. The original application has the application number 202180050519.9, the application date is June 30, 2021, and the invention title is "Transparent laminate, image display device, double-sided anti-reflective laminate and transparent protective device for face".

[0002] Reference to relevant applications

[0003] This application enjoys the benefit of priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-113538 (filed on June 30, 2020), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0004] This invention relates to transparent laminates, image display devices, double-sided anti-reflective laminates, double-sided anti-reflective laminates, and transparent protective devices for the face. Background Technology

[0005] In recent years, image display devices such as digital signage (electronic signs) that can be used outdoors have been developed. In image display devices used outdoors, to improve durability, the front panel is sometimes placed on the side closer to the observer than the display panel, separated by an air gap.

[0006] The front panel is usually made of glass. In order to suppress the reflection of external light, an anti-reflective film is sometimes provided on the side closer to the display panel than the glass panel (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

[0007] Existing technical documents

[0008] Patent documents

[0009] Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2016-35519 Summary of the Invention

[0010] The problem that the invention aims to solve

[0011] However, while rain and wind protection measures are implemented in image display devices used outdoors, fog protection measures are not. In particular, in image display devices with an air layer between the front panel and the display panel, the amount of moisture in the air layer increases when used outdoors. Therefore, if the anti-reflective film is installed on the front panel with the anti-reflective film facing the display panel side, the surface of the anti-reflective film (specifically, the surface of the low-refractive-index layer) will fog up due to moisture in the air layer when the image display device is in use. Due to the reduced light reflectivity of the anti-reflective film surface, image clarity, visibility, and transmittance may decrease. Especially in large image display devices, if fogging occurs on part of the anti-reflective film surface, resulting in partial reduction of image clarity, uneven image clarity may occur due to differences between the image and other parts.

[0012] Furthermore, the novel coronavirus is currently raging globally. It is known that the novel coronavirus and other viruses are transmitted through droplets. To prevent this droplet infection, people sometimes wear transparent face shields or use transparent barriers when conversing. Additionally, from a hygiene perspective, to prevent infection by other viruses and to avoid contamination, such protective equipment is necessary when everyone is in contact with each other.

[0013] However, if you are talking through a transparent face shield or a transparent partition, it is difficult to see the mouth movements due to light reflection. In addition, the transparent face shield may fog up due to exhalation, which may make the other person feel uneasy and stressed.

[0014] The present invention was made to solve the above-mentioned problems. That is, the object of the present invention is to provide a transparent laminate with anti-reflective properties and excellent anti-fogging properties, and whose light reflectivity is difficult to change even in environments prone to fogging; an image display device having the transparent laminate; a double-sided anti-reflective laminate; and a transparent protective device for the face having the double-sided anti-reflective laminate.

[0015] Methods for solving problems

[0016] [1] A transparent laminate having a functional layer and a low-refractive-index layer with a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein the surface of the low-refractive-index layer forms the surface of the transparent laminate. When the transparent laminate is placed in an environment of -15°C for 5 minutes and then placed in an environment of 20°C to 25°C and relative humidity of 40% to 70% for 5 minutes for an anti-fogging test, the surface of the transparent laminate does not fog up, and the absolute value ΔY1 of the difference between the light reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate before and after the anti-fogging test is 0.2% or less.

[0017] [2] A transparent laminate, comprising a functional layer and a low-refractive-index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein, in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum of the surface of the transparent laminate, at 1150 cm⁻¹... -1 ~1000cm -1 The intensity of the second peak in the second wavenumber region relative to 1780 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1700cm -1 The ratio of the first peak intensity in the first wavenumber region is above 1.25 and below 2.20.

[0018] [3] A transparent laminate, comprising a functional layer and a low-refractive-index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein, in the absorption spectrum of the surface of the transparent laminate based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, at 1150 cm⁻¹... -1 ~1000cm -1 The intensity of the second peak in the second wavenumber region relative to 1780 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1700cm -1 The ratio of the intensity of the first peak in the first wavenumber region is above 0.01 and below 0.40.

[0019] [4] The transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to [3] above, wherein the ratio of the arithmetic mean roughness of the surface of the transparent laminate to the maximum height is 0.02 or more and 0.15 or less.

[0020] [5] The transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to [4] above, wherein the indentation hardness of the surface of the transparent laminate is 20 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less, and the composite elastic modulus of the surface of the transparent laminate is 0.15 GPa or more and 1.5 GPa or less.

[0021] [6] The transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to [5] above, wherein the thickness of the low refractive index layer is 200 nm or less.

[0022] [7] The transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to [6] above, wherein the thickness of the functional layer is 3 μm or more.

[0023] [8] A transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to [9] above, wherein the functional layer contains hydrophilic groups and the low refractive index layer is adjacent to the functional layer.

[0024] [9] The transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to [8] above, wherein the contact angle between the surface of the transparent laminate and water is 90° or more.

[0025]

[10] The transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to [9] above, wherein the low refractive index layer comprises hollow silica particles.

[0026]

[11] The transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to

[10] above, wherein the functional layer is a hard coating layer.

[0027]

[12] The transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to

[11] above further comprises a substrate disposed on the side of the functional layer opposite to the side of the low refractive index layer.

[0028]

[13] The transparent laminate as described in

[12] above, wherein the substrate comprises resin or glass.

[0029]

[14] The transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to

[13] above is used in an image display device, a transparent protective device for the face, a transparent film curtain, or a transparent separator.

[0030]

[15] The transparent laminate as described in

[14] above, wherein the image display device is an outdoor image display device.

[0031]

[16] An image display device comprising a display panel and a light-transmitting front panel disposed on the observer side of the display panel with an air layer sandwiched between the display panel and the display panel, wherein the front panel comprises a substrate and a transparent laminate disposed on at least one of the display panel side and the observer side of the substrate as described in any one of [1] to

[13] .

[0032]

[17] A double-sided anti-reflective laminate, which is a double-sided anti-reflective laminate with anti-reflective function on both sides, comprising: a transparent laminate as described in any one of [1] to

[13] above; an anti-reflective film disposed on the back side of the transparent laminate opposite to the surface above; and a transparent adhesive layer for bonding the transparent laminate and the anti-reflective film.

[0033]

[18] As described in

[17] above, the double-sided anti-reflective laminate is used for a transparent protective device for the face, wherein the surface of the transparent laminate is located on the face side.

[0034]

[19] The double-sided anti-reflective laminate as described in

[17] or

[18] above, wherein the total light transmittance of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate is 90% or more.

[0035]

[20] The double-sided antireflective laminate as described in any one of

[17] to

[19] above, wherein the double-sided reflectivity of the double-sided antireflective laminate is 0.1% to 2% and the light reflectivity of the surface of the transparent laminate is greater than or equal to the light reflectivity of the antireflective film.

[0036]

[21] The double-sided antireflective laminate as described in any one of

[17] to

[19] above, wherein the double-sided reflectivity of the double-sided antireflective laminate is more than 0.1% and less than 2%, and the absolute value ΔY2 of the difference between the light reflectivity of the transparent laminate and the light reflectivity of the antireflective film is less than 1.0%.

[0037]

[22] A transparent protective device for the face, comprising: a support member; and a double-sided anti-reflective laminate as described in any one of

[17] to

[21] , which is mounted on the support member, wherein the surface of the transparent laminate is located on the face side.

[0038] The effects of the invention

[0039] According to the present invention, a transparent laminate with anti-reflective properties and excellent anti-fog properties, and whose light reflectivity is difficult to change even in environments prone to fogging, as well as an image display device having the transparent laminate, a double-sided anti-reflective laminate, and a transparent protective device for the face having the double-sided anti-reflective laminate, can be provided. Attached Figure Description

[0040] Figure 1 This is a schematic structural diagram of the transparent laminate of the implementation method.

[0041] Figure 2 This is a schematic structural diagram of another transparent laminate in the implementation method.

[0042] Figure 3 This is a schematic structural diagram of another transparent laminate in the implementation method.

[0043] Figure 4 This is a schematic structural diagram of another transparent laminate in the implementation method.

[0044] Figure 5 This is a schematic structural diagram of another transparent laminate in the implementation method.

[0045] Figure 6 This is a schematic structural diagram of the image display device according to an embodiment.

[0046] Figure 7 This is a schematic structural diagram of a transparent protective device for the face, as described in the embodiment.

[0047] Figure 8 yes Figure 7The diagram shows a schematic structural diagram of a double-sided anti-reflective laminate.

[0048] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram showing the state of the sample placed on the support when measuring the double-sided reflectance.

[0049] Figure 10 This is a schematic structural diagram of another double-sided anti-reflective laminate implemented in this way.

[0050] Figure 11 This is a schematic structural diagram of another double-sided anti-reflective laminate implemented in this way.

[0051] Figure 12 This is a schematic structural diagram of a single-sided anti-reflective laminate according to an embodiment.

[0052] Symbol Explanation

[0053] 10, 20, 30, 40, 50… transparent laminates

[0054] 10A, 20A, 30A, 40A, 50A… Surface

[0055] 11…substrate

[0056] 12… Functional Layer

[0057] 13…Low Refractive Index Layer

[0058] 60…Image display device

[0059] 70… Display Panel

[0060] 90…air layer

[0061] 100…Front Panel

[0062] 120…Transparent face protection

[0063] 140, 180, 190… Double-sided anti-reflective laminates Detailed Implementation

[0064] Hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying drawings, embodiments of the transparent laminate, double-sided anti-reflective laminate, image display device, and transparent protective device for the face according to the present invention will be described. In this specification, the terms "film," "sheet," etc., are merely different names for the same thing and are not distinguished from one another. Therefore, for example, "film" is used to mean, for instance, also components referred to as sheets. Figure 1 This is a schematic structural diagram of the transparent laminate of this embodiment. Figures 2-5 This is a schematic structural diagram of another transparent laminate in this embodiment. Figure 6 This is a schematic structural diagram of the image display device according to this embodiment. Figure 7This is a schematic structural diagram of a transparent protective device for the face according to this embodiment. Figure 8 yes Figure 7 The diagram shown is a schematic structural representation of a double-sided anti-reflective laminate. Figures 9-11 This is a schematic structural diagram of another double-sided anti-reflective laminate according to this embodiment. Figure 12 This is a schematic structural diagram of the single-sided anti-reflective laminate of this embodiment.

[0065] <<<Transparent Layers>>>

[0066] Figure 1 The transparent laminate 10 shown is a transparent laminate with anti-reflective and anti-fogging properties. That is, the transparent laminate 10 functions as both an anti-reflective film and an anti-fogging film. In this specification, "transparent" simply means transparency that achieves a degree of visibility appropriate to the intended use.

[0067] The transparent laminate 10 sequentially comprises a substrate 11, a functional layer 12, and a low-refractive-index layer 13 with a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer 12. The low-refractive-index layer 13 is adjacent to the functional layer 12. The transparent laminate 10 includes a substrate 11, but may also omit the substrate 11. In addition, at least one or more other functional layers may be provided on the low-refractive-index layer 13.

[0068] Figure 1 The surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 shown becomes the surface 13A of the low-refractive-index layer 13. In this specification, the term "surface" of the transparent laminate refers to the surface of the low-refractive-index layer side of the transparent laminate. Therefore, to distinguish it from the surface of the transparent laminate, the side of the transparent laminate opposite to the surface is called the "back side". The back side 10B of the transparent laminate 10 becomes the second surface 11B of the substrate 11. When at least one other functional layer is provided on the low-refractive-index layer 13, the surface of the transparent laminate becomes the surface of the uppermost layer among those functional layers. It should be noted that examples of such functional layers include, for instance, antifouling layers or antistatic layers of extremely thin films with a thickness of 1 nm to 50 nm.

[0069] At least one layer constituting the transparent laminate 10 preferably contains an ultraviolet absorber. Known ultraviolet absorbers can be used as ultraviolet absorbers.

[0070] In the transparent laminate 10, when the transparent laminate 10 is placed in an environment of -15°C for 5 minutes and then moved to an environment of 20°C to 25°C and relative humidity of 40% to 70% for 5 minutes for an anti-fogging test, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 does not fog. The -15°C environment in the anti-fogging test can be obtained by using a refrigerator. In addition, a sample cut from the transparent laminate 10 is used in the anti-fogging test, and the sample size is 100mm × 100mm. The sample is then attached to a 100mm × 100mm × 2mm acrylic blackboard (e.g., COMOGLAS acrylic sheet, Kuraray Co., Ltd.) using a 25μm thick transparent adhesive (product name "PD-S1", manufactured by PANAC Co., Ltd.). At this time, the transparent laminate is attached so that the back side is the acrylic blackboard side, and the surface of the transparent laminate is used as the observation side. Furthermore, the samples thus formed are used as test samples. Three identical test samples are prepared, and each of the three (n=3) test samples is used to conduct an anti-fogging test. The surface of the test sample immediately after the anti-fogging test is visually observed to determine whether the surface of the test sample (surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13) fogs up. It should be noted that in the above anti-fogging test, the transparent laminate 10 is placed in an environment of 20°C to 25°C and relative humidity of 40% to 70% for 5 minutes because the transparent laminate 10 does not fog up immediately after being moved to an environment of 20°C to 25°C, but fog may appear over time.

[0071] In the transparent laminate 10, the absolute value of the difference in light reflectance Y of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 before and after the aforementioned anti-fogging test ( Light reflectance of the transparent laminate before anti-fogging test - Light reflectance of the transparent laminate after anti-fogging test ΔY1 is 0.2% or less. The light reflectance Y can be measured using a spectrophotometer (e.g., the "UV-2600," manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). Specifically, first, a sample of the aforementioned size is cut from the transparent laminate 10. Using the aforementioned spectrophotometer, light with an incident angle of 5 degrees is irradiated from the surface of the sample (the surface 13A of the low-refractive-index layer 13, etc.) before the anti-fogging test. The reflected light in the positive reflection direction reflected by the sample is received, and the reflectance in the wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm is measured. "Light with an incident angle of 5 degrees" in this specification refers to light tilted 5 degrees relative to the aforementioned normal direction when the normal direction of the sample surface (the surface of the low-refractive-index layer) is set to 0 degrees. Furthermore, the light reflectance Y is calculated using software that converts the brightness to what the human eye perceives (e.g., software built into the UV-2600). Then, an anti-fogging test is performed on the sample. Furthermore, the light reflectance Y in the sample after the anti-fogging test is calculated in the same manner as the light reflectance Y in the sample before the anti-fogging test, and the absolute value of the difference between the light reflectance Y of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 before and after the anti-fogging test is calculated. Regarding the light reflectance of the transparent laminate before and after the anti-fogging test, 40 points are randomly measured in the sample, and the arithmetic mean of the measured 40 points is obtained. The upper limit of ΔY1 is more preferably 0.2% or less, 0.15% or less, or 0.125% or less. The lower limit of ΔY1 is 0% or more, but may also be 0.03% or more.

[0072] In the transparent laminate 10, the absolute value of the difference in light reflectance Y before and after a lightfastness test where light (e.g., light from a carbon arc lamp) is applied to the transparent laminate 10 for 200 hours at 63°C and 50% relative humidity is used. Light reflectance of the transparent laminate before lightfastness test - Light reflectance of the transparent laminate after lightfastness test ΔY3 is preferably 0.5% or less. The lightfastness test can be performed using a lightfastness testing machine (e.g., "Ultraviolet Lightfastness Testing Machine U48AU", manufactured by Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.). Specifically, firstly, after cutting a sample of the aforementioned size from the transparent laminate, the light reflectance Y before the lightfastness test is calculated using the aforementioned spectrophotometer, in the same manner as described above. Then, the sample is placed in the aforementioned lightfastness testing machine, and the lightfastness test is performed under the aforementioned conditions. Then, the light reflectance Y in the sample after the lightfastness test is calculated in the same manner as the light reflectance Y in the sample before the lightfastness test, and the absolute value of the difference between the light reflectance Y of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 before and after the lightfastness test is calculated. Regarding the light reflectance of the transparent laminate before the lightfastness test and the light reflectance of the transparent laminate after the anti-fogging test, 40 points are randomly measured in the sample, and the arithmetic mean of the measured 40 points of light reflectance is obtained. The upper limit of ΔY3 is more preferably 0.5% or less, 0.4% or less, 0.3% or less, or 0.2% or less. The lower limit of ΔY3 is 0% or more.

[0073] In the transparent laminate 10, the light reflectance Y of the surface 10A of the surface 10A, without undergoing the aforementioned anti-fogging test and lightfastness test, is preferably 3.5% or less. This increases the overall light transmittance of the transparent laminate 10, making it easier for the wearer to see others, and also easier for the wearer to see from the other side, thus improving image clarity in image display devices. Regarding the light reflectance of the transparent laminate, 40 points are measured at approximately equal intervals in a sample of the aforementioned size, covering the entire transparent laminate, and the arithmetic mean of the measured light reflectance at these 40 points is obtained. From the perspective of further suppressing the reflection of external light, the light reflectance Y is more preferably 2.0% or less, 1.5% or less, or 1.2% or less. It should be noted that when the transparent laminate 10 is used as a transparent shielding film for a transparent protective device for the face, it is preferable that the light reflectivity of the wearing side (inner surface) and the opposite side (outer surface) of the transparent protective device for the face is low. However, by making the light reflectivity of the opposite side lower than that of the wearing side, communication problems can be improved.

[0074] In the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectrum of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, at 1150 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1000cm -1 The intensity of the second peak in the second wavenumber region relative to 1780 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1700cm -1The ratio of the intensity of the first peak in the first wavenumber region (intensity of the second peak / intensity of the first peak) is preferably 1.25 or higher and 2.20 or lower. The peak present in the first wavenumber region is a peak originating from ester groups, and the peak present in the second wavenumber region is a peak originating from ether groups. Therefore, the presence of peaks in both the first and second wavenumber regions in the above absorption spectrum indicates that the transparent laminate 10 (e.g., at least one of the functional layer 12 and the low refractive index layer 13) contains ether components such as ester components and anti-fogging materials. If the ratio is 1.25 or higher, there is a greater amount of anti-fogging material containing ether components, thus further improving anti-fogging properties and flexibility. Conversely, if the ratio is 2.20 or lower, there is not a greater amount of anti-fogging material containing ether components, thus suppressing the reduction in hardness and scratch resistance. The preferred ratios are 1.30 to 2.20, 1.35 to 2.20, 1.40 to 2.20, 1.25 to 2.15, 1.30 to 2.15, 1.35 to 2.15, 1.40 to 2.15, 1.25 to 2.10, 1.30 to 2.10, 1.35 to 2.10, 1.40 to 2.10, 1.25 to 2.00, 1.30 to 2.00, or 1.35 to 2.00, 1.25 to 1.95, 1.30 to 1.95, or 1.35 to 1.95. In particular, when using the transparent laminate 10 in transparent protective face coverings, it needs to be able to withstand outdoor dust. However, since dust durability cannot be evaluated in the steel wool resistance test, when conducting a sandfall test (ASTM D 968) as a test to expose the face to dust, if the ratio is 1.30 to 1.95 or less, it can combine both dust durability and anti-fogging properties for practical use. Therefore, a ratio of 1.30 to 1.95 or less is more preferable. Furthermore, to further improve dust durability, the ratio can be 1.25 to 1.30 or less, and further, to further improve anti-fogging properties, the ratio can be 1.95 to 2.20 or less.

