Communication method, apparatus and system

Abstract

A communication method, apparatus, and system, belonging to the field of communication technology, the method includes: a first communication device generating a first data frame and then transmitting the first data frame; the first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of the multiple pilot symbols being one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2; P H P represents the amplitude probability corresponding to a high amplitude. H <P L P L The low amplitude corresponds to the amplitude probability; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. This method can solve the problem of increased transmission cost of pilot symbols. This application can improve the transmission performance of pilot symbols and reduce the transmission cost of pilot symbols. This application is used for data frame transmission.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of communication technology, and in particular to a communication method, apparatus and system. Background Technology

[0002] Driven by 5G, cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence, high-speed optical transmission networks are developing towards higher capacity, packetization, and intelligence. Coherent optical communication systems utilize the amplitude, phase, polarization, or frequency of light waves to carry information. To combat optical signal distortion caused by dispersion, polarization-related impairments, noise, nonlinear effects, and other factors during transmission and to maintain long-distance transmission, coherent optical communication systems typically frame the sequence of symbols to be transmitted before transmission. This involves adding some pre-designed symbol sequences to make it easier for the receiver to recover the transmitted symbols. For example, these pre-designed symbols include training symbols and pilot symbols, where training symbols are used for link training and pilot symbols are used for carrier phase recovery.

[0003] To improve spectral efficiency, multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is commonly used, such as 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, or even higher-order QAM. In traditional QAM modulation, each constellation point on the signal constellation diagram appears with the same probability. Probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS) technology, while keeping the constellation point positions unchanged, alters the probability of each constellation point appearing, making high-amplitude constellation points less likely to appear than low-amplitude constellation points, thereby improving system transmission performance.

[0004] The framing schemes in related technologies use pilot symbols derived from the outermost four symbols of the constellation diagram. These pilot symbols possess high energy and sensitivity. However, pilot symbols are redundant additions to the framing process, and the higher the energy of a pilot symbol, the greater the performance penalty. This is particularly problematic in metropolitan area network transmission scenarios employing PCS technology, where using the outermost four symbols of the constellation diagram results in an even greater performance penalty, a problem that urgently needs to be addressed in the future. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This application provides a communication method, apparatus, and system that can solve the problem of high transmission performance cost of pilot symbols in related technologies. The solution provided in this application is as follows.

[0006] In a first aspect, this application provides a communication method executed by a first communication device. The communication method includes: the first communication device generating a first data frame and transmitting the first data frame; wherein the first data frame includes a plurality of pilot symbols, each of the plurality of pilot symbols being one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2; P H P represents the amplitude probability corresponding to a high amplitude. H <P L P L The low amplitude corresponds to the amplitude probability; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number.

[0007] Secondly, this application provides a communication method executed by a second communication device. The communication method includes: the second communication device receiving a second data frame and processing the second data frame; wherein the second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel; the first data frame includes a plurality of pilot symbols, each of the plurality of pilot symbols being one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2; P H P represents the amplitude probability corresponding to a high amplitude. H <P L P L The low amplitude corresponds to the amplitude probability; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number;

[0008] Thirdly, this application provides a communication method executed by a first communication device. The communication method includes: the first communication device generating a first data frame; and the first communication device transmitting the first data frame. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -2×α-2×αj, -2×α+2×αj, 2×α-2×αj, and 2×α+2×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is set to 1. Of course, α can also be a value other than 1.

[0009] Fourthly, this application provides a communication method executed by a second communication device. The communication method includes: the second communication device receiving a second data frame and processing the second data frame; wherein the second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel; the first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -2×α-2×αj, -2×α+2×αj, 2×α-2×αj, and 2×α+2×αj; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is set to 1. Of course, α can also be a value other than 1.

[0010] Fifthly, this application provides a communication method performed by a first communication device, the communication method comprising: the first communication device generating a first data frame; and the first communication device transmitting the first data frame. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.9×α-1.9×αj, -1.9×α+1.9×αj, 1.9×α-1.9×αj, and 1.9×α+1.9×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is 1. Of course, α can also be a non-zero value.

[0011] Sixthly, this application provides a communication method executed by a second communication device. The communication method includes: the second communication device receiving a second data frame and processing the second data frame; wherein the second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel; the first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of the multiple pilot symbols being one of four types: -1.9×α-1.9×αj, -1.9×α+1.9×αj, 1.9×α-1.9×αj, and 1.9×α+1.9×αj. One of the complex numbers; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is 1. Of course, the value of α can also be other than 1.

[0012] In a seventh aspect, this application provides a communication method performed by a first communication device, the communication method comprising: the first communication device generating a first data frame; and the first communication device transmitting the first data frame. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.5×α-1.5×αj, -1.5×α+1.5×αj, 1.5×α-1.5×αj, and 1.5×α+1.5×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is 1. Of course, α can also be a non-zero value.

[0013] Eighthly, this application provides a communication method executed by a second communication device. The communication method includes: the second communication device receiving a second data frame and processing the second data frame; wherein the second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel; the first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of the multiple pilot symbols being one of four types: -1.5×α-1.5×αj, -1.5×α+1.5×αj, 1.5×α-1.5×αj, and 1.5×α+1.5×αj. One of the complex numbers; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is 1. Of course, the value of α can also be other than 1.

[0014] Ninthly, this application provides a communication device, which includes a processing unit and a transmitting unit; the processing unit is used to generate a first data frame; the transmitting unit is used to transmit the first data frame. The first data frame includes a plurality of pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2; P H P represents the amplitude probability corresponding to a high amplitude. H <P L P LThe low amplitude corresponds to the amplitude probability; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number.

[0015] In a tenth aspect, this application provides a communication device, which includes a receiving unit and a processing unit; the receiving unit is used to receive a second data frame; the processing unit is used to process the second data frame. The second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel, and the first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2; P H P represents the amplitude probability corresponding to a high amplitude. H <P L P L The low amplitude corresponds to the amplitude probability; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number.

[0016] Eleventhly, this application provides a communication device, which includes a processing unit and a transmitting unit; the processing unit is used to generate a first data frame; the transmitting unit is used to transmit the first data frame. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -2×α-2×αj, -2×α+2×αj, 2×α-2×αj, and 2×α+2×αj; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is set to 1. Of course, α can also be a value other than 1.

[0017] In a twelfth aspect, this application provides a communication device comprising a receiving unit and a processing unit; the receiving unit is used to receive a second data frame; the processing unit is used to process the second data frame. The second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel; the first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -2×α-2×αj, -2×α+2×αj, 2×α-2×αj, and 2×α+2×αj; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is set to 1. Of course, α can also be a value other than 1.

[0018] In a thirteenth aspect, this application provides a communication device, which includes a processing unit and a transmitting unit; the processing unit is used to generate a first data frame; and the transmitting unit is used to transmit the first data frame. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.9×α-1.9×αj, -1.9×α+1.9×αj, 1.9×α-1.9×αj, and 1.9×α+1.9×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is 1. Of course, α can also be a non-zero value.

[0019] In a fourteenth aspect, this application provides a communication device, which includes a receiving unit and a processing unit; the receiving unit is used to receive a second data frame; and the processing unit is used to process the second data frame. The second data frame is the first data frame transmitted through the channel. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.9×α-1.9×αj, -1.9×α+1.9×αj, 1.9×α-1.9×αj, and 1.9×α+1.9×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, and in this case, α is 1. Of course, α can also be a value other than 1.

[0020] In a fifteenth aspect, this application provides a communication device, which includes a processing unit and a transmitting unit; the processing unit is used to generate a first data frame; and the transmitting unit is used to transmit the first data frame. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.5×α-1.5×αj, -1.5×α+1.5×αj, 1.5×α-1.5×αj, and 1.5×α+1.5×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is 1. Of course, α can also be a non-zero value.

[0021] In a sixteenth aspect, this application provides a communication device, which includes a receiving unit and a processing unit; the receiving unit is used to receive a second data frame; and the processing unit is used to process the second data frame. The second data frame is the first data frame transmitted through the channel. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.5×α-1.5×αj, -1.5×α+1.5×αj, 1.5×α-1.5×αj, and 1.5×α+1.5×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, and in this case, α is 1. Of course, α can also be a value other than 1.

[0022] In each of the first to sixteenth aspects described above, the average energy of the pilot symbols in the data frame transmitted between the first and second communication devices is equal to or approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbols. In this case, the energy of the pilot symbols is neither too high nor too low, and the pilot symbols exhibit good sensitivity and low transmission cost. Therefore, the data frame containing these pilot symbols has good transmission performance.

[0023] Optionally, in each of the first, second, ninth, and tenth aspects mentioned above, A can have multiple values. The following will explain some of these value types using examples.

[0024] (1) A = B. At this time, the average energy of the pilot symbols in the data frame transmitted between the first communication device and the second communication device is equal to the average energy of the payload symbols, thus improving the transmission performance of the pilot symbols.

[0025] (2) β = 0.1; or β = 0.01; or β = 0.001. These values ​​of β can make the average energy of the pilot symbols in the data frames transmitted between the first communication device and the second communication device approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbols, thereby improving the transmission performance of the pilot symbols.

[0026] (3) A is the number obtained by rounding B to d decimal places, where d is a positive integer. For example, A is the number obtained by rounding B to d decimal places using the rules of rounding up, down, or up. d = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. The value of d can also be greater than 5, such as d = 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc. When A is the number obtained by rounding B to d decimal places, the average energy of the pilot symbol is approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbol, thus improving the transmission performance of the pilot symbol.

[0027] (4) A is the number obtained by rounding down B. In this case, the average energy of the pilot symbol is approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbol, thus improving the transmission performance of the pilot symbol.

[0028] (5) C represents B×2 s The value obtained by rounding down, rounding up, or rounding to the nearest integer, where s is a positive integer. In this case, the average energy of the pilot symbol is approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbol, improving the transmission performance of the pilot symbol.

[0029] (6) A is 2α, 1.9α, or 1.5α. In this case, the average energy of the pilot symbol is approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbol, thus improving the transmission performance of the pilot symbol.

[0030] Optionally, in each of the first to sixteenth aspects described above, P H The value of can be any value; in this embodiment, P is used. H For example, 0.377, 0.319, 0.3287, 0.3307, 0.1577, or 0.1558.

[0031] Optionally, in each of the first to sixteenth aspects described above, the pilot symbols are generated by a generator polynomial and a seed, wherein the generator polynomial is x. 10 +x 7 +x 3 +x+1, where x represents the unknown in the generator polynomial. The seed in hexadecimal representation in the first polarization direction is 0x34E, and the seed in hexadecimal representation in the second polarization direction is 0x084.

[0032] Optionally, in each of the first to sixteenth aspects described above, in each polarization direction in the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, the first data frame includes a plurality of subframes, and the number of pilot symbols in each of the plurality of subframes is 114.

[0033] Optionally, the above-mentioned first part, the second part, the first part of the first part, the first part of the first part, the first part of the first part of the first part, the first part of the first part, the first part of the first part, the first part of the first part, the first part of the first part. j,A-Aj,A+Aj,-A-Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,-A-Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,-A+Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,-A+Aj,A-A j,A-Aj,A-Aj,A-Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,A+Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,A-Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,A-Aj,-A+Aj,-A- Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Lip, -A+Aj, A-Aj ,-A+Lip,A-Lip,A-Lip,A+Lip,-A-Lip,-A+Lip,A-Lip,A-Lip,-A-Lip,A+Lip,A-Lip,-A-Lip,A+Lip,A+Lip,A+Lip,-A-A j,-A-Aj,A+Aj,A+Aj,A-Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,A-Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,-A+Aj,A+Aj,-A+Aj,A+Aj,-A+Aj,A-Aj,-A+A j,-A-Aj,-A-Aj,A-Aj,-A+Aj,A+Aj,A-Lip,A-Aj,-A-Aj,-A+Aj,-A+Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,-A-Aj,-A+Aj,-A+ Aj,-A+Aj,A-Aj,-A+Aj,-A+Aj,A-Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,A-Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,A+Aj;

[0034] The 114 pilot symbols in the second polarization direction are: -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-A j, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-A j, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A -Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj , -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A- Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj.

[0035] In the third, fourth, eleventh and twelfth aspects mentioned above, A is 2α; in the fifth, sixth, thirteenth and fourteenth aspects mentioned above, A is 1.9α; and in the seventh, eighth, fifteenth and sixteenth aspects mentioned above, A is 1.5α.

[0036] Optionally, in each of the first to sixteenth aspects described above, in each polarization direction of the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, the first data frame includes multiple subframes, and in each of the multiple subframes, a fixed position in every 64 symbols is a pilot symbol.

[0037] Optionally, in each of the first, second, ninth, and tenth aspects described above, the first data frame further includes multiple training symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj. In this case, the average energy of the training symbols is the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbols, and the transmission effect of the training symbols is also better.

[0038] Optionally, in the third, fourth, eleventh, and twelfth aspects mentioned above, the first data frame further includes multiple training symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -2×α-2×αj, -2×α+2×αj, 2×α-2×αj, and 2×α+2×αj. In this case, the average energy of the training symbols is the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbols, and the transmission effect of the training symbols is also better.

