Method for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by oligonucleotide agent
An oligonucleotide agent with siRNA targeting SOD1 and ACO facilitates ALS treatment by inhibiting SOD1 expression and reducing SGs, effectively addressing the lack of therapies for ALS and improving clinical outcomes.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/120341
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-09-11
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-10
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-19
AI Technical Summary
There is no effective therapy available for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and existing treatments like Riluzole and Edaravone only modestly slow disease progression, with novel therapies being warranted to tackle this difficult-to-treat condition.
An oligonucleotide agent comprising a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the SOD1 gene and a non-targeting single-stranded accessory oligonucleotide (ACO) is developed to inhibit SOD1 expression and reduce stress granules (SGs), administered via routes such as intracerebroventricular or intrathecal injection, to treat both SOD1 mutant and non-SOD1 mutant ALS.
The oligonucleotide agent effectively inhibits SOD1 expression and reduces SGs, improving motor function and extending survival in ALS models, with clinical studies showing safety and efficacy at high doses, reducing SOD1 protein levels and improving physical function.
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Figure PCTCN2025120341-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Figure PCTCN2025120341-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS BY OLIGONUCLEOTIDE AGENTTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of nucleic acids, specifically as it relates to treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by oligonucleotide agent.CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims priority to the filing date of provisional patent application serial No. PCT / CN2024 / 118311 filed September 11, 2024, the disclosure of which application is herein incorporated by reference.SEQUENCE LISTING
[0003] The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in computer readable format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] ALS is an adult-onset, lethal, paralytic disorder caused by the degeneration of motor neurons. ALS is characterized by progressive, adult-onset degeneration of cranial, brainstem and spinal motor neurons, leading to death by respiratory failure within 3-5 years after diagnosis (Hulisz, D. 2018) . ALS presents as a familial or a sporadic form, depending on whether there is a family history of the disease, of which sporadic ALS (sALS) accounts for 90%of the ALS patients and familial ALS (fALS) accounts for 10% (D. W. Mulder, et al., 1986; D.R. Rosen et al., 1993) . The most common mutant genes account for ~75%of ALS in the United States including Chromosome 9 Open Reading Frame 72 gene (C9orf72; 40%) , superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1; 20%) , transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43; 4%) and fused in sarcoma / translocated in liposarcoma (FUS / TLS; 4%) . Mutations in the C9orf72 and SOD1 genes also account for 5~8%and 2~3%of apparently sALS, respectively.
[0005] There is no known cure for ALS. Riluzole and Edaravone are FDA-approved medications that have been shown to modestly slow disease progression. Tofersen, an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) , has been approved by FDA for clinical use, but its clinical benefit remains to be validated. To date, there is no effective therapy available for ALS, and novel therapies are warranted to tackle this difficult-to-treat disease.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] To address the problem, the present application provides an oligonucleotide agent with potent inhibitory effect not only on the expression of SOD1, but also capable of reducing the formation, size and amount of stress granules (SGs) which is a main and general cause for all types of ALS. The oligonucleotide agent comprises a small interfering RNA (siRNA) to produce both inhibitory effects to SOD1 and SGs, and a non-targeting single-stranded accessary oligonucleotide (ACO) to facilitate the delivery of the siRNA, and thus can be effectively used in treating SOD1 mutant ALS and non-SOD1 mutant diseases or conditions via RNA interference (RNAi) .
[0007] In particular, the inventors discovered that an oligonucleotide agent with strong potency for knocking down SOD1 transcript, reducing SGs and high central nervous system (CNS) delivery efficiency, comprising: (a) a siRNA targeting a selected region of SOD1 gene having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and capable of inhibiting the expression of SOD1 gene; and (b) a non-targeting single-stranded ACO that is covalently tethered to the siRNA and for delivery of the siRNA. In some embodiments, the ACO is 6-22 nucleotides in length, wherein the siRNA and the ACO are covalently linked, with or without one or more linking components, to form the oligonucleotide agent. Consequently, a method for the treatment of ALS in a subject by administering the oligonucleotide agent or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same is provided.
[0008] In some embodiments, the siRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand forming a double strand which comprises 0, 1, 2 or 3 mismatches. In some embodiments, the antisense strand comprises a region of complementarity to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from the selected region of SOD1 gene having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the sense strand comprises a region of homology to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from the selected region of SOD1 gene having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the lengths of the sense strand and the antisense strand are independently about 16-25 nucleotides, preferably 18-24 nucleotides, more preferably 20-23, such as 20, 21, 22 or 23 nucleotides
[0009] In some embodiments, the siRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand forming a duplex structure, wherein the antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 15 contiguous nucleotides, with 0, 1, 2 or 3 mismatches, having at least 85%nucleotide sequence complementarity or homology to a portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0010] In some embodiments, the ACO is composed of one or more of RNA, DNA, bridged nucleic acid (BNA) , locked nucleic acid (LNA) , glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) . In some embodiments, the ACO is about 6-22 nucleotides, about 8-20, preferably 10-18 nucleotides in length, such as 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 22 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the sense strand is at least 10 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the sense strand has a nucleotide length ranging from 10-60 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the sense strand has a nucleotide length ranging from 16-25 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the antisense strand has a nucleotide length ranging from 15-35 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the antisense strand has a nucleotide length ranging from 19-25 nucleotides.
[0011] In some embodiments, the ACO is conjugated to a linking component. In some embodiments, the 5’ end or the 3’ end or one or more of internal nucleotides of the ACO is conjugated to a linking component. In some embodiments, the siRNA and the ACO are covalently linked by a linking component. In some embodiments, the sense strand or the antisense strand of the siRNA are covalently linked to the ACO by a linking component. In some embodiments, the linking component is or comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, an alkenyl chain, an alkynyl chain, a peptide, RNA, DNA, carbohydrates, thiol linkage, a phosphodiester, a phosphorothioate, a phosphoramidate, an amide, a carbamate, a tetrazole linkage, and a benzimidazole linkage. In some embodiments, the linking component is or comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of: a) Spacer phosphoramidite 18 (1, 1-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17- hexaoxanonadecan-19-yl 2-cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropylphosphoramidite) ; b) Spacer-9 (3- [2- [2- [2- [bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -phenylmethoxy] ethoxy] ethoxy] ethoxy- [di (propan-2-yl) amino] phosphanyl] oxypropanenitrile) ; c) Spacer phosphoramidite C3 (6- (4, 4'-dimethoxytrityl) hexyl-1- [ (2-cyanoethyl) - (N, N- diisopropyl) ] -phosphoramidite) ; and d) Spacer-C6 Phosphoramidite (6- (4, 4'-dimethoxytrityl) hexyl-1- [ (2-cyanoethyl) - (N, N- diisopropyl) ] -phosphoramidite)
[0012] In some embodiments, the ACO is covalently linked to a 3’ end, or a 5’ end, or both 3’ and 5’ ends, one or more of internal nucleotides of the sense strand of the siRNA. In some embodiments, the ACO is covalently linked to a 3’ end, or a 5’ end, or both 3’ and 5’ ends, or one or more of internal nucleotides of the antisense strand of the siRNA. In some embodiments, more than one ACO is covalently linked to siRNA. In some embodiments, 2-10 ACOs are covalently linked to the siRNA.
[0013] In some embodiments, at least one nucleotide of the siRNA is a chemically modified nucleotide. In some embodiments, at least one nucleotide of the ACO is a chemically modified nucleotide. In some embodiments, at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or about 100%nucleotides of the ACO are chemically modified nucleotides. In some embodiments, at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or about 100%nucleotides of the sense strand of the siRNA are chemically modified nucleotides. In some embodiments, at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or about 100%nucleotides of the antisense strand of the siRNA are chemically modified nucleotides. In some embodiments, the chemical modification of the at least one chemically modified nucleotide is a 2’s ugar modification selected from one or more of: 2’ -fluoro-2’ -deoxynucleoside (2’ -F) modification, 2’ -O-methyl (2’ -O-Me) , modification, and 2’ -O- (2-methoxyethyl) (2’ -O-MOE) modification. In some embodiments, the chemical modification of the at least one chemically modified nucleotide is a phosphorothioate (PS) backbone modification. In some embodiments, the ACO comprises at least one PS backbone modification. In some embodiments, the ACO comprises at least a PS, mesyl phosphoramidate or boranophosphate backbone bond between two adjacent nucleotides. In some embodiments, the ACO comprises 6~17 PS backbone modifications. In some embodiments, the chemical modification of the at least one chemically modified nucleotide is an addition of a 5'-phosophate moiety at the 5’ end of the nucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the chemical modification of the at least one chemically modified nucleotide is an addition of an (E) -vinylphosphonate moiety at the 5’ end of the nucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the chemical modification of the at least one chemically modified nucleotide is an addition of a 5-methyl cytosine moiety at the 5’ end of the nucleotide sequence.