[0075] In the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectrum of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, at 1540 cm⁻¹... -1 ~1560cm -1 In cases where a peak exists in the third wavenumber region (e.g., in the case of transparent laminates containing materials with a urethane backbone), 1150 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1000cm -1 The intensity of the second peak in the second wavenumber region relative to 1780 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1700cm -1The ratio of the intensity of the first peak in the first wavenumber region is preferably 0.01 to 0.4. If the ratio is 0.01 or higher, there is more anti-fogging material containing ether components, thus further improving anti-fogging properties and flexibility. Conversely, if the ratio is 0.4 or lower, there is not excessive anti-fogging material containing ether components, thus suppressing the reduction in hardness and scratch resistance. The preferred ratios are 0.03 to 0.4, 0.05 to 0.4, 0.01 to 0.35, 0.03 to 0.35, 0.05 to 0.35, 0.10 to 0.35, 0.01 to 0.30, 0.03 to 0.30, 0.05 to 0.30, or 0.10 to 0.30. Furthermore, to further improve dust durability, the ratio can be 0.01 to 0.1, and to further improve anti-fogging properties, it can be 0.3 to 0.4.

[0076] The determination based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis can be performed as follows. First, a sample with a size of 10 mm × 10 mm or larger is cut from a transparent laminate. Then, using a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (product name "Nicolet iS10 FT-IR", manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific) equipped with a measurement accessory (product name "Thunderdome", manufactured by Spectra-Tech, ATR crystal: Ge, infrared incident angle: 45°), background measurement is performed without a sample. Next, the sample is placed with the measurement surface facing the crystal side in the measurement accessory. Then, the button on the clamp is turned to ensure the sample is fully grounded to the crystal. After confirming the absorption spectrum of the sample using a monitor, the measurement is started under the following conditions using the aforementioned measurement device. From the background in the obtained absorption spectrum, the peak heights to the apex of the peaks present in the first wavenumber region and the peaks present in the second wavenumber region are calculated using the calculation software provided with the measurement device, and the intensity ratio is calculated from the results.

[0077] (Measurement conditions)

[0078] • Wavenumber range: 4000~800cm -1

[0079] Points earned: 64 times

[0080] • Resolution: 8cm -1

[0081] • Detector: TGS

[0082] • ATR calibration: None

[0083] • Measurement and analysis software: Thermo Scientific OMINIC

[0084] The ester component mainly comes from the polymer of the ionizing radiation polymerizable compound contained in the functional layer 12 or the low refractive index layer 13. The ether component mainly comes from the components contained in the antifogging material described later. For example, if the antifogging material is a material containing epoxides such as ethylene oxide (EO), then it is a component from epoxides; if the antifogging material is a polyether-based urethane (meth)acrylate, then it is a component from polyethers.

[0085] The ratio (Ra / Rz) of the arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 to the maximum height (Rz) is preferably 0.02 or more and 0.15 or less. A large surface area of ​​the transparent laminate is advantageous for anti-fogging properties; therefore, the surface of the transparent laminate preferably has an uneven shape. However, if the uneven shape is too large, it may result in reduced visibility and decreased glare. Therefore, in order to improve anti-fogging properties while suppressing reduced visibility, the aforementioned ratio is preferably 0.02 or more and 0.15 or less. That is, if the ratio is 0.02 or more, the glare of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 can be suppressed, thus achieving good visibility; and if it is 0.15 or less, anti-fogging properties can be improved. The preferred ratios are 0.03 or more and 0.15 or less, 0.04 or more and 0.15 or less, 0.05 or more and 0.15 or less, 0.02 or more and 0.14 or less, 0.03 or more and 0.14 or less, 0.04 or more and 0.14 or less, 0.05 or more and 0.14 or less, 0.02 or more and 0.13 or less, 0.03 or more and 0.13 or less, 0.04 or more and 0.13 or less, 0.05 or more and 0.13 or less, 0.02 or more and 0.12 or less, 0.03 or more and 0.12 or less, 0.04 or more and 0.12 or less, or 0.05 or more and 0.12 or less.

[0086] The aforementioned Ra and Rz extend the roughness parameters of the two-dimensional roughness parameters described in the SPM-9600 Scanning Probe Microscope Upgrade Kit Operation Manual (SPM-9600 February 2016, pages 194-195) to three dimensions. Regarding Ra, only the reference length (L) is extracted from the roughness curve along the average line direction. With the direction of the average line of this extracted portion as the X-axis and the direction of the longitudinal magnification as the Y-axis, the roughness curve is expressed as y=f(x) and calculated using the following formula.

[0087] [Number 1]

[0088] Extract only the reference length from the roughness curve along its mean line, and measure the interval between the peaks and valleys of the extracted portion in the direction of the longitudinal magnification factor of the roughness curve. The measured value is Rz.

[0089] In the above comparison, Rz and Ra are used for the following reasons. Ra is the average value calculated by dividing the area of ​​all irregularities existing along the reference length by the reference length. Therefore, even if it is not the average value of the actual irregularities and there are irregularities that are too small or too large, it is completely uniform and such obvious irregularities cannot be measured. On the other hand, since Rz is the maximum height, obvious irregularities can be measured. Therefore, Ra is used to determine the size of the surface area, and Rz is used to determine the limit value of the irregularities.

[0090] The aforementioned Rz and Ra can be measured as follows: First, a sample cut from a transparent laminate to a size of 5mm × 5mm is obtained. Then, using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) SPM-9700 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, in the online (measurement) mode of the SFM Manager software, the surface shape of the sample is measured under the following conditions. Then, image processing is performed using the offline (analysis) mode. The obtained AFM images are analyzed to obtain the Rz (maximum height) and Ra (arithmetic mean roughness) of each sample. For each sample, the arithmetic mean of Rz and Rz / Ra at 14 locations is calculated, and these values ​​are taken as Rz and Rz / Ra.

[0091] (AFM measurement conditions)

[0092] Measurement mode: Phase

[0093] Scan range: 5μm × 5μm

[0094] Scan speed: 0.2Hz

[0095] Pixel count: 512×512

[0096] The cantilever used is an NCHR manufactured by NanoWorld (resonant frequency: 320kHz, spring constant: 42N / m).

[0097] (AFM image processing conditions)

[0098] Tilt correction: Average value in the X direction, surface fitting (automatic)

[0099] Indentation hardness (H) of surface 10A of transparent laminate 10 IT The preferred hardness is between 20 MPa and 100 MPa. Regarding the indentation hardness H... ITUsing the unloading curve, the contact depth between the sample and the indenter is calculated. The contact area is then determined from this contact depth; it is the maximum load divided by the contact area. If the indentation hardness H... IT If the pressure is above 20 MPa, scratches are unlikely to occur on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10; conversely, if the pressure is below 100 MPa, good flexibility and formability can be achieved. The indentation hardness H measured from the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10... IT Preferably, the pressure is 25 MPa to 100 MPa, 30 MPa to 100 MPa, 20 MPa to 90 MPa, 25 MPa to 90 MPa, 30 MPa to 90 MPa, 20 MPa to 80 MPa, 25 MPa to 80 MPa, or 30 MPa to 80 MPa, with 30 MPa to 80 MPa being particularly preferred. Furthermore, from the perspective of further improving anti-fogging properties and imparting moldability, the pressure can be 20 MPa to 30 MPa; and from the perspective of improving scratch resistance, the pressure can be 80 MPa to 100 MPa.

[0100] The composite elastic modulus (E) of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 r The preferred value is above 0.15 GPa and below 1.5 GPa. Composite elastic modulus E r It is a value calculated from the slope of the unloading curve. If the composite elastic modulus E... r When the pressure is above 0.15 GPa, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is less prone to scratches; conversely, when the pressure is below 1.5 GPa, better flexibility and formability can be obtained. The composite elastic modulus E, measured from the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, is... r Preferably, the pressure is 0.16 GPa to 1.5 GPa, 0.17 GPa to 1.5 GPa, 0.15 GPa to 1.45 GPa, 0.16 GPa to 1.45 GPa, 0.17 GPa to 1.45 GPa, 0.15 GPa to 1.40 GPa, 0.16 GPa to 1.40 GPa, or 0.17 GPa to 1.40 GPa, and particularly preferably 0.25 GPa to 1.00 GPa. Furthermore, from the perspective of further improving anti-fogging properties and imparting moldability, it can be 0.15 GPa to 0.25 GPa; and from the perspective of improving scratch resistance, it can be 1.0 GPa to 1.5 GPa.

[0101] The above indentation hardness H ITThe composite elastic modulus Er was determined by the following method. First, a transparent laminate cut to a size of 20mm × 20mm with its surface side facing up was fixed onto a commercially available glass slide using adhesive resin (product name "Aron Alpha (registered trademark) general use", manufactured by Toa Synthetic Co., Ltd.). Specifically, the adhesive resin was dropped onto the center of glass slide 1 (product name "glass slide (cut type) 1-9645-11", manufactured by AS-1 Co., Ltd.). At this time, the adhesive resin was not spread out, and during the spreading process as described later, the adhesive resin was not allowed to overflow from the transparent laminate; the drop was defined as 1 drop. Then, the transparent laminate cut to the above size was brought into contact with the glass slide with its surface side facing up and the adhesive resin located in the center of the transparent laminate, and the adhesive resin was spread between glass slide 1 and the transparent laminate to temporarily bond them together. Next, place another new slide 2 on the transparent laminate to obtain a laminate of slide 1 / adhesive resin / transparent laminate / slide 2. Then, place a weight of 30g to 50g on slide 2 and leave it at room temperature for 12 hours. Afterward, remove the weight and slide 2, using it as the test sample. It should be noted that the four corners of the transparent laminate fixed with adhesive resin can be further secured with tape (Cellotape, a registered trademark, manufactured by MIQIWAN). Then, fix the test sample on the testing stage of a microhardness testing machine (TI950 TriboIndenter, manufactured by HYSITRON) set parallel to the vibration damping stage. For this fixation, any method is acceptable, such as using tape (Cellotape, a registered trademark, manufactured by MIQIWAN) to fix the four sides of slide 1, as long as the test sample does not move. Alternatively, if the microhardness testing machine has an air suction system, it can also be used for fixation. After fixing the sample onto the testing platform of the microhardness testing machine, the indentation hardness H of the transparent laminate surface was measured under the following testing conditions. IT Composite elastic modulus E r Regarding the indentation hardness H IT Composite elastic modulus E r Five points near the center of the surface of the transparent laminate of the test sample (the area where the adhesive resin is present) were measured, and the arithmetic mean of the hardness of the five points was obtained. For each of the five points measured, the transparent laminate was observed at a magnification of 50x to 500x using the microscope included with the TI950 Tribo Indenter, avoiding the extreme convex structures and the opposite extreme concave structures in the transparent laminate, and selecting areas with flatness as much as possible.

[0102] (Measurement conditions)

[0103] • Indenter shape: Berkovic

[0104] • Load control mode: up to maximum load 40mN

[0105] • Load increase time: 4 seconds

[0106] Creep time: 5 seconds

[0107] • Load removal time: 4 seconds

[0108] • Temperature during measurement: 25℃

[0109] • Humidity at the time of measurement: 50%

[0110] The contact angle between the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 and water is preferably 90° or more. That is, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably hydrophobic. If the contact angle is less than 90°, the water will mix well, the water absorption (hygroscopicity) will increase, and the functional layer and substrate may deform or expand. In addition, if the contact angle is 90° or more, even if water droplets are generated, they will not accumulate on the surface and will run down, and fingerprints and other dirt will not easily adhere during processing. The contact angle between the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 and water is measured using a microscopic contact angle meter (product name "DropMaster300", manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd.) according to the static drop method described in JISR 3257:1999. Specifically, firstly, a sample with a size of 25mm × 30mm is cut from the transparent laminate 10. Then, the sample is flatly attached to a glass slide with a size of 50mm × 125mm using double-sided tape. Therefore, a laminate of slide / double-sided tape / sample is formed. Then, to prevent static electricity in the sample from affecting the measurement results, ions are irradiated using an ion generator (e.g., product name "KD-730B", manufactured by Kasuga Electric Co., Ltd.), thereby destaticating the sample for 30 seconds. After destatication, 1 μL of water is added to the surface of the sample (the surface of the low-refractive-index layer) using a syringe and held for 5 seconds. Then, the contact angle with water is measured by pressing the switch of a microscope-type contact angle meter. The contact angle measurement is performed in an environment with a temperature between 20°C and 25°C and a relative humidity between 40% and 70%. Furthermore, 10 contact angle measurements are taken, and their arithmetic mean is taken as the contact angle of surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10. The contact angle between the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 and water is more preferably 90° or more and 130° or less, 90° or more and 125° or less, 90° or more and 120° or less, 92° or more and 130° or less, 92° or more and 125° or less, 92° or more and 120° or less, 95° or more and 130° or less, 95° or more and 125° or less, or 95° or more and 120° or less.

[0111] The total light transmittance of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 90% or more. Sufficient optical performance can be obtained if the total light transmittance of the transparent laminate 10 is 90% or more. More preferably, the total light transmittance of the transparent laminate 10 is 91% or more, or 92% or more. The upper limit of the total light transmittance of the transparent laminate 10 is 100% or less.

[0112] The total light transmittance described above can be measured using a haze meter (e.g., product name "HM-150", manufactured by Murakami Color Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd.) in an environment with a temperature of 23±5℃ and a relative humidity of 30% to 70% according to the method of JISK7361-1:1997. Regarding the total light transmittance, after cutting a 50mm × 100mm sample from the transparent laminate 10, and setting it to a state free of curls, wrinkles, fingerprints, and dust, three measurements were taken on one sample, and the arithmetic mean of the three measurements was obtained. In this specification, "three measurements" does not refer to three measurements at the same location, but rather to measurements at three different locations. Regarding the transparent laminate 10, the surface 10A is visually flat, and the laminated layers such as the functional layer 12 are also flat, with film thickness deviations within ±10%. Therefore, by measuring the total light transmittance at three different locations on the cut sample, it is believed that the average value of the total light transmittance of the transparent laminate as a whole within the plane can be obtained. It should be noted that if a sample of the above-mentioned size cannot be cut from a transparent laminate, it can be appropriately cut into a size of 22mm × 22mm or larger. When the sample size is small, the sample can be moved little by little or the angle can be changed within the range where the light source spot does not deviate, so that there are 3 measurement points.

[0113] The haze value (total haze value) of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 1% or less. Sufficient optical performance and transparency can be obtained if the haze value of the transparent laminate 10 is 1% or less. The haze value can be measured using a haze meter (product name "HM-150", manufactured by Murakami Color Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd.) according to the method of JIS K7136:2000, under conditions of temperature 23±5°C and relative humidity of 30% to 70%. Specifically, the haze value is measured using the same method as the method for measuring total light transmittance. The haze value is the arithmetic mean of three measurements. The haze value of the transparent laminate 10 is more preferably 0.8% or less, or 0.5% or less. The lower limit of the haze value of the transparent laminate 10 is 0% or more.

[0114] The pencil hardness of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably H or higher. If the pencil hardness of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is H or higher, durability can be improved. The pencil hardness test is performed as follows: For the surface of a sample cut from the transparent laminate 10 into 50mm × 100mm dimensions, a pencil hardness tester (product name "Pencil Scratch Coating Hardness Tester (Electric Type)", manufactured by Toyo Seiki Co., Ltd.) is used. The test is conducted in an environment with a temperature of 23±5℃ and a relative humidity of 30% to 70%, while applying a 500g load to a pencil (product name "Uni", manufactured by Mitsubishi Pencil Co., Ltd.) and moving it at a speed of 1.4mm / second. The pencil hardness is the highest hardness at which the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 does not produce a scratch during the pencil hardness test. It should be noted that when determining pencil hardness, multiple pencils of different hardness are used. Each pencil undergoes five pencil hardness tests. If no scratches are produced on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 in four or more of the five tests, it is determined that the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 will not produce scratches under the condition of a pencil of that hardness. The aforementioned scratches refer to scratches visible on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 after the pencil hardness test under fluorescent light.

[0115] The thickness (total thickness) of the transparent laminate 10 varies depending on its intended use. When the transparent laminate 10 is used in an image display device, its thickness is preferably 25 μm or more and 400 μm or less. At this thickness, it possesses sufficient functionality required for the image display device (e.g., the transparent laminate 10 is not easily deformed by humidity and temperature, and can maintain flatness for clear image visibility), and its operation becomes easier (e.g., it has good processability).

[0116] When the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent protective device for the face, since the transparent laminate 10 is required to be thin and lightweight, the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 400 μm or less. If the thickness of the transparent laminate in this application is too thin, it is easy to deform, resulting in poor processability and operability during wear, and may cause pain if worn for a long time. In order to achieve further thinning or further weight reduction while suppressing the above-mentioned problems, the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is more preferably 30 μm or more and 400 μm or less, 40 μm or more and 400 μm or less, 25 μm or more and 300 μm or less, 30 μm or more and 300 μm or less, 40 μm or more and 300 μm or less, 25 μm or more and 200 μm or less, 30 μm or more and 200 μm or less, or 40 μm or more and 200 μm or less.

[0117] When the transparent laminate 10 is used as a transparent separator, since the transparent laminate 10 is required to have transparency, mobility and other operability, the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 10,000 μm or less. From the perspectives of achieving self-reliance and a certain degree of strength, as well as obtaining better transparency and better operability, the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 used in this application is more preferably 500 μm or more and 10,000 μm or less, 1,000 μm or more and 10,000 μm or less, or 3,000 μm or more and 10,000 μm or less, 500 μm or more and 9,000 μm or less, 1,000 μm or more and 9,000 μm or less, 3,000 μm or more and 9,000 μm or less, 500 μm or more and 8,000 μm or less, 1,000 μm or more and 8,000 μm or less, 3,000 μm or more and 8,000 μm or less, 500 μm or more and 5,000 μm or less, 1,000 μm or more and 5,000 μm or less, or 3,000 μm or more and 5,000 μm or less.

[0118] When the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent film curtain, since the transparent laminate 10 is required to be easy to install (operable), lightweight, flexible, and strong, the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 3000 μm or less. It should be noted that the ease of installation in the transparent film curtain includes, for example, that the transparent film curtain is not easily broken during cutting, opening, and installation. From the perspectives of obtaining better operability and strength, and seeking lightweight and good transparency, the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 in this application is more preferably 25 μm to 3000 μm or less, 30 μm to 3000 μm or less, 40 μm to 3000 μm or less, 25 μm to 800 μm or less, 30 μm to 800 μm or less, 40 μm to 800 μm or less, 25 μm to 400 μm or less, 30 μm to 400 μm or less, 40 μm to 400 μm or less, 25 μm to 200 μm or less, 30 μm to 200 μm or less, and 40 μm to 200 μm or less.

[0119] The thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is measured at 10 points using a thickness measuring device (product name "Digital Micrometer IDF-130", manufactured by Mitutoyo), and is the arithmetic mean of the thickness at these 10 points.

[0120] The weight (total weight) of the transparent laminate 10 varies depending on its intended use. When the transparent laminate 10 is used in an image display device, its weight is preferably 30 g / m³. 2 Above 500g / m 2 The following applies. If it is this weight, it possesses sufficient functionality and is easy to operate (e.g., it is easily machinable).