[0039] Optionally, in the fifth, sixth, thirteenth and fourteenth aspects mentioned above, the first data frame further includes multiple training symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.9×α-1.9×αj, -1.9×α+1.9×αj, 1.9×α-1.9×αj, and 1.9×α+1.9×αj. In this case, the average energy of the training symbols is the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbols, and the transmission effect of the training symbols is also better.

[0040] Optionally, in the seventh, eighth, fifteenth, and sixteenth aspects mentioned above, the first data frame further includes multiple training symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.5×α-1.5×αj, -1.5×α+1.5×αj, 1.5×α-1.5×αj, and 1.5×α+1.5×αj. In this case, the average energy of the training symbols is the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbols, and the transmission effect of the training symbols is also better.

[0041] Optionally, in each of the first to sixteenth aspects described above, in each polarization direction of the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, the first data frame includes multiple subframes, and the first symbol of the training sequence formed by the training symbols in each of the multiple subframes is a pilot symbol.

[0042] Optionally, in each of the first to sixteenth aspects described above, in each polarization direction of the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, the first data frame includes multiple subframes, and the number of training symbols in each of the multiple subframes is 11; the 11 training symbols in the first polarization direction are as follows: -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj; the 11 training symbols in the second polarization direction are as follows: -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj. In the third, fourth, eleventh and twelfth aspects mentioned above, A is 2α; in the fifth, sixth, thirteenth and fourteenth aspects mentioned above, A is 1.9α; and in the seventh, eighth, fifteenth and sixteenth aspects mentioned above, A is 1.5α.

[0043] Optionally, in each of the first, second, ninth, and tenth aspects described above, the first data frame further includes multiple frame synchronization symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj. In this case, the average energy of the frame synchronization symbols is the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbols, and the transmission effect of the frame synchronization symbols is also better.

[0044] Optionally, in the third, fourth, eleventh, and twelfth aspects described above, the first data frame further includes multiple frame synchronization symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -2×α-2×αj, -2×α+2×αj, 2×α-2×αj, and 2×α+2×αj. In this case, the average energy of the frame synchronization symbols is the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbols, and the transmission effect of the frame synchronization symbols is also better.

[0045] Optionally, in the fifth, sixth, thirteenth and fourteenth aspects mentioned above, the first data frame further includes multiple frame synchronization symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.9×α-1.9×αj, -1.9×α+1.9×αj, 1.9×α-1.9×αj, and 1.9×α+1.9×αj. In this case, the average energy of the frame synchronization symbol is the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbol, and the transmission effect of the frame synchronization symbol is also better.

[0046] Optionally, in the seventh, eighth, fifteenth, and sixteenth aspects mentioned above, the first data frame further includes multiple frame synchronization symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.5×α-1.5×αj, -1.5×α+1.5×αj, 1.5×α-1.5×αj, and 1.5×α+1.5×αj. In this case, the average energy of the frame synchronization symbols is the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbols, and the transmission effect of the frame synchronization symbols is also better.

[0047] Optionally, in each of the first to sixteenth aspects described above, in each polarization direction between the first and second polarization directions, the number of frame synchronization symbols in the first data frame is 22; the 22 frame synchronization symbols in the first polarization direction are, in order: A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, - The 22 frame synchronization symbols in the second polarization direction are: A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj; A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj. In the third, fourth, eleventh, and twelfth aspects mentioned above, A is 2α; in the fifth, sixth, thirteenth, and fourteenth aspects mentioned above, A is 1.9α; in the seventh, eighth, fifteenth, and sixteenth aspects mentioned above, A is 1.5α.

[0048] Optionally, in each of the first to sixteenth aspects described above, in each polarization direction of the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, each pilot symbol in the first data frame is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction are orthogonal. Specifically, in the third, fourth, eleventh, and twelfth aspects described above, A is 2α; in the fifth, sixth, thirteenth, and fourteenth aspects described above, A is 1.9α; and in the seventh, eighth, fifteenth, and sixteenth aspects described above, A is 1.5α.

[0049] Optionally, in each of the first to sixteenth aspects mentioned above, α = 1.

[0050] Optionally, in each of the first to sixteenth aspects described above, each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: 1+1j, 1-1j, -1+1j, -1-1j, 1+3j, 1-3j, -1+3j, -1-3j, 3+1j, 3-1j, -3+1j, -3-1j, 3+3j, 3-3j, -3+3j, and -3-3j.

[0051] In a seventeenth aspect, this application provides a communication method performed by a first communication device, the communication method comprising: the first communication device generating a first data frame; and the first communication device transmitting the first data frame. Wherein, the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame is equal to the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame.

[0052] In an eighteenth aspect, this application provides a communication method performed by a second communication device, the communication method comprising: the second communication device receiving a second data frame and processing the second data frame; wherein the second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel; wherein the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame is equal to the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame.

[0053] In a nineteenth aspect, this application provides a communication apparatus, which includes a processing unit and a transmitting unit; the processing unit is used to generate a first data frame; and the transmitting unit is used to transmit the first data frame. The average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame is equal to the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame.

[0054] In a twentieth aspect, this application provides a communication device, which includes a receiving unit and a processing unit; the receiving unit is used to receive a second data frame; and the processing unit is used to process the second data frame. The second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel; the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame is equal to the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame.

[0055] In aspects seventeen through twentieth, the energy of the pilot symbol is neither too large nor too small. The pilot symbol has good sensitivity and low transmission cost. Therefore, the first data frame containing the pilot symbol has good transmission performance.

[0056] Optionally, in aspects seventeen through twentieth, similarly, the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame can be equal to the average energy of the training symbols in the first data frame. In this case, the energy of the training symbols is neither too high nor too low, and the training symbols have good sensitivity and low transmission cost. Therefore, the first data frame containing these training symbols has good transmission performance.

[0057] Optionally, in aspects seventeen through twentieth, similarly, the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame can be equal to the average energy of the frame synchronization symbols in the first data frame. In this case, the energy of the frame synchronization symbols is neither too high nor too low, and the frame synchronization symbols have good sensitivity and low transmission cost. Therefore, the first data frame containing these frame synchronization symbols has good transmission performance.

[0058] In a twentieth aspect, a communication system is provided, the communication system comprising: a first communication device and a second communication device, the first communication device being configured to perform a communication method as described in any one of the first, third, fifth, seventh, or seventeenth aspects, and the second communication device being configured to perform a communication method as described in any one of the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, or eighteenth aspects.

[0059] In a twenty-second aspect, an optical module is provided, including a processor and an interface; the processor is configured to execute a communication method as described in any of the first, third, fifth, seventh, or seventeenth aspects, and to transmit signals through the interface; or, the processor is configured to receive signals through the interface and execute a communication method as described in any of the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, or eighteenth aspects. For example, the interface is used to transmit signals from the processor or to transmit received signals to the processor.

[0060] In a twentieth aspect, a communication device is provided, including a host-side device and the optical module described in the twentieth aspect, wherein the optical module is connected to the host-side device.

[0061] In a twenty-fourth aspect, a chip is provided for performing a communication method as described in any one of the first, third, fifth, seventh, or seventeenth aspects, or for performing a communication method as described in any one of the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, or eighteenth aspects.

[0062] In a twentieth aspect, this application provides a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the communication method described in any one of the first to eighth, seventeenth and eighteenth aspects to be implemented.

[0063] In a twentieth aspect, this application provides a computer program product including program instructions that, when executed, implement the communication method described in any one of the first to eighth, seventeenth, and eighteenth aspects.

[0064] The effects of the first to twenty-sixth aspects mentioned above can be referenced from each other, and will not be elaborated upon here. Attached Figure Description

[0065] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a communication system provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0066] Figure 2 A flowchart illustrating a communication method provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0067] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating a dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing process provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0068] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating another dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing process provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0069] Figure 5 A schematic diagram illustrating another process of dual polarization symbol mapping and framing provided in this application embodiment;

[0070] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating another dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing process provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0071] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a data frame provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0072] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a first type of subframe provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0073] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a second type of subframe provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0074] Figure 10 A schematic diagram of a constellation point provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0075] Figure 11 A schematic diagram of a symbol mapping provided for an embodiment of this application;

[0076] Figure 12 A schematic diagram of another data frame provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0077] Figure 13 This is a schematic diagram of another type of first-class subframe provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0078] Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram of another type of subframe structure provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0079] Figure 15 A schematic diagram of yet another data frame provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0080] Figure 16 This is a schematic diagram of another type of first-class subframe provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0081] Figure 17 This is a schematic diagram of another type of second-class subframe provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0082] Figure 18 A schematic diagram of the structure of a communication device provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0083] Figure 19 This is another schematic diagram of the communication device provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0084] Figure 20 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an optical module provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0085] Figure 21 A schematic diagram of the structure of a transmitting device provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0086] Figure 22 This is a schematic diagram of a receiving device provided in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0087] This application provides a communication system, such as... Figure 1 As shown, the communication system includes a first communication device 01 and a second communication device 02, and there is a channel between the first communication device 01 and the second communication device 02, through which the first communication device 01 can send signals to the second communication device 02.

[0088] Taking the example of the first communication device 01 sending a signal to the second communication device 02, it can be understood that the second communication device 02 can also send a signal to the first communication device 01. Furthermore, the process of the second communication device 02 sending a signal to the first communication device 01 can refer to the process of the first communication device 01 sending a signal to the second communication device. This embodiment of the application will not be described in detail here.

[0089] Please continue to refer to this. Figure 1The first communication device 01 includes a signal source 011, a forward error correction (FEC) encoder 012, and a first digital signal processing (DSP) processor 013, also known as a transmitting DSP processor. The signal source 011 provides the data stream to be transmitted. The FEC encoder 012 receives the data stream and performs FEC encoding on it to obtain a bit sequence (also known as a data sequence or pre-framing bit sequence) including check bits and information bits. This bit sequence is then fed into the first DSP processor 013 for dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing (or DSP framing) to obtain a data frame to be transmitted. This data frame is then transmitted to the second communication device 02 via a channel. The data frame is also called a framed dual-polarization symbol sequence, a superframe, a multi-frame, or a DSP frame. For ease of explanation, the embodiments in this application are uniformly referred to as data frames.

[0090] The second communication device 02 includes a second DSP processor 021, an FEC decoder 022, and a receiver 023. The second DSP processor is also called the receiving DSP processor. The data frame arrives at the second communication device 02 after being transmitted through the channel. The data frame will be distorted during transmission through the channel. Therefore, after receiving the distorted data frame, the second communication device 02 sends it to the second DSP processor 021 for dispersion compensation, synchronization, phase recovery, and other operations. Then, it decodes the data using the FEC decoder 022 to recover the original data and sends it to the receiver 023.

[0091] To improve spectral efficiency, multi-level QAM, such as 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, or even higher-order QAM, is typically used. In traditional QAM modulation, each constellation point on the constellation diagram appears with the same probability. PCS (Precision Constellation Scheme) technology, while maintaining the constellation point positions, changes the probability of each constellation point appearing, making high-amplitude constellation points less likely to appear than low-amplitude ones, thereby improving system transmission performance. The framing schemes in related technologies use pilot symbols derived from the outermost four symbols of the constellation diagram, which have high energy and sensitivity. However, pilot symbols are redundant added during framing; the higher the energy of the pilot symbol, the greater the performance penalty. Especially in metropolitan area network transmission scenarios using PCS technology, using the outermost four symbols of the constellation diagram results in an even greater performance penalty, a problem that urgently needs to be addressed in the future.

[0092] This application provides a communication method that addresses the problem of high transmission performance costs caused by using the outermost four symbols of a constellation diagram for pilot symbols. For example, Figure 2 A flowchart illustrating a communication method provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 2 As shown, the data transmission method includes the following operations.

[0093] S101, The first communication device generates a data frame.

[0094] The data frame generated by the first communication device can be referred to as the first data frame. When generating the data frame, the first communication device should refer to... Figure 1 Source 011 provides the data stream to be transmitted. FEC encoder 012 receives this data stream and performs FEC encoding on it, obtaining a bit sequence (also called a data sequence or pre-framing bit sequence) including parity bits and information bits. This bit sequence is then fed into the first DSP processor 013 for dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing (or DSP framing) to obtain the data frame to be transmitted. Here, dual-polarization symbol mapping includes symbol mapping and polarization distribution.

[0095] In this embodiment, 16QAM is used for dual-polarization symbol mapping. The 16 constellation points (also called symbols) on the 16QAM constellation diagram take the values ​​α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj. j represents the imaginary unit of a complex number, and α is a real number that is not equal to 0, such as a rational number (integer or finite decimal) greater than 0. Here, α can be considered as a scaling factor of the constellation diagram. At this time, each payload symbol in the data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj.

