Gold nanoparticle-based isothermal amplification for polynucleotide detection
Gold nanoparticle-based LAMP with a pretreatment process enhances decentralized nucleic acid testing by improving sensitivity and accuracy, addressing the limitations of existing methods.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/087809
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-30
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-08
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-06
AI Technical Summary
Current nucleic acid testing methods, such as PCR and colorimetric RT-LAMP, face challenges with long assay times, high costs, centralized laboratory requirements, and low sensitivity, leading to inaccurate decentralized testing.
A method using gold nanoparticle-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with functionalized gold nanoparticles (PEG/MUA-AuNPs) and a pretreatment process involving a metal ion chelating agent to enhance sensitivity and accuracy, allowing for decentralized nucleic acid detection.
The method achieves rapid, accurate detection of polynucleotides with sensitivity comparable to PCR, enabling on-site testing with improved precision and reduced false negatives.
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Figure CN2025087809_06112025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
GOLD NANOPARTICLE-BASED ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION FOR POLYNUCLEOTIDE DETECTIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present application relates in general to methods for detecting polynucleotides, and in particular, to a method and a kit for detecting polynucleotides using gold nanoparticle-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or reverse transcription–loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) .BACKGROUND
[0002] Nucleic acid testing is the most powerful tool for the detection of viruses and bacteria, which has been extensively utilized in a wide spectrum of applications including medical diagnosis, food safety monitoring, environmental surveillance, and many other applications. The gold standard methods are real-time polymerase chain reaction (also termed as quantitative PCR, qPCR) for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR or qRT-PCR) for ribonucleic acid (RNA) . Nevertheless, these methods have limitations, such as long assay time, typically 2.5–4 hours. Besides, due to the use of large-size and expensive instruments and the need for well-trained personnel, PCR is mainly carried out in centralized laboratories. The current grand challenge is to achieve decentralized (point-of-care / on-site) PCR testing.
[0003] Isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques are promising candidates for decentralized testing due to their simple temperature control and fast amplification. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) developed in 2000 is superior to PCR in the following aspects: (1) easy temperature control that can be conducted at a constant temperature of ~65 ℃; (2) high specificity due to the use of 4–6 primers that recognize 6–8 distinct regions on the target sequence; (3) equivalent sensitivity as PCR with a shorter detection time (15–45 min) ; (4) high thermal stability of lyophilized reagents for room temperature storage; and (5) high tolerance to unpurified samples for direct amplification. LAMP can be detected based on the formation of the magnesium pyrophosphate byproduct in a positive LAMP sample (turbidity measurement; visible to the naked eye only under special lighting conditions) . Another detection method termed as colorimetric LAMP relies on the use of pH-sensitive dye (e.g., phenol red or crystal violet) responding to the inherent production of protons during amplification under unbuffered (or weakly buffered) conditions. With phenol red, negative LAMP samples remain in pink while positive LAMP samples turn to yellow after incubation. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the colorimetric RT-LAMP method was widely utilized for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) , the causative agent of COVID-19. However, it has been reported that the sensitivity of colorimetric RT-LAMP (200 copies) was lower than that of RT-qPCR (several copies) . Besides, intermediate orange color for low viral load samples was hard to be defined as positive or negative by the naked eye, causing false negative or positive results. Moreover, due to the use of unbuffered (or weakly buffered) conditions, the colorimetric test result may be affected by the intrinsic pH of the added clinical sample, leading to low detection accuracy.
[0004] A need therefore exists for an improved decentralized nucleic acid testing system to be as accurate as the centralized gold standard method (PCR) , while having the advantages and eliminating the problems of the current testing systems described above.SUMMARY
[0005] Accordingly, a first aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide, the method comprising: (1) providing a sample comprising or suspected of comprising the target polynucleotide; (2) subjecting the sample to an isothermal amplification, wherein the isothermal amplification comprises: - combining the sample, amplification reagents comprising one or more primers for the target polynucleotide, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) , enzyme (s) , and a magnesium salt, with functionalized gold nanoparticles, which are gold nanoparticles modified with poly (ethylene glycol) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) (PEG / MUA-AuNPs) , thereby forming an amplification mixture, and - incubating the amplification mixture thereby forming an incubated mixture; and (3) detecting the target polynucleotide.
[0006] In certain embodiments, the sample comprises a specimen comprising or derived from a food stuff, an environmental material, a biological material, or a mixture thereof.
[0007] In certain embodiments, the target polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of a single stranded nucleotide, a double stranded nucleotide, and a partially double stranded polynucleotide.
[0008] In certain embodiments, the isothermal amplification is selected from the group consisting of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and reverse transcription–loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) .
[0009] In certain embodiments, the amplification reagents comprise two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs for amplifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs recognize four or six distinct regions in the target polynucleotide.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the amplification mixture is incubated at 60 ℃ to 70 ℃.
[0011] In certain embodiments, the amplification mixture is incubated at about 65 ℃ for 40 minutes or less.
[0012] In certain embodiments, detecting the target polynucleotide comprises detecting the absorbance of the incubated mixture.
[0013] In certain embodiments, detecting the target polynucleotide comprises detecting the precipitates in the incubated mixture.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises: (1a) contacting the sample with a metal ion chelating agent thereby forming a pretreated mixture; (1b) heating the pretreated mixture at 65 ℃ to 95 ℃ thereby forming a heat-treated mixture; and (1c) separating the metal ion chelating agent from the heat-treated mixture thereby obtaining a pretreated sample.
[0015] In certain embodiments, the metal ion chelating agent is a resin comprising iminodiacetate ions.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the resin comprises a polystyrene polymer or a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the metal ion chelating agent is present in the pretreated mixture at a concentration of 12-24%w / w.
[0018] In certain embodiments, the pretreated mixture is heated at 70 ℃ to 80 ℃.
[0019] In certain embodiments, the pretreated mixture is heated for 1-10 minutes.
[0020] In certain embodiments, the pretreated mixture is heated for 3-10 minutes.
[0021] In certain embodiments, the metal ion chelating agent is a resin comprising a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer comprising iminodiacetate ions and the pretreated mixture is heated at 70 ℃ to 80 ℃ for 3-10 minutes.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the method comprises: providing a sample comprising or suspected of comprising the target polynucleotide, wherein the sample comprises a specimen comprising or derived from saliva, mucus, sputum, a nasopharyngeal swab, an oropharyngeal swab, or a mixture thereof; contacting the sample with a resin comprising a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer comprising iminodiacetate ions thereby forming a pretreated mixture, wherein the resin is present at a concentration of about 18%w / w in the pretreated mixture; heating the pretreated mixture at about 75 ℃ for about five minutes thereby forming a heat- treated mixture; separating the resin from the heat-treated mixture thereby obtaining a pretreated sample; subjecting the pretreated sample to reverse transcription–loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) , wherein the isothermal amplification comprises combining the pretreated sample, two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs for amplifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs recognize four or six distinct regions in the target polynucleotide, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) , a DNA polymerase, a reverse transcriptase, MgSO4, and PEG / MUA-AuNPs thereby forming a amplification mixture and incubating the amplification mixture thereby forming an incubated mixture; detecting the absorbance of the incubated mixture; and detecting the target polynucleotide based on the absorbance of the incubated mixture.
[0023] A second aspect of the present disclosure provides a kit for detecting a target polynucleotide, comprising functionalized gold nanoparticles and amplification reagents, wherein the functionalized gold nanoparticles are gold nanoparticles modified with poly (ethylene glycol) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) (PEG / MUA-AuNPs) .