[0014] In some embodiments, the siRNA comprises a sense strand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 that has complementarity with a fragment of the sense strand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. For another example, in some embodiments, the siRNA comprises a sense strand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 that has complementarity with a fragment of the sense strand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0015] Yet another aspect of the present application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the oligonucleotide agent disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from an aqueous carrier, liposome or LNP, polymer, micelle, colloid, metal nanoparticle, non-metallic nanoparticle, bioconjugates, and polypeptide. Also provided by the present application includes a kit comprising the oligonucleotide agent or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
[0016] In some embodiments, the subject has sALS. In some embodiments, the subject has fALS. In some embodiments, the subject has SOD1 mutant ALS characterized by one or more mutations in SOD1 gene. In some embodiments, the subject has non-SOD1 mutant ALS which is not caused or is not mainly caused by mutation (s) in SOD1 gene.
[0017] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent may be administered via any suitable route, such as, an oral, nasal, inhalable, intrabronchial, intraalveolar, topical (including buccal, transdermal and sublingual) , rectal, vaginal and / or parenteral route. In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) or intrathecally (IT) , typically by injection.
[0018] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent is administered to one or more target tissues selected from but not limited to: prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, cerebrum, spinal cord, muscle, lung, eye, liver, and kidney.
[0019] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent is administered to the subject in an amount ranging from a safe minimum dose to a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) . In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent is administered to the subject in an amount independently ranged from 30 mg to 210 mg per dose, such as from 30 mg to 180 mg, from 60 mg to 180 mg, from 60 mg to 150 mg, from 60 to 120 mg per dose, or any sub-range or particular amount of the aforementioned ranges. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent is administered to the subject once 7 days, once 14 days, once 28 days, once 35 days, once 42 days, once 56 days, once a week, once two weeks, once three weeks, once 1 month, once 2 months, once 3 months, once 4 months, once 5 months or once 6 months, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent is administered to the subject in a fixed amount per dose or in a gradually increased amount per dose until reaching MTD and in a fixed optimal dose thereafter, if necessary.INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0020] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0021] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are employed, and the accompanying drawings (also “figure” and “FIG. ” herein) , of which:
[0022] FIGs. 1A-1E show the inhibitory effect of an ACO conjugated siRNA molecule (siRNA-ACO) treatment on SG formation in vitro. The siRNA-ACO (RD-12500) was transfected into human glioblastoma cells (T98G) and human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) derived Neuroepithelia stem (NES) cells (AF22) at 5 nM for 48 hours, respectively. T98G and AF22 cells carry wild type SOD1 gene. dsCon2 was transfected at 5 nM for 48 hours and served as a non-targeting duplex control. After 48 hours, transfected cells were treated with (+) or without (-) sodium arsenate at 0.5 mM for 60 min to induce SG formation. FIG. 1A shows the images of SG staining with EIF3η antibody and nucleus staining with DAPI. FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C show the number of SG per T98G cell, with the size of individual SG ranging from 2 to 6 μm and 0.5 to 2 μm in diameter, respectively. FIG. 1D and FIG. 1E show the number of SG per AF22 cell, with the size of individual SG ranging from 2 to 6 μm and 0.5 to 2 μm in diameter, respectively. Differences between groups of continuous variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Turkey’s multiple comparisons. p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant between the two groups. *represents p < 0.05, **represents p < 0.01, ***represents p < 0.001, ****represents p <0.0001.
[0023] FIGs. 2A-2B show the knockdown activity of siRNA-ACO in T98G and AF22 cells. The indicated siRNA-ACOs (i.e., RD-12500 and RD-12293) were transfected into T98G and AF22 cells at 5 nM for 48 hours. dsCon2 served as a non-targeting duplex control. SOD1 mRNA levels were quantified via RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set. Human TBP (hTBP or TBP) was amplified as an internal control. FIGs. 2A-2B show the remaining SOD1 mRNA expression relative to dsCon2 after normalized by TBP (mean ± SEM of four replicated transfection wells) . p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant between the two groups. *represents p < 0.05, **represents p < 0.01, ***represents p < 0.001, ****represents p < 0.0001.
[0024] FIGs. 3A-3B show the siRNA-ACO treatment improves motor function and extends survival of hSOD1G93A mice. One group of female adult hSOD1G93A mice were treated twice with siRNA-ACO (i.e., RD-12500) at 400 μg via ICV injection on postnatal days (PND) 70 and PND 100, a regimen referred to as “early treatment” . Another group of female adult hSOD1G93A mice were treated twice with siRNA-ACO (i.e., RD-12500) at 400 μg via ICV injection on PND 126 and PND 151, a regimen referred to as “late treatment” . Animals treated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) on PND 70 and PND 100 served as a vehicle control. Animal fatigue and coordination were assessed by rotarod test for 5 minutes. Experiments were performed in triplicate in which the longest latency time to fall was recorded in seconds (s) for each animal. FIG. 3A shows the latency to fall (second, s) as mean ± SEM of 10-11 animals for each group. FIG. 3B shows animal survival as the percentage of survivors within each group (n=10-11 / group) .
[0025] FIGs. 4A-4B show the dose-dependent relationship between knockdown activity and tissue accumulation of siRNA-ACO (i.e., RD-12500) in different CNS tissues of cynomolgus macaques. The cynomolgus macaques were treated twice with siRNA-ACO (i.e., RD-12500) at indicated doses (i.e., 5, 20 and 50 mg) via IT injection on day 1 and day 15. Knockdown activity of cynomolgus macaques SOD1 (Cyno SOD1) was quantified via RT-qPCR in selected CNS tissues (i.e., frontal cortex and spinal cord-lumbar) on day 22 post first dosing. Animals treated with aCSF alone on day 1 and day 15 served as a vehicle control. Cyno SOD1 mRNA was quantified via RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set. Cyno GAPDH was amplified as an internal control. RD-12500 concentrations in frontal cortex and spinal cord-lumbar tissues were quantified by LC-MS / MS quantitative analysis. FIGs. 4A-4B show knockdown activity as remaining Cyno SOD1 mRNA relative to aCSF and the concentration of RD-12500 relative to tissue sample mass (ng / g) . Data represents mean ± SEM (n=4-6 animal / group) . FIGs. 5A-5D show the SOD1 protein level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) level in the plasma of ALS patients. ALS patients were administered with RD-12500 via IT injection, with the specified dosing regimen detailed in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2. CSF samples of six ALS patients were collected before each dosing after successful lumbar puncture. Blood samples of six ALS patients were collected within one hour prior to each dosing. SOD1 protein level in CSF before first dose served as the baseline (Day 0) of each patient. NfL level in plasma before first dose served as the baseline (Day 0) of each patient. FIG. 5A shows the human SOD1 protein level in CSF of each patient as quantitated by ELISA and FIG. 5C shows the relative human SOD1 protein level after normalized by each baseline. FIG. 5B shows the human NfL level in plasma of each patient as quantitated by EllaTM Simple Plex and FIG. 5D shows the relative human NfL after normalized by each baseline. FIGs. 6A-6F show the plasma concentration of RD-12500 in six ALS patients following each treatment. ALS patients were administered with RD-12500 via IT injection, with the specified dosing regimen detailed in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2. The blood samples of six ALS patients were collected at the indicated time points (i.e., 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 h) after each dosing. FIGs. 6A-6F show the plasma concentration of RD-12500 in six ALS patients as determined by LC-MS / MS quantitative analysis. Dotted line represents Lower Limit of Quantitation (LLOQ, 5 ng / mL) using LC-MS / MS quantitative analysis. Data below LLOQ is shown as one half of LLOQ. FIGs. 7A-7B show the lung function change and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) score of ALS patients following the RD-12500 treatment. ALS patients were administered with RD-12500 via IT injection, with the specified dosing regimen detailed in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2. Percentage of forced vital capacity (FVC) and ALSFRS-R score were assessed on day 14, 28, 89, 179 and 239 post first dosing. Percentage of FVC and ALSFRS-R score before first dose served as the baseline (Day 0) of each patient. FIG. 7A shows the lung function change of six ALS patients by FVC%. FIG. 7B shows the ALSFRS-R score of six ALS patients.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0026] While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.
[0027] Aspects of the present application include methods of treating ALS by administering an effective amount of an oligonucleotide agent comprising a SOD1-targeting siRNA. The oligonucleotide agent interferes with SOD1 mRNA transcript through the RNA silencing mechanism (RNAi) . The present inventors have developed SOD1 siRNAs with potent inhibitory effect, improved delivery, biodistribution, bioavailability, and other pharmacological properties, for use in the treatment of ALS. Surprisingly, the inventors found although the siRNAs target SOD1 gene, they can not only inhibit SOD1 mRNA transcript, but also reduce the formation, size and amount of SGs, and thus can be used in the treatment of both SOD1 mutant ALS and non-SOD1 mutant ALS.