[0096] It should be understood that when the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, α is 1. In this case, the 16 constellation points are 1+1j, 1-1j, -1+1j, -1-1j, 1+3j, 1-3j, -1+3j, -1-3j, 3+1j, 3-1j, -3+1j, -3-1j, 3+3j, 3-3j, -3+3j, and -3-3j. In this case, each payload symbol in the data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: 1+1j, 1-1j, -1+1j, -1-1j, 1+3j, 1-3j, -1+3j, -1-3j, 3+1j, 3-1j, -3+1j, -3-1j, 3+3j, 3-3j, -3+3j, and -3-3j. When scaling the 16QAM constellation diagram described above, the value of α is not 1, for example, α > 1 or α < 1. In the various embodiments of this application, an α value of 1 is used as an example.

[0097] During dual-polarization symbol mapping, the first DSP processor can map multiple bits in the bit sequence to any one of the 16 constellation points, so that the mapped symbol (payload symbol) is one of the sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj. The values ​​of different payload symbols in a data frame can be the same or different. Here, the payload symbol is also called the pre-framing symbol or the pre-framing symbol of the data frame.

[0098] In this embodiment, 4 bits are mapped to 1 payload symbol using 16QAM. Two of the 4 bits are mapped to the in-phase component (I-path component) of the payload symbol, and the other two bits are mapped to the quadrature-phase component (Q-path component) of the payload symbol. Of the two bits mapped to the I-path component (or Q-path component), one bit is the sign bit, and the other bit is the amplitude bit.

[0099] In some applications, when the amplitude bit is 0, the corresponding symbol amplitude is high (also called high amplitude), i.e., 3α; when the amplitude bit is 1, the corresponding symbol amplitude is low (also called low amplitude), i.e., α. That is, the probability that the amplitude bit is 0 (i.e., the probability that the amplitude of the I-path component (or Q-path component) of the payload symbol is high) is P. H The probability that the amplitude bit is 1 (that is, the probability that the amplitude of the I-channel component (or Q-channel component) of the payload symbol is low) is P.L Furthermore, the probability that the amplitude of the I-path component of the payload symbol is high is equal to the probability that the amplitude of the Q-path component of the payload symbol is high; the probability that the amplitude of the I-path component of the payload symbol is low is equal to the probability that the amplitude of the Q-path component of the payload symbol is low.

[0100] In other applications, when the amplitude bit is 1, the corresponding symbol amplitude is high (also called high amplitude), i.e., 3α; when the amplitude bit is 0, the corresponding symbol amplitude is low (also called low amplitude), i.e., α. That is, the probability that the amplitude bit is 1 (i.e., the probability that the amplitude of the I-path component (or Q-path component) of the payload symbol is high) is P. H The probability that the amplitude bit is 0 (that is, the probability that the amplitude of the I-channel component (or Q-channel component) of the payload symbol is low) is P. L .

[0101] For 16QAM mapping, the symbol amplitude has only two levels: high (i.e., 3α) or low (i.e., α). There is P H +P L =1.

[0102] It should be understood that whether the value of the symbol in the I-path or Q-path component is positive or negative is determined by the sign bit, and whether the amplitude of the symbol is high or low is determined by the amplitude bit. Therefore, in this application, the symbol amplitude refers to the absolute value of the I-path component (or Q-path component) of the payload symbol. For example, for a symbol -3α+αj, the I-path component of the symbol is -3α and the amplitude of the symbol in the I-path component is high, and the Q-path component of the symbol is α and the amplitude of the symbol in the Q-path component is low; as another example, for a symbol 3α-3αj, the I-path component of the symbol is 3α and the amplitude of the symbol in the I-path component is high, and the Q-path component of the symbol is -3α and the amplitude of the symbol in the Q-path component is high. If we consider the positive and negative values ​​of the I-channel component (or Q-channel component), the amplitude of the I-channel component (or Q-channel component) of the above load symbol is high, including two cases: 3α and -3α, and the amplitude of the I-channel component (or Q-channel component) of the above load symbol is low, including two cases: α and -α.

[0103] Understandably, P H Also known as the amplitude probability (or simply Amp Probability) corresponding to a high amplitude, P L Also known as the amplitude probability corresponding to a low amplitude. P H and P L These are parameters for PCS processing, which is used to make P H <P L Additionally, P Hand P L It can also have other forms of expression, for example, when α = 1, P H P is the probability that the amplitude of the I-path component (or Q-path component) of the load symbol is 3. H It can be represented as P3, or it can be represented as P. +3 ;P L P is the probability that the amplitude of the I-path component (or Q-path component) of the load symbol is 1. L It can be represented as P1, or it can be represented as P. +1 .

[0104] PCS processing can also be called distribution matching (DM) processing. At this time, P H and P L These are the parameters for DM processing.

[0105] Considering P H +P L =1, therefore, 0 < P H <0.5<P L <1, P H You can choose any value greater than 0 and less than 0.5, for example, P. H = 0.377, 0.319, 0.3287, 0.3307, 0.338, 0.1577, or 0.1558, etc. Correspondingly, P L = 0.623, 0.681, 0.6713, 0.6693, 0.662, 0.8423 or 0.8442, etc.

[0106] In P H <P L When the load symbol takes the value α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj or -α-αj, the probability of the load symbol taking the value α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj or -3α-αj, and the probability of the load symbol taking the value 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj or -3α-3αj are not completely equal.

[0107] For example, the probability that the load sign is α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, or -α-αj is (P). L ×P L )÷4;

[0108] The probability that the load sign is α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, or -3α-αj is (P). L ×P H )÷4;

[0109] The probability that the load sign is 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, or -3α-3αj is (P). H ×P H )÷4.

[0110] It can be seen that the probability of the load sign being α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, or -α-αj is the highest; the probability of the load sign being α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, or -3α-αj is the next highest; and the probability of the load sign being 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, or -3α-3αj is the lowest. In P H <P L In this case, the payload symbols can be considered to have undergone probabilistic constellation shaping, and the payload symbols are also called shaped payload symbols.

[0111] Furthermore, the data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj. Different pilot symbols can have the same or different values. For example, the data frame has two polarization directions: a first polarization direction and a second polarization direction. In each of these polarization directions, the data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, and each pilot symbol is one of the four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj. The first and second polarization directions are orthogonal. Of course, the first and second polarization directions can also be non-orthogonal, and this embodiment does not limit this. For example, in either the first or second polarization direction, the data frame includes multiple subframes, and each subframe includes multiple pilot symbols. It is understood that in any polarization direction, the data frame may also include only one subframe, and this embodiment does not limit this. In some applications, the aforementioned "subframe" is simply referred to as a "frame," and the aforementioned "data frame" is referred to as a "multi-frame," that is, the aforementioned "data frame containing multiple subframes" is described as "multi-frame containing multiple frames." In other applications, the aforementioned "data frame" is referred to as a "superframe," that is, the aforementioned "data frame containing multiple subframes" is described as "superframe containing multiple subframes."

[0112] In the embodiments of this application, (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2, It is understandable that the value of A is based on B, allowing positive and negative offsets within β×B for real numbers. When β is 0, A = B.

[0113] Considering P H+P L =1, therefore, It can also be expressed as A is a real number.

[0114] (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B can be expressed as:

[0115]

[0116] or,

[0117] According to (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, we know that A=B (or A is approximately equal to B). At this time, the average energy of the pilot symbols in the data frame is equal to (or approximately equal to) the average energy of the payload symbols.

[0118] For example, the average energy of the load symbol is E. payload When the pilot symbol is one of the four complex numbers -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, or A+Aj, and (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, the average energy of the pilot symbol is E. TP .

[0119] E payload =(P L ×P L )×4×2÷4+(P L ×P H )×8×10÷4+(P H ×P H )×4×18÷4=18-16×P L ;

[0120] E payload =18-16×P L =2 + 16 × P H ;

[0121] E TP =2×A×A;

[0122] exist At that time, E payload =E TP Considering 0 < P H <0.5, there is That is, the pilot symbol does not have to be a constellation point on the 16QAM constellation diagram. In this case, the pilot symbol is different from the 16 symbols in the 16QAM constellation diagram. When A equals B, E payload Equal to E TP When A and B are approximately equal, E payload Approximately equal to E TPTherefore, the average energy of the pilot symbols in the data frame is equal to or approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbols.

[0123] In this embodiment of the application, E TP Equal to or approximately equal to E payload Therefore, the energy of the pilot symbol is neither too high nor too low, and the pilot symbol has good sensitivity and low transmission cost. Thus, the data frame containing this pilot symbol has good transmission performance. E in the embodiments of this application payload It is less than the average energy of the pilot symbols (which are any of the four outermost symbols of the constellation diagram) used in the framing scheme of related technologies.

[0124] S102, The first communication device sends a data frame to the second communication device.

[0125] The first communication device can transmit the generated data frame to the channel. Correspondingly, the second communication device can receive the data frame sent by the first communication device. In various embodiments of this application, the data frame generated by the first communication device is called the first data frame, and the data frame received by the second communication device is called the second data frame, which is the first data frame transmitted through the channel.

[0126] S103, The second communication device processes the received data frames.

[0127] It should be understood that the second data frame received by the second communication device is the first data frame after transmission through the channel. This can be interpreted as the second communication device receiving a distorted signal affected by noise or other impairments in the channel. In other words, the second data frame received by the second communication device is different from the first data frame sent by the first communication device.

[0128] The process by which the second communication device processes the received data frames can be found in [reference]. Figure 1 The system architecture diagram shown illustrates, for example, the signal processing performed by the second DSP processor in the second communication device on the received data frames, including operations such as dispersion compensation, synchronization, and phase recovery.

[0129] It is understood that in some alternative implementations, the second communication device may not perform S103.

[0130] In summary, in the communication method provided in this application embodiment, the pilot symbol in the data frame transmitted between the first communication device and the second communication device is one of the four complex numbers -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj. (or When (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2, it can be seen that A equals B or A is approximately equal to B. Therefore, the average energy of the pilot symbols in the data frame is equal to or approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbols. At this time, the energy of the pilot symbols is neither too large nor too small. The pilot symbols have good sensitivity and low transmission cost. Therefore, the data frame containing these pilot symbols has good transmission performance.

[0131] For example, A can be equal to 2×α (which can be represented as 2α). In this case, for the first communication device, the communication method provided in this application embodiment includes: the first communication device generating a first data frame; and the first communication device sending the first data frame. The first data frame includes a plurality of pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -2×α-2×αj, -2×α+2×αj, 2×α-2×αj, and 2×α+2×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is set to 1. Of course, α can also be a value other than 1.

[0132] Accordingly, for the second communication device, the communication method provided in this application embodiment includes: the second communication device receiving a second data frame, and the second communication device processing the second data frame; the second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel. The first data frame includes a plurality of pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -2×α-2×αj, -2×α+2×αj, 2×α-2×αj, and 2×α+2×αj; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is set to 1. Of course, α can also be a value other than 1.

[0133] For example, A can be equal to 1.9 × α (which can be expressed as 1.9α). In this case, for the first communication device, the communication method provided in this application embodiment includes: the first communication device generating a first data frame; and the first communication device sending the first data frame. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.9×α-1.9×αj, -1.9×α+1.9×αj, 1.9×α-1.9×αj, and 1.9×α+1.9×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is 1. Of course, α can also be a non-zero value.

[0134] Accordingly, for the second communication device, the communication method provided in this application embodiment includes: the second communication device receiving a second data frame, and the second communication device processing the second data frame; the second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.9×α-1.9×αj, -1.9×α+1.9×αj, 1.9×α-1.9×αj, and 1.9×α+1.9×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is 1. Of course, α can also be a non-zero value.

[0135] For another example, A can be equal to 1.5×α (which can be expressed as 1.5α). In this case, for the first communication device, the communication method provided in this application embodiment includes: the first communication device generating a first data frame; and the first communication device sending the first data frame. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.5×α-1.5×αj, -1.5×α+1.5×αj, 1.5×α-1.5×αj, and 1.5×α+1.5×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is 1. Of course, α can also be a non-zero value.

[0136] Accordingly, for the second communication device, the communication method provided in this application embodiment includes: the second communication device receiving a second data frame, and the second communication device processing the second data frame; the second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through a channel. The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -1.5×α-1.5×αj, -1.5×α+1.5×αj, 1.5×α-1.5×αj, and 1.5×α+1.5×αj. Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is 1. Of course, α can also be a non-zero value.

[0137] In some metropolitan area network (MAN) transmission applications with a transmission rate of 1.6 tera (T) bits per second, such as those using 1600ZR+ (an optical communication standard), the aforementioned A can be equal to 2 × α (represented as 2α). Furthermore, when the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, α takes the value 1, and A equals 2. In other MAN transmission applications with a transmission rate of 1.6T, such as those using 1600ZR+ (an optical communication standard), the aforementioned A can be equal to 1.9 × α (represented as 1.9α). Furthermore, when the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, α takes the value 1, and A equals 1.9.

[0138] In some metropolitan area transmission applications with a transmission rate of 1.2 T bits per second, such as those using 1200ZR+ (an optical communication standard), the above A can be equal to 1.5 × α (which can be expressed as 1.5α); furthermore, when the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, α takes the value of 1, and A equals 1.5.