[0024] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other aspects of the present disclosure are disclosed as illustrated by the embodiments hereinafter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0025] The appended drawings, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements, contain figures of certain embodiments to further illustrate and clarify the above and other aspects, advantages and features of the present invention. It will be appreciated that these drawings depict embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
[0026] FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of the gold nanoparticle-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (Gold-LAMP) testing system. (Left) Key components of the portable device in a perspective view. The device is composed of three main modules: (1) heating by means of metal bath; (2) absorbance measurement using a 520 nm laser diode, a photodiode, and supporting electronics; and (3) wireless signal transmission (Bluetooth) , signal processing, and result display (smartphone App) . (Right) Gold-LAMP assay can be monitored in real-time or visualized by the naked eye at end-point. A negative sample ( “-ve” ; absence of a target nucleic acid sequence) remains a red nanogold dispersion during incubation, thus having a stable transmittance signal. While for a positive sample ( “+ve” ; presence of a target nucleic acid sequence) , functionalized gold nanoparticles are precipitated as a result of coprecipitation with amplification byproduct, which corresponded with a sharp increase in transmittance signals.
[0027] FIG. 2 shows limit of detection (LoD) confirmation with 4 copies of commercial SARS-CoV-2 viral genome per reaction with duplex primers targeting E and N genes in 20 replicates by (A) Gold-LAMP and (B) RT-qPCR. The photos in (A) were taken after the 40 min thermostable incubation at 65 ℃ by the portable device. Threshold Time (Tt) value for positive Gold-LAMP sample is determined as the detection time required for the normalized signal to cross the threshold of 5.0 (i.e., exceeding the background level by 5.0) .
[0028] FIG. 3 shows LoD determination with duplex Gold-LAMP primers targeting SARS-CoV-2 E and N genes. Ten-fold and two-fold serial dilutions of commercial SARS-CoV-2 viral genome were tested by Gold-LAMP in triplicate. Gold-LAMP assays were further performed with 20 replicates of 4 copies (FIG. 2) and 2 copies per reaction for LoD confirmation. The photos were taken after the 40 min thermostable incubation at 65 ℃ by the portable device.
[0029] FIG. 4 shows LoD determination by RT-qPCR with duplex primers targeting SARS-CoV-2 E and N genes. Ten-fold and two-fold serial dilutions of commercial SARS-CoV-2 viral genome were tested by RT-qPCR in triplicate. RT-qPCR assays were further performed with 20 replicates of 4 copies (FIG. 2) and 2 copies per reaction for LoD confirmation. Tables at the bottom summarize the Threshold Cycle (Ct) values of the RT-qPCR samples.
[0030] FIG. 5 shows LoD determination with singleplex Gold-LAMP primers targeting SARS-CoV-2 E gene. Ten-fold and two-fold serial dilutions of commercial SARS-CoV-2 viral genome were tested by Gold-LAMP in triplicate. Gold-LAMP assays were further performed with 20 replicates of 4 copies per reaction for LoD confirmation. The photos were taken after the 40 min thermostable incubation at 65 ℃ by the portable device.
[0031] FIG. 6 shows LoD determination by RT-qPCR with singleplex primers targeting SARS-CoV-2 E gene. Ten-fold and two-fold serial dilutions of commercial SARS-CoV-2 viral genome were tested by RT-qPCR in triplicate. RT-qPCR assays were further performed with 20 replicates of 4 copies per reaction for LoD confirmation. Tables at the bottom summarize the Ct values of the RT-qPCR samples.
[0032] FIG. 7 shows (Top) specificity of Gold-LAMP assay with primers targeting SARS-CoV-2 E gene. NTC: no-template control; BPE: Bordetella pertussis (20,000 copies) ; CPN: Chlamydia pneumoniae (19,000 copies) ; HIN: Haemophilus influenzae (14,000 copies) ; HKU1: coronavirus HKU1 (55,000 copies) ; hMPV: human metapneumovirus (17,000 copies) ; INAH1: influenza A / H1 (18,000 copies) ; INAH5: influenza A / H5 (20,000 copies) ; MERS: Coronavirus MERS (15,000 copies) ; MPN: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (17,000 copies) ; MTU: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (20,000 copies) ; OC43: coronavirus OC43 (14,000 copies) ; PAR-1: parainfluenza virus 1 (16,000 copies) ; PAR-4: parainfluenza virus 4 (14,000 copies) ; RHI: human rhinovirus (20,000 copies) ; SARS-CoV (2003) : coronavirus SARS-CoV (2003) (12,500 copies) ; SARS-CoV-2: coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (100 copies) ; SPN: Streptococcus pneumoniae (15,000 copies) ; Respiratory Panel (MBTC020 from Vircell) : adenovirus (10,000 copies) , coronavirus 229E (5,800 copies) , influenza A / H3N2 (5,800 copies) , influenza B (5,400 copies) , influenza A / H1-2009 (H1N1) (8,200 copies) , parainfluenza virus 1 (10,000 copies) , parainfluenza virus 2 (6,000 copies) , parainfluenza virus 3 (8,400 copies) , respiratory syncytial virus A (5,800 copies) , and respiratory syncytial virus B (7,600 copies) . The copy numbers indicated above are the genome copy numbers of the pathogens concerned per reaction (20 μL) . The photos were taken after the 40 min thermostable detection at 65 ℃. (Bottom) Specificity of RT-qPCR assay with primers targeting SARS-CoV-2 E gene. Respiratory pathogens and the corresponding copy numbers per reaction tested were the same as those indicated above.
[0033] FIG. 8 shows (Top) specificity of Gold-LAMP assay with primers targeting SARS-CoV-2 N gene. Respiratory pathogens and the corresponding copy numbers per reaction tested were the same as those indicated in FIG. 7. The photos were taken after the 40 min thermostable detection at 65 ℃. (Bottom) Specificity of RT-qPCR assay with primers targeting SARS-CoV-2 N gene. Respiratory pathogens and the corresponding copy numbers per reaction tested were the same as those indicated above.
[0034] FIG. 9 shows optimization of the Chelex-based sample pretreatment method. Real-time Gold-LAMP results of samples pretreated by Chelex 100 resin with various combinations of heating temperatures and time. Except for NTC (no-template control) and PC (positive control; 100 copies of SARS-CoV-2 purified RNA) , all samples were from a same raw nasal swab specimen. Heating was conducted with the heater shown above, followed by centrifugation at 12,500 rpm for 2 min, and 9 μL of the supernatant was added to Gold-LAMP reagents. Real-time detection was conducted at 65 ℃ for 35 min by the portable device.
[0035] FIG. 10 shows effect of Chelex-based sample pretreatment with three unpurified nasal swab samples. Samples were added directly into Gold-LAMP reaction mixture (without Chelex) or treated with the optimized Chelex-based sample pretreatment protocol (75 ℃ for 5 min; with Chelex) . Real-time detection was conducted at 65 ℃ for 35 min by the portable device.
[0036] FIG. 11 shows a schematic workflow of on-site SARS-CoV-2 detection in respiratory specimens by Gold-LAMP system in a local hospital. First, a respiratory specimen is collected and inoculated into DNase / RNase-free water. The specimen was then mixed with Chelex solution, heated at 75 ℃ for 5 min, and centrifuged at 12, 500 rpm for 2 min. Next, the supernatant is added to Gold-LAMP reagents, followed by real-time detection at 65 ℃ for 35 min by the portable device with a smartphone App or visualized by the naked eye at the end-point.