[0028] The present application is further based on investigations related to oligonucleotide agent, compositions and methods that, a targeting oligonucleotide (siRNA etc. ) , in combination with an oligonucleotide-delivery vehicle (ODV) , can downregulate / decrease a gene expression, be successfully delivered to target region to improve therapeutic effects for genetic conditions. The term “ODV” refers to a structure by conjugating an ACO to a molecule, e.g., a duplex oligonucleotide, to facilitate the introduction of the molecule into or uptake by a cell, a tissue, or an organ of an individual.
[0029] The present inventors found that some siRNA duplex sequences showed better inhibitory potency on SOD1 transcript than the sequences having the same or similar target sequence in the prior art. The present inventors also found that chemical modification to the siRNA can improve siRNA activity in vitro. Surprisingly, by conjugated to an ACO, the oligonucleotide agent (i.e., ODV-siRNA or siRNA-ACO) achieved CNS delivery, desired biodistribution and bioavailability in CNS tissues when administered in either brain or spinal cord tissue via ICV and / or IT injections.
[0030] Furthermore, clinical study suggests that the oligonucleotide agent of the present application is safe and well-tolerated at a high dose, such as 150 mg or even 180 mg, is effective in reducing SOD1 protein level in CSF and NfL level in plasma, and may improve physical function (such as lung function) and ALSFRS-R score.
[0031] Hence, the method, oligonucleotide agent and medicament of the present application can be effectively used in the treatment of ALS and are promising in solving the currently existing clinical problems.Definitions
[0032] In the present application, the related terms are defined as follows:
[0033] Every numerical range given throughout this specification will include every narrower numerical range or number that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges or numbers were all expressly written herein.
[0034] The transitional terms / phrases (and any grammatical variations thereof) "comprising" , "comprises" , "comprise" , include the phrases "consisting essentially of" , "consists essentially of" , "consisting of" , and "consists of" and can be interchanged throughout the application. The open term "comprise" also includes a closed term "consisting of" as one option. As used herein, the terms "include, " "have" and "comprise" are used synonymously, which terms and variants thereof are intended to be construed as non-limiting.
[0035] The terms “Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis” or “ALS” include, but are not limited to, fALS, sALS, Lou Gehrig's disease, diseases associated with mutant genes C9orf72 (40%) , SOD1 (20%) , TDP43 (4%) and FUS / TLS (4%) .
[0036] The term “SOD1 mutant ALS” refers to a subtype of ALS characterized in the presence of one or more mutations in SOD1 gene which causes the disease. As opposed to SOD1 mutant ALS, the term “non-SOD1 mutant ALS” refers to a subtype of ALS for which the cause or main cause is not the mutation (s) in SOD1 gene, for example, one or more mutations in one or more genes selected from the group consisting of C9orf72, TARDBP / TDP-43, FUS / TLS, SETX, SPG11, VAPB, ANG, FIG4, OPTN, ATXN2, STMN2, UBQLN2, SIGMAR1, CHMP2B, PFN1, ERBB4, MATR3, NEFH, DCTN1 and VCP gene, or without any mutation in any of the genes, are non-SOD1 mutant ALS. The siRNA agent can effectively inhibit the formation of SGs which act as a seeding mechanism for the pathological aggregation of proteins seen in many neurodegenerative diseases and have an impact on ALS pathology, and thus can be effectively used in the treatment of those SG-related diseases (including all types of ALS) .
[0037] The term "target gene" as used herein can refer to nucleic acid sequences in the form of DNA, RNA or DNA / RNA hybrid, transgenes, viral or bacterial sequences, chromosomes or extrachromosomal genes that are naturally present in organisms, and / or can be transiently or stably transfected or incorporated into cells and / or chromatins thereof. The target gene can be a protein-coding gene or a non-protein-coding gene (such as a microRNA gene and a long non-coding RNA gene) , or a transcript of the protein-coding gene, such as, a message RNA (mRNA) or a complementary DNA (cDNA) of the protein-coding gene. "Target sequence" , "target site" or "target" used interchangeably refers to a consecutive oligonucleotide sequence in the sequence of a target gene, such as, the mRNA or cDNA of a target gene, which is homologous or complementary with a sense strand or an antisense strand of a siRNA with or without one or more mismatched based pairs.
[0038] As used herein, the terms "SOD1" and "SOD1 gene" can be used interchangeably, and refer to a gene encoding SOD1 protein, preferably a mammalian gene, and more preferably a human gene. As used herein, the term "SOD1 mRNA" refers to a message RNA (mRNA) generated from the expression of SOD1 gene, or the transcription of SOD1 gene. As used herein, the term "SOD1 cDNA" refers to a cDNA generated from the reverse-transcription of a SOD1 mRNA. As used herein, the term "SOD1 protein" refers to a protein generated from the expression of SOD1 gene, or translation of the SOD1 mRNA.
[0039] As used herein, the term "baseline expression of SOD1 gene" or "baseline level of SOD1 mRNA" used interchangeably refers to the expression of SOD1 gene of a parallel reference (such as a cell or an individual) without or before the treatment of the siRNA.
[0040] The term "oligonucleotide agent" or “oligonucleotide” can be used interchangeably, and refers to polymers of nucleotides, and includes, but is not limited to, single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid molecules of DNA, RNA, or DNA / RNA hybrid, oligonucleotide strands containing regularly and irregularly alternating deoxyribosyl portions and ribosyl portions, as well as modified and naturally or unnaturally existing frameworks for such oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotide for inhibiting mRNA transcript level of target gene described herein is a siRNA, an ASO, or an ACO conjugated siRNA molecule (siRNA-ACO) .
[0041] The terms "oligonucleotide strand" , “strand” and "oligonucleotide sequence" as used herein can be used interchangeably, referring to a generic term for short nucleotide sequences having less than 35 bases (including nucleotides in DNA or RNA) . In a non-limiting example, the length of a strand can be any length ranging from 16 to 25 nucleotides.
[0042] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “individual” are used interchangeably herein to mean any living organism that may be treated with agents of the present application. The term “patient” means a human subject or individual, including disclosure infants, children, and adults.
[0043] A “therapeutically effective amount” of a composition is an amount sufficient to achieve a desired therapeutic effect, and therefore does not require cure or complete remission. In embodiments of the present application, therapeutic efficacy is an improvement in any of the disease indicators, and a therapeutically effective amount is sufficient to cause an improvement in a clinically significant condition / symptom in the treated individual. The phrases “therapeutically effective amount” and “effective amount” are used herein to mean an amount sufficient to reduce by at least about 15 percent, preferably by at least 50 percent, more preferably by at least 90 percent, or to decrease at least about 50 percent, at least about 100 percent, at least about 200 percent, more preferable at least about 500 percent and most preferably prevent, a clinically significant deficit in the activity, function and response of the individual being treated.
[0044] The effective amount may vary depending on such factors as the health status, e.g., size and weight of the subject, the type of illness, or the particular agents of the application. For example, the choice of the agent of the application could affect what constitutes an “effective amount. ” One of the ordinary skills in the art would be able to study the factors contained herein and make the determination regarding the effective amount of the agents of the application without undue experimentation.
[0045] The regime of administration may affect what constitutes an effective amount. The agent of the application can be administered to the subject either prior to or after the disease diagnosis or condition. Further, several divided dosages, as well as staggered dosages, can be administered daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly or sequentially, or the dose can be continuously infused, or can be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of the agent (s) of the application could be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation.
[0046] The terms “treat, ” “treated, ” “treating” , or “treatment” as used herein have the meanings commonly understood in the medical arts, and therefore do not require cure or complete remission, and include any beneficial or desired clinical results. Non-limiting examples of such beneficial or desired clinical results are prolonging survival as compared to expected survival without treatment, reduced symptoms including one or more of the followings: weakness and atrophy of proximal skeletal muscles, inability to sit or walk independently, difficulties in swallowing, breathing, etc.
[0047] As used herein, “preventing” or “delaying” a disease refers to inhibiting the full development of a disease.
[0048] The term “biological sample” refers to any tissue, cell, fluid, or other material derived from an organism (e.g., human subject) . In some embodiments, the biological sample is obtained from serum, blood, CSF, frontal cortex and spinal cord-lumbar tissues.