[0139] Furthermore, in the above embodiments, (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, where β can be any value greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.2. For example, β=0.2, in which case 0.8B≤A≤1.2B; or β=0.1, in which case 0.9B≤A≤1.1B; or β=0.01, in which case 0.99B≤A≤1.01B; or β=0.001, in which case 0.999B≤A≤1.001B. In some applications, the 16QAM constellation diagram is not scaled, in which case α is taken as 1.

[0140] When 0.8B ≤ A ≤ 1.2B, A can be obtained by offsetting B by within 20%; when 0.9B ≤ A ≤ 1.1B, A can be obtained by offsetting B by within 10%; when 0.99B ≤ A ≤ 1.01B, A can be obtained by offsetting B by within 1%; and when 0.999B ≤ A ≤ 1.001B, A can be obtained by offsetting B by within 0.1%. The smaller the value of β, the closer the average energy of the pilot symbol is to the average energy of the payload symbol, which is more beneficial for data frame transmission.

[0141] Of course, A may not be a value obtained by offsetting B by a certain proportion.

[0142] For example, A equals B. That is, β = 0, with no offset.

[0143] For example, let A be the number obtained by rounding B to d decimal places. In other words, A is the number obtained by rounding B to d significant digits. Here, d is a positive integer, such as d = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. Of course, d can also be any value such as 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. When rounding B to d decimal places, rules such as rounding up, rounding down, rounding up, or rounding odd to even can be used.

[0144] For example, let A be the number obtained by rounding B. When rounding B, you can use rules such as rounding down, rounding up, or rounding to the nearest integer.

[0145] For example, A can be represented in binary, where A is the value closest to B among the values ​​represented by multiple binary bits, and s is a positive integer. For instance, C represents B×2s The value obtained by rounding down, rounding up, or rounding to the nearest integer, where s is a positive integer. When A is in binary form, the fractional part of A can be represented using s bits. A is... C times, so the precision of A is... For example, as shown in Table 1 below, the precision of A varies with different values ​​of s. It should be understood that the more bits s used in the fractional part of A, the higher the precision of A, but also the higher its complexity. In the implementation of this application, an appropriate value of s can be selected according to the complexity and precision requirements of the implementation, thus achieving an effective trade-off between precision and complexity.

[0146] Table 1

[0147]

[0148] Furthermore, the pilot symbols in the first data frame can be generated by a generator polynomial and a seed. In this embodiment, the generator polynomial is x. 10 +x 7 +x 3 Taking the example of +x+1, with the seed in hexadecimal representation being 0x34E in the first polarization direction and 0x084 in the second polarization direction, where x represents the unknown (also called the variable) in the generator polynomial. It is understandable that pilot symbols can also be generated by other generator polynomials and seeds, for example, a generator polynomial of: x 10 +x 8 +x 4 +x 3 +1, the seed in hexadecimal representation in the first polarization direction is 0x19E, and the seed in hexadecimal representation in the second polarization direction is 0x0D0.

[0149] The number and values ​​of pilot symbols in the subframes of the first data frame can be implemented in various ways. One possible implementation of the number and values ​​of pilot symbols is given here. For example, in each of the first and second polarization directions, the first data frame includes multiple subframes, and the number of pilot symbols in each of these subframes is 114.

[0150] The 114 pilot symbols in the first polarization direction are successively: -A + Aj, A + Aj, -A - Aj, A - Aj, A + Aj, -A + Aj, A - Aj, A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A - Aj, A + Aj, -A - Aj, A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A + Aj, A - Aj, A - Aj, A - Aj, A - Aj, A - Aj, A + Aj, A + Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, A - Aj, A + Aj, A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A - Aj, A + Aj, A + Aj, -A - Aj, A + Aj, A + Aj, -A + Aj, A - Aj, -A + Aj, A - Aj, -A + Aj, A - Aj, A - Aj, A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A + Aj, A - Aj, A - Aj, -A - Aj, A + Aj, A - Aj, -A - Aj, A + Aj, A + Aj, A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A - Aj, A + Aj, A + Aj, A - Aj, A - Aj, A + Aj, A - Aj, A - Aj, A + Aj, -A + Aj, A + Aj, -A + Aj, A + Aj, -A + Aj, A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A - Aj, A - Aj, -A + Aj, A + Aj, A - Aj, A - Aj, -A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A + Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, -A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A + Aj, -A + Aj, A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A + Aj, A - Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, A - Aj, A + Aj, -A + Aj, -A - Aj, A - Aj, -A - Aj, A + Aj, A + Aj;

[0151] The 114 pilot symbols in the second polarization direction are in sequence: -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj.

[0152] These pilot symbols can be represented by Table 2.

[0153] Table 2

[0154]

[0155] Of course, if the first deflection direction is the sum of the second deflection direction and the second deflection direction is intermediate, each deflection direction may have the same sign as the middle direction, so the sign of the 114 points in this case is not the same. For example, the sum of the first oscillation direction, the second oscillation direction, and the average number of each oscillation direction on each oscillation direction. A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+A j, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj , A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A -Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A -Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A +Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj;The 116 pilot symbols in the second polarization direction are: -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+ Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-A j, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A -Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, - A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-A j, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj , -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj. ;

[0156] Optionally, in each of the first and second polarization directions, the first data frame includes multiple subframes, where a pilot symbol is located at a fixed position within every 64 symbols in each subframe, resulting in a pilot spacing of 64. Alternatively, in each of the first and second polarization directions, the fixed position within each subframe may not be every 64 symbols. For example, in each of the first and second polarization directions, a pilot symbol may be located at a fixed position within every 32 symbols in each subframe; or, in each of the first and second polarization directions, a pilot symbol may be located at a fixed position within every 128 symbols in each subframe.

[0157] In the above embodiments, the average energy of the pilot symbols is the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbols. It can be understood that the first data frame includes not only pilot symbols and payload symbols, but also other symbols, and the average energy of at least one of these other symbols can also be the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbols. Examples of these other symbols will be given below.

[0158] (1) The average energy of the training symbols can be the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbols. Understandably, the average energy of the training symbols can also be different from the average energy of the payload symbols.

[0159] For example, the first data frame also includes multiple training symbols. For instance, the first data frame has a first polarization direction and a second polarization direction. In each of these polarization directions, the first data frame includes multiple training symbols. Each training symbol in the first data frame is also one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj. The values ​​of different training symbols can be the same or different. A is a real number, and (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2. In this case, the average energy of the training symbols is equal to or approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbols. The energy of the training symbols is neither too large nor too small, and the training symbols also have good sensitivity and low transmission cost. Therefore, the transmission performance of the first data frame is further improved.

[0160] Optionally, at least one symbol in the first data frame serves as both a training symbol and a pilot symbol. For example, in either the first or second polarization direction, the first data frame comprises multiple subframes, and the first symbol of the training sequence formed by the training symbols in each of these subframes is the pilot symbol. Alternatively, the second, third, or fourth symbol of the training sequence formed by the training symbols in each subframe can also be the pilot symbol.

[0161] In some implementations, the subframe positioned first in the first data frame is a first-type subframe. The first-type subframe includes payload symbols, training symbols, pilot symbols, frame synchronization symbols, and reserved symbols. In the first-type subframe, the training symbols precede the frame synchronization symbols, the frame synchronization symbols precede the reserved symbols, and the reserved symbols precede the payload symbols. The first data frame also includes at least one second-type subframe. The second-type subframe includes payload symbols, training symbols, and pilot symbols. In the second-type subframe, the training symbols precede the payload symbols.

[0162] The number and values ​​of training symbols in a subframe can be implemented in various ways. One possible implementation is given here. For example, in each of the first and second polarization directions, the first data frame includes multiple subframes, each containing 11 training symbols. The 11 training symbols in the first polarization direction are: -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj; the 11 training symbols in the second polarization direction are: -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj.

[0163] These pilot symbols can be represented by Table 3.

[0164] Table 3

[0165]

[0166]

[0167] (2) The average energy of the frame synchronization symbol can be the same as or approximately the same as the average energy of the payload symbol. It is understandable that the average energy of the frame synchronization symbol can also be different from the average energy of the payload symbol.

[0168] For example, the first data frame also includes multiple frame synchronization symbols. For instance, the first data frame includes multiple frame synchronization symbols in both the first polarization direction and the polarization direction. Each frame synchronization symbol in the first data frame is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj. Optionally, the above frame synchronization symbols are located in the first subframe of the first data frame (as described in the first type of subframe). The values ​​of different frame synchronization symbols can be the same or different. A is a real number, and (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2. In this case, the average energy of the frame synchronization symbols is equal to or approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbols. The energy of the frame synchronization symbols is neither too large nor too small, and the frame synchronization symbols also have good sensitivity and low transmission cost, thus further improving the transmission performance of the first data frame.

[0169] The number and values ​​of frame synchronization symbols in the first data frame can be implemented in various ways. One possible implementation is given here. For example, in each of the first and second polarization directions, the number of frame synchronization symbols in the first data frame is 22. The 22 frame synchronization symbols in the first polarization direction are as follows: A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj; The 22 frame synchronization symbols in the second polarization direction are: A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A -Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj.

[0170] These pilot symbols can be represented by Table 4.

[0171] Table 4

[0172]

[0173] The following examples illustrate the first data frame described above. In these examples, α can be equal to 1 or not. The value of B can be determined by... You can also obtain it through The values ​​obtained are exactly the same. The following examples will uniformly use... Let's take an example to illustrate.

[0174] Example 1, Suppose P H =0.377, P L =0.623, At this point, B is approximately equal to 2.003996007980 × α.

[0175] Therefore, rounding B to three decimal places, the resulting number A is approximately 2.004 × α. When α = 1, A is 2.004.

[0176] Rounding B to 5 decimal places using the rounding rules, the resulting number A is approximately 2.00400 × α. When α = 1, A is 2.00400.

[0177] Rounding B to one decimal place, the resulting number A is approximately 2.0 × α. When α = 1, A is 2.0.

[0178] When the value of A deviates within ±10% of B, 1.8036×α≤A≤2.2044×α;

[0179] When the value of A deviates from B by ±1%, 1.9840×α≤A≤2.0240×α;

[0180] When the value of A deviates from B by ±0.1%, 2.0020×α≤A≤2.0060×α;

[0181] When the decimal part of A is represented using 4 bits, s = 4, and the precision of A is 0.0625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded down, A is approximately 2.0 × α; when α = 1, A is 2.0. When... And C is for B×2 s When rounded to the nearest integer, A is approximately 2.0 × α; when α = 1, A is 2.0. When... And C is for B×2 s When rounded up, A is approximately 2.0625 × α. When α = 1, A is 2.0625. In these cases, the value of A can be represented in binary, which is convenient for hardware implementation.

[0182] When the decimal part of A is represented using 8 bits, s = 8, and the precision of A is 0.00390625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded down, A is approximately 2.00390625 × α. When α = 1, A is 2.00390625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded to the nearest integer, A is approximately 2.00390625 × α. When α = 1, A is 2.00390625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded up, A is approximately 2.0078125 × α. When α = 1, A is 2.0078125. In these cases, the value of A can be represented in binary, which is convenient for hardware implementation.

[0183] Example 2, Suppose P H =0.319, P L =0.681, At this point, B is approximately equal to 1.884675038302 × α.

[0184] Therefore, the number A obtained by rounding B to four decimal places is approximately 1.8847 × α.

[0185] Rounding B to three decimal places using the rounding rules, the resulting number A is approximately 1.885 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.885.

[0186] Rounding B to 5 decimal places using the rounding rules, the resulting number A is approximately 1.88468 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.88648.

[0187] Rounding B to one decimal place, the resulting number A is approximately 1.9α. When α = 1, A is 1.9.

[0188] When the value of A deviates within ±10% of B, 1.6962×α≤A≤2.0731×α;

[0189] When the value of A deviates from B by ±1%, 1.8658×α≤A≤1.9035×α;

[0190] When the value of A deviates from B by ±0.1%, 1.8828×α≤A≤1.8866×α;

[0191] When the decimal part of A is represented using 4 bits, s = 4, and the precision of A is 0.0625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded down, A is approximately 1.875 × α; when α = 1, A is 1.875. And C is for B×2 s When rounded to the nearest integer, A is approximately 1.875 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.875. And C is for B×2 s When rounded up, A is approximately 1.9375 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.9375. In these cases, the value of A can be represented in binary, which is convenient for hardware implementation.

[0192] When the decimal part of A is represented using 6 bits, s = 6, and the precision of A is 0.015625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded down, A is approximately 1.875 × α; when α = 1, A is 1.875. And C is for B×2 sWhen rounded to the nearest integer, A is approximately 1.890625 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.890625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded up, A is approximately 1.890625 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.890625. In these cases, the value of A can be represented in binary, which is convenient for hardware implementation.

[0193] Example 3, Suppose P H =0.3287, P L =0.6713, At this point, B is approximately equal to 1.905150912658 × α.