[0037] FIG. 12 shows (A) real-time SARS-CoV-2 testing in five unpurified respiratory samples obtained on-site by Gold-LAMP system. The optimized sample pretreatment protocol was employed for the five samples (FIG. 11) . Duplex Gold-LAMP primers for SARS-CoV-2 E and N genes were used. (B) Table summarizes the Gold-LAMP (Tt) results obtained on-site and RT-qPCR (Ct) results tested in the hospital’s Microbiology Laboratory of the five samples.
[0038] Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been depicted to scale.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, including additions and / or substitutions, may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Specific details may be omitted so as not to obscure the invention; however, the disclosure is written to enable one skilled in the art to practice the teachings herein without undue experimentation.
[0040] Definitions
[0041] The following terms shall be used to describe the present invention. In the absence of a specific definition set forth herein, the terms used to describe the present invention shall be given their common meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0042] Throughout the present disclosure, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. It is also noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes” , “included” , “including” , and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the present invention.
[0043] Furthermore, throughout the present disclosure and claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “include” or variations such as “includes” or “including” , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers, but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
[0044] The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term "about" is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" refers to a ±10%, ±7%, ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, or ±0%variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
[0045] As used herein, the phrase “polynucleotide” and “polynucleotide sequence, ” are interchangeable and not intended to be limiting. “polynucleotide” shall have the meaning known in the art and refers to DNA (e.g., genomic DNA, cDNA, or plasmid DNA) , RNA (e.g., mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA) , and PNA. It may be in a wide variety of forms, including, without limitation, double-stranded or single-stranded configurations, circular form, plasmids, relatively short oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids also called PNA's and the like. The polynucleotide may be genomic DNA, which can include an entire chromosome or a portion of a chromosome. The DNA may include coding (e.g., for coding mRNA, tRNA, and / or rRNA) and / or noncoding sequences (e.g., centromeres, telomeres, intergenic regions, introns, transposons, and / or microsatellite sequences) . The polynucleotide may include any of the naturally occurring nucleotides as well as artificial or chemically modified nucleotides, mutated nucleotides, etc. The polynucleotide can include a non-nucleic acid component, e.g., peptides (as in PNA's ) , labels (radioactive isotopes or fluorescent markers) , and the like.
[0046] As used herein, “isothermally amplified” or “isothermal amplification” and like terms refers to a method of amplifying nucleic acid that is conducted at a constant temperature in contrast to amplifications that require cycling between high and low temperatures unlike traditional PCR reactions. This requires that the DNA polymerase is a DNA polymerase having strand displacement activity. Isothermal amplifications are often conducted at substantially a single temperature because primers bind to displaced DNA strands. In isothermal amplifications the amplification mixture comprising the nucleic acid sample and optionally all primers may be heated to a denaturation temperature at which double-stranded nucleic acid in the amplification mixture denatures into single strands (e.g., at least 85 ℃ to 90 ℃) prior to the amplification and optionally prior to addition of the DNA polymerase when the DNA polymerase is inactivated at the denaturation temperature.
[0047] The term “specimen” as used herein relates to a material or mixture of materials, typically, although not necessarily, in fluid form, but can also be in solid or gaseous form, suspected of containing the analyte. In certain embodiments, the specimen is derived from a variety of sources such as from food stuffs, environmental materials (e.g., soil, air, water, and the like) , or a biological material, such as a body fluid, a specimen from a tissue or an organ, or a specimen of wash / rinse fluid or a swab or smear obtained from an outer or inner body surface. In certain embodiments, stool, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, serum, plasma, or lacrimal fluid are encompassed as specimens by the methods described herein.
[0048] As used herein, “detecting” or “detection” refers to the disclosure or revelation of the presence or absence in a sample of a target polynucleotide or amplified target polynucleotide sequence product. The detecting can be by end point or real-time and involve any method of detection known in the art, e.g., by absorbance of the PEG / MUA-AuNPs colorimetric reagent.
[0049] Detection of target polynucleotides
[0050] The present disclosure provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide, the method comprising: (1) providing a sample comprising or suspected of comprising the target polynucleotide; (2) subjecting the sample to an isothermal amplification, wherein the isothermal amplification comprises: combining the sample, amplification reagents comprising one or more primers for the target polynucleotide, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) , enzyme (s) , and a magnesium salt, with functionalized gold nanoparticles, which are gold nanoparticles modified with poly (ethylene glycol) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) (PEG / MUA-AuNPs) , thereby forming an amplification mixture, and incubating the amplification mixture thereby forming an incubated mixture; and (3) detecting the target polynucleotide.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the sample comprises a specimen and a solvent.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the specimen comprises or is derived from a food stuff, an environmental material, a biological material or a mixture thereof.
[0053] In certain embodiments, the specimen comprises or is derived from saliva, mucus, sputum, a nasopharyngeal swab, an oropharyngeal swab, or a mixture thereof. The specimen can be collected by a nasal swab, a perinasal swab, a postnasal swab, a nasopharyngeal swab, and / or an oropharyngeal swab.
[0054] In certain embodiments, the specimen is respiratory specimen comprising or derived from saliva, mucus, sputum, a tracheal secretion, a bronchial secretion, a bronchial lavage fluid, a bronchial aspirate, a tracheal aspirate, or a mixture thereof. The respiratory specimen can be collected by a nasal swab, a perinasal swab, a postnasal swab, a nasopharyngeal swab, an oropharyngeal swab, a tracheal secretion, a bronchial secretion, a bronchial lavage fluid, a bronchial aspirate, a tracheal aspirate.
[0055] In certain embodiments, the solvent is buffered aqueous solution or water, e.g., Ultrapure water.
[0056] In certain embodiments, the target polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of a single stranded nucleotide, a double stranded nucleotide, and a partially double stranded polynucleotide.
[0057] The target polynucleotide is not particularly limited and can be any a naturally occurring or synthetic polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is a microbial polynucleotide, such as viral polynucleotide, a bacterial polynucleotide, an archaeal polynucleotide, a protozoal polynucleotide, or a fungal polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is a viral polynucleotide.
[0058] In certain embodiments, the target polynucleotide is a viral polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of an influenza A virus polynucleotide, an influenza B virus polynucleotide, a respiratory syncytial virus polynucleotide, a parainfluenza virus polynucleotide, a metapneumovirus polynucleotide, a rhinovirus polynucleotide, a coronavirus polynucleotide, an adenovirus polynucleotide, and a bocavirus polynucleotide.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the coronavirus polynucleotide is selected from a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) polynucleotide, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polynucleotide, a Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) polynucleotide, a human coronavirus 229E (229E-CoV-2) polynucleotide, a human coronavirus NL63 (NL63-CoV) polynucleotide, a human coronavirus OC43 (OC43-CoV) polynucleotide, a human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) polynucleotide, and variants thereof. In certain embodiments, the target polynucleotide is SARS-CoV-2.
[0060] In certain embodiments, the target polynucleotide is a coronavirus E gene, a coronavirus RdRp gene, a coronavirus ORF1ab gene, a coronavirus N gene, or a combination thereof.
[0061] In certain embodiments, the isothermal amplification is selected from the group consisting of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and reverse transcription–loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) .
[0062] In certain embodiments, the amplification reagents comprise two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs for amplifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs recognize four or six distinct regions in the target polynucleotide.