[0049] The term "identity" or "homology" as used herein means that one oligonucleotide strand (sense or antisense strand) of a siRNA has sequence similarity with a coding strand or template strand in a region of a target gene. As used herein, the "identity" or "homology" may be at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from the sense or antisense strand. As used herein, the "identity" or "homology" may be at least about 75%, about 79%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or 99%. In some embodiments, the siRNA has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 residues that are different from a reference sequence. To determine the percent identity of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The nucleotides at corresponding nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, considering the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
[0050] The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm, such as using the Needleman and Wunsch ( (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 444-453) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at www. gcg. com) . The percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller ( (1989) CABIOS, 4: 11-17) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) , using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. It is understood that the molecules described herein may have additional conservative or non-essential nucleic acid substitutions, which do not have a substantial effect on their functions.
[0051] In embodiments of the present application, the target gene is SOD1. By “target sequence” is means a sequence fragment to which the sense oligonucleotide strand or antisense oligonucleotide of the siRNA is homologous or complementary. For example, in some embodiments, a SOD1 siRNA is homologous or complementary to a target select sequence within human SOD1 transcript.
[0052] As used herein, the term "non-targeting" means that the referenced ACO which conjugates with the targeting oligonucleotide (e.g., siRNA, saRNA, and etc. ) does not specifically complement to the target sequence which the targeting oligonucleotide functions, and / or that the referenced oligonucleotide (i.e., ACO) does not share the same target sequence which the targeting oligonucleotide (e.g., siRNA, saRNA, and etc. ) specifically attends to function to. The targeting oligonucleotide disclosed herein is a nucleic acid sequence that specifically complementary to the target sequence or the region thereof. In some embodiments, the term "non-targeting oligonucleotide" may comprise any referenced oligonucleotide except the “targeting sequence” . In some cases, the “specifically complementary” may mean that the complementarity between the targeting oligonucleotide and the target sequence or the region thereof is at least about 95%. The non-targeting single-stranded oligonucleotide (i.e., ACO) is not to elicit biological activity via any known mechanism, nor intended to elicit activities indicative of ASO (i.e., “mixmer” , “gapmer” or steric blocker) function onto a complementary nucleic acid sequence (i.e., mRNA or pre-mRNA) in a certain subject, an organ of the subject, a tissue of the subject, or a cell of the subject, when the oligonucleotide is administered. The non-targeting single-stranded oligonucleotide (i.e., ACO) is to facilitate the introduction of the targeting oligonucleotide (e.g., siRNA, saRNA, and etc. ) it conjugates into a certain subject, an organ of the subject, a tissue of the subject, a cell of the subject, or a cell nucleus of the subject, when the oligonucleotide conjugate is administered.
[0053] As used herein, the terms “sense strand” and “sense oligonucleotide strand” are interchangeable. The sense oligonucleotide strand of siRNA molecule can include, for example, a first nucleic acid strand of siRNA comprising a fragment of a sequence in the human genome or the sequence of a target gene.
[0054] As used herein, the terms “antisense strand” and “antisense oligonucleotide strand” are interchangeable. The antisense oligonucleotide strand of a siRNA molecule can include, for example, a second nucleic acid strand in a duplex of siRNA that is complementary to the sense oligonucleotide strand. An antisense strand of a siRNA may be complementary to a consecutive fragment of a target gene sequence and is capable of binding to the consecutive fragment with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mismatches (such as with 0, 1, 2 or 3 mismatches) without affecting the function of the siRNA.
[0055] As used herein, the term “coding strand” refers to the DNA strand in the target gene that cannot be transcribed, the nucleotide sequence of which is identical to the sequence of the RNA produced by transcription (in RNA the T in DNA is replaced by U) . The coding strand of the double-stranded DNA sequence of the target gene promoter described in the present application refers to the promoter sequence on the same DNA strand as the DNA coding strand of the target gene.
[0056] As used herein, the term “template strand” refers to another strand of double-stranded DNA of a target gene that is complementary to the coding strand and that can be transcribed as a template into RNA that is complementary to the transcribed RNA base (A-U, G-C) . During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the template strand and moves along the 3 '→ 5' direction of the template strand, catalyzing RNA synthesis in the 5'→ 3' direction. The template strand of the double-stranded DNA sequence of the target gene promoter described in the present application refers to the promoter sequence on the same DNA strand as the DNA template strand of the target gene.
[0057] As used herein, the term “overhang” refers to an oligonucleotide strand end (5' or 3') with non-base paired nucleotide (s) resulting from another strand extending beyond one of the strands within the siRNA. Single-stranded regions extending beyond the 3 'and / or 5' ends of the duplexes are referred to as overhangs. In some embodiments, the overhang is from 0 to 6 nucleotides in length. It is understood that an overhang of 0 nucleotides means that there is no overhang.
[0058] The term “natural overhang” as used herein refers to an overhang which consists of one or more nucleotides identical to or complementary to the corresponding position on the target sequence. A natural overhang on a sense strand consists of one or more nucleotides identical to the corresponding position on the mRNA target. A natural overhang on an antisense strand consists of one or more nucleotides complementary to the corresponding position on the mRNA target.
[0059] As used herein, the terms “gene silencing” , “knockdown of gene expression” , “gene downregulation” , “decreasing gene expression” and “downregulating gene expression” can be used interchangeably, and means a decrease or downregulation in transcription, translation, expression or activity of a certain nucleic acid sequence as determined by measuring the transcription level, mRNA level, protein level, enzymatic activity, methylation state, chromatin state or configuration, translation level or the activity or state in a cell or biological system of a gene. These activities or states can be determined directly or indirectly. In addition, “gene downregulation” or “downregulating gene expression” refers to a decrease in activity associated with a nucleic acid sequence, regardless of the mechanism of such downregulation. For example, gene downregulation occurs at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level to decrease transcription into RNA and the RNA level is decreased to be translated into lower level of protein than baseline, thereby decreasing the expression of the protein.
[0060] As used herein, the terms “short interfering RNA” , “siRNA” and “silencing RNA” can be used interchangeably and refer to a ribonucleic acid molecule that can downregulate, knockdown, or silence target gene expression. It can be a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule. siRNA binds to target mRNA mainly in the cytoplasm to down-regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally via the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism.
[0061] siRNAs may contain natural nucleotides or chemically modified nucleotides. The modifications can impart increased nuclease stability and / or increased cellular potency. Examples of chemical modifications include PS backbone modification, 2'-deoxynucleotide, 2'-OCH3-containing ribonucleotides, 2'-F-ribonucleotides, 2'-methoxyethyl ribonucleotides, combinations thereof and the like. The siRNA can have varying lengths (e.g., 10-200 bps) and structures (e.g., hairpins, single / double strands, bulges, nicks / gaps, mismatches) and are processed in cells to knock down target mRNA. A double-stranded siRNA can have the same number of nucleotides on each strand (blunt ends) or asymmetric ends (overhangs) . An overhang of 1-2 nucleotides, for example, can be present on the sense and / or the antisense strand, as well as present on the 5'-and / or the 3'-ends of a given strand.
[0062] The length of the siRNA molecule is typically about 10 to about 60, about 10 to about 50, about 15 to about 30, about 17 to about 29, about 18 to about 28, about 19 to about 27, about 20 to about 26, about 21 to about 25, and about 22 to about 24 base pairs, and typically about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 23, about 25, about 30, about 40, or about 50 base pairs. In addition, the terms “small interfering RNA” , “silencing RNA” and “siRNA” also contain nucleic acids other than the ribonucleotide, including, but not limited to, modified nucleotides or analogues.
[0063] The term "equal length portion" refers to a portion of a sequence that is compared with an object sequence (e.g., a continuous oligonucleotide sequence from the siRNA) and has equal length (equal number of bases) to the object sequence.
[0064] The term “sequence specific mode” as used herein means a binding or hybridization way of two nucleic acid fragments according to their nucleotide sequence, e.g., a Watson-Crick manner (such as A to T, A to U, and C to G) or any other manner allowing the formation of a duplex (such as Hoogsteen or reverse Hoogsteen base pairing) .
[0065] As used herein, the terms “isolated target site” , “target site” and “isolated polynucleotide"can be used interchangeably, and herein means a nucleic acid target site to which a siRNA has complementarity or hybridizes to. For example, an isolated nucleic acid sequence of a target site can include a nucleic acid sequence to which a region of siRNAs has complementarity or hybridize to.
[0066] As used herein, the term “complementary” refers to the capability of forming base pairs between two oligonucleotide strands. The base pairs are generally formed through hydrogen bonds between nucleotides in the antiparallel oligonucleotide strands. The bases of the complementary oligonucleotide strands can be paired in the Watson-Crick manner (such as A to T, A to U, and C to G) or in any other manner allowing the formation of a duplex (such as Hoogsteen or reverse Hoogsteen base pairing) .