[0194] Therefore, rounding B to four decimal places, the resulting number A is approximately 1.9052 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.9052.

[0195] Rounding B to three decimal places using the rounding rules, the resulting number A is approximately 1.905 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.905.

[0196] Rounding B to 5 decimal places using the rounding rules, the resulting number A is approximately 1.90515 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.90515.

[0197] Rounding B to one decimal place, the resulting number A is approximately 1.9 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.9.

[0198] When the value of A deviates within ±10% of B, 1.7146×α≤A≤2.0957×α;

[0199] When the value of A deviates from B by ±1%, 1.8861×α≤A≤1.9242×α;

[0200] When the value of A deviates from B by ±0.1%, 1.9032×α≤A≤1.9071×α;

[0201] When the decimal part of A is represented using 5 bits, s = 5, and the precision of A is 0.03125. And C is for B×2 s When rounded down, A is approximately 1.875 × α; when α = 1, A is 1.875. And C is for B×2 sWhen rounded to the nearest integer, A is approximately 1.90625 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.90625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded up, A is approximately 1.90625 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.90625. In these cases, the value of A can be represented in binary, which is convenient for hardware implementation.

[0202] When the decimal part of A is represented using 7 bits, s = 7, and the precision of A is 0.015625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded down, A is approximately 1.8984375 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.8984375. And C is for B×2 s When rounded to the nearest integer, A is approximately 1.90625 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.90625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded up, A is approximately 1.90625 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.90625. In these cases, the value of A can be represented in binary, which is convenient for hardware implementation.

[0203] Example 4, Suppose P H =0.3307, P L =0.6693, At this point, B is approximately equal to 1.909345437578 × α.

[0204] Therefore, the number A obtained by rounding B to 5 decimal places using the rounding rule is approximately 1.90935 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.90935.

[0205] The number A obtained by rounding B to three decimal places using the rounding rules is approximately 1.909 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.909.

[0206] The number A obtained by rounding B to one decimal place using the rounding rules is approximately 1.9 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.9.

[0207] When the value of A deviates within ±10% of B, 1.7184×α≤A≤2.1003×α;

[0208] When the value of A deviates from B by ±1%, 1.8903×α≤A≤1.9284×α;

[0209] When the value of A deviates from B by ±0.1%, 1.9074×α≤A≤1.9113×α;

[0210] When the decimal part of A is represented using 9 bits, s = 9, and the precision of A is 0.001953125. And C is for B×2 s When rounded down, A is approximately 1.908203125 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.908203125. And C is for B×2 s When rounded to the nearest integer, A is approximately 1.91015625 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.91015625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded up, A is approximately 1.91015265 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.91015265. In these cases, the value of A can be represented in binary, which is convenient for hardware implementation.

[0211] When the decimal part of A is represented using 12 bits, s = 12, and the precision of A is 0.000244140625. And C is for B×2 s When rounded down, A is approximately 1.9091796875 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.9091796875. And C is for B×2 s When rounded to the nearest integer, A is approximately 1.909423828125 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.909423828125. And C is for B×2 s When rounded up, A is approximately 1.909423828125 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.909423828125. In these cases, the value of A can be represented in binary, which is convenient for hardware implementation.

[0212] Example 5, Suppose P H =0.338, P L =0.662, At this point, B is approximately equal to 1.924577875795 × α.

[0213] Therefore, the number A obtained by rounding B to 5 decimal places using the rounding rule is approximately 1.92458 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.92458.

[0214] The number A obtained by rounding B to three decimal places using the rounding rules is approximately 1.925 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.925.

[0215] The number A obtained by rounding B to one decimal place using the rounding rules is approximately 1.9 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.9.

[0216] Example 6, Suppose P H =0.1577, P L =0.8423, At this point, B is approximately equal to 1.503861695769 × α.

[0217] Therefore, the number A obtained by rounding B to 5 decimal places using the rounding rules is approximately 1.50386 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.50386.

[0218] The number A obtained by rounding B to three decimal places using the rounding rules is approximately 1.504 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.504.

[0219] The number A obtained by rounding B to one decimal place using the rounding rules is approximately 1.5 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.5.

[0220] Example 7, Suppose P H =0.1558, P L =0.8442, At this point, B is approximately equal to 1.498799519616 × α.

[0221] Therefore, the number A obtained by rounding B to 5 decimal places using the rounding rules is approximately 1.49880 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.49880.

[0222] The number A obtained by rounding B to three decimal places using the rounding rules is approximately 1.499 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.499.

[0223] The number A obtained by rounding B to one decimal place using the rounding rules is approximately 1.5 × α. When α = 1, A is 1.5.

[0224] In the seven examples above, each subframe of the first data frame may include the 114 pilot symbols shown in Table 2, and each subframe may also include the 11 training symbols shown in Table 3. The first data frame may also include the 22 frame synchronization symbols shown in Table 4. For example, the first type of subframe in the first data frame includes the 22 frame synchronization symbols shown in Table 4.

[0225] Furthermore, based on the principle that the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame is equal to or approximately equal to the average energy of the payload symbols, the value of A in the pilot symbols is designed in this embodiment to improve the transmission performance of the first data frame containing the pilot symbols. Based on this, this embodiment also provides a communication method. For a first communication device, the method includes: the first communication device generating a first data frame; the first communication device transmitting the first data frame; wherein the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame is equal to the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame. For a second communication device, the method includes: the second communication device receiving a second data frame, which is a first data frame transmitted through a channel; the second communication device processing the second data frame; wherein the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame is equal to the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame.

[0226] At this point, the energy of the pilot symbol is neither too high nor too low. The pilot symbol has good sensitivity and low transmission cost. Therefore, the first data frame containing this pilot symbol has good transmission performance.

[0227] It is understandable that the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame generated by the first communication device may deviate from the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame. For example, the difference between the average energy of the payload symbols and the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame may be within a certain error range, so that the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame is similar to the average energy of the payload symbols. In this case, the first data frame containing the pilot symbol also has good transmission performance.

[0228] For example, if there is a deviation between the average energy of the payload symbols and the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame, the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame can deviate from the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame by within ±20%. For instance, the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame can deviate from the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame by ±20%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, etc. Assuming the average energy of the pilot symbols in the first data frame is Q1 and the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame is Q2, then 0 ≤ |Q2-Q1| / Q2 ≤ 0.2. For example, |Q2-Q1| / Q2 equals 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, etc.

[0229] Similarly, the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame can be equal to the average energy of the training symbols in the first data frame. Furthermore, if there is a deviation between the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame and the average energy of the training symbols in the first data frame, the average energy of the training symbols in the first data frame can deviate from the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame by within ±20%, for example, by ±20%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, etc.

[0230] Similarly, the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame can be equal to the average energy of the frame synchronization symbols in the first data frame. Furthermore, if there is a deviation between the average energy of the payload symbols and the average energy of the frame synchronization symbols in the first data frame, the average energy of the frame synchronization symbols in the first data frame can deviate from the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame by within ±20%. For example, the average energy of the frame synchronization symbols in the first data frame can deviate from the average energy of the payload symbols in the first data frame by ±20%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, etc.

[0231] When the average energy of the payload symbol, training symbol, and frame synchronization symbol in the first data frame all deviate from the average energy of the frame synchronization symbol in the first data frame, the average energy of the pilot symbol, the average energy of the training symbol, and the energy of the frame synchronization symbol can be the same or different.

[0232] Furthermore, the first DSP processor in the first communication device performs dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing on the bit sequence to obtain the first data frame. The process of dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing will be explained below.

[0233] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the first implementation method of dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing in this application embodiment. For example... Figure 3 As shown, the first DSP processor 013 sequentially performs dual polarization symbol mapping and framing on the received bit sequence (from the FEC encoder). The following will describe the process in detail... Figure 3 The process of dual polarization symbol mapping and framing will be explained.

[0234] (1) Double polarization symbol mapping.

[0235] Dual-polarization symbol mapping comprises symbol mapping and polarization distribution. The symbol mapping method is quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM, also known as symbol mapping). QAM involves symbol mapping multiple bits in the input bit sequence to obtain multiple QAM symbols, and then polarizing these multiple QAM symbols (dividing them into two polarization directions) to obtain multiple dual-polarization (DP) symbols, i.e., DP-QAM symbols.

[0236] Dual polarization symbols, also known as pre-framing symbols, pre-framing dual polarization symbols, or payload symbols, consist of symbols obtained by symbol mapping of information bits and parity bits encoded by FEC. Information bits are mapped to obtain information symbols, and parity bits are mapped to obtain parity symbols.

[0237] DP-QAM symbols include, for example, DP-4QAM (also known as dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying, DP-QPSK) symbols, DP-16QAM symbols, DP-32QAM symbols, or DP-64QAM symbols. This application considers DP-16QAM symbol mapping. In the process of DP-16QAM symbol mapping, multiple bits in a bit sequence can be mapped to any one of the 16 constellation points (also called symbols) on the DP-16QAM constellation diagram. These 16 constellation points can be represented by 16 complex numbers: -1-1j, -1+1j, 1-1j, 1+1j, -1-3j, -1+3j, 1-3j, 1+3j, -3-1j, -3+1j, 3-1j, 3+1j, -3-3j, -3+3j, 3-3j, 3+3j. For example, in the above dual-polarization symbol mapping process, every 8 bits (represented as b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7) are mapped to 1 DP-16QAM symbol.

[0238] It should be understood that symbol mapping usually uses gray mapping to map multiple bits to one QAM symbol. In this case, symbol mapping is also simply called gray mapping.

[0239] Furthermore, for ease of explanation, the two polarization directions mentioned above will be referred to as the X-polarization direction and the Y-polarization direction, respectively. The X-polarization direction and the Y-polarization direction can be orthogonal to each other, or they can be non-orthogonal. The X-polarization direction and the Y-polarization direction are not two specified polarization directions, but rather two arbitrarily orthogonal polarization directions.

[0240] A dual-polarization symbol can be represented by two symbols, one in the X-polarization direction and the other in the Y-polarization direction. Each symbol can be represented by a complex number. Therefore, a sequence containing N0 dual-polarization symbols can be represented by two complex number sequences of length N0, one representing the symbol in the X-polarization direction and the other representing the symbol in the Y-polarization direction. Each complex number sequence of length N0 is represented by a sequence of N0 real parts (also called the I-path sequence) and a sequence of N0 imaginary parts (also called the Q-path sequence), where N0 is an integer greater than 1. Therefore, a sequence containing N0 dual-polarization symbols can be represented by four types of sequences: X-polarization direction I-path (in-phase component) sequences, X-polarization direction Q-path (quadrature-phase component) sequences, Y-polarization direction I-path sequences, and Y-polarization direction Q-path sequences.

[0241] The X-polarization direction I-path sequence is also called the X-axis sequence containing N0 dual-polarization symbols. I The X-axis polarization direction Q-path sequence is also called the X-axis sequence containing N0 dual polarization symbols. Q The component, the Y-polarization direction I-path sequence, is also called the Y-axis sequence including N0 dual-polarization symbols. I The component, the Q-path sequence in the Y-polarization direction, is also called the Y-axis sequence including N0 dual-polarization symbols. Q Quantity.

[0242] (2) Frame.

[0243] The first DSP processor performs framing processing on a certain number of dual-polarization symbols to obtain the first data frame. During this process, the first DSP processor acquires a pre-framing symbol sequence containing multiple dual-polarization symbols and inserts symbols from a preset symbol sequence in the X-polarization and Y-polarization directions to obtain the first data frame.

[0244] The aforementioned preset symbol sequence may include at least one of the following: frame alignment words sequence (FAW sequence), training symbols sequence, reserved symbols sequence, and pilot symbols sequence. The frame alignment words sequence includes multiple frame alignment symbols, the training symbols sequence includes multiple training symbols, the reserved symbols sequence includes multiple reserved symbols, and the pilot symbols sequence includes multiple pilot symbols. Frame alignment symbols can also be called super-frame alignment signals or multi-frame alignment signals (MFAS), and reserved symbols can also be called fixed stuff (FS). In a first data frame, the symbols remaining after removing the pre-framing symbols, training symbols, pilot symbols, and frame alignment symbols are called reserved symbols. Frame alignment symbols are used for frame alignment, training symbols are used for link training, pilot symbols are used for carrier phase recovery, and reserved symbols are used for future use and innovation. The values ​​of reserved symbols can be partially known and unchanging, or they can be randomized; the values ​​of reserved symbols can also be called patterns.

[0245] After framing, a dual-polarization symbol data stream will be obtained to be sent.

[0246] like Figure 3 As shown, a dual-polarization symbol data stream to be transmitted can also be represented by four data streams. The first symbol data stream is the data stream of the I-path component of the dual-polarization symbol stream in the X-polarization direction (referred to as X). I The second symbol data stream is the Q-path component of the dual-polarization symbol stream in the X-polarization direction (abbreviated as X). Q The third symbol data stream is the data stream of the I-path component of the dual-polarization symbol stream in the Y-polarization direction (abbreviated as Y). I The fourth symbol data stream is the Q-path component of the dual-polarization symbol stream in the Y-polarization direction (abbreviated as Y). Q (Data flow).