[0063] The selection of the two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs for amplifying the target polynucleotide is well within the skill of a person of ordinary skill in the art. In certain embodiments, each of the primer pairs is independently from a singleplex primer and a duplex primer. In instances in which the target polynucleotide is a coronavirus polynucleotide, each of the two or four oligonucleotide primer pairs can target a coronavirus E gene, a coronavirus RdRp gene, a coronavirus ORF1ab gene, a coronavirus N gene, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, each of the two oligonucleotide primer pairs targets a coronavirus E gene, a coronavirus N gene, or a combination thereof.
[0064] In certain embodiments, the enzyme comprises a DNA polymerase and optionally a reverse transcriptase.
[0065] The DNA polymerase can be any polymerase suitable for use in isothermal amplification reactions. Suitable DNA polymerases are well known in the art and include strand displacing DNA polymerases, such as Bst DNA polymerase, Bst 2.0 DNA polymerase, Bst 3.0 DNA polymerase, Bst 2.0 DNA Polymerase, Bst V2 DNA Polymerase, Bsu DNA polymerase, phi29 DNA Polymerase, phi29-XT DNA Polymerase, or variants thereof.
[0066] In certain embodiments, the amplification reagents contain a reverse transcriptase if at least one of the target polynucleotides is RNA, and the method comprises reverse transcribing the RNA into DNA. Any reverse transcriptase suitable for use in RT-LAMP can be used in the method described herein. Exemplary reverse transcriptase includes, but are not limited to, an HIV derived reverse transcriptase, an intron encoded reverse transcriptase, a reverse transcriptase variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus, and RTx Reverse Transcriptase. In certain cases, a DNA polymerase can possess reverse transcription capabilities. In such instances, the amplification reaction can amplify RNA targets, for example, in a single step without the use of a separate reverse transcriptase. An exemplary DNA polymerase that possess reverse transcription capabilities include, but are not limited to, Bst DNA polymerase, large Fragment and Bst 2.0 DNA polymerase.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the dNTPs comprise dTTP, dATP, dGTP, and dCTP.
[0068] In certain embodiments, the magnesium salt comprises magnesium sulfate or magnesium chloride. The present of magnesium ion in the amplification mixture facilitate the nucleic acid amplification reaction. In certain embodiments, the amplification mixture comprises about 2 mM to about 15 mM magnesium ions.
[0069] In certain embodiments, the amplification reagents further comprise a non-ionic surfactant. Examples of suitable non-ionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, TRITONTM series of surfactants, including, but not necessarily limited to, TritonTM X-100 (t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol) and its derivatives, TritonTM X-114, TritonTM X-405, TritonTM X-101, TritonTM N-42, TritonTM N-57, TritonTM N-60, TritonTM X-15, TritonTM X-35, TritonTM X-45, TritonTM X-102, TritonTM X-155, TritonTM X-165, TritonTM X-207, TritonTM X-305, TritonTM X-705-70 and TritonTM B-1956; sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene (POE) sorbitan fatty acid ester (e.g., 20 or 80) , POE alkyl ether (e.g., the Brij series of surfactants) , Nonidet P-40 or IGEPAL CA-630, nonylphenol, lauryl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymer, POE alkyl amine, and POE fatty acid bisphenyl ether.
[0070] In certain embodiments, the amplification reagents further comprise an oil to limit evaporation of the solvent during incubation.
[0071] In certain embodiments, the amplification reagents further comprise one or more additives selected from the group consisting of betaine, a DNase / RNase inhibitor, Proteinase K, a salt, a buffer, an ion, a protein, a polymer, a reducing agent, and the like.
[0072] In addition to the functionalized AuNPs according to certain embodiments, the present system also includes other amplification reaction components such as isothermal amplification buffer, deoxynucleoside triphosphates, enzyme (s) , and betaine.
[0073] Since one of the features of LAMP is the generation of Mg2P2O7 crystals in a positive sample (presence of target polynucleotide sequence) , which is conventionally monitored by turbidity measurement. However, this turbidimetric assessment is quite hard to assess by the naked eye, only in special lightning conditions. Another conventional LAMP detection mechanism is pH decrease in a positive sample under no / low buffered conditions, by which the inclusion of pH-sensitive dye allows colorimetric detection. However, the color change can be difficult to differentiate by the naked eye and the color can be affected by the pH of samples, leading to false negative or positive results.
[0074] The method described herein involves the use of functionalized AuNPs, i.e., PEG / MUA-AuNPs, which are in red dispersion form and when used in a LAMP reaction yield a red precipitate in the presence of a target polynucleotide sequence in a positive sample. The functionalized AuNPs described herein coprecipitate with magnesium pyrophosphate crystals, which is an indicator of positive LAMP samples (presence of target polynucleotide sequence) . Advantageously, the functionalized AuNPs are also sensitive to the positive LAMP samples even in a low copy number of the target sequence, having the same limit of detection of PCR (as evident by the examples described herein) .
[0075] Each of the PEG / MUA-AuNPs comprises an AuNP comprising a plurality of thiol terminated poly (ethylene glycol) and MUA moieties conjugated to a surface of the AuNP via Au-sulfur bonds. In certain embodiments, each of the PEG / MUA-AuNPs is represented by the chemical formula AuNP [SCH2CH2O (CH2CH2O) mR] x [S (CH2) 10CO2H] y, wherein R is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl, m is a whole number selected from 9-2, 300, 9-1, 140, 9-900, 9-700, 9-450, 9-230, 9-200, 9-180, 9-160, 9-140, 9-120, 9-100, 9-80, 9-60, 20-60, or 30-55, x is a whole number selected from 1-20, 1-15, 1-10, 2-8, 3-7, 4-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2, and y is a whole number selected from 1-20, 1-15, 5-15, 6-14, 7-13, 8-12, 9-11, 1-10, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2. In certain embodiments, R is methyl, m is 30-55, x is 4-6, and y is 9-11. In certain embodiments, the PEG to MUA molar ratio in the PEG / MUA–AuNPs ranges from 2: 1-1: 1, respectively.
[0076] The MUA moieties present in the PEG / MUA-AuNPs comprise carboxylic acids and can thus exist as a conjugate base. The protonation state of the MUA can depend on the pH of the composition comprising the PEG / MUA-AuNPs and all such protonation states are contemplated by the present disclosure. Thus, in certain embodiments, the PEG / MUA-AuNPs include conjugate salts thereof.
[0077] The thiol terminated poly (ethylene glycol) present in the PEG / MUA-AuNPs can have an average molecular weight ranging from 0.5-10 KDa, 0.5-9 KDa, 0.5-8 KDa, 0.5-7 KDa, 0.5-6 KDa, 0.5-5 KDa, 0.5-4 KDa, 0.5-3 KDa, 1-3 KDa, 1.5-2.5 KDa, about 2KDa.
[0078] In certain embodiments, the amplification mixture is incubated at 60 ℃ to 70 ℃, such as 60 ℃ to 65 ℃, 61 ℃ to 65 ℃, 62 ℃ to 65 ℃, 63 ℃ to 65 ℃, 64 ℃ to 65 ℃, 61 ℃ to 69 ℃, 62 ℃ to 68 ℃, 63 ℃ to 67 ℃, 64 ℃ to 66 ℃, or 64.5 ℃ to 65.5 ℃. In certain embodiments, the incubating the amplification mixture is conducted at about 65 ℃.