[0067] Complementarity includes complete complementarity and incomplete complementarity. “Complete complementarity” or “100%complementarity” means that each nucleotide from the first oligonucleotide strand can form a hydrogen bond with a nucleotide at a corresponding position in the second oligonucleotide strand in the double-stranded region of the siRNA molecule, with no base pair being “mispaired” . “Incomplete complementarity” or “mismatch” means that not all the nucleotide units of the two strands are bound with each other by hydrogen bonds. For example, for two oligonucleotide strands each of 20 nucleotides in length in the double-stranded region, if only two base pairs in this double-stranded region can be formed through hydrogen bonds, the oligonucleotide strands have a complementarity of 10%. In the same example, if 18 base pairs in this double-stranded region can be formed through hydrogen bonds, the oligonucleotide strands have a complementarity of 90%. Substantial complementarity refers to at least about 75%, about 79%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or 99%complementarity.
[0068] As used herein, “ODV” and “oligonucleotide delivery vehicle” are used interchangeably, which refer to an oligonucleotide molecule comprising a duplex or double-stranded RNA (e.g., siRNA or saRNA) and an ACO which is covalently linked to the duplex RNA via a linker as described in more detail below.
[0069] As used herein, “covalent linker” , “linker” and “linking component” are used interchangeably, which refer to an organic moiety that connects two parts of a compound. For example, one or more of single-stranded oligonucleotide (e.g., ACO) and double-stranded oligonucleotide (dsRNA, e.g., siRNA) , two dsRNAs, etc. are covalently linked by, e.g., a nucleic acid linker, a peptide linker, and the like and, includes disulfide linkers.
[0070] As used herein, the term “synthetic” refers to the manner in which oligonucleotides are synthesized, including any means capable of synthesizing or chemically modifying RNA, such as chemical synthesis, in vitro transcription, vector expression, and the like.
[0071] The terms “oligonucleotide modulator” and "oligonucleotide agent" can be used interchangeably and refer to an oligonucleotide-containing substance which at least comprises or consists of one or more siRNA of the invention and has the activity of modulating target gene expression or enhance the effect of the siRNA, and may further comprise other oligonucleotide moieties / components (such as ASO, or ACO) or non-oligonucleotide moieties / components conjugated, combined or mixed with the siRNA (s) . In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide modulator comprises an RNA (such as the siRNA of the invention) , a DNA, a BNA, an LNA, a GNA or a PNA.
[0072] As used herein, the term “LNA” refers to a locked nucleic acid in which the 2’ -oxygen and 4’-carbon atoms are joined by an extra bridge. As used herein, the term “BNA” refers to a 2'-O and 4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid that can contain a five-membered or six-membered bridged structure with an N-O linkage. As used herein, the term “PNA” refers to a nucleic acid mimic with a pseudopeptide backbone composed of N- (2-aminoethyl) glycine units with the nucleobases attached to the glycine nitrogen via carbonyl methylene linkers. As used herein, the term “GNA” also referred to as glycerol nucleic acid, is a nucleic acid similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its sugar-phosphodiester backbone, using propylene glycol in place of ribose or deoxyribose.
[0073] In the present application, singular forms, such as “a” and “this” , include plural objects, unless otherwise specified clearly in the context.
[0074] Unless otherwise defined, all the technological and scientific terms used therein have the same meanings as those generally understood by those of ordinary skill in the art covering the present application.siRNA
[0075] Embodiments of the present application are based in part on the surprising discovery that an oligonucleotide agent (for example, siRNA, also referred to as “SOD1 gene siRNA” or “SOD1 siRNA” herein) is capable of inhibiting or downregulating the expression of a SOD1 gene in a cell. The decrease in functional SOD1 gene transcript following administration with an oligonucleotide agent of the present application can achieve a significant decrease or downregulation in the levels of SOD1 mRNA and SOD1 protein in a cell or a mammal.
[0076] In particular, the inventors discovered that the functional oligonucleotide agents capable of inhibiting expression of SOD1 comprising a siRNA, wherein the siRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand forming a double strand which comprises 0, 1, 2 or 3 mismatches, wherein the antisense strand comprises a region of complementarity to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from the selected region of SOD1 gene, and / or wherein the sense strand comprises a region of homology to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from the selected region of SOD1 gene.
[0077] As a beneficial consequence, a target sequence (e.g., an isolated nucleic acid sequence comprising the target sequence) , upon interacting with the siRNA, can inhibit / downregulate the SOD1 mRNA transcript by at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 96%, at least 99%, or about 100%, as compared to a baseline level of SOD1 mRNA. In one embodiment, SOD1 mRNA is decreased by at least 80%. Based at least in part on these discoveries, the present application relates to siRNA, compositions, and pharmaceutical compositions for inhibiting / downregulating the SOD1 mRNA transcript by at least 10%as compared to baseline levels of SOD1 mRNA. Also provided herein are methods for preventing or treating a disease or condition induced by over-expression of SOD1 protein, a SOD1 gene mutation, and / or high or abnormal SOD1 level in an individual comprising administering to the individual any of the siRNA, compositions, and / or pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
[0078] In some embodiments, the target sequence for designing the siRNA is a 465 bp open reading frame (ORF) located between nucleotides 78 and 542 of SOD1 gene: SOD1 cDNA sequence for siRNA design (SEQ ID NO: 15) :
[0079] Despite inhibiting / downregulation of SOD1, the siRNAs of the present application can also reduce the formation, size and amount of SGs and thus are effective in the treatment of SG related diseases and conditions, including all types of ALS.
[0080] The siRNAs of the oligonucleotide agent described herein include a RNA strand (the antisense strand) having a region which is 60 nucleotides or less in length, i.e., 15-40 nucleotides in length, generally 19-25 nucleotides in length, which region is substantially complementary to at least part of a mRNA transcript of a SOD1 gene differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from the selected region of SOD1 gene. The use of these siRNAs enables the targeted degradation of mRNAs of genes that are implicated in pathologies associated with SOD1 expression in mammals. Very low dosages of SOD1 siRNAs in particular can specifically and efficiently mediate RNAi, resulting in significant inhibition of expression of a SOD1 gene. Using cell-based assays, the present inventors have demonstrated that siRNAs targeting SOD1 can specifically and efficiently mediate RNAi, resulting in significant inhibition of expression of a SOD1 gene. Thus, methods and oligonucleotide agents including these siRNAs are useful for treating pathological processes that can be mediated by down regulating SOD1, such as in the treatment of a disorder that causes elevated SOD1 levels, e.g., ALS. The following detailed description discloses how to make and use oligonucleotide agents containing siRNAs to inhibit the expression of a SOD1 gene, as well as oligonucleotide agents and methods for treating diseases and disorders caused by the expression of this gene.
[0081] In one aspect, an RNA interference agent includes a single-stranded RNA that interacts with a target RNA sequence to direct the cleavage of the target RNA. Without wishing to be bound by theory, long double-stranded RNA introduced into plants and invertebrate cells is broken down into siRNA by a Type III endonuclease known as Dicer (Sharp et al., Genes Dev. 2001, 15: 485) . Dicer, a ribonuclease-III-like enzyme, processes the dsRNA into 19-23 base pair short interfering RNAs with characteristic two base 3’ overhangs (Bernstein, et al., (2001) Nature 409: 363) . The siRNAs are then incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) where one or more helicases unwind the siRNA duplex, enabling the complementary antisense strand to guide target recognition (Nykanen, et al., (2001) Cell 107: 309) . Upon binding to the appropriate target mRNA, one or more endonucleases within the RISC cleaves the target to induce silencing (Elbashir, et al., (2001) Genes Dev. 15: 188) . Thus, in one aspect the invention relates to a single-stranded RNA that promotes the formation of a RISC complex to effect silencing of the target gene.
[0082] In some embodiments, the continuous oligonucleotide sequence of the siRNA has five or less, i.e., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0 nucleotide differences or mismatches relative to the equal length portion of SOD1 mRNA. In some embodiments, the continuous oligonucleotide sequence of the sense strand of siRNA has three or less, i.e., 3, 2, 1, or 0 nucleotide differences or mismatches relative to the equal length portion of SOD1 mRNA. In some embodiments, the continuous oligonucleotide sequence of the antisense strand of siRNA has three or less, i.e., 3, 2, 1, or 0 nucleotide differences or mismatches relative to the equal length portion of SOD1 mRNA.
[0083] In some embodiments, the SOD1 mRNA disclosed herein contains at least one nucleotide mutation. In some embodiments, the SOD1 mRNA disclosed herein contains at least one nucleotide mutation upper stream and / or downstream the targeting site of the siRNA. For example, the mutation in the SOD1 mRNA is one or more selected from the group consisting of: p. Gly42Asp, p. Asn87Ser, p. Gly142Ala, p. Ser106Leu, p. His49Arg, p. D90A, p. A4V, p. H43R, p. L84V, p. G85R, p. N86S, p. G93A, p. G93C, p. D90A, p. H46R, p. E100K, p. E100G, p. A89V, p. L84F, p. L84V, p. D76V, p. G37R, and p. G10V. In some embodiments, the SOD1 mRNA disclosed herein contains at least one nucleotide mutation on the targeting site of the siRNA.