[0247] Alternatively, a dual-polarization symbol data stream to be transmitted can be represented by two symbol data streams. The first symbol data stream is the symbol data stream of the dual-polarization symbol data stream in the X-polarization direction; the second symbol data stream is the symbol data stream of the dual-polarization symbol data stream in the Y-polarization direction.

[0248] In this application, each pilot symbol is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj, where A is a real number and j represents the imaginary unit. Different pilot symbols can be the same or different. Here, Aj can also be written as A×j. In some scenarios, the imaginary unit may also be represented by other symbols such as i, which is not limited here. In the embodiments of this application, the imaginary unit is uniformly represented by j.

[0249] Optionally, each training symbol is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj. Alternatively, each frame synchronization symbol is also one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj.

[0250] The inserted symbol sequences are not identical in the X-polarization and Y-polarization directions. That is, at at least one position, the values ​​of the symbols inserted in the X-polarization and Y-polarization directions are different. This avoids the problem of the receiver being unable to distinguish between the two polarization directions during actual transmission. For example, if the sequence of eight consecutive training symbols in the X-polarization direction is (-A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj), then the sequence of eight training symbols in the Y-polarization direction cannot be exactly the same. For example, this sequence could be (-A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj).

[0251] Furthermore, the implementation methods for dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing can also be compared with... Figure 3 The different implementation methods shown are, among which, Figure 3 Framing occurs after dual-polarization symbol mapping; in other words, framing is performed on the symbols themselves. The following will combine... Figure 4 , Figure 5 and Figure 6 Several other possible implementations of dual polarization symbol mapping and framing are given, where framing is performed before dual polarization symbol mapping, that is, framing is performed on bits.

[0252] For example, Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating a second possible method for dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing. (See diagram below.) Figure 4 As shown, framing occurs before dual-polarization symbol mapping. During the framing process, a bit sequence containing multiple bits is acquired, bits corresponding to a preset symbol sequence (also called a preset bit sequence) are inserted, and dual-polarization symbol mapping is performed to obtain the first data frame. Specifically, the preset bit sequence undergoes dual-polarization symbol mapping to obtain a preset symbol sequence. It should be understood that the bit sequence is obtained using... Figure 4The first data frame obtained by the embodiment shown and using, as Figure 3 The first data frame obtained in the illustrated implementation is the same.

[0253] For example, Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram illustrating a third possible method for dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing. (See diagram below.) Figure 5 As shown, framing occurs before dual-polarization symbol mapping. During the framing process, two bit sequences containing multiple bits are acquired, and a first preset bit sequence and a second preset bit sequence are inserted into these two bit sequences respectively. Then, dual-polarization symbol mapping is performed to obtain the first data frame. Specifically, the first preset bit sequence undergoes dual-polarization symbol mapping to obtain the symbol of the preset symbol sequence in the X-polarization direction, and the second preset bit sequence undergoes symbol mapping to obtain the symbol of the preset symbol sequence in the Y-polarization direction. The first preset bit sequence is also called the bit corresponding to the preset symbol sequence in the X-polarization direction, and the second preset bit sequence is also called the bit corresponding to the preset symbol sequence in the Y-polarization direction. It should be understood that the bit sequences are selected as follows... Figure 5 The first data frame obtained by the embodiment shown and using, as Figure 3 The first data frame obtained in the illustrated implementation is the same.

[0254] For example, Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating a fourth possible method for dual-polarization symbol mapping and framing. (See diagram below.) Figure 6 As shown, framing occurs before dual-polarization symbol mapping. During the framing operation, four bit sequences containing multiple bits are acquired. A first preset bit sequence, a second preset bit sequence, a third preset bit sequence, and a fourth preset bit sequence are inserted into these four bit sequences, respectively. Dual-polarization symbol mapping is then performed to obtain the first data frame. The first preset bit sequence is symbol-mapped to obtain the I-path component of the preset symbol sequence in the X-polarization direction. The second preset bit sequence is symbol-mapped to obtain the Q-path component of the preset symbol sequence in the X-polarization direction. The third preset bit sequence is symbol-mapped to obtain the I-path component of the preset symbol sequence in the Y-polarization direction. The fourth preset bit sequence is symbol-mapped to obtain the Q-path component of the preset symbol sequence in the Y-polarization direction. The first preset bit sequence is also called the X-path component of the preset symbol sequence. I The bits corresponding to the components, the second preset bit sequence is also called the X of the preset symbol sequence. Q The bits corresponding to the components, the third preset bit sequence, also known as the Y of the preset symbol sequence. I The bits corresponding to the components, the fourth preset bit sequence, also known as the Y of the preset symbol sequence. Q The bits corresponding to the components. It should be understood that the bit sequence uses, for example... Figure 6The first data frame obtained by the embodiment shown and using, as Figure 3 The first data frame obtained in the illustrated implementation is the same.

[0255] This application does not limit the framing method used by the first DSP processor (e.g., first perform dual polarization symbol mapping and then frame, or first frame and then perform dual polarization symbol mapping). In addition to the above... Figure 3 , Figure 4 , Figure 5 , Figure 6 Besides the framing method described above, other similar framing methods are also applicable to this solution, and will not be described in detail here.

[0256] It should be understood that the first data frame includes symbols in two polarization directions (X polarization direction and Y polarization direction). The structure of the first data frame is similar in these two polarization directions. For example, the first data frame includes a symbol sequence in the X polarization direction and a symbol sequence in the Y polarization direction. The structure of a first data frame will be introduced below using one of the polarization directions as an example.

[0257] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a first data frame in an embodiment of this application. Figure 7 As shown, the first data frame includes N SF There are N subframes, each subframe comprising N S If there are N symbols, then the first data frame includes N. F A symbol, N F =N SF ×N S N S and N SF All are integers greater than 1. Among them, the subframes in the first data frame are divided into two categories, referred to here as the first type of subframe and the second type of subframe. The two types of subframes will be introduced separately below.

[0258] For example, Figure 8 This is a structural diagram of the first type of subframe, which includes training symbols, pilot symbols, frame synchronization symbols, reserved symbols, and payload symbols. Typically, the first type of subframe is the first subframe in the first data frame, but it can also be in other positions within the first data frame, such as the last subframe. All other subframes in the first data frame besides the first type are classified as second type subframes. Figure 9 As shown, the second type of subframe differs from the first type of subframe. The second type of subframe includes training symbols, pilot symbols, and payload symbols, but does not include frame synchronization symbols and reserved symbols.

[0259] For both Type I and Type II subframes, each subframe includes training symbols and pilot symbols. Training symbols are used for link training and / or subframe synchronization, while pilot symbols are used for carrier phase recovery. The number of training symbols in a subframe is denoted as N in one polarization direction. TS Let N be the number of pilot symbols in the subframe. PS N TS and N PS All are integers greater than 1. One symbol in the subframe serves as both a training symbol and a pilot symbol. N TS The training symbols include this symbol, which is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, N. PS Each pilot symbol also includes this symbol, which serves as both a training symbol and a pilot symbol. In some applications, N TS +N PS Greater than or equal to 5, and N TS +N PS It can be an odd number (N) TS +N PS (It can also be any number). Typically, N... TS N consecutive training symbols are arranged starting from the beginning of the subframe. TS In a series of consecutive training symbols, the symbol at the beginning position is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol. That is, the first symbol of a subframe is the first symbol of both the training symbol sequence and the pilot symbol sequence. In other words, the first symbol of the training symbol sequence is also the first symbol of the pilot symbol sequence, and the first symbol of the training symbol sequence and the first symbol of the pilot symbol sequence have the same value. Of course, the symbol that is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol could also be any one of the NTS training symbols, and this application does not limit this.

[0260] For each subframe in the first data frame, every consecutive N in the subframe PG Each symbol includes a pilot symbol located at a fixed position. Optionally, N PG = 32, 64, or 128. For example... Figure 8 and Figure 9 As shown, N PG The value is 64. It should be understood that, due to each consecutive N... PG The position of the pilot symbols in a given set of symbols is fixed, meaning that there is an equal interval between two consecutive pilot symbols in a subframe. Typically, pilot symbols are located within every N consecutive N symbols. PG The starting position of a symbol; of course, pilot symbols can also be located in every consecutive N. PG Any position within the symbols, without any restrictions here.

[0261] Frame synchronization symbols are used for synchronization between first data frames. These symbols can be used together with training symbols for synchronization between first data frames, or they can be used together with pilot symbols to achieve synchronization. It should be understood that frame synchronization symbols are arranged consecutively and can be placed adjacent to training symbols, such as... Figure 8 As shown. Furthermore, there may be one or more symbol intervals between frame synchronization symbols and training symbols. After multiple frame synchronization symbols, there are usually multiple reserved symbols, which can be reserved for future uses. Reserved symbols should be randomized and do not necessarily have to be symbols on the constellation diagram of the modulation format used. Of course, in some applications, reserved symbols can also be symbols on the constellation diagram of the modulation format used. Some reserved symbols can also be fixed for other purposes, such as optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) measurement, end-to-end (E2E) delay measurement, etc. Reserved symbols can also be located within one of multiple second-type subframes, which is not limited in this application. The remaining symbols are payload symbols. Among them, pilot symbols and reserved symbols do not overlap, and pilot symbols and payload symbols also do not overlap. That is, there is no symbol that is both a pilot symbol and a payload symbol, nor is there a symbol that is both a pilot symbol and a reserved symbol.

[0262] Furthermore, the number of reserved symbols does not have to be a fixed value. When the number of reserved symbols is large, the reserved symbols may appear in multiple groups of 64 symbols in the first type of subframe, for example... Figure 8 The example given is that both the first and second sets of 64 symbols include reserved symbols. It's understandable that when the number of reserved symbols is small, they may only appear in one set of 64 symbols (such as the first set). Furthermore, when the number of reserved symbols, training symbols, and frame synchronization symbols in the first set of 64 symbols is less than 64, this first set of 64 symbols may also include some payload symbols.

[0263] It should be understood that in a data frame (also known as a superframe or multiframe), the symbols remaining after removing the payload symbols (also known as pre-frame symbols), training symbols, pilot symbols, and frame synchronization symbols are called the reserved symbols.

[0264] This application uses 16QAM symbol mapping, such as Figure 10 As shown, the 16 constellation points (also called symbols) on the corresponding 16QAM constellation diagram take the values ​​α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj. Figure 10 The horizontal axis represents the real part I, and the vertical axis represents the imaginary part Q. Figure 11 The example provides an optional 16QAM symbol mapping method, in which a 16QAM symbol in the X-polarization direction or the Y-polarization direction is obtained by mapping 4 bits. For example, 0000 is mapped to 3α-3αj, 0101 is mapped to -α-αj, 0010 is mapped to -3α+3αj, 0111 is mapped to -α+αj, 1010 is mapped to 3α+3αj, 1111 is mapped to α+αj, 1000 is mapped to 3α-3αj, and 1101 is mapped to α-αj.

[0265] In some alternative embodiments, the above dual-polarization symbol mapping maps every 8 bits (b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7) to obtain one DP-16QAM symbol, using the following first symbol mapping scheme: (b0, b2) is mapped to the in-phase component of the DP-16QAM symbol in the I direction of X polarization, denoted as X. I (b4, b6) is mapped to the quadrature-phase component of the DP-16QAM symbol in the Q direction of X polarization, denoted as X. Q (b1, b3) is mapped to the in-phase component of the DP-16QAM symbol in the I direction of Y polarization, denoted as Y I (b5, b7) is mapped to the quadrature-phase component of the DP-16QAM symbol in the Q direction of Y polarization, denoted as Y. Q For each signaling dimension (e.g., X...) I / X Q / Y I / Y Q The two bits are mapped to corresponding symbol amplitudes using the following mapping methods: (0, 0) → -3α, (0, 1) → -α, (1, 1) → α, (1, 0) → 3α. The first symbol mapping scheme is as follows: Figure 11 As shown. At this time, among the 8 bits (b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7), b0 and b4 are two sign bits in the 16QAM in the X-polarization direction, b2 and b6 are two amplitude bits in the 16QAM in the X-polarization direction; b1 and b5 are two sign bits in the 16QAM in the Y-polarization direction, and b3 and b7 are two amplitude bits in the 16QAM in the Y-polarization direction.