[0079] The amplification conditions according to certain embodiments include reaction temperature of about 65 ℃ and reaction time of about 45 minutes or less, which can be varied subject to the concentration of different components including the copy number of the target nucleic acid samples to be amplified, concentration of compounds responsible for forming the magnesium pyrophosphate crystal during the nucleic acid amplification, etc.
[0080] In certain embodiments, the amplification mixture is incubated at about 65 ℃ for 40 minutes or less.
[0081] In certain embodiments, detecting the target polynucleotide comprises detecting the absorbance of the incubated mixture.
[0082] In certain embodiments, the absorbance of the supernatant of the incubation mixture is continuously monitored during said incubating.
[0083] In certain embodiments, a change of at least 5%in absorbance of the supernatant of the incubated mixture indicates the presence of the target polynucleotide in the sample.
[0084] In certain embodiments, detecting the target polynucleotide comprises detecting the precipitates in the incubated mixture.
[0085] In certain embodiments, any precipitates formed in the amplification reaction mixture during or after said incubating indicates the presence of the target nucleic acid sequence in the sample.
[0086] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises: (1a) contacting the sample with a metal ion chelating agent thereby forming a pretreated mixture; (1b) heating the pretreated mixture at 65 ℃ to 95 ℃ thereby forming a heat-treated mixture; and (1c) separating the metal ion chelating agent from the heat-treated mixture thereby obtaining a pretreated sample.
[0087] In certain embodiments, the metal ion chelating agent is a resin comprising iminodiacetate ions, such as disodium iminodiacetate. The resin is not particularly limited, and the present disclosure contemplates all resins. In certain embodiments, the metal ion chelating agent is a resin comprising iminodiacetate ions grafted to a polyacrylamide-polyethylene glycol copolymer, polystyrene polymer, a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer. An exemplary metal ion chelating agent is 100 resin, which is a resin comprising a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer comprising paired iminodiacetate ions, which act as chelating groups in binding polyvalent metal ions. Additional exemplary metal ion chelating agents include PuroliteTM S390, AmberliteTM IRC-748, and TP 207, all of which comprise iminodiacetate ions grafted to a polymer resin. The metal ion chelating agent can comprise numerous carboxylate ions, which depending on pH can each exist as the carboxylate ion, carboxylic acid, or combinations thereof. All such protonation states are contemplated by the present disclosure.
[0088] In certain embodiments, the resin comprises a polystyrene polymer or a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer.
[0089] In certain embodiments, the metal ion chelating agent is present in the pretreated mixture at a concentration of 5-30%w / w, 10-25%w / w, 12-24%w / w, 13-23%w / w, 14-22%w / w, 15-21%w / w, 16-20%w / w, 17-19%w / w, or 17.5-18.5%w / w. In certain embodiments, the metal ion chelating agent is present in the pretreated sample at a concentration of about 18%w / w.
[0090] The pretreated sample obtained in step (1c) is used directly in step (2) for isothermal amplification.
[0091] As illustrated by the results in Fig. 9, by proper selection of the temperature that the sample is heated in the presence of the polyvalent metal ion chelating agent the Tt value for a positive LAMP reaction can be optimized. In certain embodiments, the pretreated mixture can be heated at 65 ℃ to 95 ℃, 70 ℃ to 90 ℃, 75 ℃ to 85 ℃, 70 ℃ to 80 ℃, 71 ℃ to 79 ℃, 72 ℃ to 78 ℃, 73 ℃ to 77 ℃, or 74 ℃ to 76 ℃. In certain embodiments, the heat stabilized sample is heated at about 75 ℃.
[0092] In certain embodiments, the pretreated mixture is not heated above 75 ℃, above 76 ℃, above 77 ℃, above 78 ℃, above 79 ℃, above 80 ℃, above 85 ℃, above 90 ℃, above 95 ℃, above 96 ℃, above 97 ℃, above 98 ℃, above 99 ℃, or above 100 ℃.
[0093] In certain embodiments, the pretreated mixture is heated for 1-15 minutes, 1-10 minutes, 2-9 minutes, 3-8 minutes, 4-7 minutes, 5-6 minutes, 4-5 minutes, or 3.5 to 4.5 minutes. In certain embodiments, the heat stabilized sample is heated for about 3 minutes, about 5 minutes, or about 10 minutes.
[0094] In certain embodiments, the pretreated mixture is heated for 1-10 minutes.
[0095] In certain embodiments, the pretreated mixture is heated for 3-10 minutes.
[0096] In certain embodiments, the metal ion chelating agent is a resin comprising a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer comprising iminodiacetate ions and the pretreated mixture is heated at 70 ℃ to 80 ℃ for 3-10 minutes.
[0097] In certain embodiments, the method comprises: providing a sample comprising or suspected of comprising the target polynucleotide, wherein the sample comprises a specimen comprising or derived from saliva, mucus, sputum, a nasopharyngeal swab, an oropharyngeal swab, or a mixture thereof; contacting the sample with a resin comprising a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer comprising iminodiacetate ions thereby forming a pretreated mixture, wherein the resin is present at a concentration of about 18%w / w in the pretreated mixture; heating the pretreated mixture at about 75 ℃ for about five minutes thereby forming a heat- treated mixture; separating the resin from the heat-treated mixture thereby obtaining a pretreated sample; subjecting the pretreated sample to reverse transcription–loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) , wherein the isothermal amplification comprises combining the pretreated sample, two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs for amplifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs recognize four or six distinct regions in the target polynucleotide, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) , a DNA polymerase, a reverse transcriptase, MgSO4, and PEG / MUA-AuNPs thereby forming a amplification mixture and incubating the amplification mixture thereby forming an incubated mixture; detecting the absorbance of the incubated mixture; and detecting the target polynucleotide based on the absorbance of the incubated mixture.
[0098] The presents application also provides a kit for detecting a target polynucleotide, comprising functionalized gold nanoparticles and amplification reagents, wherein the functionalized gold nanoparticles are gold nanoparticles modified with poly (ethylene glycol) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) (PEG / MUA-AuNPs) .
[0099] In certain embodiments, the functionalized gold nanoparticles are as defined above.
[0100] In certain embodiments, the amplification reagents comprise one or more primers for the target polynucleotide, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) , enzyme (s) , and a magnesium salt.
[0101] In certain embodiments, the amplification reagents further comprise a non-ionic surfactant, an oil to limit evaporation of the solvent during incubation, one or more additives selected from the group consisting of betaine, a DNase / RNase inhibitor, Proteinase K, a salt, a buffer, an ion, a protein, a polymer, a reducing agent, and the like.
[0102] All amplification reagents included in the kit are as defined in any of the above aspects.
[0103] The present disclosure also provides a portable device for real-time monitoring of AuNP-based LAMP / RT-LAMP (Gold-LAMP) samples. The device contains three core modules: (1) heating by means of metal bath that can reach up to 65 ℃; (2) absorbance measurement using a 520 nm laser diode, a photodiode, and supporting electronics; and (3) wireless signal transmission (Bluetooth) , signal processing, and result display (smartphone App) . For a negative Gold-LAMP sample (without target sequence) , the sample remains a red nanogold dispersion, thus having a stable transmittance signal shown on the App. While for a positive Gold-LAMP sample (with target nucleic acid sequence) , the sample becomes a red precipitate, which corresponds with a sharp increase in transmittance signals. The real-time transmittance signals recorded by the device can be used to identify the Threshold Time (Tt) of the positive samples for quantitative analysis. In addition, samples can be visualized by the naked eye at the end point after taken out from the device for qualitative analysis: a negative sample remains as a red dispersion while a positive sample becomes a red precipitate, which is clearer to justify by the naked eye than turbidimetric / colorimetric result readout for other existing testing systems.