[0121] When the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent protective device for the face, since the transparent laminate 10 is required to be thin and lightweight, the weight of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 500 g / m². 2 The following applies. If the thickness of the transparent laminate used in this application is too thin, it may be prone to deformation and have poor processability. In order to suppress this situation and to further reduce its thickness or weight, the weight of the transparent laminate 10 is more preferably 35 g / m³. 2 Above 500g / m 2 Below, 40g / m 2 Above 500g / m 2 Below, or 45g / m 2 Above 500g / m 2 Below, 35g / m 2 Above 400g / m 2 Below, 40g / m 2 Above 400g / m 2 Below, 45g / m 2 Above 400g / m 2 Below, 35g / m 2 Above 350g / m 2 Below, 40g / m 2 Above 350g / m 2 Below, 45g / m 2 Above 350g / m 2 Below, 35g / m 2 Above 300g / m 2 Below, 40g / m 2 Above 300g / m 2 Below, or 45g / m 2 Above 300g / m 2 the following.

[0122] When the transparent laminate 10 is used as a transparent separator, since the transparent laminate 10 is required to have transparency and operability, the weight of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 10000 g / m³. 2 From the perspectives of achieving self-support and a certain degree of strength, as well as obtaining better transparency and better operability, the weight of the transparent laminate 10 for this application is more preferably 100 g / m³. 2 Above 10000g / m 2 Below, 200g / m 2 Above 10000g / m 2 Below, or 500g / m 2 Above 10000g / m 2 Below, 100g / m 2Above 7000g / m 2 Below, 200g / m 2 Above 7000g / m 2 Below, 500g / m 2 Above 7000g / m 2 Below, 100g / m 2 Above 6000g / m 2 Below, 200g / m 2 Above 6000g / m 2 Below, 500g / m 2 Above 6000g / m 2 Below, 100g / m 2 Above 5000g / m 2 Below, 200g / m 2 Above 5000g / m 2 Below, or 500g / m 2 Above 5000g / m 2 the following.

[0123] When the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent film curtain, since the transparent laminate 10 is required to be easy to install (operable), lightweight, flexible, and strong, the weight of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 2000 g / m². 2 From the perspectives of obtaining better operability and strength, and seeking lightweight and good transparency, the weight of the transparent laminate 10 for this application is more preferably 50 g / m³. 2 Above 2000g / m 2 Below, 100g / m 2 Above 2000g / m 2 Below, or 200g / m 2 Above 2000g / m 2 Below, 50g / m 2 The above 1700g / m 2 Below, 100g / m 2 The above 1700g / m 2 Below, 200g / m 2 The above 1700g / m 2 Below, 50g / m 2 The above 1600g / m 2 Below, 100g / m 2 The above 1600g / m 2 Below, 200g / m 2 The above 1600g / m 2 Below, 50g / m 2 Above 1500g / m 2 Below, 100g / m2 Above 1500g / m 2 Below, 200g / m 2 Above 1500g / m 2 the following.

[0124] <Substrate>

[0125] The thickness of the substrate 11 varies depending on the application. For example, when the transparent laminate 10 is used in an image display device, the thickness of the substrate 11 is preferably 25 μm or more and 300 μm or less. If the thickness of the substrate 11 is 25 μm or more, it has high hardness and can suppress curling, thus making it easy to process. On the other hand, if the thickness of the substrate 11 is 300 μm or less, it can suppress cost increases and the weight will not become too large, making it easy to handle. From the perspective of obtaining excellent hardness and seeking further lightweighting, the thickness of the substrate 11 is more preferably 30μm or more and 300μm or less, 40μm or more and 300μm or less, 50μm or more and 300μm or less, 25μm or more and 200μm or less, 30μm or more and 200μm or less, 40μm or more and 200μm or less, 50μm or more and 200μm or less, 25μm or more and 150μm or less, 30μm or more and 150μm or less, 40μm or more and 150μm or less, 50μm or more and 150μm or less, 25μm or more and 100μm or less, 30μm or more and 100μm or less, 40μm or more and 100μm or less, or 50μm or more and 100μm or less.

[0126] When the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent protective device for the face, the thickness of the substrate 11 is preferably 20 μm or more and 200 μm or less. If the thickness of the substrate 11 is 20 μm or more, it has sufficient performance, good user experience and operability. If the thickness of the substrate 11 is 200 μm or less, it can suppress cost increases and is lightweight and easy to process. From the perspective of achieving better operability and seeking lightweight, the thickness of the substrate 11 is more preferably 25μm or more and 200μm or less, 40μm or more and 200μm or less, 50μm or more and 200μm or less, 20μm or more and 150μm or less, 25μm or more and 150μm or less, 40μm or more and 150μm or less, 50μm or more and 150μm or less, 20μm or more and 100μm or less, 25μm or more and 100μm or less, 40μm or more and 100μm or less, 50μm or more and 100μm or less, 20μm or more and 80μm or less, 25μm or more and 80μm or less, 40μm or more and 80μm or less, or 50μm or more and 80μm or less.

[0127] When the transparent laminate 10 is used as a transparent separator, the thickness of the substrate 11 is preferably 20 μm or more and 9500 μm or less. If the thickness of the substrate 11 is 20 μm or more, sufficient performance is achieved, and good operability is obtained. Furthermore, if the thickness of the substrate 11 is 9500 μm or less, good transparency (light transmittance) is obtained. From the perspectives of obtaining self-supporting properties and a certain degree of strength, as well as obtaining good transparency (light transmittance) and better operability, the thickness of the substrate 11 is more preferably 450 μm or more and 9500 μm or less, 950 μm or more and 9500 μm or less, 2500 μm or more and 9500 μm or less, 20 μm or more and 6500 μm or less, 450 μm or more and 6500 μm or less, or 950 μm or more and 6500 μm or less. Below μm, 2500μm and above, below 6500μm, 20μm and above, below 5500μm, 450μm and above, below 5500μm, 950μm and above, below 5500μm, 2500μm and above, below 5500μm, 20μm and above, below 450μm, 450μm and above, below 4500μm, 950μm and above, below 4500μm, 2500μm and above, below 4500μm.

[0128] When the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent film curtain, the thickness of the substrate 11 is preferably 20 μm or more and 2500 μm or less. If the thickness of the substrate 11 is 20 μm or more, good operability and good strength can be obtained. If the thickness of the substrate 11 is 2500 μm or less, good lightweight and good transparency can be obtained. From the perspective of obtaining better operability and strength, as well as seeking further lightweighting and better transparency, the thickness of the substrate 11 is more preferably 25μm to 2500μm, 30μm to 2500μm, 40μm to 2500μm, 20μm to 750μm, 25μm to 750μm, 30μm to 750μm, 40μm to 750μm, 20μm to 550μm, 25μm to 550μm, 30μm to 550μm, 40μm to 550μm, 20μm to 350μm, 25μm to 350μm, 30μm to 350μm, or 40μm to 350μm.

[0129] Regarding the thickness of the substrate 11, a cross-section of the substrate 11 can be photographed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thickness of the substrate 11 at 10 points in the cross-sectional image is measured, and the arithmetic mean of the thicknesses at these 10 points is calculated. The specific method for taking the cross-sectional photograph is as follows: First, a 1mm × 10mm sample is cut from the transparent laminate 10, and the cut sample is embedded in embedding resin to create a block. Then, using a standard slicing method, a uniform slice without pores and with a thickness of 70nm to 100nm is cut from this block. For example, an Ultramicrotome EM UC7 manufactured by Leica Microsystems Co., Ltd. is used for slice preparation. The remaining block after cutting the uniform slice without pores is then used as the measurement sample. A cross-sectional photograph of the measurement sample is then taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (product name "S-4800", manufactured by Hitachi High Technology Co., Ltd.). When taking cross-sectional photographs using the S-4800 described above, the detector is set to "SE", the accelerating voltage is set to "5kV", and the emission current is set to "10μA" for cross-sectional observation. Regarding magnification, it is adjusted appropriately from 100 to 100,000x while focusing and observing whether the contrast and brightness of each layer can be distinguished. The beam monitor aperture is further set to "3", the objective lens aperture is set to "3", and the WD is set to "8mm". It should be noted that the imaging using a scanning electron microscope is performed as follows: the interface line between the substrate and the functional layer is clearly defined at a magnification suitable for the thickness of the substrate, and then the image is taken. Specifically, for example, when the substrate thickness is 50μm, the magnification is adjusted appropriately to 1000x based on the substrate thickness; conversely, when the substrate thickness is 100μm, the magnification is adjusted appropriately to 500x based on the substrate thickness. The thickness deviation of the substrate 11 is preferably 15% or less, 10% or less, or 7% or less. The lower limit of the thickness deviation of the substrate 11 is above 0%.

[0130] The constituent material of the substrate 11 is not particularly limited as long as it is translucent; examples include glass or resin (e.g., acetylcellulose-based resin, cyclic olefin polymer-based resin, polycarbonate-based resin, acrylic resin, or polyester-based resin). When using polyester-based resins such as polyethylene terephthalate or polycarbonate-based resins as the constituent material of the substrate 11, it is suitable for large displays, offering advantages such as resistance to breakage upon drop, good durability with repeated use, and excellent rigidity. Furthermore, when using acetylcellulose-based resins such as triacetylcellulose as the constituent material of the substrate 11, it possesses advantages such as high flexibility and easy moisture removal from the substrate itself, thus providing excellent anti-fogging properties.

[0131] Examples of glass include soda-lime-silica glass, borosilicate glass, and alkali-free glass.

[0132] Examples of acetylcellulose-based resins include triacetylcellulose (TAC) and diacetylcellulose. Triacetylcellulose is a resin that can achieve an average transmittance of 50% or more in the visible light region (380–780 nm). The average transmittance of triacetylcellulose is preferably 50% or more, 70% or more, or 85% or more. The upper limit of the average transmittance of triacetylcellulose is 100% or less.

[0133] It should be noted that, as a base material composed of triacetyl cellulose-based resins, in addition to pure triacetyl cellulose, substances other than acetic acid, such as cellulose acetate-propionate and cellulose acetate-butyrate, can also be used, as fatty acids that form esters with cellulose. Furthermore, these triacetyl celluloses can also contain other lower cellulose fatty acid esters such as diacetyl cellulose, or various additives such as plasticizers, UV absorbers, and slip agents, as needed.

[0134] Examples of cyclic olefin polymer resins include norbornene resins, monocyclic cyclic olefin resins, cyclic conjugated diene resins, and vinyl alicyclic hydrocarbon resins. Examples of cyclic olefin copolymer resins include copolymers of ethylene and norbornene monomers, and copolymers of ethylene and tetracyclic dodecene.

[0135] Examples of polycarbonate resins include aromatic polycarbonate resins based on bisphenols (such as bisphenol A) and aliphatic polycarbonate resins such as diethylene glycol dielyl carbonate.

[0136] Examples of acrylic resins include poly(methyl)methacrylate resins, poly(ethyl)methacrylate resins, and (methyl)methacrylate-(butyl)methacrylate copolymer resins.

[0137] Examples of polyester resins include resins that contain at least one of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene naphthalate as constituent components.

[0138] <Functional Layer>

[0139] The functional layer 12 is a layer in the transparent laminate 10 that performs a certain function. The anti-fog function is mainly performed by the functional layer, but in addition to the anti-fog function, it can also perform the hard coating function. In this embodiment, the "functional layer" is a single-layer structure. Figure 1 The functional layer 12 shown performs both anti-fogging and hard coating functions, and therefore is described as an anti-fogging hard coating layer.

[0140] Functional layer 12 is an anti-fogging hard coating, thus imparting hardness to the transparent laminate 10, making the pencil hardness of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 (the surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13) of the transparent laminate 10 "H" or higher. Figure 1 As shown, the functional layer 12 is formed on the first surface 11A of the substrate 11.

[0141] The refractive index of functional layer 12 is not particularly limited as long as it is higher than that of low refractive index layer 13; for example, it can be 1.45 or higher and 1.60 or lower. In this specification, "refractive index" refers to the refractive index at a wavelength of 550 nm. The refractive index of functional layer 12 can be 1.48 or higher and 1.60 or lower, 1.45 or higher and 1.57 or lower, or 1.48 or higher and 1.57 or lower.

[0142] The refractive indices of the functional layer 12 and the low refractive index layer 13 can be determined, for example, by a cross-sectional photograph of the transparent laminate. After the thickness of each layer exceeds 780 nm or is less than 780 nm, it can be measured or calculated by the following method.

[0143] The refractive index of a layer with a thickness exceeding 780 nm is considered to be the refractive index of the binder component of that layer. The refractive index of a layer with a thickness exceeding 780 nm (e.g., functional layer 12) can be determined, for example, by the Beck method. The "Beck method" refers to the method of preparing a sample by removing the layer to be measured using a cutter or similar tool, making the binder component a powder, and then measuring the refractive index according to Method B (for powder or granular transparent materials) of JIS K7142:2008. In the case of measuring the refractive index of a layer by the Beck method, the refractive index of 10 samples is measured separately by the Beck method, and the arithmetic mean of the measured refractive indices of the 10 samples is taken as the refractive index of the aforementioned layer.

[0144] It is difficult to collect the binder components in layers with a thickness of 780 nm or less. Therefore, the refractive index of a layer with a thickness of 780 nm or less (e.g., a low refractive index layer) can be calculated, for example, using a transparent laminate with a thickness of 780 nm or less, in the order of (step 1) and (step 2) below.

[0145] (Step 1) Calculate the film thickness of layers with a thickness greater than 780 nm and the film thickness of layers with a thickness less than 780 nm from the cross-sectional photograph of the transparent laminate. Then, calculate the refractive index of the layers with a thickness greater than 780 nm in the layers constituting the transparent laminate using the Beck method described above.

[0146] (Step 2) Using the refractive index and thickness information of layers with a thickness greater than 780 nm calculated in (Step 1) above, and the thickness information of layers with a thickness less than 780 nm, the refractive index of layers with a thickness less than 780 nm is calculated by a fitting method. The "fitting method" refers to the method of calculating the refractive index by fitting the reflection spectrum measured by a reflectance photometer with the reflection spectrum calculated using an optical model of a multilayer thin film using Fresnel coefficients.

[0147] The ratio of the thickness of the functional layer 12 to the thickness of the low-refractive-index layer 13 (thickness of the functional layer 12 / thickness of the low-refractive-index layer 13) is preferably 30 or more. If this ratio is 30 or more, the thickness of the functional layer 12 will not be too small and the thickness of the low-refractive-index layer 13 will not be too large, thus achieving a balance between good hardness and good anti-reflective properties. From the perspective of obtaining excellent hardness and excellent anti-reflective properties, and suppressing the increase in cost, the decrease in transparency, or the decrease in processability, the ratio is more preferably 30 to 250, 35 to 250, 40 to 250, 45 to 250, 30 to 200, 35 to 200, 40 to 200, 45 to 200, 30 to 150, 35 to 150, 40 to 150, 45 to 150, 30 to 100, 35 to 100, 40 to 100, or 45 to 100.

[0148] The thickness of the functional layer 12 is preferably 3 μm or more. If the thickness of the functional layer 12 is 3 μm or more, the desired hardness can be obtained, and the functional layer 12 can contain the desired amount of anti-fogging material. From the perspective of obtaining excellent hardness and suppressing cost increases, reduced transparency, or reduced processability, the thickness of the functional layer 12 is more preferably 3 μm or more and 25 μm or less, 3.5 μm or more and 25 μm or less, 4 μm or more and 25 μm or less, 4.5 μm or more and 25 μm or less, 3 μm or more and 20 μm or less, 3.5 μm or more and 20 μm or less, 4 μm or more and 20 μm or less, 4.5 μm or more and 20 μm or less, 3 μm or more and 15 μm or less, 3.5 μm or more and 15 μm or less, 4 μm or more and 15 μm or less. Below 5μm, 4.5μm to 15μm, 3μm to 10μm, 3.5μm to 10μm, 4μm to 10μm, 4.5μm to 10μm, 3μm to 10μm, 3.5μm to 10μm, 4μm to 10μm, 4.5μm to 10μm, 3μm to 9.5μm, 3.5μm to 9.5μm, or 4μm to 9.5μm, 4.5μm to 9.5μm.

[0149] Regarding the film thickness of functional layer 12, a cross-section of functional layer 12 was photographed using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The film thickness of functional layer 12 at 20 points in the cross-sectional image was measured, and the arithmetic mean of the film thickness at these 20 points was obtained. The specific method for taking the cross-sectional photograph is as follows. First, a block was prepared by embedding a transparent laminate cut into 1mm × 10mm dimensions with embedding resin. A uniform slice without pores and with a thickness of 70nm to 100nm was cut from this block using a general slicing method. For example, an Ultramicrotome EM UC7 manufactured by Leica Microsystems Co., Ltd. was used for slice preparation. Then, this uniform slice without pores was used as the measurement sample. Then, a cross-sectional photograph of the measurement sample was taken using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) (product name "S-4800", manufactured by Hitachi High Technology Co., Ltd.). When taking cross-sectional photographs using the S-4800 described above, the detector is set to "TE", the accelerating voltage to "30kV", and the emission current to "10μA" for cross-sectional observation. Regarding magnification, adjustments are made between 5000x and 200,000x while focusing and observing whether the contrast and brightness of each layer can be distinguished. A preferred magnification is 10,000x to 100,000x, a further preferred magnification is 10,000x to 50,000x, and the most preferred magnification is 25,000x to 50,000x. It should be noted that when taking cross-sectional photographs using the S-4800 described above, the beam monitor aperture can be further set to "3", the objective lens aperture to "3", and the WD to "8mm". When measuring the film thickness of the functional layer, it is important to observe the interface contrast between the functional layer and other layers (e.g., the substrate) as clearly as possible during cross-sectional observation. If the contrast is insufficient and the interface is difficult to see, staining with osmium tetroxide, ruthenium tetroxide, or phosphotungstic acid can make the interface between organic layers easily visible, thus allowing for staining treatment. Additionally, the interface can sometimes be difficult to discern at high magnification. In such cases, observation at a lower magnification is also performed. For example, observations can be conducted at two different magnifications: 25,000x and 50,000x, or 50,000x and 100,000x. The arithmetic mean of these two magnifications is then calculated, and this average is used as the film thickness of the functional layer.

[0150] The functional layer 12 may be composed of, for example, a resin. The resin comprises a polymer of a polymeric compound (crosslinked compound) and an antifogging material. In addition to the resin, the functional layer 12 preferably also comprises particles to improve hardness. In addition to the polymer of a polymeric compound (crosslinked compound) and the antifogging material, the resin may also comprise a solvent-drying resin.

[0151] The functional layer 12 preferably contains hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, ethylene oxide, quaternary ammonium salts such as amino, and ammonium chloride. The functional layer 12 with hydrophilic groups can be obtained by including an antifogging material. The aforementioned functional groups can be identified, for example, by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).