[0266] In some alternative embodiments, the above dual-polarization symbol mapping maps every 8 bits (b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7) to obtain one DP-16QAM symbol, using the following second symbol mapping scheme: (b0, b1) is mapped to the DP-16QAM symbol distribution in the I direction of X polarization, denoted as X. I (b2, b3) is mapped to the Q-direction distribution of the DP-16QAM symbol in X polarization, denoted as X. Q (b4, b5) is mapped to the I-direction distribution of the DP-16QAM symbol in Y polarization, denoted as Y I (b6, b7) is mapped to the Q-direction distribution of the DP-16QAM symbol in Y polarization, denoted as Y Q For each signal dimension (e.g., X) I / X Q / Y I / Y Q The two bits are mapped to the corresponding sign amplitudes as follows: (0, 0) → -3α, (0, 1) → -α, (1, 1) → α, (1, 0) → 3α. In this case, of the eight bits (b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7), b0 and b2 are the two sign bits in the X-polarization direction of 16QAM, and b1 and b3 are the two amplitude bits in the X-polarization direction of 16QAM; b4 and b6 are the two sign bits in the Y-polarization direction of 16QAM, and b5 and b7 are the two amplitude bits in the Y-polarization direction of 16QAM.

[0267] By using PCS technology, the probabilities of the aforementioned amplitude bits (b2, b6, b3, b7) being 0 or 1 can be made different, corresponding to different probabilities of the 16QAM symbol amplitude being high amplitude 3α or low amplitude α. While keeping the constellation point positions unchanged, PCS technology can alter the probability of constellation point symbols appearing, making them non-uniformly distributed, thereby improving system transmission performance.

[0268] In some optional applications, the first communication device employs single-carrier transmission technology. After coded interleaving, all bit data is framed and mapped to dual-polarization symbols to obtain a single dual-polarization symbol data stream, which is transmitted on a single wavelength (also known as an optical signal). The structure of a first data frame is described below: In each polarization direction (X-polarization or Y-polarization), the payload symbol in each first data frame is N. CW = 172032 16QAM symbols, each first data frame contains N F = 175104 16QAM symbols. Each first data frame includes N SF = 24 subframes, each subframe includes N S = 7296 symbols. The first subframe contains NFAW = 22 frame synchronization symbols, N RES =74 reserved symbols. In each subframe, there are N... TS = 11 training symbols; and in each subframe, every N PG =The first symbol in the 64 symbols is the pilot symbol, and each subframe contains N PS = 114 pilot symbols. The first symbol in each subframe is both a pilot symbol and a training symbol.

[0269] It should be understood that in a data frame (also known as a superframe or multiframe), the symbols remaining after removing the payload symbols (also known as pre-frame symbols), training symbols, pilot symbols, and frame synchronization symbols are called the reserved symbols.

[0270] In some alternative applications, the first communication device can employ digital subcarrier transmission technology. That is, W first data frames are generated and distributed across W dual-polarization symbol data streams, where each dual-polarization symbol data stream contains one of the W first data frames, where W is an integer greater than 1. Each dual-polarization symbol data stream is carried on one subcarrier, and the W subcarriers typically use different wavelengths (and correspondingly different frequencies). It can be considered that the W first data frames are carried on W subcarriers, with each subcarrier carrying one of the W first data frames. The W subcarriers are then multiplexed to obtain a single signal for transmission. Subcarrier multiplexing is also known as digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM). In some scenarios, a subcarrier is also simply called a carrier; considering that different subcarriers use different frequencies, subcarrier multiplexing is also called frequency division multiplexing (FDM), and the transmission scheme is also called a DSCM scheme or an FDM scheme. At this point, the baud rate corresponding to each subcarrier is 1 / W of the transmitted signal baud rate. The digital subcarrier (also known as multicarrier) implementation reduces the complexity of dispersion compensation and the overhead of equalization-dequalification phase noise (EEPN), resulting in lower DSP power consumption. Optionally, W is an even number, and its value can be 2, 4, 8, or 16, etc.

[0271] The following is a structure of the first data frame when W=2, such as Figure 12 , Figure 13 and Figure 14 As shown: In each polarization direction (X polarization or Y polarization), the payload symbol in each first data frame is N. CW=172032 / 2=86016 16QAM symbols, each first data frame contains N F =175104 / 2 = 87552 16QAM symbols. Each first data frame includes N SF = 12 subframes, each subframe includes N S = 7296 symbols. The first subframe contains N FAW = 22 frame synchronization symbols, N RES =26 reserved symbols. In each subframe, there are N... TS = 11 training symbols; and in each subframe, every N PG =The first symbol in the 64 symbols is the pilot symbol, and each subframe contains N TS = 114 pilot symbols. The first symbol in each subframe is both a pilot symbol and a training symbol. Consider W = 2 first data frames, one from one subcarrier and the other from another subcarrier. The two first data frames contain a total of 172,032 payload symbols, equal to the number of payload symbols in existing 400ZR+ (ZR+ is a coherent optical module interface), 800ZR (ZR is a coherent optical module interface), and 800ZR+. It should be understood that the bit data corresponding to the payload symbols comes from data obtained through coding and interleaving. In other words, the framing scheme adopted is compatible with existing 400ZR+, 800ZR, and 800ZR+ coding and interleaving schemes, facilitating hardware implementation.

[0272] It should be understood that in a data frame (also known as a superframe or multiframe), the symbols remaining after removing the payload symbols (also known as pre-frame symbols), training symbols, pilot symbols, and frame synchronization symbols are called the reserved symbols.

[0273] The following is a structure for a first data frame with W=4, such as... Figure 15 , Figure 16 and Figure 17 As shown: In each polarization direction (X polarization or Y polarization), the payload symbol in each first data frame is N. CW =172032 / 4 = 43008 16QAM symbols, each first data frame contains N F =175104 / 2 = 43776 16QAM symbols. Each first data frame includes N SF = 6 subframes, each subframe includes N S = 7296 symbols. The first subframe contains N FAW = 22 frame synchronization symbols, N RES = 2 reserved symbols. In each subframe, there are N TS = 11 training symbols; and in each subframe, every N PG=The first symbol in the 64 symbols is the pilot symbol, and each subframe contains N TS = 114 pilot symbols. The first symbol in each subframe is both a pilot symbol and a training symbol. Now, consider W = 4 first data frames, each from one of the 4 subcarriers. The 4 first data frames contain a total of 172,032 payload symbols, equal to the number of payload symbols in existing 400ZR+, 800ZR, and 800ZR+ systems. It should be understood that the bit data corresponding to the payload symbols comes from data obtained through coding and interleaving; that is, the framing scheme adopted is compatible with existing 400ZR+, 800ZR, and 800ZR+ coding and interleaving schemes, facilitating hardware implementation.

[0274] Figure 18 This is a schematic diagram of a communication device in an embodiment of this application. The communication device is the first communication device described above, such as... Figure 18 As shown, the communication device includes a processing unit 201 and a transmitting unit 202. The processing unit 201 is used to generate a first data frame; the implementation method for generating the first data frame has been described in previous embodiments and will not be repeated here. The transmitting unit 202 is used to perform the action of transmitting the first data frame in the above embodiments.

[0275] Figure 19 This is a schematic diagram of another structure of the communication device in an embodiment of this application. This communication device is the second communication device described above, such as... Figure 19 As shown, the communication device includes a receiving unit 302, which is used to receive a second data frame. The second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through the channel. The description of the first data frame can be found in the foregoing embodiments, and will not be repeated in this embodiment. Optionally, the communication device further includes a processing unit 301, which is used to process the second data frame.

[0276] It should be understood that Figure 18 and Figure 19 The provided communication device can also be implemented in other ways. For example, the unit division in the above device is only a logical functional division, and there may be other division methods in actual implementation. For example, multiple units or components can be combined or integrated into another system. In addition, the functional units in the various embodiments of this application can be integrated into one processing unit, or they can be independent physical units, or two or more functional units can be integrated into one processing unit. The integrated units described above can be implemented in hardware or in the form of software functional units.

[0277] Figure 20 This is a schematic diagram of one structure of the optical module in an embodiment of this application. Figure 20As shown, the optical module includes a processor 401 and an interface 402. The interface 402 can be a transceiver or an input / output interface. The interface 402 is used to receive signals from other devices and transmit them to the processor 401, or to send signals from the processor 401 to other devices. For example, the processor 401 is used to perform operations executed by a first communication device in the communication method provided in any embodiment of this application, and to send signals through the interface 402; or, the processor is used to receive signals through the interface and perform operations executed by a second communication device in the communication method provided in any embodiment of this application.

[0278] Optionally, the optical module may also include a memory 403, wherein the memory 403 is used to store program instructions and data.

[0279] In one possible scenario, the optical module is applied to the first communication device, and the processor 401 is used to perform the operation of acquiring the first data frame; detailed implementation methods have been described in previous embodiments and will not be repeated here. For example, the processor 401 includes Figure 18 The processing unit 201 is shown. As an example, the processor 401 performs the operations in the above embodiment to obtain a first data frame and sends the first data frame through interface 402. In this example, interface 402 can refer to an electrical interface. As another example, the processor 401 performs the operations in the above embodiment to obtain a first data frame. The modulator in the optical module performs signal processing such as electro-optic conversion based on the first data frame to obtain an optical signal, and then sends the optical signal through interface 402. In this example, interface 402 can refer to an optical interface.

[0280] In another possible scenario, the optical module is applied to the second communication device, and the processor 401 is used to execute the operations of the processing unit 301 in the above embodiments. In other words, the processor 401 includes... Figure 19 The processing unit 301 is shown. As an example, interface 402 receives an optical signal transmitted through a channel. The demodulator in the optical module performs signal processing such as photoelectric conversion on the optical signal to obtain a second data frame. Processor 401 performs the operations described in the above embodiments on this second data frame. In this example, interface 402 can refer to an optical interface. As another example, the demodulator in the optical module performs signal processing such as photoelectric conversion on the received optical signal to obtain a second data frame, and transmits the second data frame to processor 401 through interface 402. Processor 401 performs the operations described in the above embodiments on this second data frame. In this example, interface 402 can refer to an electrical interface.

[0281] Typically, an optical module consists of optoelectronic devices, a processor, and an interface. The optoelectronic devices include transmitting and receiving devices. The transmitting end of the optical module converts electrical signals into optical signals and transmits them through optical fibers. The receiving end of the optical module receives the optical signals and converts them back into electrical signals.

[0282] The types of optical modules in this application include, but are not limited to, normal optical modules, near package optics (NPO) modules, and co-packaged optics (CPO) modules. Normal optical modules can perform functions including, but not limited to, digital signal processing (DSP) and clock data recovery (CDR). For example, a normal optical module converts analog signals to digital signals, performs DSP on the digital signals, and then converts them back to analog signals before sending them to the host device. Because DSP requires retiming, a normal optical module can also be called a retimed module. Normal optical modules connect to the host device via an attachment unit interface (AUI). NPO and CPO modules do not have pluggable physical packages and are closer to the host device. NPO and CPO modules can also be called optical engines. NPO or CPO technology is a technology that "packages" the host device (or host chip) and the optical engine. When NPO technology is used to encapsulate the host-side device and the optical engine, the optical engine can be called an NPO module. When CPO technology is used to encapsulate the host-side device and the optical engine, the optical engine can be called a CPO module.

[0283] Figure 21 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a transmitting device (a communication device) in an embodiment of this application. Figure 21 As shown, the transmitting device includes a host-side device 501 and an optical module 502. The host-side device 501 transmits electrical signals to the optical module 502, which converts the electrical signals into optical signals and transmits them through a channel. For example, the host-side device 501 may specifically be a switch, router, or server. This transmitting device can be a communication device that includes the host-side device 501 and the optical module 502. It should also be understood that the transmitting devices in this embodiment are named based on the data flow direction and do not limit the function of the device; for example, the transmitting device may also have a receiving function.

[0284] Figure 22This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a receiving device (a communication device) in an embodiment of this application. Figure 22 As shown, the receiving device includes a host-side device 601 and an optical module 602. The optical module 602 is used to convert the received optical signal into an electrical signal and send the electrical signal to the host-side device 601. For example, the host-side device 601 may specifically be a switch, router, or server. The receiving device can be a communication device that includes the host-side device 601 and the optical module 602. It should also be understood that the receiving device in this embodiment is named based on the data flow direction and does not limit the function of the device. For example, the receiving device may also have a transmitting function.

[0285] This application also provides a communication device, including a processor and an interface; the processor is used to execute the operation performed by a first communication device in any of the communication methods provided in this application, and to send signals through the interface; or, the processor is used to receive signals through the interface and execute the operation performed by a second communication device in any of the communication methods provided in this application.

[0286] This application also provides an Optical Transport Network (OTN) device, which includes line-side equipment and client-side equipment. The client-side equipment may also be referred to as a tributary-side equipment in some scenarios. The line-side equipment includes a processor and an interface. In one possible scenario, the OTN device is used at the transmitting end, and the processor executes S101 in the above embodiment. In another possible scenario, the OTN device is used at the receiving end, and the processor executes S103 in the above embodiment. The interface can be a transceiver or an input / output interface, used to receive signals from other devices besides the line-side equipment and transmit them to the processor, or to send signals from the processor to other devices besides the line-side equipment.

[0287] This application also provides a chip. The chip integrates circuitry for implementing the functions of the processor 401 described above, and one or more interfaces. As an example, the chip integrates a memory. As another example, when the chip does not integrate a memory, it can be connected to an external memory via the interface. The chip can perform the method steps of any one or more of the foregoing embodiments. Alternatively, the chip can implement the actions performed by the processing and transmission device in the foregoing embodiments based on program code stored in the memory.