[0104] The present disclosure also provides an extraction-free sample pretreatment method based on the use of polyvalent metal ion chelating agent for the detection of nucleic acid sequences in respiratory specimens by Gold-LAMP including: collecting respiratory specimens (e.g., nasal swab) , where the matrix can be water or buffer; mixing with polyvalent metal ion chelating agent (e.g., 100 resin) ; heating by a certain temperature and time combination; separation of the pretreated sample from the chelating agent particles, where by means of centrifugation or filtering.
[0105] In certain embodiments, the change in the absorbance / transmittance of the amplification reaction supernatant is compared with that of a no-template control (NTC) .
[0106] As schematically depicted in FIG. 1, the portable device for gold nanoparticle-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (Gold-LAMP) testing system comprises three core modules: (1) heating by means of metal bath; (2) absorbance measurement using a 520 nm laser diode, a photodiode, and supporting electronics; and (3) wireless signal transmission (Bluetooth) , signal processing, and result display (smartphone App) . With the device, Gold-LAMP assay can be monitored in real-time or visualized by the naked eye at the end point. A negative sample (absence of a target nucleic acid sequence) remains a red nanogold dispersion during incubation, thus having a stable transmittance signal. While for a positive sample (presence of a target nucleic acid sequence) , functionalized gold nanoparticles are precipitated, because of coprecipitation with amplification byproduct, which corresponded with a sharp increase in transmittance signals.
[0107] Turning to FIG. 2, analytical evaluation of the Gold-LAMP system with reference to RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection. For Gold-LAMP samples, the photos were taken after the 40 min thermostable incubation at 65 ℃ by the portable device. Threshold Time (Tt) value for positive sample is determined as the detection time required for the normalized signal to cross the threshold of 5.0 (i.e., exceeding the background level by 5.0) . The results showed that with duplex primers targeting E and N genes, Gold-LAMP could detect 20 out of 20 of 4 copies of purified SARS-CoV-2 viral genome per reaction (19 / 20 for RT-qPCR) . This set of result follows the preliminary ten-fold (i.e., 1000, 100, 10 and 1 copies per reaction) and two-fold dilutions (i.e., 16, 8, 4, 2 and 1 copies per reaction) serial dilutions of commercial SARS-CoV-2 viral genome tested by Gold-LAMP in triplicate, and followed by 20 replicates of 2 copies per reaction for limit of detection (LoD) confirmation (FIG. 3) . FIG. 4 shows the corresponding serial LoD test results by RT-qPCR. As LoD is determined as the lowest copy number with at least 19 / 20 of the replicates being detected, 4 copies of RNA per reaction was confirmed as the LoD for both Gold-LAMP and RT-qPCR with duplex E and N gene primers. Similarly, singleplex assay targeting SARS-CoV-2 E gene was also tested for LoD confirmation. The serial LoD confirmation results by Gold-LAMP and RT-qPCR are shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, respectively. These results indicated Gold-LAMP achieved the same analytical sensitivity as the gold standard method (RT-qPCR for RNA detection) with purified RNA in both singleplex and duplex assays.
[0108] Turning to FIG. 7, analytical performance in terms of specificity of Gold-LAMP system with primers targeting E gene according to certain embodiments are tested by including a total of 24 common respiratory pathogens (viruses and bacteria) as nonspecific templates. Results show that for both Gold-LAMP (Top) and RT-qPCR (Bottom) , the sample containing the specific SARS-CoV-2 RNA was precipitated while other nonspecific pathogens, except for SARS-CoV (2003) , remained as a red dispersion, which is due to that SARS-CoV-2 shares a highly similar gene sequence and behavior pattern with SARS-CoV (2003) [Chan et al., Emerg. Microbes. Infect., 9, 221–236 (2020) ] . FIG. 8 shows the specificity comparison with primers for N gene for the detection of the nonspecific pathogens as described above. Only SARS-CoV-2 was detected by both Gold-LAMP and RT-qPCR. These results demonstrate that the specificity of Gold-LAMP system is consistent with that of RT-qPCR.
[0109] To facilitate the on-site clinical sample detection with Gold-LAMP system, a simple and fast sample pretreatment method is needed. Polyvalent metal ion chelating agent (e.g., 100 resin) inhibits DNase / RNase, therefore suitable for promoting nucleic acid stability during sample heat-inactivation. To optimize the -based sample pretreatment protocol for Gold-LAMP assay, a nasal swab specimen from a low viral load COVID-19 patient was collected in 200 μL of DNase / RNase water (UltraPure water) , followed by mixing 40 μL of the sample with 60 μL of 30 wt% UltraPure water solution, followed by various combinations of heating temperatures and time by the heater (i.e., 65 ℃ for 5 min or 10 min; 75 ℃ for 3 min or 5 min; and 95 ℃ for 1 min or 3 min) . The heated samples were then centrifuged at 12,500 rpm for 2 min, and 9 μL of the supernatant was added to Gold-LAMP reagents. Except the -based pretreated samples, NTC (no-template control) and PC (positive control; 100 copies of SARS-CoV-2 purified RNA) were also included. Real-time detection was conducted at 65 ℃ for 35 min by the portable device. As shown in FIG. 9, the samples heated at 65 ℃ for 10 min, 75 ℃ for 5 min, 95 ℃ for 1 min, and 95 ℃ for 3 min were tested positive. Having the lowest Tt value, 75 ℃ for 5 min was chosen as the optimal conditions. Furthermore, three unpurified specimens from positive COVID-10 patents were tested with or without the optimized -based sample pretreatment method, which further suggest the importance of the optimized pretreatment method for increasing detection accuracy (FIG. 10) .
[0110] As schematically illustrated in FIG. 11. Detection of nucleic acid sequences in respiratory specimens can be achieved by the -based sample pretreatment method with Gold-LAMP testing system. First, a respiratory specimen is collected in DNase / RNase-free water. The specimen was then mixed with 30% solution, heated at 75 ℃ for 5 min, and centrifuged at 12, 500 rpm for 2 min. Next, the supernatant is added to Gold-LAMP reagents, followed by real-time detection at 65 ℃ for 35 min by the portable device with a smartphone App or visualized by the naked eye at the end-point. Based on the workflow, SARS-CoV-2 in five unpurified respiratory samples were tested on-site by Gold-LAMP. Duplex Gold-LAMP primers for SARS-CoV-2 E and N genes were used. FIG. 12A presents the real-time data of the five patient samples. FIG. 12B summarizes the Gold-LAMP (Tt) results obtained on-site and RT-qPCR (Ct) results tested in the hospital’s microbiology laboratory of the five samples. These results show that Gold-LAMP successfully detected the respiratory samples in all Ct ranges, especially for the sample with very high Ct value of 39.8 (extremely low viral load) .
[0111] The following examples are intended to assist in the understanding of various embodiments of the present disclosure, and should not be considered limiting the scope of the disclosure.