[0084] In some embodiments, the SOD1 mRNA disclosed herein does not contain any nucleotide mutation.
[0085] In some embodiments, the differences or mismatches are located in the middle or 3’ terminus of the oligonucleotide sequence of the siRNA. Methods and principles of siRNA molecule design are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in detail in, for example, Place et. al., Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2012) 1, e15; and Li et. al., PNAS, 2006, vol. 103, no. 46, 17337–17342, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0086] In some embodiments, the siRNA disclosed herein comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand. The sense strand and the antisense strand comprise complementary regions capable of forming a double-stranded nucleic acid structure that decreases the SOD1 transcript level in a cell via the RNAi mechanism. The RNAi mechanism (also known as RNA interference) used herein refers to a mechanism that a double-stranded nucleic acid structure is capable of downregulating target genes in a sequence-specific manner at the transcriptional level. The sense strand and the antisense strand of the siRNA can exist either on two different nucleic acid strands or on one nucleic acid strand (e.g., a contiguous nucleic acid sequence) . When the sense strand and the antisense strand are located on two different strands, at least one strand of the siRNA has a 3' overhang of 0 to 6 nucleotides in length, such that the overhangs of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 nucleotides in length, and in some cases, both strands have a 3' overhang of 2 or 3 nucleotides in length. The nucleotide of the overhang is, in some cases thymine deoxyribonucleotide (dT) , or in some cases, natural overhangs which are nucleotides selected from or complementary to the corresponding position on the DNA target. When the sense strand and the antisense strand are located on one nucleic acid strand, in some cases, the siRNA is a hairpin single-stranded nucleic acid molecule, where the complementary regions of the sense strand and the antisense strand form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure with each other.
[0087] In the siRNA disclosed herein, in some embodiments, the sense strand has a length ranging from 10 to 60 nucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, the sense strand and the antisense strand, independently comprise a length of 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 or 35 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the antisense strand has a length ranging from 10 to 60 nucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, the sense strand and the antisense strand, independently comprise a length of 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 or 35 nucleotides.
[0088] In some embodiments, the antisense strand disclosed herein is capable of interacting with a target nucleic acid sequence of a mRNA of a SOD1 gene in a sequence specific manner, meaning that the antisense strand is capable of undergoing hybridization to a target nucleic acid through hydrogen bonding. In some embodiments, an antisense strand has a nucleotide sequence that, when written in the 5' to 3' direction, comprises the reverse complement of the target portion of a target nucleic acid to which it is targeted. In certain such embodiments, an antisense strand has a nucleotide sequence that, when written in the 5' to 3' direction, comprises the reverse complement of the target portion in a fragment of a SOD1 gene transcript.
[0089] In some embodiments, the sense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, and / or the antisense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 60% (e.g., at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%) identical to the nucleotide sequences of siSOD1-047 whose antisense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 that has complementarity with a fragment the of the ODV structured sense strand of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0090] In some embodiments, the sense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, and / or the antisense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 60% (e.g., at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%) identical to the nucleotide sequences of siSOD1-005 whose antisense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 that has complementarity with a fragment the of the ODV structured sense strand of SEQ ID NO: 19.ACO
[0091] To improve the potency of SOD1 siRNA molecules and the efficient delivery of the siRNA molecules to cells of a target organ or tissue, e.g., CNS, the siRNA molecules are further connected to a non-targeting single-stranded ACO.
[0092] “Delivering into a cell, ” when referring to an siRNA, means efficiently uptake or absorption by the cell, as is understood by those skilled in the art. Absorption or uptake of an siRNA can occur through unaided diffusive or active cellular processes, or by auxiliary agents or devices. The meaning of this term is not limited to cells in vitro; a siRNA can also be “introduced into a cell, ” wherein the cell is part of a living organism. In such an instance, introduction into the cell will include the delivery to the organism. For example, for in vivo delivery, siRNA can be injected into a tissue site or administered systemically. In vitro introduction into a cell includes methods known in the art such as electroporation and lipofection. Further approaches are described herein below which are not known in the art.
[0093] When the siRNA agent is conjugated to an ACO as disclosed, bioavailability, biodistribution, and / or cellular uptake and in vivo potency of the siRNA were significantly improved as compared to an oligonucleotide agent without the ACO. Especially in some in vivo examples in the present application, the ACO of the oligonucleotide agent increased the biodistribution of siRNA within one, or two, or more target tissues as compared to an oligonucleotide agent without the ACO.
[0094] Therefore, aspects of the present application further relate to a method for treating ALS by administering an oligonucleotide agent capable of inhibiting the expression of SOD1 and the formation of SGs, wherein the oligonucleotide agent comprises a siRNA and an ACO.
[0095] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent comprising one or more conjugated ACO enhances the biodistribution of the siRNA in particular tissues, and increases permeability of the oligonucleotide agent and passage through membranes, such as the blood brain barrier. In some embodiments, the ACO is an oligonucleotide comprising a 5’ end and a 3’ end. In some embodiments, the siRNA and the ACO are covalently linked, with or without one or more linking components, to form the oligonucleotide agent.
[0096] In some embodiments, the length of the ACO comprises a nucleotide length ranging from 6 to 22 nucleotides, such as 6 nucleotides or more, 7 nucleotides or more, 8 nucleotides or more, 9 nucleotides or more, 10 nucleotides or more, 11 nucleotides or more, 12 nucleotides or more, 13 nucleotides or more, 14 nucleotides or more, 15 nucleotides or more, 16 nucleotides or more, 17 nucleotides or more, 18 nucleotides or more, 19 nucleotides or more, 20 nucleotides or more, 21 nucleotides or more, 22 nucleotides or more. In some embodiments, the length of the ACO is 6 to 18 contiguous oligonucleotides.
[0097] In some embodiments, the length of the ACO can modulate the activity and / or biodistribution of the oligonucleotide agent within the target tissue or cell of interest. For example, the present inventors found that shorter ACOs demonstrated activity throughout the CNS, while longer ACOs demonstrated activity only in particular regions of the brain, such as the cerebellum.
[0098] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent of the present application comprises more than one ACO, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 ACOs, covalently linked to a siRNA, with or without one or more linkers in between the ACOs and siRNA. The number of ACO can vary from 1 to 4, 2 to 10 linked to a siRNA via a multivalent linker, for example, a polymeric linker, in branch or liner form. In some embodiments, multiple ACOs are covalently linked to 2 or more siRNAs, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 or more siRNAs, in one agent. PCT Application No. WO2023280190A1, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety, for all purposes, describes principles of ACO design and examples of ACO that are conjugated to the siRNAs to improve pharmacokinetics properties including accessory delivering of duplex RNAs to a cell.
[0099] In some embodiments, the ACO comprises at least 8 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the ACO in the oligonucleotide agent comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 60% (e.g., at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%) identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.Chemical modification
[0100] In the siRNAs or ACOs disclosed herein, all nucleotides may be natural or non-chemically modified nucleotides, or at least one nucleotide is a chemically modified nucleotide. Non-limiting examples of the chemical modification include one or more of a combination of the following: 1) modification of a phosphodiester bond of nucleotides in the nucleotide sequence of the siRNA or ACO; 2) modification of 2'-OH of the ribose in the nucleotide sequence of the siRNA or ACO; 3) modification of a base in the nucleotide of the siRNA or ACO; 4) at least one nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence of the siRNA or ACO being a BNA, LNA, GNA or PNA, and 5) at least one nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence of the ACO being a DNA.
[0101] The chemical modification described herein is well-known to those skilled in the art, and the modification of the phosphodiester bond refers to the modification of oxygen in the phosphodiester bond, including PS modification and boranophosphate modification. The modifications disclosed herein stabilize the siRNA structure, maintaining high specificity and high affinity for base pairing. The modifications disclosed herein also stabilize an ACO structure and maintain its delivering accessory properties including bioavailability, biodistribution, and / or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide agent in various tissues prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, cerebrum, spinal cord (e.g., cervical, thoracic, lumbar) , muscle, lung, eye, liver, and kidney.
[0102] In some embodiments, the chemical modification is to substitute the phosphodiester bond with PS bond on the backbone of the nucleotide sequence of the oligonucleotide agent disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent disclosed herein comprises at least one PS backbone modification. In some embodiments, the ACO comprises at least one PS backbone modification. In some embodiments, the ACO comprises 6-17 PS backbone modifications.