[0288] As an example, the chip in the embodiments of this application can be a central processing unit (CPU), or other general-purpose processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other programmable logic devices, transistor logic devices, hardware components, or any combination thereof. A general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor, any conventional processor, or a processing circuit that implements a specific function.

[0289] This application also provides a computer-readable storage medium including a program or instructions that, when run on a computer, cause the method performed as described in the above method embodiments to be implemented.

[0290] It should be understood that the processor mentioned in the embodiments of this application can be implemented in hardware or software. When implemented in hardware, the processor can be a logic circuit, integrated circuit, etc. When implemented in software, the processor can be a general-purpose processor that reads software code stored in memory. The memory can exist independently and be connected to the processor, or the memory can be integrated with the processor.

[0291] As an example, the processor in the embodiments of this application can be a central processing unit (CPU), or other general-purpose processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other programmable logic devices, transistor logic devices, hardware components, or any combination thereof. A general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor, any conventional processor, or a processing circuit that implements a specific function.

[0292] In embodiments of this application, the memory may be random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), registers, hard disks, portable hard disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to a processor, enabling the processor to read information from and write information to the storage medium. Of course, the storage medium may also be a component of the processor. The processor and storage medium may reside in an ASIC. Additionally, the ASIC may reside in a network device or a terminal device. Alternatively, the processor and storage medium may exist as discrete components in the network device or terminal device.

[0293] In the above embodiments, it can be implemented entirely or partially by software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof.

[0294] When implemented in hardware, the data transmission method provided in this application embodiment may be implemented without reading software code or instructions. For example, it may be implemented by CPU, DSP, ASIC, FPGA, other programmable logic devices, transistor logic devices, hardware components, or any combination thereof.

[0295] When implemented using software, it can be implemented entirely or partially in the form of a computer program product. A computer program product includes one or more computer programs or instructions. When the computer program or instructions are loaded and executed on a computer, all or part of the processes or functions of the embodiments of this application are performed. The computer can be a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, a computer network, a network device, a terminal device, or other programmable device. The computer program or instructions can be stored in or transmitted through a computer-readable storage medium. The computer-readable storage medium can be any available medium that a computer can access, or a data storage device such as a server integrating one or more available media. The available medium can be a magnetic medium, such as a floppy disk, hard disk, or magnetic tape; it can also be an optical medium, such as a digital versatile disc (DVD); or it can be a semiconductor medium, such as a solid-state disk (SSD).

[0296] Finally, it should be noted that the above are merely embodiments of this application, but the scope of protection of this application is not limited thereto. Any variations or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in this application should be included within the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A communication method, characterized in that, include: Generate the first data frame; The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2; P H P represents the amplitude probability corresponding to a high amplitude. H <P L P L The low amplitude corresponds to the amplitude probability; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number; Send the first data frame.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, A = B.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, β = 0.1; or β = 0.01; or β = 0.

001.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, A is the number obtained by rounding B to d decimal places, where d is a positive integer.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, A is the number obtained by rounding B to d decimal places using the rules of rounding up, down, or up.

6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that, d = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, A is the number obtained by rounding down B.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, C represents B×2 s The value obtained by rounding down, rounding up, or rounding to the nearest integer, where s is a positive integer.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, A is 2α, 1.9α, or 1.5α.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, P H = 0.377, 0.319, 0.3287, 0.3307, 0.1577 or 0.1558.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that, The pilot symbols are generated by a generator polynomial and a seed, wherein the generator polynomial is x. 10 +x 7 +x 3 +x+1, the seed in hexadecimal representation in the first polarization direction is 0x34E, and the seed in hexadecimal representation in the second polarization direction is 0x084.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that, In each polarization direction, including the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, the first data frame includes a plurality of subframes, and the number of pilot symbols in each of the plurality of subframes is 114. The 114 pilot symbols in the first polarization direction are: -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+A j, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A +Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-A j, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A-A j, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+A j, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, - A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj; The 114 pilot symbols in the second polarization direction are: -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A -Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A -Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj ,A-Aj,-A-Aj,-A-Aj,-A+Aj,A-Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,-A+Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,A-Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,-A+Aj,A-A j, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj , A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj ,A-Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,A+Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,A+Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,A-Aj,A-Aj,A -Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that, In each of the first and second polarization directions, the first data frame includes multiple subframes, and the pilot symbol is located at a fixed position in every 64 symbols in each of the multiple subframes.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that, The first data frame also includes a plurality of training symbols, each of which is one of the four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj.

15. The transmission method according to claim 14, characterized in that, In each of the first and second polarization directions, the first data frame includes multiple subframes, and the first symbol of the training sequence formed by the training symbols in each of the multiple subframes is the pilot symbol.

16. The method according to claim 14 or 15, characterized in that, In each polarization direction, including the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, the first data frame includes a plurality of subframes, and the number of training symbols in each of the plurality of subframes is 11. The 11 training symbols in the first polarization direction are as follows: -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj; The 11 training symbols in the second polarization direction are as follows: -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj.

17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that, The first data frame also includes a plurality of frame synchronization symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj.

18. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that, In each of the first and second polarization directions, the number of frame synchronization symbols in the first data frame is 22; The 22 frame synchronization symbols in the first polarization direction are: A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A +Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj; The 22 frame synchronization symbols in the second polarization direction are: A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj.

19. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that, In each polarization direction of the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, each pilot symbol in the first data frame is one of the four complex numbers -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; The first polarization direction and the second polarization direction are orthogonal.

20. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that, α＝1。 21. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that, Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: 1+1j, 1-1j, -1+1j, -1-1j, 1+3j, 1-3j, -1+3j, -1-3j, 3+1j, 3-1j, -3+1j, -3-1j, 3+3j, 3-3j, -3+3j, and -3-3j.

22. A communication method, characterized in that, include: Receive the second data frame; The second data frame is the first data frame transmitted through the channel; The first data frame includes multiple pilot symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2; P H P represents the amplitude probability corresponding to a high amplitude. H <P L P L The low amplitude corresponds to the amplitude probability; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number.

23. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that, A = B.

24. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that, β = 0.1; or β = 0.01; or β = 0.

001.

25. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that, A is the number obtained by rounding B to d decimal places, where d is a positive integer.

26. The method according to claim 25, characterized in that, A is the number obtained by rounding B to d decimal places using the rules of rounding up, down, or up.

27. The method according to claim 25 or 26, characterized in that, d = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

28. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that, A is the number obtained by rounding down B.

29. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that, C represents B×2 s The value obtained by rounding down, rounding up, or rounding to the nearest integer, where s is a positive integer.

30. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 29, characterized in that, A is 2α, 1.9α, or 1.5α.

31. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 30, characterized in that, P H = 0.377, 0.319, 0.3287, 0.3307, 0.1577 or 0.1558.

32. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 31, characterized in that, The pilot symbols are generated by a generator polynomial and a seed, wherein the generator polynomial is x. 10 +x 7 +x 3 +x+1, the seed in hexadecimal representation in the first polarization direction is 0x34E, and the seed in hexadecimal representation in the second polarization direction is 0x084.

33. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 32, characterized in that, On each bias direction in the first and second bias directions, the first data frame includes multiple sub-frames, and the number of guide-frequency symbols in each sub-frame of the multiple sub-frames is 114; The 114 pilot symbols in the first polarization direction are in order: -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A +Lip,A+Lip,-A+Lip,-A-Lip,A-Lip,A+Lip,A-Lip,-A+Lip,-A-Lip,A-Lip,-A+Lip,-A-Lip,-A-Lip,-A+Lip,-A-A A j,A+Aj,-A-Aj,-A+Aj,A-Aj,A-Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,A-Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,A+Aj,A+Aj,-A-Aj,-A-Aj,A+A j,A+Lip,A-Lip,A-Lip,A+Lip,A-Lip,A-Lip,A+Lip,-A+Lip,A+Lip,-A+Lip,A+Lip,-A+Lip,A-Lip,-A+Lip,-A-Lip, -A-Lip,A-Lip,-A+Lip,A+Lip,A-Lip,A-Lip,-A-Lip,-A+Lip,-A+Lip,-A+Lip,-A-Lip,-A-Lip,-A+Lip,-A+Lip,- A+Lip,A-Lip,-A+Lip,-A+Lip,A-Lip,-A+Lip,-A-Lip,A-Lip,A+Lip,-A+Lip,-A-Lip,A-Lip,-A-Lip,A+Lip,A+Lip; The 114 pilot symbols in the second polarization direction are: -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A -Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A -Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj ,A-Aj,-A-Aj,-A-Aj,-A+Aj,A-Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,-A+Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,A-Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,-A+Aj,A-A j, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj , A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj ,A-Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,A+Aj,A-Aj,A+Aj,A+Aj,-A-Aj,A+Aj,-A+Aj,-A-Aj,A-Aj,A-Aj,A -Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj.

34. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 33, characterized in that, In each of the first and second polarization directions, the first data frame includes multiple subframes, and the pilot symbol is located at a fixed position in every 64 symbols in each of the multiple subframes.

35. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 34, characterized in that, The first data frame also includes a plurality of training symbols, each of which is one of the four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj.

36. The transmission method according to claim 35, characterized in that, In each of the first and second polarization directions, the first data frame includes multiple subframes, and the first symbol of the training sequence formed by the training symbols in each of the multiple subframes is the pilot symbol.

37. The method according to claim 35 or 36, characterized in that, In each polarization direction, including the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, the first data frame includes a plurality of subframes, and the number of training symbols in each of the plurality of subframes is 11. The 11 training symbols in the first polarization direction are as follows: -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj; The 11 training symbols in the second polarization direction are as follows: -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj.

38. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 37, characterized in that, The first data frame also includes a plurality of frame synchronization symbols, each of which is one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj.

39. The method according to claim 38, characterized in that, In each of the first and second polarization directions, the number of frame synchronization symbols in the first data frame is 22; The 22 frame synchronization symbols in the first polarization direction are: A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A +Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj; The 22 frame synchronization symbols in the second polarization direction are: A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj, -A+Aj, -A+Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, -A-Aj, A-Aj, -A+Aj.

40. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 39, characterized in that, In each polarization direction of the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, each pilot symbol in the first data frame is one of the four complex numbers -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; The first polarization direction and the second polarization direction are orthogonal.

41. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 40, characterized in that, α＝1。 42. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 41, characterized in that, Each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: 1+1j, 1-1j, -1+1j, -1-1j, 1+3j, 1-3j, -1+3j, -1-3j, 3+1j, 3-1j, -3+1j, -3-1j, 3+3j, 3-3j, -3+3j, and -3-3j.

43. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 42, characterized in that, The method further includes: Process the second data frame.

44. A communication device, characterized in that, The communication device includes a processing unit and a transmitting unit; The processing unit is used to generate a first data frame; the first data frame includes a plurality of pilot symbols, each of the plurality of pilot symbols being one of four complex numbers: -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2; P H P represents the amplitude probability corresponding to a high amplitude. H <P L P L The low amplitude corresponds to the amplitude probability; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number; The sending unit is used to send the first data frame.

45. A communication device, characterized in that, The communication device includes a receiving unit; The receiving unit is used to receive a second data frame; the second data frame is a first data frame transmitted through the channel, and the first data frame includes a plurality of pilot symbols, each of the plurality of pilot symbols being one of the four complex numbers -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, and A+Aj; (1-β)B≤A≤(1+β)B, 0≤β≤0.2; P H P represents the amplitude probability corresponding to a high amplitude. H <P L P L The low amplitude corresponds to the amplitude probability; each payload symbol in the first data frame is one of the sixteen complex numbers: α+αj, α-αj, -α+αj, -α-αj, α+3αj, α-3αj, -α+3αj, -α-3αj, 3α+αj, 3α-αj, -3α+αj, -3α-αj, 3α+3αj, 3α-3αj, -3α+3αj, and -3α-3αj, where α is a non-zero real number.

46. ​​A communication system, characterized in that, The communication system includes: a first communication device and a second communication device, wherein the first communication device is used to perform the communication method as described in any one of claims 1-21, and the second communication device is used to perform the communication method as described in any one of claims 22 to 43.

47. An optical module, characterized in that, Including processors and interfaces; The processor is configured to execute the communication method as described in any one of claims 1-21 and to send signals through the interface; Alternatively, the processor is configured to receive signals through the interface and execute the communication method as described in any one of claims 22 to 43.

48. A communication device, characterized in that, It includes a host-side device and the optical module as described in claim 46, wherein the optical module is connected to the host-side device.

49. A communication device, characterized in that, Including processors and interfaces; The processor is configured to execute the communication method as described in any one of claims 1-21 and to send signals through the interface; Alternatively, the processor is configured to receive signals through the interface and execute the communication method as described in any one of claims 22 to 43.

50. A chip, characterized in that, The chip is used to perform the communication method as described in any one of claims 1-21, or the chip is used to perform the communication method as described in any one of claims 22 to 43.

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