[0152] (polymeric compounds)

[0153] Polymerizable compounds have at least one polymerizable functional group within their molecule. Examples of polymerizable compounds include ionizing radiation polymerizable compounds and / or thermally polymerizable compounds. An ionizing radiation polymerizable compound is a compound having at least one ionizing radiation polymerizable functional group in one molecule. In this specification, "ionizing radiation polymerizable functional group" refers to a functional group capable of undergoing a polymerization reaction upon irradiation with ionizing rays. Examples of ionizing radiation polymerizable functional groups include, for example, olefinic unsaturated groups such as (meth)acryloyl, vinyl, and allyl. It should be noted that "(meth)acryloyl" includes both "acryloyl" and "methacryloyl". Furthermore, examples of ionizing rays used to polymerize ionizing radiation polymerizable compounds include visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, electron beams, alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays.

[0154] Examples of ionizing radiation polymerizable compounds include ionizing radiation polymerizable monomers, ionizing radiation polymerizable oligomers, or ionizing radiation polymerizable prepolymers, and these substances can be appropriately prepared for use. A combination of ionizing radiation polymerizable monomers and ionizing radiation polymerizable oligomers or ionizing radiation polymerizable prepolymers is preferred as an ionizing radiation polymerizable compound.

[0155] Examples of ionizing radiation polymerizable compounds include ionizing radiation polymerizable monomers, ionizing radiation polymerizable oligomers, or ionizing radiation polymerizable polymers, and these substances can be appropriately prepared for use.

[0156] As a monomer capable of polymerization under ionizing radiation, a multifunctional monomer with two or more polymerizable functional groups is preferred. Examples of multifunctional monomers include trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, dipropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, bis(trimethylolpropane tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tetra(meth)acrylate, and trimethylolpropane penta(meth)acrylate. Pentaerythritol octa(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol deca(meth)acrylate, isocyanuric acid tri(meth)acrylate, isocyanuric acid di(meth)acrylate, polyester tri(meth)acrylate, polyester di(meth)acrylate, bisphenol di(meth)acrylate, diglycerol tetra(meth)acrylate, adamantyl di(meth)acrylate, isobornyl di(meth)acrylate, dicyclopentane di(meth)acrylate, tricyclodecane di(meth)acrylate, and substances modified from them using PO, EO, etc.

[0157] Among these, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, and 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate are preferred in terms of compatibility with antifog materials.

[0158] As an ionizing radiation polymerizable oligomer, multifunctional oligomers with two or more functions are preferred. Examples of multifunctional oligomers include polyester (meth)acrylates, urethane (meth)acrylates, polyester-urethane (meth)acrylates, polyether (meth)acrylates, polyol (meth)acrylates, melamine (meth)acrylates, isocyanurate (meth)acrylates, and epoxy (meth)acrylates.

[0159] The weight-average molecular weight of the ionizing radiation polymerizable prepolymer is preferably 3,000 or more, more preferably 3,000 or more but less than 80,000, 3,000 or more but less than 40,000, 10,000 or more but less than 80,000, or 10,000 or more but less than 40,000. When the weight-average molecular weight exceeds 80,000, the high viscosity reduces coating adaptability, and the appearance of the resulting transparent laminate may deteriorate. Examples of such prepolymers include urethane (meth)acrylate, isocyanurate (meth)acrylate, polyester-urethane (meth)acrylate, and epoxy (meth)acrylate. It should be noted that in this specification, "weight-average molecular weight" refers to the polystyrene conversion value determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

[0160] A thermopolymerizable compound has at least one thermopolymerizable functional group in one molecule. In this specification, "thermally polymerizable functional group" refers to a functional group that can undergo polymerization reactions between the same functional groups or with other functional groups upon heating. Examples of thermopolymerizable functional groups include cyclic ether groups such as epoxy groups, hydroxyl groups, isocyanate groups, and amino groups.

[0161] As a thermopolymerizable compound, there are no particular limitations; examples include epoxides, polyols, isocyanates, melamines, urea compounds, and phenols.

[0162] Solvent-drying resins are thermoplastic resins, etc., that can form a film simply by drying the solvent added during coating to adjust the solid composition. When a solvent-drying resin is added, the formation of functional layer 12 effectively prevents coating defects on the coating surface of the coating liquid. There are no particular limitations on the solvent-drying resin; thermoplastic resins are generally acceptable.

[0163] Examples of thermoplastic resins include styrene resins, (meth)acrylic resins, vinyl acetate resins, vinyl ether resins, halogenated resins, alicyclic olefin resins, polycarbonate resins, polyester resins, polyamide resins, cellulose derivatives, silicone resins, and rubbers or elastomers.

[0164] Thermoplastic resins are preferably amorphous and soluble in organic solvents (especially common solvents capable of dissolving various polymers or curable compounds). In particular, from the perspective of transparency and weather resistance, styrene-based resins, (meth)acrylic resins, alicyclic olefin resins, polyester resins, and cellulose derivatives (cellulose esters, etc.) are preferred.

[0165] (Anti-fog material)

[0166] The anti-fogging material is used to suppress fogging on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10. The anti-fogging material can be a resin. Preferably, the anti-fogging material is contained in the functional layer 12 at a concentration of 10% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less. If the content of the anti-fogging material is 10% by mass or more, sufficient anti-fogging properties can be obtained, and if the content of the anti-fogging material is 85% by mass or less, sufficient hardness and transparency can be obtained. The content of the anti-fogging material in the functional layer 12 is preferably 30% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less, 50% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less, or 70% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less. It should be noted that increasing the content of the anti-fogging material can improve formability or flexibility; therefore, in cases where formability or flexibility is improved, the content of the anti-fogging material in the functional layer 12 is preferably 10% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, 50% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, or 70% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less.

[0167] The antifog material can be a non-polymeric antifog material without polymeric functional groups. From the perspective of fixing the antifog material to the functional layer, polymeric antifog materials with polymeric functional groups are preferred.

[0168] Examples of polymeric antifog materials include polyether-based urethane (meth)acrylates, ethylene oxide (EO) modified (meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylamide compounds, and (meth)acrylate hydroxyalkyl esters.

[0169] Uraffinate (meth)acrylates can be obtained by reacting isocyanates with (meth)acrylates having hydroxyl groups. Various polyols can be used in combination. From the perspective of improving hardness and adhesion to low-refractive-index layers, urethane (meth)acrylates are preferably polyfunctional urethane (meth)acrylates with two or more (meth)acryloyl groups. From the perspective of suppressing poor coating due to viscosity increase, the weight-average molecular weight of urethane (meth)acrylates is preferably 1000 to 50000.

[0170] Examples of isocyanates used in the manufacture of urethane (meth)acrylates include o-toluene diisocyanate, terephthalic diisocyanate, isophthalic diisocyanate, p-xylene diisocyanate, m-xylene diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 3,3'-dimethyldiphenyl-4,4'-diisocyanate, 3,3'-diethyldiphenyl-4,4'-diisocyanate, naphthalene diisocyanate, and other aromatic isocyanates; isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, hydrogenated xylene diisocyanate, norbornene diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, and other aliphatic or alicyclic isocyanates.

[0171] From the perspective of improving hardness and adhesion to low-refractive-index layers, ethylene oxide-modified (meth)acrylates are preferably polyfunctional ethylene oxide-modified (meth)acrylates with two or more (meth)acryloyl groups. Furthermore, the average molar number of ethylene oxide added in the ethylene oxide-modified (meth)acrylate is preferably greater than 0 and less than 30. If the average molar number of ethylene oxide added is 0, sufficient anti-fogging properties may not be achieved; conversely, if the average molar number of ethylene oxide added exceeds 30, the soft ethylene oxide chains become too long, potentially resulting in poor scratch resistance of the transparent laminate.

[0172] Examples of ethylene oxide (EO) modified (meth)acrylates include ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate and ethoxylated glycerol tri(meth)acrylate.

[0173] Examples of (meth)acrylamide compounds include (meth)acrylamide, N-methyl(meth)acrylamide, N,N-dimethyl(meth)acrylamide, N-ethyl(meth)acrylamide, N,N-diethyl(meth)acrylamide, N-propyl(meth)acrylamide, N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide, diacetone(meth)acrylamide, N-(meth)acryloylpiperidine, and N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine. Additionally, examples of hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates include hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate and hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate.

[0174] The following compounds can be used as anti-fog materials, for example.

[0175] [Chemistry 1]

[0176] In the above formula, R represents ethylene oxide, and a+b+c+d ranges from 25 to 45. In this specification, ethylene oxide refers to a group represented by -CH2-CH2-O-.

[0177] [Chemistry 2]

[0178] In the above formula, R is ethylene oxide, and l+m+n is 4 to 14.

[0179] [Chemistry 3]

[0180] In the above formula, R is ethylene oxide, and l+m+n is 10 to 30.

[0181] Commercially available anti-fog materials include NFX-551 manufactured by Neos Co., Ltd.; 8WX-022A, 8WX-030, and 8WX-083 manufactured by Taisei Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.; KRM8713B manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.; ATM-35E and A-GLY-20E manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.; KBP-1 manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.; Nostra (registered trademark), a urethane acrylate manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals Co., Ltd.; and Aronix, an anti-fog coating manufactured by Toa Synthetic Co., Ltd. (Registered Trademarks) MT-3563~3567, DHY-1 manufactured by Arakawa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., UVF-1 manufactured by Showa Ink Industry Co., Ltd., SA-TE60 manufactured by Sakamoto Chemical Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., LAMBIC-771W manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., FOM series manufactured by Fujifilm Co., Ltd., R-1220 manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., etc.

[0182] (Particles)

[0183] As for the particles, anything that can improve hardness is acceptable, and they can be either organic or inorganic particles. Examples of organic particles include plastic beads. Specific examples of plastic beads include polystyrene beads, melamine resin beads, acrylic beads, acrylic-styrene beads, silicone beads, guanidine beads, guanidine-formaldehyde condensation beads, polycarbonate beads, and polyethylene beads. Examples of inorganic particles include inorganic oxide particles such as silica (SiO2) particles, alumina particles, titanium dioxide particles, tin oxide particles, antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) particles, and zinc oxide particles. Among inorganic oxide particles, silica particles are preferred from the perspective of obtaining excellent hardness, and among silica particles, active silica particles are preferred. The aforementioned active silica particles are silica particles capable of forming a cross-linked structure with the aforementioned polyfunctional (meth)acrylates, and by containing these active silica particles, they can be fixed in the functional layer.

[0184] The aforementioned active silica particles preferably have reactive functional groups on their surface, and for example, the aforementioned ionizing radiation polymerizable functional groups are preferred.

[0185] There are no particular limitations on the aforementioned activated silica particles; any existing known activated silica particles can be used, such as those described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2008-165040. Furthermore, commercially available products containing the aforementioned activated silica particles include, for example, MIBK-SD and MIBK-SD-L manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.

[0186] Furthermore, the aforementioned particles can be spherical, but irregularly shaped particles are preferred; alternatively, a mixture of spherical and irregularly shaped particles may also be used. It should be noted that "spherical particles" in this specification refers to particles that are perfectly spherical, ellipsoidal, etc., while "irregularly shaped particles" refers to particles with a potato-like, irregularly uneven surface. Because the surface area of ​​these irregularly shaped particles is larger than that of spherical particles, the contact area with the aforementioned polymeric compounds is increased, resulting in superior pencil hardness for the functional layer 12. Whether the particles contained in the functional layer 44 are the aforementioned irregularly shaped particles can be confirmed by observing the cross-section of the functional layer 12 using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).

[0187] The average particle size is preferably 0.01 μm to 10 μm. If it is 0.01 μm or larger, particle aggregation can be suppressed, thereby preventing poor particle dispersibility during the composition stage before coating. On the other hand, if the average particle size is 10 μm or smaller, large unevenness in the functional layer can be suppressed, preventing adverse conditions such as haze increase. When the particles are spherical, the average particle size is determined by measuring the particle size of 20 particles using a cross-sectional image of the particles taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the arithmetic mean of the particle sizes of the 20 particles is used. Furthermore, when the particles are irregularly shaped, the average particle size is determined by measuring the maximum (major axis) and minimum (minor axis) distances between two points on the outer periphery of the particles using a cross-sectional image of the functional layer taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), averaging the values, and the arithmetic mean of the particle sizes of the 20 particles is used. When taking cross-sectional photographs using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) (e.g., product name "S-4800(TYPE2)", manufactured by Hitachi High Technology Co., Ltd.), the detector (selection signal) is set to "TE", the accelerating voltage is set to "30kV", and the emission current is set to "10μA" for observation.

[0188] <Low Refractive Index Layer>

[0189] The low-refractive-index layer 13 is a layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer 12. Specifically, the refractive index of the low-refractive-index layer 13 can be 1.20 or higher and 1.50 or lower. The refractive index of the low-refractive-index layer 13 is measured by the method described in the section on functional layer 12. The refractive index of the low-refractive-index layer 13 can be 1.20 or higher and 1.49 or lower, 1.20 or higher and 1.40 or lower, or 1.20 or higher and 1.32 or lower. The refractive index difference between the functional layer 12 and the low-refractive-index layer 13 can be 0.10 or higher and 0.25 or lower.

[0190] The thickness of the low-refractive-index layer 13 is preferably 200 nm or less. If the thickness of the low-refractive-index layer 13 is 200 nm or less, the reflection of external light can be suppressed. Furthermore, if the low-refractive-index layer is thick, the anti-fogging function provided by the functional layer may be blocked by the low-refractive-index layer. However, if the thickness of the low-refractive-index layer 13 is 200 nm or less, the film thickness of the low-refractive-index layer 13 is extremely thin, so the anti-fogging function can be performed even on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10. Therefore, a transparent laminate 10 with superior anti-fogging properties can be obtained. Regarding the thickness of the low-refractive-index layer 13, the thickness at 20 points is determined by cross-sectional images of the low-refractive-index layer 13 taken using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), and the arithmetic mean of the values ​​at 20 points is obtained. The thickness of the low-refractive-index layer 13 can be determined using the same method as the thickness of the functional layer 12. The thickness of the low refractive index layer 13 is preferably 50nm to 200nm, 60nm to 200nm, 70nm to 200nm, 80nm to 200nm, 50nm to 175nm, 60nm to 175nm, 70nm to 175nm, 80nm to 175nm, 50nm to 150nm, 60nm to 150nm, 70nm to 150nm, 80nm to 150nm, 50nm to 125nm, 60nm to 125nm, 70nm to 125nm, 80nm to 125nm, 50nm to 100nm, 60nm to 100nm, 70nm to 100nm, or 80nm to 100nm.

[0191] As for the low refractive index layer 13, there is no particular limitation as long as it is a layer with a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer 12. For example, the low refractive index layer 13 can be composed of an adhesive resin and low refractive index particles, or it can be composed of a low refractive index resin. In addition, the low refractive index layer 13 may also contain an antifouling agent, etc.

[0192] (Low-refractive-index particles)

[0193] Examples of low-refractive-index particles include solid or hollow particles made of silicon dioxide or magnesium fluoride. Among these, hollow silicon dioxide particles are preferred, and such hollow silicon dioxide particles can be manufactured, for example, by the manufacturing method described in the embodiments of Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-099778.

[0194] The average particle size of the low-refractive-index particles is preferably 5 nm to 100 nm. If the average particle size of the low-refractive-index particles is within this range, good particle dispersion is achieved without compromising the transparency of the low-refractive-index layer. Regarding the average particle size, the particle size of 20 low-refractive-index particles is determined by taking a cross-sectional image of the low-refractive-index layer using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), and the arithmetic mean of the particle sizes of the 20 low-refractive-index particles is obtained. More preferably, the average particle size of the low-refractive-index particles is 10 nm to 100 nm, 5 nm to 80 nm, 10 nm to 80 nm, 5 nm to 70 nm, or 10 nm to 70 nm.

[0195] As low-refractive-index particles, silica particles with reactive groups on their surface (active silica particles) are preferred, and active hollow silica particles are particularly preferred. These silica particles with reactive groups on their surface can be manufactured by surface treatment of the silica particles using a silane coupling agent or the like. Examples of methods for treating the surface of silica particles with a silane coupling agent include a dry method of spraying the silane coupling agent onto the silica particles, and a wet method of dispersing the silica particles in a solvent and then adding the silane coupling agent to allow it to react.

[0196] (Adhesive resin)

[0197] Examples of polymers constituting the low-refractive-index layer 13 include polymers of polymerizable compounds. There are no particular limitations on the polymerizable compound; ionizing radiation polymerizable monomers, oligomers, and prepolymers can be used. Additionally, materials with low refractive indices, such as resins containing fluorine atoms or organopolysiloxanes, can also be incorporated into the adhesive resin. Examples of monofunctional ionizing radiation polymerizable monomers include ethyl (meth)acrylate, ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, styrene, methylstyrene, and N-vinylpyrrolidone. In addition, examples of ionizing radiation polymerizable monomers with two or more functions include polymethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, hexanediol (meth)acrylate, tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, and compounds modified from these compounds with ethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, etc.

[0198] (Low refractive index resin)

[0199] Examples of low refractive index resins include resins incorporating fluorine atoms and organopolysiloxanes.

[0200] <<Manufacturing Methods of Transparent Laminated Materials>>

[0201] The transparent laminate 10 can be manufactured, for example, by the following method. First, a functional layer composition is coated on the first surface 11A of the substrate 11 to form a coating film of the functional layer composition.

[0202] <Composition for Functional Layers>

[0203] The composition for the functional layer comprises a polymerizable compound and an antifogging material. In addition, the composition for the functional layer may, as needed, comprise particles, leveling agents, solvents, and polymerization initiators.

[0204] (solvent)

[0205] Examples of solvents mentioned above include alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, benzyl alcohol, PGME, ethylene glycol, diacetone alcohol), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, heptanone, diisobutyl ketone, diethyl ketone, diacetone alcohol), esters (methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, methyl formate, PGMEA), aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., hexane, cyclohexane), halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene), amides (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone), ethers (e.g., diethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran), ether alcohols (e.g., 1-methoxy-2-propanol), and carbonates (dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate). These solvents can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, methyl isobutyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone are preferred solvents that can dissolve or disperse polymeric compounds and other components, and can effectively coat the composition of the functional layer.

[0206] (Polymerization initiator)

[0207] Polymerization initiators are components that initiate or carry out the polymerization (crosslinking) of polymeric compounds by being decomposed by ionizing radiation and generating free radicals.

[0208] The polymerization initiator is not particularly limited as long as it can release a substance that initiates free radical polymerization upon irradiation with ionizing rays. Known polymerization initiators can be used, such as acetophenones, benzophenones, Mischler benzoylbenzoate, α-pentoxime ester, thioxanones, phenylacetones, benzoyl groups, benzoin groups, and phosphine oxides. Furthermore, it is preferable to use a mixture of photosensitizers; examples include n-butylamine, triethylamine, and polyn-butylphosphine.

[0209] After forming a coating film of the composition for the functional layer, the coating film is heated at a temperature of, for example, 30°C to 120°C using various known methods to dry it and evaporate the solvent.

[0210] After the coating film dries, it is irradiated with ionizing rays such as ultraviolet light to cure it and form a functional layer 12. After the functional layer 12 is formed, a low refractive index layer composition is coated on the functional layer 12 to form a coating film of the low refractive index layer composition.

[0211] <Compositions for Low Refractive Index Layers>

[0212] Compositions for low refractive index layers may, for example, comprise polymerizable compounds and low refractive index particles. Compositions for low refractive index layers may comprise low refractive index resins instead of polymerizable compounds and low refractive index particles. Furthermore, the low refractive index resins may, as needed, comprise leveling agents, solvents, and polymerization initiators.