[0112] EXAMPLES
[0113] Example 1 –Preparation of PEG / MUA-Modified Gold Nanoparticle Probes
[0114] Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs; 13–15 nm in diameter) were synthesized according to the citrate reduction method [Frens et al., Nat. Phys. Sci., 241, 20 (1973) ] . The glassware and magnetic stir bar used for the synthesis were washed with aqua regia (mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid in a volume ratio of 3: 1; caution: harmful and highly corrosive, must be handled inside a fume hood with adequate personal protective equipment) , rinsed with distilled water from a Direct-Q 3 system (Millipore; 18.2 MΩ·cm; fitted with a Millipak Express 20 filter) , and dried in an oven. All chemicals were purchased from Merck Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise specified. UltraPure DNase / RNase-free distilled water (UltraPure water) was from Invitrogen. A solution of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) (40 mL, 0.01 wt%, distilled water) was boiled under reflux with vigorous magnetic stirring with an EMA0100 / CEB Electromantle (Electrothermal) . Then, sodium citrate solution (4 mL, 1 wt%, distilled water) was added quickly. The color of the solution changed from pale yellow to colorless and then dark red within a few minutes (min) . Heating and stirring were continued for 15 min, followed by cooling to room temperature under sustained stirring (~30 min) . The AuNP solution was stored at 4 ℃ until use. The size and concentration of AuNPs were determined from UV–visible absorption spectrum based on the reported method [Haiss et al., Anal. Chem., 79, 4215–4221 (2007) ] using an Ultrospec 2100 pro UV / visible spectrophotometer (GE Healthcare) . The preparation of (thiolated poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) / 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) modified AuNPs (PEG / MUA-AuNPs) was based on the previously reported method [Qin et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 10472–10480 (2017) ] with minor modifications. Briefly, the as-synthesized AuNPs were concentrated by centrifugation at 6 krpm for 30 min (Centrifuge 5415D, Eppendorf) , followed by removal of the supernatant (~10 times concentrated) . Then, stock solutions of thiolated PEG (Laysan Bio; MW of 2KDa; 10 mM; UltraPure water) , MUA (10 mM; dimethyl sulfoxide) , phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4; UltraPure water) , and Tween 20 (1 mg / mL; UltraPure water) were freshly prepared. For PEG / MUA–AuNPs (PEG-to-MUA molar ratio of 2: 1~1: 1) , AuNPs (20 nM) , thiolated PEG (0.1 mM) , MUA (50–100 μM) , phosphate buffer (5 mM) , and Tween 20 (10 μg / mL) were mixed (total volume of 5–30 mL in a 50 mL centrifuge tube) and incubated overnight at room temperature under mild shaking (200–800 rpm; Thermomixer compact, Eppendorf) . The PEG / MUA-AuNP probe solution was stored at room temperature until use.
[0115] Example 2 –Gold-LAMP and RT-qPCR
[0116] For Gold-LAMP, six RT-LAMP primers were utilized for amplifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA E gene (SEQ ID NOs: 1–6; Table 1) or N gene (SEQ ID NOs: 7–12; Table 1) [Zhang et al., BioTechniques, 69, 178–185 (2020) ] . All primers were synthesized and HPLC-purified by Integrated DNA Technologies. Gold-LAMP samples (25 μL) comprised 1×isothermal amplification buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM (NH4) 2SO4, 50 mM KCl, 2 mM MgSO4, and 0.1%Tween 20; pH 8.8) (New England Biolabs B0537S) , N / E_FIP (1.6 μM) , N / E_BIP (1.6 μM) , N / E_FP (0.2 μM) , N / E_BP (0.2 μM) , N / E_FLP (0.4 μM) , N / E_BLP (0.4 μM) , PEG / MUA-AuNP probes (5–6 nM) , betaine (0.2 M) , Bst 2.0 DNA polymerase (0.32 units / μL; New England Biolabs M0537M) , dNTPs (5.6 mM; 1.4 mM each; Thermo Fisher Scientific R0186) , MgSO4 (6 mM) , reverse transcriptase (0.25 units / μL; New England Biolabs M0380L) , SUPERase·InTM RNase Inhibitor (0.8 units / μL; only included in Example 4 and 5; Thermo Fisher Scientific AM2696) , sample (5–9 μL) , and 20 μL of mineral oil added at last to avoid evaporation during incubation. Gold-LAMP samples were incubated at 65 ℃ and monitored in real-time by a portable device with smartphone App or visualized by the naked eye at end-point (FIG. 1) . The threshold time (Tt) of Gold-LAMP positive sample was defined as the time when the normalized signal (subtracted with steady state transmittance signal) is over 5% (after the turning point of continuous and dramatic signal increase) . RT-qPCR assay as the reference method for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection was conducted with QuantiFast Pathogen RT-PCR +IC kit (QIAGEN 211454) . For both SARS-CoV-2 E and N genes, two RT-qPCR primers and one TaqMan probe were utilized for the amplification and detection (E gene: SEQ ID NOs: 13–15; N gene: SEQ ID NOs: 16–18; Table 1) [Corman et al., Eurosurveillance, 25, 2000045 (2020) ] . RT-qPCR samples (25 μL) comprised 1× QuantiFast Pathogen Master Mix, 1× QuantiFast Pathogen RT Mix, 1× Internal Control Assay, 1× Internal Control RNA, N / E_F (N: 0.6 μM; E: 0.4 μM) , N / E_R (N: 0.8 μM; E: 0.4 μM) , N / E_P (N: 0.2 μM; E: 0.2 μM) , and RNA sample (same volume added as that in Gold-LAMP assay) . The temperature profile involved reverse transcription at 50 ℃ for 20 min and initial denaturation at 95 ℃ for 5 min followed by 45 thermal cycles of denaturation at 95 ℃ for 15 second (s) and annealing / extension at 60 ℃ for 30 s on a 480 II system (Roche Life Science) . The threshold cycle (Ct) of RT-qPCR sample was obtained using Roche LightCycler software.
[0117] Table 1:
[0118] Example 3 –Analytical Evaluation of Gold-LAMP Testing System with Commercial Purified SARS-CoV-2 Viral Genome
[0119] To evaluate the analytical performance of Gold-LAMP with reference to RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection, coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 RNA control (Vicell MBC137; commercial purified viral genome) was employed as the specific RNA template. The Gold-LAMP and RT-qPCR assays were performed as described in Example 2. Notably, here the concentration of PEG / MUA-AuNPs in Gold -LAMP assay was 6 nM and 5 μL of purified SARS-CoV-2 RNA solution was added into reaction mixture. For sensitivity test, the limit of detection (LoD) was defined as the lowest detectable concentration at which approximately 95%of all (true positive) replicates tested positive, which means the lowest concentration where 19 / 20 (95%) of the 20 replicates of the serially diluted SARS-CoV-2 RNA samples were tested positive. For both Gold-RT-LAMP and RT-qPCR assays, 10-fold dilution (0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 copies per reaction) and subsequent 2-fold dilution series (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 copies per reaction) of purified SARS-CoV-2 RNA were tested in triplicate, followed by the confirmation of LoD by testing the low copy number of RNA in 20 replicates. The assays were conducted with singleplex primers targeting E gene or duplex primers targeting E and N genes. A no-template control (NTC) was included for each set of tests. FIG. 2 shows the Gold-LAMP achieved the same LoD of 4 copies of SARS-CoV-2 RNA per reaction as RT-qPCR. FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 shows the LoD determination with serial dilutions of RNA samples with duplex assays for E and N genes by Gold-LAMP and RT-qPCR, respectively. FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 are LoD determination by Gold-LAMP and RT-qPCR, respectively, but with singlepex primers for E gene. To evaluate the analytical specificity, purified total nucleic acid extracted from 24 common respiratory pathogens were tested with singleplex primers targeting E gene or N gene, including viruses (adenovirus, coronavirus OC43, SARS-CoV (2003) , coronavirus HKU1, MERS-CoV, human metapneumovirus, human rhinovirus, influenza A / H1, influenza A / H3, influenza A / H5, influenza A / H1-2009, influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus A, respiratory syncytial virus B, parainfluenza virus 1, parainfluenza virus 2, parainfluenza virus 3, and parainfluenza virus 4) and bacteria (Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae) . Except coronavirus HKU1 RNA was obtained from ATCC, all other nucleic acid extracts were from Vircell. All nucleic acid extracts were provided with known batch concentrations. One NTC and one positive control (PC; 100 copies of purified SARS-CoV-2 RNA) were included for each run (6 samples in total) . These specificity results are shown in FIG. 7 for E gene assay and Fig. 8 for N gene assay.