[0103] In some embodiments, the siRNA or ACO of the present application includes at least one chemically modified nucleotide which is modified at 2'-OH in pentose of a nucleotide, i.e., the introduction of certain substituents at the hydroxyl position of the ribose, such as 2'-fluoro modification, 2'-oxymethyl modification, 2'-oxyethylidene methoxy modification, 2, 4'-dinitrophenol modification, LNA, 2'-amino modification or 2'-deoxy modification, e.g., a 2’ -deoxy-2’ -fluoro modified nucleotide, a 2’ -deoxy-modified nucleotide.
[0104] In some embodiments, the siRNA or ACO of the present application includes at least one chemically modified nucleotide which is modified at the base of the nucleotide, e.g., 5-bromouracil modification, 5-iodouracil modification, N-methyluracil modification, or 2, 6-diaminopurine modification.
[0105] In some embodiments, the chemical modification of the siRNA or ACO is an addition of a (E)‐vinylphosphonate moiety at the 5’ end of the sense or antisense sequence. In some embodiments, the chemical modification of the at least one chemically modified nucleotide is an addition of a 5-methyl cytosine moiety at the 5’ end of the sense or antisense sequence.
[0106] In some embodiments, the siRNA or ACO of the present application includes at least one nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence of the siRNA / ACO being a chemically modified nucleic acid, e.g., a LNA, an abasic nucleotide, a GNA, a morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, and a non-natural base comprising nucleotide. In some embodiments, the siRNA disclosed herein includes an “endo-light” modification with 2’ -O-methyl modified nucleotides and nucleotides comprising a 5’ -phosphorothioate group.
[0107] In some embodiments, the siRNA or ACO of the present application is chemically modified to enhance stability or other beneficial characteristics. The nucleic acids featured in the present application may be synthesized and / or modified by conventional methods, such as those described in “Current protocols in nucleic acid chemistry, ” Beaucage, S. L. et al. (Edrs. ) , John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., USA, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Modifications include, for example, (a) end modifications, e.g., 5’ end modifications (phosphorylation, conjugation, inverted linkages, etc. ) 3’ end modifications (conjugation, DNA nucleotides, inverted linkages, etc. ) , (b) base modifications, e.g., replacement with stabilizing bases, destabilizing bases, or bases that base pair with an expanded repertoire of partners, removal of bases (abasic nucleotides) , or conjugated bases, (c) sugar modifications (e.g., at the 2’ position or 4’ position) or replacement of the sugar, as well as (d) backbone modifications, including modification or replacement of the phosphodiester linkages. Specific examples of siRNA molecules that can be used in this present application include but are not limited to RNAs containing modified backbones or no natural internucleoside linkages. In some embodiments, RNAs having modified backbones include, among others, those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. In some embodiments, modified RNAs that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be oligonucleosides. In some embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide will have a phosphorus atom in its internucleoside backbone.
[0108] Modified oligonucleotide backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3’ -alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3’ -amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3’ -5’ linkages, 2’ -5’ linked analogs of these, and those) having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3’ -5’ to 5’ -3’ or 2’ -5’ to 5’ -2’ . Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.
[0109] In some embodiments, the siRNA or the ACO is composed of one or more of RNA, DNA, BNA, LNA, GNA or PNA.
[0110] In certain embodiments, the sense strand of the siRNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%) identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; and the antisense strand of the siRNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%) identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0111] In certain embodiments, the sense strand of the siRNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%) identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; and the antisense strand of the siRNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%) identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
[0112] In some embodiments, the ACO comprises at least a PS, mesyl phosphoramidate or boranophosphate backbone bond between two adjacent nucleotides. In some embodiments, at least one backbone bond, such as at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%or all the backbone bonds of the ACO are selected from the group consisting of PS, mesyl phosphoramidate and boranophosphate bond.
[0113] In certain embodiments, the ACO comprises a chemically modified nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%) identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25.Covalent Linkage
[0114] Aspects of the present application include an oligonucleotide agent comprising a double stranded targeting oligonucleotide (i.e., siRNA) and an ACO that are covalently linked.
[0115] In some embodiments, any of the oligonucleotides in the oligonucleotide agent of the present application includes a linking component. In some embodiments, a siRNA and a ACO are covalently linked by a linking component. In some embodiments, the siRNA and the ACO are linked with a covalent linker. Various combinations of strands can be linked, e.g., the first and second siRNA sense strands are covalently linked or, e.g., the first and second siRNA antisense strands are covalently linked.
[0116] In some embodiments, the sense strand of the siRNA is covalently linked to the ACO. In some embodiments, the antisense strand of the siRNA is covalently linked to the ACO. In some embodiments, the ACO is covalently linked to the 3’ end, or the 5’ end, or both the 3’ and 5’ ends of the sense strand of the siRNA. In some embodiments, the ACO is covalently linked to the 3’ end, or the 5’ end, or both the 3’ and 5’ ends of the antisense strand of the siRNA. In some embodiments, more than one ACO is covalently linked to a siRNA. In some embodiments, 2-10 ACOs are covalently linked to the siRNA. In some embodiments, more than one siRNA is covalently linked to an ACO. In some embodiments, 2-10 siRNAs are covalently linked to an ACO.
[0117] In some embodiments, the ACO is conjugated to a linking component. In some embodiments, the 5’ end or the 3’ end of the ACO is conjugated to a linking component. In some embodiments, the siRNA and the ACO are covalently linked by a linking component. In some embodiments, the sense strand or the antisense strand of the siRNA are covalently linked to the ACO by a linking component.
[0118] Linkers typically comprise a direct bond or an atom such as oxygen or sulfur, a unit such as NR1, C (O) , C (O) O, C (O) NR1, SO, SO2, SO2NH or a chain of atoms, such as substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylalkenyl, heterocyclylalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylarylalkyl, alkylarylalkenyl, alkylarylalkynyl, alkenylarylalkyl, alkenylarylalkenyl, alkenylarylalkynyl, alkynylarylalkyl, alkynylarylalkenyl, alkynylarylalkynyl, alkylheteroarylalkyl, alkylheteroarylalkenyl, alkylheteroarylalkynyl, alkenylheteroarylalkyl, alkenylheteroarylalkenyl, alkenylheteroarylalkynyl, alkynylheteroarylalkyl, alkynylheteroarylalkenyl, alkynylheteroarylalkynyl, alkylheterocyclylalkyl, alkylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkylhererocyclylalkynyl, alkenylheterocyclylalkyl, alkenylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkenylheterocyclylalkynyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkynyl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, alkynylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylheteroaryl, alkynylhereroaryl, where one or more methylenes can be interrupted or terminated by O, S, S (O) , SO2, N (R') 2, C (O) , cleavable linking group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic; where R1 is hydrogen, acyl, aliphatic or substituted aliphatic.
[0119] Without limitations, various types of linker functionality can be included in the subject conjugates, including but not limited to cleavable linkers, and non-cleavable linkers, as well as reversible linkers and irreversible linkers.
[0120] In some embodiments, the linker is a cleavable linker. Cleavable linkers are those that rely on processes inside a target cell to liberate the two parts the linker is holding together, e.g., the ACO and the siRNA, as reduction in the cytoplasm, exposure to acidic conditions in a lysosome or endosome, or cleavage by specific enzymes (e.g., proteases) within the cell. As such, cleavable linkers allow the siRNA to be released in its original form after the conjugate has been internalized and processed inside a target cell. Cleavable linkers include, but are not limited to, those whose bonds can be cleaved by enzymes (e.g., peptide linkers) ; reducing conditions (e.g., disulfide linkers) ; or acidic conditions (e.g., hydrazones and carbonates) .
[0121] In some embodiments, the linking component is selected from one or more of ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, a peptide, RNA, DNA, carbohydrates, thiol linkage, a phosphodiester, a phosphorothioate, a phosphoramidate, an amide, and a carbamate. In some embodiments, the linking component includes, but is not limited to: Spacer phosphoramidite 18 (1, 1-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-hexaoxanonadecan-19-yl 2-cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropylphosphoramidite) ; Spacer-9 (3- [2- [2- [2- [bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -phenylmethoxy] ethoxy] ethoxy] ethoxy- [di (propan-2-yl) amino] phosphanyl] oxypropanenitrile) ; Spacer phosphoramidite C3 (6- (4, 4'-dimethoxytrityl) hexyl-1- [ (2-cyanoethyl) - (N, N-diisopropyl) ] -phosphoramidite) ; Spacer-C6 Phosphoramidite (6- (4, 4'-dimethoxytrityl) hexyl-1- [ (2-cyanoethyl) - (N, N-diisopropyl) ] -phosphoramidite) ; and Divalent linker (DIO) 16- ( (bis (4-methoxyphenyl) (phenyl) methoxy) methyl) -1, 1-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -18-oxo-1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-hexaoxahenicosan-CPG. In some embodiments, the linking component comprises a compound structure shown in Table A.