[0213] After forming a coating film of the composition for the low refractive index layer, the coating film is heated at a temperature of, for example, 30°C to 120°C using various known methods to dry it and evaporate the solvent.

[0214] After the coating film dries, it is irradiated with ionizing rays such as ultraviolet light to cure it. This forms a low-refractive-index layer 13, resulting in a transparent laminate 10.

[0215] According to this embodiment, since the transparent laminate 10 has a low refractive index layer 13, it has anti-reflective properties. Furthermore, during the aforementioned anti-fogging test of the transparent laminate 10, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 does not fog, thus achieving excellent anti-fogging properties. In addition, since ΔY1 in the transparent laminate 10 is 0.2% or less, the light reflectivity Y is difficult to change even in environments prone to fogging. Therefore, it is possible to provide a transparent laminate 10 that has anti-reflective properties and excellent anti-fogging properties, and whose light reflectivity Y is difficult to change even in environments prone to fogging.

[0216] The transparent laminate 10 possesses anti-reflective properties and excellent anti-fogging properties. Even in environments prone to fogging, its light reflectivity Y remains relatively stable. Therefore, when the transparent laminate 10 is used in an image display device, fogging of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 due to moisture in the air can be suppressed during use. This suppresses the reduction in image clarity, visibility, and transmittance caused by decreased light reflectivity. Furthermore, in large image display devices, since fogging of some surfaces of the anti-reflective film can be suppressed, unevenness caused by partial reduction in image clarity can be prevented. Additionally, when the transparent laminate 10 is used in transparent face protectors or transparent partitions, even when conversing through these devices, it suppresses the difficulty in seeing mouth movements due to light reflection. It also suppresses fogging of face protectors caused by exhalation, thus preventing discomfort and stress for the person being conversed with.

[0217] The low-refractive-index layer is much thinner than the functional layer. Therefore, if anti-fogging material is only present in the low-refractive-index layer, the amount of anti-fogging material will be too small, and fogging may occur on the surface of the transparent laminate during the aforementioned anti-fogging test. Therefore, the inventors conducted in-depth research and found that even when a low-refractive-index layer is present on the functional layer, excellent anti-fogging properties can be achieved on the surface of the transparent laminate as long as anti-fogging material is present at least in the functional layer. In this embodiment, since anti-fogging material is present in the functional layer 12, fogging is prevented on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10.

[0218] As is well known, hollow silica particles are prone to containing moisture due to their hollow structure. If the hollow silica particles contain moisture, they become cloudy and can potentially become stains in transparent laminates. In contrast, in the transparent laminate 10 of this embodiment, even when using hollow silica particles, it is difficult for stains caused by the cloudiness of the hollow silica particles to form in the transparent laminate 10. The reason for this is not yet determined, but it is believed that the anti-fogging material in the functional layer 12 absorbs moisture before the hollow silica particles.

[0219] The inventors conducted in-depth research on anti-fogging properties and found that if at least one of the functional layer and the low-refractive-index layer contains a certain amount of anti-fogging material containing ether components such as ethylene oxide or epoxides, the anti-fogging properties are further improved. Specifically, in the absorption spectrum of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, at 1150 cm⁻¹... -1 ~1000cm -1 The intensity of the second peak in the second wavenumber region relative to 1780 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1700cm -1When the ratio of the intensity of the first peak in the first wavenumber region is 1.25 to 2.20 or less, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 does not fog during the aforementioned anti-fogging test, achieving excellent anti-fogging performance and keeping ΔY1 below 0.2%. Therefore, if the ratio of the intensity of the second peak to the intensity of the first peak is 1.25 to 2.20 or less, a transparent laminate 10 with anti-reflective properties, excellent anti-fogging performance, and minimal change in light reflectivity Y even in foggy environments can be provided.

[0220] The inventors conducted in-depth research on anti-fogging properties and found that the absorption spectrum based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the surface of the transparent laminate contains [a substance] at 1540 cm⁻¹. -1 ~1560cm -1 In the case of materials having a third peak in the third wavenumber region (e.g., materials with a urethane backbone such as urethane (meth)acrylates), even at 1150 cm⁻¹, the absorption spectrum of transparent laminates based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows a third peak. -1 ~1000cm -1 The intensity of the second peak in the second wavenumber region relative to 1780 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1700cm -1 When the ratio of the intensity of the first peak in the first wavenumber region is relatively low, the anti-fogging performance is further improved. Specifically, in the absorption spectrum of the transparent laminate 10 based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, even when the ratio of the intensity of the second peak to the intensity of the first peak is 0.01 to 0.40 or less, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 does not fog during the aforementioned anti-fogging test, resulting in excellent anti-fogging performance and ΔY1 being 0.2% or less. Therefore, if the ratio of the intensity of the second peak to the intensity of the first peak is 0.01 to 0.40 or less, a transparent laminate 10 with anti-reflective properties and excellent anti-fogging performance, and whose light reflectance Y is difficult to change even in environments prone to fogging, can be provided.

[0221] For example, when using transparent laminates such as transparent face protectors near the face, an unpleasant odor can easily be detected. Therefore, suppressing this odor is necessary when using transparent laminates near the face. On the other hand, among anti-fogging materials with excellent anti-fogging properties, quaternary ammonium-based anti-fogging materials are unsuitable for applications near the face due to their strong odor. To address this odor issue, anti-fogging materials other than quaternary ammonium-based materials are selected, and / or polymerization initiators with maximum absorption wavelengths below 350 nm are chosen as polymerization initiators. This suppresses the odor, allowing them to be used in applications near the face.

[0222] The polymerization initiator used to suppress odors can be a cationic polymerization initiator, but a free radical polymerization initiator is preferred. Alternatively, a polymerization initiator with a maximum absorption wavelength above 350 nm can be used in conjunction with a polymerization initiator having a maximum absorption wavelength below 350 nm.

[0223] As a polymerization initiator for suppressing odors, there are no particular limitations as long as it has a maximum absorption wavelength of less than 350 nm. For example, benzoin compounds, benzophenone compounds, benzyl ketal compounds, α-hydroxy ketone compounds, α-amino ketone compounds, triazine compounds, iodonium salts, sulfonium salts, etc. can be used.

[0224] Among polymerization initiators that have a maximum absorption wavelength at a wavelength less than 350 nm, α-acetophenone compounds are preferred. Examples of α-acetophenone compounds include, for example, 2-hydroxy-1-{4-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl)benzyl]phenyl}-2-methylpropane-1-one, 2-methyl-2-morpholino-1-(4-methylthioalkylphenyl)propane-1-one, 2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-2-benzylbutane-1-one, and 2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-2-(4-methylphenylmethyl)butane-1-one, and more preferably, 2-methyl-2-morpholino-1-(4-methylthioalkylphenyl)propane-1-one and 2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-2-benzylbutane-1-one. Commercially available α-acetophenone compounds include Omnirad 127, Omnirad 369, Omnirad 379EG, Omnirad 907 (all manufactured by IGM Resins BV), and Seikuor BEE (manufactured by Seiko Chemical Co., Ltd.). Commercially available benzophenone compounds with a maximum absorption wavelength less than 350 nm include Omnipol BP (manufactured by IGM Resins BV), and commercially available α-hydroxy ketone compounds with a maximum absorption peak less than 350 nm include ESACURE KIP150 (manufactured by IGM Resins BV).

[0225] <<<Other Transparent Layers>>>

[0226] The transparent laminate 10 has a functional layer 12 and a low-refractive-index layer 13 on the first surface 11A of the substrate 11, but it can also be as follows: Figure 2As shown in the transparent laminate 20, a functional layer 21 and a low-refractive-index layer 22 are provided not only on the first surface 11A of the substrate 11, but also on the second surface 11B opposite to the first surface 11A. The functional layer 21 may be the same as or different from the functional layer 12. Similarly, the low-refractive-index layer 22 may be the same as or different from the low-refractive-index layer 13. The surface 20A of the transparent laminate 20 becomes the surface 13A of the low-refractive-index layer 13.

[0227] The transparent laminate 10 has a substrate 11, but it can also be as follows: Figure 3 The transparent laminate 30 shown does not have a substrate. That is, the transparent laminate 30 is a substrate-free laminate. In this embodiment, the "substrate" is the support used to form the transparent laminate, and is a film or sheet that is also present in the transparent laminate when it is used. The transparent laminate 30 is formed on one side of the release film 31. The release film 31 is peeled off when the transparent laminate 30 is used, and therefore is not considered a substrate. The surface 30A of the transparent laminate 30 becomes the surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13.

[0228] The low-refractive-index layer 13 of the transparent laminate 10 does not contain anti-fog material, but it can also be like... Figure 4 The transparent laminate 40 shown uses a low-refractive-index layer 41 containing an anti-fog material instead of the low-refractive-index layer 13. The anti-fog material contained in the low-refractive-index layer 41 is the same as the anti-fog material described in the section on functional layer 12, so its description is omitted here. By including the anti-fog material in the low-refractive-index layer 41, not only functional layer 12 but also the low-refractive-index layer 41 performs an anti-fog function, thus further improving the anti-fog performance. The surface 40A of the transparent laminate 40 becomes the surface 41A of the low-refractive-index layer 41.

[0229] In the transparent laminate 10, the functional layer 12 is adjacent to the low-refractive-index layer 13, but it can also be like... Figure 5 As shown in the transparent laminate 50, a high-refractive-index layer 51 is provided between the functional layer 12 and the low-refractive-index layer 13. By providing the high-refractive-index layer 51, anti-reflective properties can be further improved. The surface 50A of the transparent laminate 50 becomes the surface 13A of the low-refractive-index layer 13. It should be noted that... Figure 5 The low-refractive-index layer 13 of the transparent laminate 50 shown does not have anti-fogging properties, but the low-refractive-index layer 41 of the transparent laminate 40 can also be used instead of the low-refractive-index layer 13.

[0230] The high-refractive-index layer 51 is a layer with a higher refractive index than the low-refractive-index layer. Specifically, the refractive index of the high-refractive-index layer 51 can be between 1.55 and 1.85. The refractive index of the high-refractive-index layer 51 can be determined by the method described in column 12 of the functional layer section. The refractive index of the high-refractive-index layer 51 can be between 1.56 and 1.85, 1.57 and 1.85, 1.55 and 1.80, 1.56 and 1.80, 1.57 and 1.80, 1.55 and 1.75, 1.56 and 1.75, or 1.57 and 1.75. The refractive index difference between the low-refractive-index layer 13 and the high-refractive-index layer 51 can be between 0.1 and 0.65.

[0231] The thickness of the high refractive index layer 51 is preferably 200 nm or less. If the thickness of the high refractive index layer 51 is 200 nm or less, the reflection of external light can be suppressed without affecting the appearance. The thickness of the high refractive index layer 51 can be measured using the same method as the thickness of the low refractive index layer 13. The thickness of the high refractive index layer 51 is preferably 50nm to 200nm, 60nm to 200nm, 70nm to 200nm, 80nm to 200nm, 50nm to 195nm, 60nm to 195nm, 70nm to 195nm, 80nm to 195nm, 50nm to 190nm, 60nm to 190nm, 70nm to 190nm, 80nm to 190nm, 50nm to 185nm, 60nm to 185nm, 70nm to 185nm, 80nm to 185nm, 50nm to 180nm, 60nm to 180nm, 70nm to 180nm, or 80nm to 180nm.

[0232] The transparent laminate 10 is used for various applications. Examples of applications for the transparent laminate 10 include image display devices, transparent face protection devices, transparent partitions, and transparent film curtains. The "transparent face protection device" in this specification provides protection by covering the entire face or a portion of the face (e.g., the eyes). Examples of transparent face protection devices include safety glasses or face shields. Transparent face protection devices can be single-use or reusable. Examples of single-use transparent face protection devices include reusable safety glasses, surgical masks with face shields, and face shields. Examples of reusable transparent face protection devices include safety glasses, goggles, and face shields. The following describes the use of the transparent laminate 10 in image display devices or transparent face protection devices.

[0233] <<<Image Display Devices>>>

[0234] Figure 6 The image display device 60 shown is primarily for outdoor use, but can also be used indoors. The image display device 60 includes a display panel 70 and a transparent front panel 100 disposed closer to the viewer than the display panel 70, separated by an air gap 90. The thickness d of the air gap 90 (the distance between the display panel 70 and the front panel 100) is not particularly limited, and can, for example, exceed 0 mm and be less than 50 mm. In addition, the image display device 60 has a backlight device 110 on the back side of the display panel 70 to illuminate it. However, depending on the type of display panel, the image display device may not have a backlight device.

[0235] <<Display Panel>>

[0236] like Figure 6 As shown, the display panel 70 includes a display element 71 and polarizers 72 and 73 respectively disposed on the observer side and the backlight device 110 side of the display element 71. The display element 71 and the polarizers 72 and 73 are integrated by transparent adhesive layers 74 and 75 such as pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA).

[0237] <Display Components>

[0238] Display element 71 is a liquid crystal display element. However, the display element is not limited to liquid crystal display elements; for example, it can also be an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) element. As a liquid crystal display element, a known liquid crystal display element can be used, such as one in which a liquid crystal layer, an alignment film, an electrode layer, a color filter, etc., are disposed between two glass substrates.

[0239] <Polarizing plate>

[0240] The polarizer 72 includes a polarizing element 76, an anti-reflective film 77 adhered to the observer-side surface of the polarizing element 76, and a protective film 78 adhered to the backlight device 110 side surface of the polarizing element 76. It should be noted that, instead of the anti-reflective film 77, the same film as the protective film 78 may be adhered to the observer-side surface of the polarizing element 76; alternatively, other optical films may also be adhered.

[0241] (Polarization element)

[0242] Polarizing element 76 can be a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin film dyed with iodine or dichroic dyes and subjected to uniaxial stretching. As a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin, a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin obtained by saponifying a polyvinyl acetate-based resin can be used. As a polyvinyl acetate-based resin, in addition to polyvinyl acetate as a homopolymer of vinyl acetate, copolymers of vinyl acetate and other monomers capable of copolymerizing with it can also be mentioned. Other monomers capable of copolymerizing with vinyl acetate can include, for example, unsaturated carboxylic acids, olefins, vinyl ethers, unsaturated sulfonic acids, and acrylamides with ammonium groups. The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin can be modified; for example, aldehyde-modified polyvinyl formal or polyvinyl acetal can be used.

[0243] When laminating the polarizing element 76 with the antireflective film 77 or the protective film 78, it is preferable to pre-treat the antireflective film 77 or the protective film 78 with a saponification process. By pre-treating the antireflective film 77 or the protective film 78 with a saponification process, the adhesion between the antireflective film 77 and the polarizing element 76 becomes better.

[0244] (Anti-reflective film)

[0245] The antireflective film 77 is used to achieve antireflectivity while protecting the polarizing element 76. In this specification, "antireflectivity" refers to the property of reducing reflected light; specifically, it means that the light reflectivity Y, described later, is 3.5% or less. The antireflective film 77 comprises a light-transmitting substrate 79, a functional layer 80 disposed on the observer-side surface of the substrate 79, and a low-refractive-index layer 81 disposed on the observer-side surface of the functional layer 80, having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer 80. The substrate 79 and the low-refractive-index layer 81 are the same as those of the substrate 11 and the low-refractive-index layer 13, and therefore their description is omitted here. However, the substrate 79 and the low-refractive-index layer 81 may not be the same as those of the substrate 11 and the low-refractive-index layer 13 described later.

[0246] Functional layer 80 is the same as functional layer 12 described later, except that it does not contain the anti-fog material described later, so the description is omitted here. However, functional layer 80 may also contain anti-fog material. That is, compared with transparent laminate 10, anti-reflective film 77 is more likely to be subjected to heat from the display panel 70 side, so it is less prone to fogging, but the same material as transparent laminate 10 may be used.

[0247] The functional layer 80 of the anti-reflective film 77 does not contain anti-fog material and therefore does not have anti-fog properties. However, if the functional layer 80 of the anti-reflective film 77 contains anti-fog material, the contact angle between the observer-side surface 77A (the surface of the low refractive index layer 81) of the anti-reflective film 77 and water can be greater than 90°.

[0248] (Protective film)

[0249] The protective film 78 is used to protect the polarization element 76 and is made of a light-transmitting substrate such as a triacetyl cellulose film (TAC film).

[0250] Polarizer 73 includes polarizing element 82, protective film 83 adhered to one side of polarizing element 82, and protective film 84 adhered to the other side of polarizing element 82. Polarizing element 82 is the same as polarizing element 76. In addition, protective films 83 and 84 are the same as protective film 78, so their description is omitted here.

[0251] <<Backlight Device>>

[0252] As the backlight device 110, a known backlight device can be used. The backlight device 110 can be either an edge-lit type or a direct-lit type backlight device.

[0253] Front Panel

[0254] The front panel 100 includes a substrate 101 and a transparent laminate 10 disposed closer to the display panel 70 than the substrate 101. In the front panel 100, the transparent laminate 10 is disposed closer to the display panel 70 than the substrate 101, but it can also be disposed at least on either the side closer to the display panel 70 than the substrate 101 or the viewer side. The substrate 101 and the transparent laminate 10 are bonded together by a transparent adhesive layer 102. Other functional layers may also be sandwiched between the substrate 101 and the transparent laminate 10. In this case, the substrate 101, the other functional layers, and the transparent laminate 10 are integrated through bonding or the like.

[0255] <Substrate>

[0256] The substrate 101 is used to impart hardness to the image display device 60. The surface 101A of the substrate 101 becomes the observer-side surface 60A of the image display device 60.

[0257] The thickness of the substrate 101 is preferably 50 μm or more and 5 mm or less. If the thickness of the substrate 101 is 50 μm or more, it is less prone to cracking and less susceptible to the effects of external air, such as warping of the front panel due to water absorption. Conversely, if the thickness of the substrate 101 is 5 mm or less, it can suppress decreased visibility due to reduced light transmittance and image distortion, and the weight is not excessive, making it easy to handle. The thickness of the substrate 101 can be measured using the same method as the thickness of the substrate 11.

[0258] The constituent material of the substrate 101 is not particularly limited, and examples include glass, acetylcellulose-based resin, cyclic olefin polymer (COP)-based resin, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)-based resin, polycarbonate-based resin, acrylic resin, polyester resin, or mixtures of these resins. Among these, glass is preferred from the perspective of high hardness and high transparency. The constituent material of the substrate is the same as that of the glass, acetylcellulose substrate, cyclic olefin polymer substrate, polycarbonate substrate, acrylic substrate, or polyester substrate described in the substrate description, so the description is omitted here.

[0259] According to this embodiment, since the transparent laminate 10 is provided, an image display device 60 can be provided that has an air layer 90 between the display panel 70 and the front panel 100, has excellent anti-fogging properties on the display panel 70 side of the front panel 100, and has a light reflectance Y that is difficult to change even in environments prone to fogging.

[0260] <<<Transparent Face Protective Gear>>>

[0261] Figure 7 The transparent face protection device 120 shown is a protective face shield. The transparent face protection device 120 may include, for example, a support member 130 and a double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 mounted on the support member 130. It should be noted that the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 is used in the transparent face protection device 120, but its application is not particularly limited.