[0120] Example 4 –Optimization of Chelex-Based Sample Pretreatment Method for Gold-LAMP System
[0121] A simple pretreatment method based on Chelex 100 resin (Bio-Rad 1421253) was optimized first for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in raw respiratory specimens without extraction / purification steps. A nasal swab from a confirmed positive COVID-19 patient was collected at Day 0 after the corresponding rapid antigen test (RAT) result turned negative (low viral load) . The nasal swab sample was immersed in a tube containing 200 μL UltraPure water. Then, a 40 μL aliquot of the sample was mixed with 60 μL of 30%Chelex 100 solution (UltraPure water) , followed by various heat treatment combinations of different temperatures and times by the handheld heater (FIG. 9A) . The heated samples were then centrifuged at 12,500 rpm for 2 min using mySPINTM 12 Mini Centrifuge (Thermo Scientific 75004081) to precipitate the Chelex resin particles. The supernatant (9 μL) was then added to the Gold-LAMP mixture prepared as described previously (note: the final concentration of PEG / MUA-AuNPs in Gold-LAMP assay was 5.75 nM; with SUPERase·InTM RNase Inhibitor) and incubated / monitored by the portable device at 65 ℃ for 35 min. Duplex RT-LAMP primers targeting SARS-CoV-2 E and N genes were utilized. These results are shown in FIG. 9B. Besides, another three unpurified positive clinical samples with / without the Chelex-based sample pretreatment (75 ℃ for 5 min together with brief centrifugation) were tested by Gold-LAMP assay. These results are shown in FIG. 10.
[0122] Example 5 –On-Site SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Respiratory Specimens with the optimized Chelex-Based Sample Pretreatment Method and Gold-LAMP System
[0123] On-site SARS-CoV-2 testing in respiratory specimens was at conducted at a local hospital’s Accident &Emergency Department according to the workflow shown in FIG. 11. Each nasal swab sample was first immersed in a tube containing 200 μL UltraPure water. Then, a 40 μL aliquot of the sample was mixed with 60 μL of 30%Chelex 100 solution (UltraPure water) , followed by heating at 75 ℃ for 5 min by the handheld heater (FIG. 9A) . The heated samples were then centrifuged at 12,500 rpm for 2 min using mySPINTM 12 Mini Centrifuge to precipitate the Chelex resin particles. The supernatant (9 μL) was then mixed with Gold-LAMP mixture prepared as described above. Five typical nasal swabs samples were tested and the real-time data are shown in FIG. 12A. RT-qPCR assays were carried out in the hospital’s centralized Microbiology Laboratory through required sample extraction / purification steps. These results are summarized in FIG. 12B.
[0124] Although the invention has been described in terms of certain embodiments, other embodiments apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are also within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is intended to be defined only by the claims which follow.
Claims
1.A method for detecting a target polynucleotide, the method comprising:(1) providing a sample comprising or suspected of comprising the target polynucleotide;(2) subjecting the sample to an isothermal amplification, wherein the isothermal amplification comprises:- combining the sample, amplification reagents comprising one or more primers for the target polynucleotide, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) , enzyme (s) , and a magnesium salt, with functionalized gold nanoparticles, which are gold nanoparticles modified with poly (ethylene glycol) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) (PEG / MUA-AuNPs) , thereby forming an amplification mixture, and- incubating the amplification mixture thereby forming an incubated mixture; and(3) detecting the target polynucleotide.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the sample comprises a specimen comprising or derived from a food stuff, an environmental material, a biological material or a mixture thereof.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the target polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of a single stranded nucleotide, a double stranded nucleotide, and a partially double stranded polynucleotide.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the isothermal amplification is selected from the group consisting of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and reverse transcription–loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) .5.The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the amplification reagents comprise two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs for amplifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs recognize four or six distinct regions in the target polynucleotide.6.The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the amplification mixture is incubated at 60 ℃ to 70 ℃.7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the amplification mixture is incubated at about 65 ℃ for 40 minutes or less.8.The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein detecting the target polynucleotide comprises detecting the absorbance of the incubated mixture.9.The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein detecting the target polynucleotide comprises detecting the precipitates in the incubated mixture.10.The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the method further comprises:(1a) contacting the sample with a metal ion chelating agent thereby forming a pretreated mixture;(1b) heating the pretreated mixture at 65 ℃ to 95 ℃ thereby forming a heat-treated mixture; and(1c) separating the metal ion chelating agent from the heat-treated mixture thereby obtaining a pretreated sample.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the metal ion chelating agent is a resin comprising iminodiacetate ions.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the resin comprises a polystyrene polymer or a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer.13.The method of any one of claims 10-12, wherein the metal ion chelating agent is present in the pretreated mixture at a concentration of 12-24%w / w.14.The method of any one of claims 10-13, wherein the pretreated mixture is heated at 70 ℃to 80 ℃.15.The method of any one of claims 10-14, wherein the pretreated mixture is heated for 1-10 minutes.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the pretreated mixture is heated for 3-10 minutes.17.The method of any one of claims 10-16, wherein the metal ion chelating agent is a resin comprising a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer comprising iminodiacetate ions and the pretreated mixture is heated at 70 ℃ to 80 ℃ for 3-10 minutes.18.The method of any one of claims 1-17, the method comprising:providing a sample comprising or suspected of comprising the target polynucleotide, wherein the sample comprises a specimen comprising or derived from saliva, mucus, sputum, a nasopharyngeal swab, an oropharyngeal swab, or a mixture thereof;contacting the sample with a resin comprising a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer comprising iminodiacetate ions thereby forming a pretreated mixture, wherein the resin is present at a concentration of about 18%w / w in the pretreated mixture;heating the pretreated mixture at about 75 ℃ for about five minutes thereby forming a heat-treated mixture;separating the resin from the heat-treated mixture thereby obtaining a pretreated sample; subjecting the pretreated sample to reverse transcription–loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) , wherein the isothermal amplification comprises combining the pretreated sample, two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs for amplifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the two or three oligonucleotide primer pairs recognize four or six distinct regions in the target polynucleotide, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) , a DNA polymerase, a reverse transcriptase, MgSO4, and PEG / MUA-AuNPs thereby forming a amplification mixture and incubating the amplification mixture thereby forming an incubated mixture;detecting the absorbance of the incubated mixture; and detecting the target polynucleotide based on the absorbance of the incubated mixture.19.A kit for detecting a target polynucleotide, comprising functionalized gold nanoparticles and amplification reagents, wherein the functionalized gold nanoparticles are gold nanoparticles modified with poly (ethylene glycol) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) (PEG / MUA-AuNPs) .
Citation Information
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