[0262] <<Double-sided anti-reflective laminate>>

[0263] The double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 has anti-reflective properties on both sides. Figure 7The double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 shown functions as a transparent shielding film for a protective face mask, covering the entire face or a portion of the face (e.g., the eyes). For transparent protective devices used on the face, thinness and lightness are important; therefore, considering the requirements for thinness and lightness, the thickness of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 is preferably 1000 μm or less. Besides serving as a transparent shielding film for a protective face mask, the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 can also be used as a plate-like separator or membrane curtain to prevent droplet transmission. In these cases, thinness and lightness facilitate operation; therefore, the thickness of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate is preferably 15000 μm or less. Regarding the thickness of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140, the thickness at 10 points was measured using a thickness measuring device (product name "Digital Micrometer IDF-130", manufactured by Mitutoyo Co., Ltd.), and the arithmetic mean of these 10 points is obtained. If the thickness of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate is too thin, it is prone to deformation. In addition, if the double-sided anti-reflective laminate lacks flexibility, it will wrap around the face. Therefore, from the perspective of suppressing the above-mentioned deformation and generating flexibility, and from the perspective of seeking further thinning or further weight reduction, the thickness of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 is more preferably 85μm or more and 1000μm or less, 150μm or more and 1000μm or less, 250μm or more and 1000μm or less, 85μm or more and 700μm or less, 150μm or more and 700μm or less, or 250μm or more and 700μm or less, 85μm or more and 600μm or less, 150μm or more and 600μm or less, 250μm or more and 600μm or less, 85μm or more and 500μm or less, 150μm or more and 500μm or less, or 250μm or more and 500μm or less. In particular, if the thickness of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 is between 110μm and 450μm, it has the best thickness in addition to low light reflectivity Y, excellent anti-fog properties and visibility. Therefore, when using the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 to make a protective mask, a lightweight and comfortable protective mask can be obtained.

[0264] like Figure 8 As shown, the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140, for example, sequentially laminates a transparent laminate 10, a transparent adhesive layer 150, and an anti-reflective film 160. That is, the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 has anti-reflective films on both sides. By having anti-reflective films on both sides, transparency is further improved, allowing for the observation of mouth movements and providing reassurance to the other party in conversation.

[0265] The first surface (inner surface) 140A of the face side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 becomes the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 (the surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13), and the second surface (outer surface) 140B of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 becomes the surface 160A of the anti-reflective film 160.

[0266] The bifacial reflectivity of the double-sided antireflective laminate 140 is preferably between 0.1% and 2%. If the bifacial reflectivity of the double-sided antireflective laminate 140 is 0.1% or higher, the reduction in abrasion resistance can be suppressed; if it is 2% or lower, reflection can be sufficiently suppressed, thus making mouth movements easily visible. "Bifacial reflectivity" refers to the total reflectivity of light reflected from both sides of the double-sided antireflective laminate when incident light is incident from one side. When the double-sided antireflective laminate 140 is used in transparent protective products for the face, since visibility is also important in daily life, the lower the bifacial reflectivity of the double-sided antireflective laminate 140, the better. The preferred bifacial reflectivity of the double-sided antireflective laminate 140 is 0.13% to 2%, 0.17% to 2%, 0.20% to 2%, 0.1% to 1.97%, 0.13% to 1.97%, 0.17% to 1.97%, 0.20% to 1.97%, 0.1% to 1.93%, 0.13% to 1.93%, 0.17% to 1.93%, 0.20% to 1.93%, 0.1% to 1.90%, 0.13% to 1.90%, 0.17% to 1.90%, or 0.20% to 1.90%.

[0267] The aforementioned double-sided reflectivity can be measured as follows. First, the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 is cut into 70mm × 70mm pieces to obtain a sample. Additionally, two 10mm × 50mm black acrylic sheets (hereinafter referred to as "black acrylic sheet 1") and one 50mm × 50mm black acrylic sheet (hereinafter referred to as "black acrylic sheet 2") are cut from a black acrylic sheet (e.g., product name "CLAREX N-885", manufactured by Nitto Resin Kogyo Co., Ltd., thickness 1mm). Black acrylic sheet 1 is placed on black acrylic sheet 2, facing each other, and secured with tape (product name "Cellotape (registered trademark), manufactured by Mikibang Co., Ltd.", etc.) to create a sample. Figure 9 The support 170 is shown. Next, the sample S is placed on the support 170, spanning the two black acrylic plates 1. Then, in this state, the light reflectance is measured in the measuring section of a spectrophotometer (e.g., product name "UV-2600", manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). The double-sided reflectance of the sample S is then calculated by subtracting from the measured light reflectance the value obtained by multiplying the light reflectance of the black acrylic plates by the total light transmittance of the double-sided anti-reflective layer twice (e.g., in the case of the double-sided anti-reflective layer 140, it is the reflectance (%) of the black acrylic plate × the total light transmittance (%) of the double-sided anti-reflective layer 140 / 100 × the total light transmittance (%) of the double-sided anti-reflective layer 140 / 100).

[0268] The light reflectance Y measured from the first surface 140A of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 is preferably greater than or equal to the light reflectance Y measured from the second surface 140B of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140. When the double-sided anti-reflective laminate is used in a transparent protective device for the face, a low light reflectance on the outer surface can suppress reflection, thus making it easier for the wearer's face to be seen from the other side. Furthermore, if anti-fogging properties are to be improved on the inner surface of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate, there is a tendency to increase the light reflectance Y. Therefore, by making the light reflectance Y measured from the first surface 140A of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 greater than or equal to the light reflectance Y measured from the second surface 140B of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140, the wearer's face is easier to see from the other side, and anti-fogging properties are improved on the inner surface.

[0269] The absolute value of the difference between the light reflectance Y measured from the first surface 140A (surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10) of the double-sided antireflective laminate 140 and the light reflectance Y measured from the second surface 140B (surface 160A of the antireflective film 160), ΔY2, (|light reflectance of the first surface - light reflectance of the second surface|), is preferably 1.0% or less. If this ΔY2 is 1.0% or less, light reflection can be suppressed even when viewed from either the first surface 140A side or the second surface 140B side, resulting in high transparency and good visibility. This ΔY2 is more preferably 0.5% or less. The lower limit of the above-mentioned ΔY2 is 0% or more.

[0270] The total light transmittance of the double-sided antireflective laminate 140 is preferably 90% or higher. Sufficient optical performance can be obtained if the total light transmittance of the double-sided antireflective laminate 140 is 90% or higher. More preferably, the total light transmittance of the double-sided antireflective laminate 140 is 90% or higher, 91% or higher, or 92% or higher. The upper limit of the total light transmittance of the double-sided antireflective laminate 140 is 100% or lower. The total light transmittance of the double-sided antireflective laminate 140 can be measured in the same manner as the total light transmittance of the transparent laminate 10.

[0271] <Transparent Adhesive Layer>

[0272] The transparent adhesive layer 150 is used to bond the transparent laminate 10 to the antireflective film 160. In this specification, "transparent adhesive layer" refers to a transparent layer used to bond components together, and is a concept that includes a transparent adhesive layer. The film thickness of the transparent adhesive layer 150 is not particularly limited; for example, it is preferably 2 μm or more and 200 μm or less. If the film thickness of the transparent adhesive layer 150 is 2 μm or more, the transparent laminate 10 and the antireflective film 160 can be reliably bonded; otherwise, if it is 200 μm or less, transparency (light transmittance) can be maintained. The thickness of the transparent adhesive layer 150 is more preferably 5 μm to 200 μm, 10 μm to 200 μm, 15 μm to 200 μm, 2 μm to 170 μm, 5 μm to 170 μm, 10 μm to 170 μm, 15 μm to 170 μm, 2 μm to 160 μm, 5 μm to 160 μm, 10 μm to 160 μm, 15 μm to 160 μm, 2 μm to 150 μm, 5 μm to 150 μm, 10 μm to 150 μm, or 15 μm to 150 μm. The thickness of the transparent adhesive layer 150 can be measured using the same method as the thickness of the functional layer 12.

[0273] Anti-reflective film

[0274] The anti-reflective film 160 is a film used to suppress the reflection of external light. The composition of the anti-reflective film 160 is not particularly limited; for example, Figure 8 The antireflective film 160 shown is a transparent laminate consisting of a substrate 161, a functional layer 162, and a low-refractive-index layer 163, which are sequentially laminated. The substrate 161 is the same as the substrate 11, and the low-refractive-index layer 163 is the same as the low-refractive-index layer 13, so the description is omitted here.

[0275] (Functional layer)

[0276] Functional layer 162 is the same as functional layer 12 except that it does not contain anti-fog material. However, functional layer 162 may also contain anti-fog material, just like functional layer 12.

[0277] <<Other Double-Sided Anti-Reflective Laminated Composites>>

[0278] The double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 has a transparent laminate 10 on only one side, but for example, it can also be as follows: Figure 10The double-sided anti-reflective laminate 180 shown has transparent laminates 10 on both sides. In this case, both the first surface (inner surface) 180A and the second surface (outer surface) 180B of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 180 become surfaces 10A of the transparent laminate 10. According to the transparent face protection device equipped with this double-sided anti-reflective laminate 180, fogging of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate 180 can be suppressed not only on the inner surface side but also on the outer surface side.

[0279] The double-sided anti-reflective laminate 140 is sequentially provided with a transparent laminate 10, a transparent adhesive layer 150, and an anti-reflective film 160, but it can also be like... Figure 11 As shown in the double-sided antireflective laminate 190, a transparent film 191 is disposed between the transparent laminate 10 and the antireflective film 160. In this case, the transparent laminate 10, transparent adhesive layer 192, transparent film 191, transparent adhesive layer 193, and antireflective film 160 are sequentially disposed in the double-sided antireflective laminate 190. In this case, the first surface (inner surface) 190A of the double-sided antireflective laminate 190 becomes the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, and the second surface (outer surface) 190B of the double-sided antireflective laminate 190 becomes the surface 160A of the antireflective film 160. This double-sided antireflective laminate 190 has toughness and elasticity compared to the double-sided antireflective laminate 140.

[0280] <Transparent film>

[0281] The thickness of the transparent film 191 is preferably 20 μm or more and 200 μm or less. If the thickness of the transparent film 191 is 20 μm or more, the double-sided antireflective laminate 190 can have appropriate toughness and elasticity; if it is 200 μm or less, weight reduction can be achieved. The thickness of the transparent film 191 can be measured in the same way as the thickness of the substrate. The thickness of the transparent film 191 is more preferably 25 μm or more and 200 μm or less, 40 μm or more and 200 μm or less, 50 μm or more and 200 μm or less, 20 μm or more and 150 μm or less, 25 μm or more and 150 μm or less, 40 μm or more and 150 μm or less, 50 μm or more and 150 μm or less, 20 μm or more and 120 μm or less, 25 μm or more and 120 μm or less, 40 μm or more and 120 μm or less, 50 μm or more and 120 μm or less, 20 μm or more and 100 μm or less, 25 μm or more and 100 μm or less, 40 μm or more and 100 μm or less, or 50 μm or more and 100 μm or less. The transparent film 191 is not particularly limited, and examples include films made of the resin described in the column for substrate 11.

[0282] <Transparent Adhesive Layer>

[0283] Transparent adhesive layers 192 and 193 are the same as transparent adhesive layer 150, so their description is omitted.

[0284] The transparent face protector 120 has a double-sided anti-reflective layer 140, but it can also be used in place of the double-sided anti-reflective layer 140. Figure 12 The diagram shows a single-sided anti-reflective laminate 200 that has anti-reflective function only on one side. In the single-sided anti-reflective laminate 200, a transparent laminate 30 without a substrate can be used. Figure 12 In the single-sided antireflective laminate 200 shown, the transparent laminate 10 is adhered to the substrate 201 by a transparent adhesive layer 202. That is, in the single-sided antireflective laminate 200, the substrate 201, the transparent adhesive layer 202, and the transparent laminate 10 are laminated in that order. Furthermore, the first surface (inner surface) 201A of the single-sided antireflective laminate 200 becomes the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10. It should be noted that in the single-sided antireflective laminate 200, the release film is peeled off. The substrate 201 is the same as the substrate 11, and the transparent adhesive layer 202 is the same as the transparent adhesive layer 150, therefore, descriptions are omitted.

[0285] In transparent face protection devices, fogging is common because exhaled breath comes into contact with the inner surface of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate. In contrast, according to this embodiment, by using the first surfaces 140A, 180A, and 190A of the double-sided anti-reflective laminates 140, 180, and 190 as the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, fogging of the double-sided anti-reflective laminates 140, 180, and 190 can be suppressed. Furthermore, since the transparent laminate 10 has a low-refractive-index layer 13, light reflection can be suppressed. Therefore, mouth movements can be monitored, providing reassurance to the person being spoken to.

[0286] Example

[0287] To illustrate the invention in detail, the following embodiments are provided, but the invention is not limited to these descriptions.

[0288] <Production of Anti-fog Materials>

[0289] Anti-fog materials A to D are prepared using the following steps.

[0290] (Anti-fog material A)

[0291] Pentaerythritol was repeatedly subjected to ethylene oxide (EO) addition, followed by ester addition of acrylic acid, to obtain antifogging material A, which is ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate with an EO modification number of 35.

[0292] (Anti-fog material B)

[0293] Dipentaerythritol was repeatedly subjected to EO addition, followed by ester addition of acrylic acid, to obtain antifogging material B, which is ethoxylated dipentaerythritol polyacrylate with an EO modification number of 48.

[0294] (Anti-fog material C)

[0295] Glycerol was repeatedly subjected to EO addition, and finally acrylic acid was subjected to ester addition to obtain antifogging material C, which is ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate with an EO modification number of 9.

[0296] (Anti-fog material D)

[0297] Trimethylolpropane was repeatedly subjected to EO addition, followed by ester addition of acrylic acid, to obtain antifogging material D, which is ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate with an EO modification number of 20.

[0298] <Preparation of compositions for hard coating>

[0299] The components are mixed in the manner shown below to obtain a composition for hard coating.

[0300] (Composition 1 for hard coating)

[0301] • Anti-fog material (product name "NFK-551", manufactured by Neos Co., Ltd.): 7 parts by weight

[0302] • 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by weight

[0303] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0304] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 1.05 parts by weight

[0305] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.05 parts by weight

[0306] (Composition 2 for hard coating)

[0307] • Anti-fog material (product name "8WX-083", manufactured by Taisei Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.): 5.56 parts by weight

[0308] • 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by weight

[0309] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by BASF Japan): 0.12 parts by weight

[0310] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 1.77 parts by weight

[0311] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.77 parts by weight

[0312] (Composition 3 for hard coating)

[0313] • Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex): 4.67 parts by weight

[0314] • 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex): 0.9 parts by weight

[0315] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0316] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0317] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0318] (Composition 4 for hard coating)

[0319] • Anti-fog material A: 2.10 parts by weight

[0320] • 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex): 0.9 parts by weight

[0321] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0322] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0323] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0324] (Composition 5 for hard coating)

[0325] • Anti-fog material (product name "A-GLY-20E", manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.): 2.10 parts by weight

[0326] • 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by weight

[0327] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0328] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0329] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0330] (Composition 6 for hard coating)

[0331] • Carbamate acrylate (product name "Aronix M-1100", manufactured by Toa Synthetic Co., Ltd.): 2.10 parts by weight

[0332] • 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by weight

[0333] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0334] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0335] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0336] (Composition 7 for hard coating)

[0337] • Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex): 5.67 parts by weight

[0338] • 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.45 parts by weight

[0339] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0340] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 1.94 parts by weight

[0341] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.94 parts by weight

[0342] (Composition 8 for hard coating)

[0343] • Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.67 parts by weight

[0344] • 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 2.7 parts by weight

[0345] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0346] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.315 parts by weight

[0347] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.315 parts by weight

[0348] (Composition 9 for hard coating)

[0349] • Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 4.67 parts by weight

[0350] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by weight

[0351] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0352] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0353] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0354] (Composition 10 for hard coating)

[0355] • Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 4.67 parts by weight

[0356] • A mixture of dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate and dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate (product name "KAYARADDPHA", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by weight

[0357] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0358] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0359] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0360] (Composition 11 for hard coating)

[0361] • Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 4.67 parts by weight

[0362] • Tricyclodecanedimethylethanol diacrylate (product name "IRR214-K", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by weight

[0363] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0364] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0365] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0366] (Composition 12 for hard coating)

[0367] • 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 3 parts by weight

[0368] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0369] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0370] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0371] (Composition 13 for hard coating)

[0372] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 3 parts by weight

[0373] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Irgacure (registered trademark) 184", manufactured by BASF Japan): 0.12 parts by weight

[0374] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0375] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0376] (Composition 14 for hard coating)

[0377] • A mixture of dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate and dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate (product name "KAYARADDPHA", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.): 3 parts by weight

[0378] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0379] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0380] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0381] (Composition 15 for hard coating)

[0382] • Anti-fog material A: 3.20 parts by weight

[0383] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by weight

[0384] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0385] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0386] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0387] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0388] (Composition 16 for hard coating)

[0389] • Anti-fog material B: 2.80 parts by weight

[0390] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 1.20 parts by weight

[0391] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0392] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0393] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0394] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0395] (Composition 17 for hard coating)

[0396] • Anti-fog material A: 2.60 parts by weight

[0397] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 1.40 parts by weight

[0398] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0399] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0400] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0401] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0402] (Composition 18 for hard coating)

[0403] • Anti-fog material A: 3.60 parts by weight

[0404] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.40 parts by weight

[0405] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0406] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0407] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0408] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0409] (Composition 19 for hard coating)

[0410] • Anti-fog material B: 3.20 parts by weight

[0411] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by weight

[0412] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0413] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0414] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0415] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0416] (Composition 20 for hard coating)

[0417] • Anti-fog material D: 3.20 parts by weight

[0418] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by weight

[0419] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0420] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0421] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0422] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0423] (Composition 21 for hard coating)

[0424] • Carbamate acrylate (product name "Aronix M-1100", manufactured by Toa Synthetic Co., Ltd.): 2.80 parts by weight

[0425] • Anti-fog material A: 0.40 parts by weight

[0426] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by weight

[0427] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0428] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0429] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0430] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0431] (Composition 22 for hard coating)

[0432] • Carbamate acrylate (product name "Aronix M-1100", manufactured by Toa Synthetic Co., Ltd.): 3.20 parts by weight

[0433] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by weight

[0434] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0435] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0436] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0437] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0438] (Composition 23 for hard coating)

[0439] • Carbamate acrylate (product name "Aronix M-1100", manufactured by Toa Synthetic Co., Ltd.): 2.00 parts by weight

[0440] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 2.00 parts by weight

[0441] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0442] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0443] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0444] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0445] (Composition 24 for hard coating)

[0446] • Anti-fog material A: 3.20 parts by weight

[0447] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by weight

[0448] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0449] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0450] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0451] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0452] (Composition 25 for hard coating)

[0453] • Anti-fog material A: 2.00 parts by weight

[0454] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 2.00 parts by weight

[0455] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0456] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0457] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0458] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0459] (Composition 26 for hard coating)

[0460] • Anti-fog material C: 3.20 parts by weight

[0461] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by weight

[0462] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0463] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0464] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0465] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0466] (Composition 27 for hard coating)

[0467] • Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (product name "Aronix M-240", manufactured by Toa Synthetic Co., Ltd.): 3.20 parts by weight

[0468] • Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by weight

[0469] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0470] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0471] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0472] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0473] (Composition 28 for hard coating)

[0474] • 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 1 part by weight

[0475] • High refractive index single functional monomer (product name "Light Acrylate POB-A", manufactured by Kyoei Chemical Co., Ltd.): 2 parts by weight

[0476] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0477] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by weight

[0478] Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0479] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0480] (Composition 29 for hard coating)

[0481] • Ethoxylated (15) trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "SR9035", manufactured by Sartamomer): 3.45 parts by weight

[0482] • Pentaerythritol alkoxytetraacrylate (product name "EBECRYL 40", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.86 parts by weight

[0483] • Acrylic-modified perfluoropolyether (product name "OPTOOL DAC-HP", manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.): 0.23 parts by weight

[0484] • Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad 184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.14 parts by weight

[0485] • Isopropanol (IPA): 0.5 parts by weight

[0486] (Composition 30 for hard coating)

[0487] • Antifog material A: 4.00 parts by weight

[0488] Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by weight

[0489] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad 127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by weight

[0490] • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight

[0491] Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0492] <Preparation of compositions for low refractive index layers>

[0493] The components are mixed in the manner shown below to obtain a composition for a low refractive index layer.

[0494] (Composition 1 for low refractive index layer)

[0495] • A mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (product name "KAYARAD PET-30", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., trifunctional): 0.14 parts by weight

[0496] Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by Nichibukai Chemical Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, dispersed in methyl isobutyl ketone): 0.80 parts by mass

[0497] Methyl isobutyl ketone: 4.44 parts by weight

[0498] Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 1.00 parts by weight

[0499] • Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.03 parts by weight

[0500] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Irgacure 127" (registered trademark), manufactured by BASF Japan): 0.01 parts by weight

[0501] (Composition 2 for low refractive index layer)

[0502] • A mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (product name "KAYARAD PET-30", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., trifunctional) 0.16 parts by weight

[0503] Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by Nichibukai Chemical Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, dispersed in methyl isobutyl ketone): 0.80 parts by mass

[0504] Methyl isobutyl ketone: 8.10 parts by weight

[0505] Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 1.10 parts by weight

[0506] • Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.03 parts by weight

[0507] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.01 parts by weight

[0508] (Composition 3 for low refractive index layer)

[0509] • A mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (product name "KAYARAD PET-30", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., trifunctional): 0.20 parts by weight

[0510] Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by Nichibukai Chemical Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, dispersed in methyl isobutyl ketone): 0.80 parts by mass

[0511] Methyl isobutyl ketone: 9.10 parts by weight

[0512] Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 1.20 parts by weight

[0513] • Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.04 parts by weight

[0514] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.01 parts by weight

[0515] (Composition 4 for low refractive index layer)

[0516] • A mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (product name "KAYARAD PET-30", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., trifunctional): 0.16 parts by weight

[0517] Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by Nichibukai Chemical Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, dispersed in methyl isobutyl ketone): 0.80 parts by mass

[0518] Methyl isobutyl ketone: 8.86 parts by weight

[0519] Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 1.00 parts by weight

[0520] • Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.03 parts by weight

[0521] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.01 parts by weight

[0522] (Composition 5 for low refractive index layer)

[0523] • A mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (product name "KAYARAD PET-30", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., trifunctional): 0.09 parts by weight

[0524] Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by Nichibukai Chemical Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, dispersed in methyl isobutyl ketone): 0.80 parts by mass

[0525] Methyl isobutyl ketone: 6.90 parts by weight

[0526] Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 0.84 parts by weight

[0527] • Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.01 parts by weight

[0528] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.01 parts by weight

[0529] (Composition 6 for low refractive index layer)

[0530] • Anti-fog material A: 0.16 parts by weight

[0531] Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by Nichibukai Chemical Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, dispersed in methyl isobutyl ketone): 0.80 parts by mass

[0532] Methyl isobutyl ketone: 8.86 parts by weight

[0533] Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 1.00 parts by weight

[0534] • Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.03 parts by weight

[0535] • Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.01 parts by weight

[0536] <Example 1>

[0537] A 60 μm thick triacetyl cellulose substrate (product name "TD P60", manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) was prepared as the substrate. The aforementioned hard coating composition 1 was coated onto one side of the triacetyl cellulose substrate to form a coating film. Next, the formed coating film was dried at 70°C for 30 seconds, thereby evaporating the solvent in the coating film. The film was then dried under a nitrogen atmosphere (oxygen concentration below 200 ppm) at a cumulative light intensity of 200 mJ / cm². 2 The coating was cured by irradiating it with ultraviolet light, thereby forming a hard coating with a refractive index of 1.51 and a thickness of 5 μm. Next, the aforementioned low-refractive-index layer composition 1 was applied onto the hard coating to form a coating film. The formed coating film was then dried at room temperature for 60 seconds, followed by drying at 50°C for 60 seconds, and then subjected to a nitrogen atmosphere (oxygen concentration below 200 ppm) with a cumulative light intensity of 100 mJ / cm². 2 Irradiation with ultraviolet light causes the coating to cure, forming a low refractive index layer with a refractive index of 1.35 and a thickness of 100 nm, thereby producing a transparent laminate with a thickness of 65.1 μm.

[0538] Regarding the thickness of the triacetylcellulose matrix, a cross-section of the triacetylcellulose was photographed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, product name "S-4800", manufactured by Hitachi High Technology Co., Ltd.). The thickness of the triacetylcellulose matrix was measured at 10 points in the cross-sectional image, and the arithmetic mean of the thicknesses at these 10 points was calculated. The specific method for taking the cross-sectional photographs is as follows: First, a 1mm × 10mm sample was cut from a transparent laminate, and the cut sample was embedded in embedding resin to create a block. Then, using a standard sectioning method, uniform sections without pores and with a thickness of 70nm to 100nm were cut from this block. The sections were prepared using an Ultramicrotome EM UC7 manufactured by Leica Microsystems Co., Ltd. Then, the remaining block after cutting the uniform section without pores was used as the measurement sample. Then, a cross-sectional photograph of the measurement sample was taken using the aforementioned scanning electron microscope. Here, when taking cross-sectional photographs, the detector was set to "SE", the accelerating voltage to "5kV", and the emission current to "10μA" for cross-sectional observation. Regarding magnification, adjustments were made between 100 and 100,000x while focusing and observing whether the contrast and brightness of each layer could be distinguished. Furthermore, the beam monitor aperture was set to "3", the objective lens aperture to "3", and the WD to "8mm".

[0539] Regarding the thickness of the hard coating, a cross-section of the hard coating was photographed using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM, product name "S-4800", manufactured by Hitachi High Technology Co., Ltd.). The thickness of the hard coating at 20 points in the cross-sectional image was measured, and the arithmetic mean of the thicknesses at these 20 points was obtained. The specific method for taking the cross-sectional photograph is as follows. First, similarly to the above, a slice with a thickness of 70 nm to 100 nm was cut from the transparent laminate using an Ultramicrotome EM UC7 from Leica Microsystems Co., Ltd., and this uniform slice without pores was used as the measurement sample. Then, a cross-sectional photograph of the measurement sample was taken using the aforementioned scanning transmission electron microscope. Here, when taking the cross-sectional photograph, the detector was set to "TE", the accelerating voltage was set to "30 kV", and the emission current was set to "10 μA" for cross-sectional observation. In addition, when taking the cross-sectional photograph using the aforementioned S-4800, the beam monitor aperture was further set to "3", the objective lens aperture was set to "3", and the WD was set to "8 mm". The thickness of the low-refractive-index layer was also measured using the same method as that used for the hard coating.

[0540] Regarding the refractive indices of the hard coating and the low-refractive-index layer, the hard coating has a thickness of 5 μm, and the low-refractive-index layer has a thickness of 100 nm. Therefore, they are measured or calculated according to steps (1) and (2) described in the section on functional layer 12. Specifically, firstly, the refractive index of the hard coating is determined by the Beck method. When determining the refractive index of the hard coating by the Beck method, the hard coating is removed, and 10 samples are taken. The refractive index of each of the 10 samples is determined by the Beck method using a refractive index standard solution. The arithmetic mean of the refractive indices of the 10 samples is taken as the refractive index of the hard coating. Next, using the information on the refractive index and thickness of the hard coating, and the information on the thickness of the low-refractive-index layer, the refractive index of the low-refractive-index layer is calculated by a fitting method.

[0541] In Examples 2-32 and Comparative Examples 1-18, the thickness of the substrate, the film thickness and refractive index of the hard coating and the low refractive index layer were also measured by the same method as in Example 1.

[0542] <Examples 2-13, 15-25 and Comparative Examples 1-3, 7-13>

[0543] In Examples 2-13, 15-25 and Comparative Examples 1-3, 7-13, the hard coating composition and the low refractive index layer composition shown in Table 1 or Table 2 were used, and otherwise transparent laminates were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.

[0544] <Example 14>

[0545] In Example 14, a transparent adhesive layer (product name "PD-S1", manufactured by PANAC Corporation) with a film thickness of 25 μm was used to bond the transparent laminate of Example 9 and the transparent laminate of Comparative Example 2 with the substrates facing each other, thus obtaining a double-sided anti-reflective laminate. It should be noted that in the double-sided anti-reflective laminate of Example 14 or the samples described later, the surface of the transparent laminate of Example 9 (the surface of the low refractive index layer) is used as the first surface, and the surface of the transparent laminate of Comparative Example 2 (the surface of the low refractive index layer) is used as the second surface.

[0546] <Comparative Examples 4 and 5>

[0547] In Comparative Examples 4 and 5, the hard coating compositions shown in Table 1 were used instead of hard coating composition 1, and a low refractive index layer was not formed. Otherwise, a transparent laminate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.

[0548] <Comparative Example 6>

[0549] In Comparative Example 6, a transparent adhesive layer (product name "PD-S1", manufactured by PANAC Co., Ltd.) with a film thickness of 25 μm was used to bond two transparent laminates of Comparative Example 2 together with the substrates facing each other, thus obtaining a double-sided anti-reflective laminate. It should be noted that in the double-sided anti-reflective laminate of Comparative Example 6 or the samples described later, the surface of one transparent laminate of Comparative Example 2 (the surface of the low refractive index layer) is used as the first surface, and the surface of the other transparent laminate of Comparative Example 2 (the surface of the low refractive index layer) is used as the second surface.

[0550] <Examples 26-32 and Comparative Examples 14-18>

[0551] In Example 26, firstly, using the hard coating composition and low refractive index layer composition shown in Table 4, two transparent laminates 1 and 2 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. Then, using a transparent adhesive layer with a film thickness of 25 μm (product name "PD-S1", manufactured by PANAC Corporation), the two transparent laminates 1 and 2 were bonded together with the substrates facing each other to obtain a double-sided anti-reflective laminate. It should be noted that the surface of transparent laminate 1 is used as the first surface of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate, and the surface of transparent laminate 2 is used as the second surface of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate. In addition, in Examples 27-32 and Comparative Examples 14-18, the hard coating composition and low refractive index layer composition shown in Table 4 were used, and the double-sided anti-reflective laminates were obtained in the same manner as in Example 26, except that.

[0552] <Anti-fog test>

[0553] In the transparent laminates and double-sided anti-reflective laminates of Examples 1-25 and Comparative Examples 1-13, the transparent laminates were placed in a refrigerator at -15°C for 5 minutes, and then immediately moved to an environment at 25°C and 50% relative humidity for 5 minutes to conduct an anti-fogging test. This confirmed whether the surface of the transparent laminate (the surface of the low-refractive-index layer in Examples 1-13, 15-25 and Comparative Examples 1-3, 7-13, and the surface of the hard coating layer in Comparative Examples 4, 5) or the first side (the surface of the low-refractive-index layer) of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate after the anti-fogging test was fogged. Samples cut from the transparent laminates and double-sided anti-reflective laminates were used in the anti-fogging test, with sample dimensions of 100mm × 100mm. Then, the sample was adhered to the surface of a 100mm × 100mm × 2mm acrylic blackboard (product name "COMOGLAS Acrylic Sheet", manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) using a 25μm thick transparent adhesive (product name "PD-S1"). The blackboard side was positioned so that the back of the transparent laminate and the second side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate were the sides of the acrylic blackboard. The surface of the transparent laminate and the first side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate were used as the observation sides. This sample was then used as the test sample. Three identical test samples were prepared, and anti-fogging tests were conducted on each of the three (n=3) test samples. To determine whether the test samples (transparent laminate and double-sided anti-reflective laminate) fogged, the test samples immediately after the anti-fogging test were placed on a flat table, and the surfaces of the test samples (the surface of the transparent laminate and the first side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate) were visually observed. Visual observation was conducted in a 1000 Lux indoor environment (light source: white light) from a distance of 30 cm from the surface of the sample, viewed from the front of the sample. The evaluation criteria are as follows.

[0554] A: No fogging occurred on the surface of any of the three transparent laminates or on the first surface of any double-sided anti-reflective laminate.

[0555] B: Fogging occurs on the surface of two or more transparent laminates out of three, or on the first surface of a double-sided anti-reflective laminate.

[0556] <Breath test>

[0557] Breath tests were conducted on the transparent laminates of Examples 1-13, 15-25 and Comparative Examples 1-5, 7-13, and the double-sided anti-reflective laminates of Examples 14, 26-32 and Comparative Examples 6, 14-18. Specifically, firstly, a 100mm × 100mm sample was cut from the transparent laminate, and a 17cm × 27cm sample was cut from the double-sided anti-reflective laminate. Furthermore, in the case of the transparent laminate, the film of a commercially available mouth shield (transparent mask) was removed, and the sample was adhered to the support of the mouth shield to replace the film and place the sample in front of the mouth. At this time, the sample was adhered with the surface of the transparent laminate (the surface of the low refractive index layer in Examples 1-13, 15-25 and Comparative Examples 1-3, 7-13, and the surface of the hard coating layer in Comparative Examples 4, 5) facing the mouth side. In the case of a double-sided anti-reflective laminate, the film of a commercially available face shield was removed, and the sample was adhered to the support of the face shield film to replace the film and place the sample on the face, especially in front of the mouth. The sample was then adhered with the first side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate facing the mouth. Then, these samples were subjected to a 25°C, 50% relative humidity environment. Exhaling forcefully from a distance of 10 cm along the normal direction of the surface or the center of the first side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate, at a distance of 1000 Lux, onto the surface of the transparent laminate or the center of the first side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate, until fogging occurred once. Then, conversations were conducted for 30 minutes in a 1000 Lux room (light source: white light). During these 30 minutes, it was observed whether the fogging disappeared or whether the area around the mouth was clearly visible. The observation distance was 1 m, observed from the front of the wearer of the mouth shield or face shield. The evaluation criteria are as follows. Ten subjects aged 20 to 59 years were included.

[0558] AA: The fogging on the surface of all transparent laminates and the first side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate disappears within 3 seconds and is difficult to fog up afterward, allowing for good visibility around the mouth.

[0559] A: The fogging on the surface of the transparent laminate for 8 to 9 people, and the first side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate, disappears within 3 seconds and is difficult to fog up afterward, allowing for good visibility around the mouth.

[0560] B: The fogging on the surface of a transparent laminate with 3 or more people, or on the first side of a double-sided anti-reflective laminate, does not disappear, making it impossible to see the area around the mouth clearly.

[0561] <ΔY1, light reflectance Y measurement and antireflection evaluation>

[0562] In the transparent laminates and double-sided anti-reflective laminates of Examples 1-25 and Comparative Examples 1-13, the light reflectance Y of the transparent laminates and double-sided anti-reflective laminates before and after the aforementioned anti-fogging test was measured, and the absolute value ΔY1 of the difference in light reflectance Y was calculated. Furthermore, the anti-reflective properties were evaluated based on the light reflectance Y of the transparent laminates and double-sided anti-reflective laminates before the aforementioned anti-fogging test. Specifically, firstly, samples with a size of 25mm × 50mm were cut from the transparent laminates and double-sided anti-reflective laminates. Then, using a spectrophotometer (product name "UV-2600", manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), light with an incident angle of 5 degrees was irradiated onto the surface of the sample before the anti-fogging test (the surface of the low refractive index layer in Examples 1-13, 15-25 and Comparative Examples 1-3, 7-13; the first surface of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate in Examples 14 and Comparative Example 6; and the surface of the hard coating in Comparative Examples 4 and 5). Reflected light in the positive reflection direction reflected by the sample was received, and the reflectivity in the wavelength range of 380nm to 780nm was measured. Then, the light reflectivity Y before the anti-fogging test was calculated using software that converts the light to the brightness perceived by the human eye (software built into the UV-2600). Regarding the light reflectivity Y, 40 points were measured at approximately equal intervals covering the entire sample, and the arithmetic mean of the measured light reflectivity at the 40 points was obtained. Then, the sample was subjected to an anti-fogging test under the same conditions as the anti-fogging test described above. Furthermore, the light reflectance Y in the sample after the anti-fogging test was calculated in the same manner as in the sample before the anti-fogging test, and the absolute value of the difference between the light reflectance Y of the surface 10 Å of the transparent laminate before and after the anti-fogging test was determined. It should be noted that the measurement of light reflectance Y was performed on the opposite side of the surface with the hard coating formed on the triacetyl cellulose substrate in Examples 1-13, 15-25 and Comparative Examples 1-5, 7-13, and on the second side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate with a 100mm × 100mm × 2mm blackboard (product name "COMOGLAS Acrylic Sheet", manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) pasted on it in Example 14 and Comparative Example 6. The evaluation criteria for anti-reflective properties are as follows.

[0563] A: The light reflectance Y is below 3.5%.

[0564] B: The light reflectance Y exceeds 3.5%.

[0565] <Total Light Transmittance Measurement>

[0566] The total light transmittance of the transparent laminate and the double-sided antireflective laminate of the embodiments and comparative examples was measured using a haze meter (product name "HM-150", manufactured by Murakami Color Technology Research Institute) in an environment of 23°C and 50% relative humidity, according to JIS K7361-1:1997. Specifically, after cutting 50mm × 100mm samples from the transparent laminate and the double-sided antireflective laminate, the samples were placed in the haze meter in a state free of curling, wrinkles, fingerprints, and dust. Three measurements were performed on each sample, and the arithmetic mean of the three measurements was taken as the total light transmittance.

[0567] <Haze Measurement>

[0568] The haze values ​​of the transparent laminate and the double-sided antireflective laminate of the embodiments and comparative examples were measured using a haze meter (product name "HM-150", manufactured by Murakami Color Technology Research Institute) in accordance with JIS K7136:2000, at an environment of 23°C and 50% relative humidity. Specifically, 50mm × 100mm samples were cut from the transparent laminate and the double-sided antireflective laminate, and the samples were placed in the haze meter in a state free of curling, wrinkles, fingerprints, and dust. Each sample was measured three times, and the arithmetic mean of the three measurements was taken as the haze value.

[0569] <Contact Angle Measurement of Transparent Laminates>

[0570] The contact angle with water at 25°C was determined according to the static drop method described in JIS R3257:1999 on the surface of the transparent laminate (the surface of the low refractive index layer in Examples 1-13 and Comparative Examples 1-3, and the surface of the hard coating in Comparative Examples 4 and 5) or the first surface of the double-sided antireflective laminate, in accordance with Examples 1-14 and Comparative Examples 1-6. Specifically, firstly, samples of 25 mm × 30 mm size were cut from the transparent laminate and the double-sided antireflective laminate, respectively. Then, the samples were flatly attached to a glass slide of 50 mm × 125 mm size using double-sided adhesive tape. Afterward, in order to prevent static electricity in the samples from affecting the measurement results, ions were irradiated using an ion generator (e.g., product name "KD-730B", manufactured by Kasuga Electric Co., Ltd.), thereby de-electrolyzing the samples for 30 seconds. Using a microscopic contact angle meter (product name "DropMaster300", manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd.), 1 μL of water was added to the surface of the sample (the surface of the low refractive index layer in Examples 1-13 and Comparative Examples 1-3, the first surface of the double-sided antireflective laminate in Examples 14 and Comparative Examples 6, and the surface of the hard coating in Comparative Examples 4 and 5). The contact angles at 10 points immediately after the water drop was applied were measured, and their arithmetic mean was taken as the contact angle of the transparent laminate surface. The contact angle measurements were performed at a temperature of 25°C and a relative humidity of 50%.

[0571] Peak intensity ratio

[0572] In the transparent laminates of Examples 15-25 and Comparative Examples 7-13, the absorption spectra were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). From the absorption spectra, the 1150 cm⁻¹ value was determined. -1 ~1000cm -1 The intensity of the second peak in the second wavenumber region relative to 1780 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1700cm -1 The ratio of the intensity of the first peak in the first wavenumber region (peak intensity 2 / peak intensity 1). Specifically, firstly, a sample of 10 mm × 10 mm or larger is cut from a transparent laminate. Then, using a measurement apparatus with the measurement accessory (product name "Thunderdome", manufactured by Spectra-Tech, ATR crystal: Ge, infrared incident angle: 45°) mounted to a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (product name "Nicolet iS10 FT-IR", manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific), background measurement is performed without a sample. Next, the sample is placed with the measurement surface facing the crystal side on the measurement accessory. Then, the button on the clamp is turned to ensure the sample is fully grounded to the crystal. After confirming the absorption spectrum of the sample using a monitor, measurement is started using the above-mentioned measurement apparatus under the following measurement conditions. From the background in the obtained absorption spectrum, the heights to the peaks of the peaks present in the first wavenumber region and the peaks present in the second wavenumber region are calculated using the calculation software provided with the measurement apparatus, and the aforementioned peak intensity ratio is calculated from the results. It should be noted that in the transparent laminates of Examples 21-23, since the hard coating contains urethane acrylate, the absorption spectrum based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) shows an increase at 1540 cm⁻¹. -1 ~1560cm -1 The peak was determined in the third wavenumber region.

[0573] (Measurement conditions)

[0574] • Wavenumber range: 4000~800cm -1

[0575] Points earned: 64 times

[0576] • Resolution: 8cm -1

[0577] • Detector: TGS

[0578] • ATR calibration: None

[0579] • Measurement and analysis software: Thermo Scientific OMINIC

[0580] Indentation hardness H IT Determination of composite elastic modulus Er

[0581] The indentation hardness H of the surfaces of the transparent laminates of Examples 15-25 and Comparative Examples 7-13 was measured. IT And the composite elastic modulus Er. Specifically, firstly, a transparent laminate cut to a size of 20mm × 20mm with its surface side as the top surface is fixed to a commercially available glass slide using adhesive resin (product name "Aron Alpha (registered trademark) general use", manufactured by Toa Synthetic Co., Ltd.). Specifically, the adhesive resin is dropped onto the center of glass slide 1 (product name "glass slide (cut type) 1-9645-11", manufactured by AS-1 Co., Ltd.). At this time, the adhesive resin is not spread out, and the adhesive resin is not allowed to overflow from the transparent laminate during spreading as described later; the drop is set to 1 drop in this manner. Then, the transparent laminate cut to the above size is brought into contact with the glass slide with its surface side as the top surface and the adhesive resin located in the center of the transparent laminate, and the adhesive resin is spread between glass slide 1 and the transparent laminate to perform temporary bonding. Next, another new glass slide 2 was placed on the transparent laminate, resulting in a laminate of glass slide 1 / adhesive resin / transparent laminate / glass slide 2. Then, a weight of 30g to 50g was placed on glass slide 2, and the laminate was left at room temperature for 12 hours. Afterward, the weight and glass slide 2 were removed, and the sample was used as the test sample. This test sample was then fixed on the testing stage of a microhardness testing machine (product name "TI950 TriboIndenter", manufactured by HYSITRON) set parallel to the vibration damping table. After fixing the test sample on the testing stage of the microhardness testing machine, the indentation hardness H of the transparent laminate surface was measured under the following test conditions. IT Composite elastic modulus E r Regarding the indentation hardness H IT Composite elastic modulus E r Five points near the center of the surface of the transparent laminate of the test sample (the area where the adhesive resin is present) were measured, and the arithmetic mean of the hardness of the five points was obtained. For the five points measured, the transparent laminate was observed at a magnification of 50x to 500x using the microscope included with the TI950 TriboIndenter, avoiding the parts of the transparent laminate that are extreme convex structures and the opposite extreme concave structures, and selecting the flatter parts as much as possible.

[0582] (Measurement conditions)

[0583] • Indenter shape: Berkovic

[0584] • Load control mode: up to maximum load 40mN

[0585] • Load increase time: 4 seconds

[0586] Creep time: 5 seconds

[0587] • Load removal time: 4 seconds

[0588] • Temperature during measurement: 25℃

[0589] • Humidity at the time of measurement: 50%

[0590] <ra rz>

[0591] In the transparent laminates of Examples 15-25 and Comparative Examples 7-13, the arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) and maximum height (Rz) of the surface of the transparent laminate were measured, and the ratio of Ra to Rz (Ra / Rz) of the surface of the transparent laminate was calculated. Specifically, firstly, a 5mm × 5mm sample was cut from the transparent laminate. Then, using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) SPM-9700 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, in online (measurement) mode in the SPM Manager software, the surface shape of the sample was measured under the following conditions. Then, image processing was performed using offline (analysis) mode. The obtained AFM images were analyzed to obtain Rz (maximum height) and Ra (arithmetic mean roughness) for each sample. For each sample, the arithmetic mean of Rz and Rz / Ra at 14 locations were calculated, and these values ​​were taken as Rz and Rz / Ra.

[0592] (AFM measurement conditions)

[0593] Measurement mode: Phase

[0594] Scan range: 5μm × 5μm

[0595] Scan speed: 0.2Hz

[0596] Pixel count: 512×512

[0597] The cantilever used is an NCHR manufactured by NanoWorld (resonant frequency: 320kHz, spring constant: 42N / m).

[0598] (AFM image processing conditions)

[0599] Tilt correction: Average value in the X direction, surface fitting (automatic)

[0600] <Odor Evaluation>

[0601] Odor evaluation was performed on the transparent laminates of Examples 15-25 and Comparative Examples 7-13. Specifically, firstly, samples of 100mm × 100mm size were cut from the transparent laminates. Then, for these samples, at 25°C and 50% relative humidity, the odor of the sample was smelled from a position 5cm away along the normal direction of the surface, at the center of the transparent laminate surface. The evaluation criteria are as follows. Ten subjects aged 20 to 59 years were included.

[0602] AA: No one detected any worrying odors.

[0603] A: 7 to 9 people did not detect any worrying odor.

[0604] B: An odor that causes concern for 3 or more people.

[0605] <Reflection characteristics>

[0606] The reflection characteristics of the double-sided antireflective laminates of Examples 26-32 and Comparative Examples 14-18 were investigated. Specifically, the relationship between the magnitudes of the double-sided reflectivity and the light reflectivity Y, and ΔY2 were determined.

[0607] (1) Measurement of double-sided reflectance

[0608] First, the double-sided anti-reflective laminate was cut into 70mm x 70mm pieces to obtain a sample. Additionally, two 10mm x 50mm black acrylic sheets (hereinafter referred to as "Black Acrylic Sheet 1") and one 50mm x 50mm black acrylic sheet (hereinafter referred to as "Black Acrylic Sheet 2") were cut from a 1mm thick black acrylic sheet (product name "CLAREX N-885", manufactured by Nitto Resin Kogyo Co., Ltd.). Black Acrylic Sheet 1 was placed on top of Black Acrylic Sheet 2, facing each other, and secured with tape (product name "Cellotape (registered trademark), manufactured by Mikibang Co., Ltd.") to create... Figure 9 The support shown is used. Next, sample S is placed on the support, spanning two black acrylic plates 1. Then, in this state, the measuring section of a spectrophotometer (product name "UV-2600", manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) is set up. Light with an incident angle of 5 degrees is irradiated from the surface side of the sample using the spectrophotometer. The reflected light in the positive reflection direction reflected by the sample is received, and the reflectance in the wavelength range of 380nm to 780nm is measured. Then, the light reflectance is calculated using software (built into the UV-2600) that converts the light reflectance to the brightness perceived by the human eye. Regarding the light reflectance, 40 points are measured at approximately equal intervals covering the entire sample, and the arithmetic mean of the measured light reflectance at these 40 points is obtained. Then, the double-sided reflectance of the sample is calculated by subtracting the value obtained by multiplying the pre-measured reflectance of the black acrylic sheet 1 by the total light transmittance of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate twice (reflectance of black acrylic sheet 1 (%) × total light transmittance of double-sided anti-reflective laminate (%) / 100 × total light transmittance of double-sided anti-reflective laminate (%) / 100). Regarding the reflectance of the black acrylic sheet 1, it is measured using the same method as for the double-sided anti-reflective laminate, with the black acrylic sheet 1 placed in the measuring section of a spectrophotometer (product name "UV-2600", manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). Furthermore, the total light transmittance of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate is obtained using the same method described in the section on total light transmittance measurement.

[0609] (2) The relationship between the magnitude of light reflectance Y and ΔY2

[0610] First, two samples (Sample 1 and Sample 2) with a size of 70mm × 70mm were cut from each double-sided antireflective laminate. In Sample 1, to measure the light reflectance of the first side, a 100mm × 100mm × 2mm black acrylic sheet (Product Name "COMOGLAS Acrylic Sheet", manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) with a size of 100mm × 100mm × 2mm was adhered to the second side using a 25μm thick transparent adhesive (Product Name "PD-S1", manufactured by PANAC Co., Ltd.). Similarly, in Sample 2, to measure the light reflectance of the second side, a 100mm × 100mm × 2mm black acrylic sheet (Product Name "COMOGLAS Acrylic Sheet", manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) with a size of 100mm × 100mm × 2mm was adhered to the first side using a 25μm thick transparent adhesive (Product Name "PD-S1", manufactured by PANAC Co., Ltd.). Next, sample 1, with a black acrylic sheet attached to its second side, was placed in the measuring section of a spectrophotometer (product name "UV-2600", manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) to measure the light reflectance of its first side. Similarly, sample 2, with a black acrylic sheet attached to its first side, was placed in the measuring section of the same spectrophotometer to measure the light reflectance of its second side. The light reflectance was calculated using the same steps as described in the section on double-sided reflectance measurement. Then, the measured light reflectance of the first side and the light reflectance of the second side were compared to obtain the relationship between their magnitudes. Furthermore, the absolute value of the difference between the light reflectance of the first side and the light reflectance of the second side (|light reflectance of the first side - light reflectance of the second side|)ΔY2 was calculated.

[0611] <Visibility Evaluation>

[0612] Visibility was evaluated for the double-sided antireflective laminates of Examples 26-32 and Comparative Examples 14-18. Specifically, samples of 350mm × 250mm size were cut from each double-sided antireflective laminate. Then, the film of a commercially available face shield was removed, and the sample was attached to the support of the face shield film, replacing the film, and placed on the face, particularly in front of the mouth. The sample was attached with the first side of the double-sided antireflective laminate facing the mouth. These samples were then subjected to observation for 30 minutes in a bright room (1000 Lux, white light source) at 25°C and 50% relative humidity. During these 30 minutes, the presence or absence of reflected light, fogging around the mouth, and visual field were assessed. The observation distance was 1m, observed from the front of the face shield wearer. The evaluation criteria are as follows. Ten subjects aged 20-59 years were included.

[0613] AA: The fogging on the first side of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate for all individuals disappeared within 3 seconds, and fogging was difficult to occur thereafter, allowing for clear visibility around the mouth. There was also no reflection to the extent that facial expressions could not be read.

[0614] A: For double-sided anti-reflective laminates for 8-9 people, fogging on the first side disappears within 3 seconds, and fogging is difficult to occur thereafter, allowing good visibility around the mouth. There is also no reflection to the extent that facial expressions cannot be read.

[0615] B: For double-sided anti-reflective laminates with 3 or more people, the fogging on the first side does not disappear, and the area around the mouth cannot be clearly seen.

[0616] The results are shown in Tables 1-4 below.

[0617] [Table 1]

[0618] [Table 2]

[0619] [Table 3]

[0620] [Table 4]

[0621] The results are explained below. In the transparent laminates of Comparative Examples 1-3, the light reflectance Y was low, but the anti-fogging performance was poor. Furthermore, in the transparent laminates of Comparative Examples 4 and 5, the anti-fogging performance was excellent, but a low-refractive-index layer was not formed, resulting in a high light reflectance Y. In the transparent laminates of Comparative Examples 7-12, the peak intensity ratio was less than 1.25 or less than 0.01, resulting in poor anti-fogging performance. Additionally, in the transparent laminate of Comparative Example 13, since the peak intensity ratio exceeded 2.2, the film strength of the low-refractive-index layer was insufficient, and in the transparent laminate after the anti-fogging test, the low-refractive-index layer peeled off upon contact. Therefore, the light reflectance Y of the transparent laminate after the anti-fogging test of Comparative Example 13 could not be measured. This is believed to be because the binder resin and polymerization initiator of the low-refractive-index layer penetrated into the hard coating layer, resulting in a low-refractive-index layer consisting almost entirely of hollow silica particles. In contrast, the transparent laminates of Examples 1-25 exhibit low light reflectivity Y and excellent anti-fogging properties.

[0622] Furthermore, in the transparent shielding film of Comparative Example 6, although the light reflectance Y was low, the anti-fogging performance was poor. In contrast, in the transparent shielding film of Example 14, the light reflectance Y was also low, and the anti-fogging performance was excellent.

[0623] In particular, the transparent laminates of Examples 15-17 have the best thickness in addition to low light reflectance Y, excellent anti-fogging properties and visibility. Therefore, when using the transparent laminates of Examples 15-17 to make protective masks, lightweight protective masks with good wearing comfort can be obtained.< / ra>

Claims

1. A transparent laminate, comprising a functional layer and a low-refractive-index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein, The surface of the low-refractive-index layer forms the surface of the transparent laminate. When the transparent laminate was placed in an environment of -15°C for 5 minutes and then moved to an environment of 20°C to 25°C and relative humidity of 40% to 70% for 5 minutes for an anti-fogging test, the surface of the transparent laminate did not fog up, and... The absolute value ΔY1 of the difference in light reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate before and after the anti-fog test is less than 0.2%. Before the anti-fog test, the light reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate was less than 2.0%.

2. A transparent laminate, comprising a functional layer and a low-refractive-index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein, In the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum of the surface of the transparent laminate, at 1150 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1000cm -1 The intensity of the second peak in the second wavenumber region relative to 1780 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1700cm -1 The ratio of the intensity of the first peak in the first wavenumber region is above 1.25 and below 2.

20. The light reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate is less than 2.0%.

3. A transparent laminate, comprising a functional layer and a low-refractive-index layer with a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein, The transparent laminate contains ester and ether components. In the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum of the surface of the transparent laminate, the ratio of the peak intensity from the ether group to the peak intensity from the ester group is 1.25 to 2.

20. The light reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate is less than 2.0%.

4. A transparent laminate, comprising a functional layer and a low-refractive-index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein, In the absorption spectrum based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the surface of the transparent laminate, at 1150 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1000cm -1 The intensity of the second peak in the second wavenumber region relative to 1780 cm⁻¹ -1 ~1700cm -1 The ratio of the intensity of the first peak in the first wavenumber region is above 0.01 and below 0.

40. The light reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate is less than 2.0%.

5. A transparent laminate, comprising a functional layer and a low-refractive-index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein, The transparent laminate contains ester and ether components. In the absorption spectrum based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the surface of the transparent laminate, the ratio of the peak intensity from the ether group to the peak intensity from the ester group is 0.01 to 0.

40. The light reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate is less than 2.0%.

6. The transparent laminate as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The indentation hardness of the surface of the transparent laminate is 20 MPa to 100 MPa, and the composite elastic modulus of the surface of the transparent laminate is 0.15 GPa to 1.5 GPa.

7. The transparent laminate as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The thickness of the low refractive index layer is less than 200 nm.

8. The transparent laminate as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The thickness of the functional layer is 3 μm or more.

9. The transparent laminate as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The functional layer contains hydrophilic groups, and the low refractive index layer is adjacent to the functional layer.

10. The transparent laminate as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The contact angle between the surface of the transparent laminate and water is greater than 90°.

11. The transparent laminate as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The low-refractive-index layer contains hollow silica particles.

12. The transparent laminate as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The functional layer is a hard coating.

13. The transparent laminate according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising a substrate disposed on the side of the functional layer opposite to the side of the low refractive index layer.

14. The transparent laminate of claim 13, wherein, The substrate comprises resin or glass.

15. The transparent laminate as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, used in an image display device, a transparent protective device for the face, a transparent film curtain, or a transparent separator.

16. An image display device comprising a display panel and a light-transmitting front panel, the light-transmitting front panel being disposed on the observer side of the display panel with an air layer sandwiched between it and the display panel, wherein... The front panel comprises a substrate and a transparent laminate as described in any one of claims 1 to 5 disposed on at least one of the display panel side and the observer side of the substrate.

17. A double-sided antireflective laminate, which is a double-sided antireflective laminate with antireflective function on both sides, comprising: The transparent laminate according to any one of claims 1 to 5; An antireflective film disposed on the back side of the transparent laminate opposite to the surface; and A transparent adhesive layer that bonds the transparent laminate to the antireflective film.

18. The double-sided antireflective laminate as described in claim 17, wherein, The double-sided anti-reflective laminate is used in transparent protective devices for the face, with the surface of the transparent laminate located on the face side.

19. The double-sided antireflective laminate as described in claim 17, wherein, The total light transmittance of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate is over 90%.

20. The double-sided antireflective laminate as described in claim 17, wherein, The double-sided antireflective laminate has a double-sided reflectivity of 0.1% to 2%, and the light reflectivity of the transparent laminate is greater than or equal to the light reflectivity of the antireflective film.

21. The double-sided antireflective laminate as described in claim 17, wherein, The double-sided reflectivity of the double-sided antireflective laminate is between 0.1% and 2%, and the absolute value ΔY2 of the difference between the light reflectivity of the transparent laminate and the light reflectivity of the antireflective film is less than 1.0%.

22. A transparent protective device for the face, comprising: Support components; and The double-sided anti-reflective laminate of claim 17, mounted on the support component, The surface of the transparent laminate is located on the face side.

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