[0122] In some embodiments, the linking component is Spacer phosphoramidite 18 (1, 1-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-hexaoxanonadecan-19-yl 2-cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropylphosphoramidite) . Table A. Linkers can be used in the oligonucleotide agent
[0123] In some embodiments, the siRNA and the ACO are covalently linked by a phosphodiester bond. In some embodiments, the siRNA and the ACO are covalently linked by a phosphorothioate bond.
[0124] In some embodiments, the siRNA comprises a sense strand that is covalently linked to the ACO. In some embodiments, the siRNA comprises an antisense strand that is covalently linked to the ACO.
[0125] In some embodiments, the siRNA and the ACO are covalently linked by one or more nucleotides.
[0126] Non-limiting examples of covalent linkers can be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.: 20200332292, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The covalent linker can join the siRNA and the ACO.
[0127] In some embodiments, the covalent linker includes RNA and / or DNA and / or a peptide. The linker can be single stranded, double stranded, partially single stranded, or partially double stranded. In some embodiments the linker includes a disulfide bond. The linker can be cleavable or non-cleavable.
[0128] In some embodiments, the covalent linker includes a disulfide bond, optionally a bis-hexyl-disulfide linker. In one embodiment, the disulfide linker is
[0129] In some embodiments, the covalent linker includes a peptide bond, e.g., include amino acids. In one embodiment, the covalent linker is a 1-10 amino acid long linker, preferably comprising 4-5 amino acids, optionally X-Gly-Phe-Gly-Y wherein X and Y represent any amino acid.
[0130] In some embodiments, the covalent linker includes HEG, a hexaethylenglycol linker.ODV-siRNA oligonucleotide agent
[0131] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent decreases the expression of a SOD1 gene or SOD1 protein, and inhibits the formation of SGs. Administration of the oligonucleotide agent to a patient treats or delays the onset of ALS, such as fALS or sALS or Leu Lou Gehrig's disease. In some embodiments, the described oligonucleotide agent decreases the amount of SOD1 protein by, for example, downregulating SOD1 transcript level or decrease the amount of full-length SOD1 mRNA. In some embodiments, SOD1 mRNA is decreased by at least 10% (e.g., at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%) . In some embodiments, SOD1 mRNA is decreased by at least 80%. In some embodiments, SOD1 protein is decreased in an amount sufficient to attenuate the symptoms associated with ALS. In some embodiments, SOD1 protein is decreased by at least 10% (e.g., at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%) . In some embodiments, SOD1 protein is decreased by at least 80%.
[0132] In some embodiments, the SOD1 gene or mRNA disclosed herein contains at least one nucleotide mutation. In some embodiments, the SOD1 mRNA disclosed herein contains at least one nucleotide mutation upper stream and / or downstream the targeting site of the siRNA. For example, the mutation in the SOD1 gene or mRNA is one or more selected from the group consisting of: p. Gly42Asp, p. Asn87Ser, p. Gly142Ala, p. Ser106Leu, p. His49Arg, p. D90A, p. A4V, p. H43R, p. L84V, p. G85R, p. N86S, p. G93A, p. G93C, p. D90A, p. H46R, p. E100K, p. E100G, p. A89V, p. L84F, p. L84V, p. D76V, p. G37R, and p. G10V. In some embodiments, the SOD1 mRNA disclosed herein contains at least one nucleotide mutation on the targeting site of the siRNA.
[0133] In some embodiments, the SOD1 gene or mRNA disclosed herein does not contain any nucleotide mutation.
[0134] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent that decreases the expression of the SOD1 gene or SOD1 protein and the formation of SGs is a siRNA-ACO conjugate (or ODV-siRNA) . The SOD1 siRNA-ACO conjugate decreases or downregulates the expression of an SOD1 gene in a cell in which the SOD1 gene is abnormally or over expressed or normally expressed.
[0135] In typical embodiments, a first strand of the SOD1 siRNA in the oligonucleotide agent comprises a segment that has at least 75%sequence identity or sequence complementarity to a 6-60 nucleotide fragments of a select target region of the SOD1 gene thereby effecting deactivation or downregulation of expression of the gene.
[0136] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 60%(e.g., at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%) identical to the nucleotide sequences of RD-12500 whose antisense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 that has complementarity with a fragment of the ODV structured sense strand of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0137] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 60%(e.g., at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%) identical to the nucleotide sequences of RD-12293 whose antisense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 that has complementarity with a fragment the of the ODV structured sense strand of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0138] In addition, to facilitate entry of the siRNA into a cell, chemical conjugation groups other than the ACO disclosure herein may be introduced at the ends of the sense or antisense strands of the siRNA on the basis of the above modifications to facilitate action through a cell membrane composed of lipid bilayers and mRNA regions within the nuclear membrane and nucleus.
[0139] In some embodiments, siRNAs disclosed in the present application are covalently attached to one or more conjugate groups. In some embodiments, conjugate groups modify one or more properties of the attached oligonucleotide, including but not limited to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, stability, binding, absorption, tissue distribution, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance. In some embodiments, conjugate groups impart a new property on the attached oligonucleotide, e.g., fluorophores or reporter groups that enable detection of the oligonucleotide. Certain conjugate groups and conjugate moieties have been described previously, for example: for example: an ACO (WO2023280190A1 and PCT / CN2024 / 084814) , lipid (fatty acid, WO2024002046A1) , cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556) , cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1994, 4, 1053-1060) , a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1993, 3, 2765-2770) , a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538) , an aliphatic chain, e.g., do-decan-diol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO 1, 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54) , a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethyl-ammonium 1, 2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783) , a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides &Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973) , or adamantane acetic acid a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237) , an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937) , a tocopherol group (Nishina et al., Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids, 2015, 4, e220; and Nishina et al., Molecular Therapy, 2008, 16, 734-740) , or a GalNAc cluster (e.g., WO2024002046A1) .
[0140] In some embodiments, the siRNA of the present application relates to the sense strand or the antisense strand of the siRNA that is conjugated to one or more conjugation groups selected from: intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, peptides, carbohydrates, vitamin moieties, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, fluorophores, and dyes.
[0141] In some embodiments, a conjugate group comprises an active drug substance, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fen-bufen, ketoprofen, (S) - (+) -pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid, fingolimod, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indo-methicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.
[0142] In some embodiments, the siRNA of the present application is conjugated to one or more conjugation groups selected from: a lipid, a fatty acid, a fluorophore, a ligand, a saccharide, a peptide, and an antibody.
[0143] In some embodiments, the siRNA of the present application relates to the sense strand or the antisense strand of the siRNA that is conjugated to one or more conjugation groups selected from a cell-penetrating peptide, polyethylene glycol, an alkaloid, a tryptamine, a benzimidazole, a quinolone, an amino acid, a cholesterol, glucose and N-acetylgalactosamine.
[0144] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents further comprise at least one ACO conjugated with the oligonucleotide agents. The term “ACO” herein means a non-targeting single-stranded oligonucleotide having at least 6 nucleotides with or without one or more linker moieties conjugated to another oligonucleotide. The ACO component is not designed to specifically target any complementary nucleic acid sequence in the subject to be administered to. The ACO component can be chemically-modified on its backbone, nucleoside or other positions, e.g., a PS, mesyl phosphoramidate or boranophosphate backbone, a 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxynucleoside (2′-F) , a 2′-O-methyl (2′-O-Me) , a 2′-O- (2-methoxyethyl) (2′-O-MOE) , LNA, BNA, PNA, 5’ -(E) ‐vinylphosphonate moiety, 5-methyl cytosine moiety, etc., to impart physiochemical properties conducive to improve the oligonucleotide (s) ’ bioavailability and delivery. Covalent linker moieties can be natural or unnatural nucleotides, ethylglycol, carbohydrates, alkyl chains, or any other linker used to covalently connect any two oligonucleotides positioned on the 3’ -or 5’ -terminus of one or both of the strands within the oligonucleotide agent. ACO may be described and prepared according to those disclosed in WO2023280190A1, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0145] In some embodiments, the siRNA conjugated to one or more conjugation groups disclosed in the embodiments is directly contacted, transferred, delivered or administrated to a cell or a subject.Cell comprising siRNA
[0146] After contacting a cell, the oligonucleotide agent disclosed herein can effectively inhibit or downregulate the expression of SOD1 gene in a cell, for example downregulate the expression by at least 10% (e.g., as compared to baseline level of SOD1 transcript) .
[0147] In some embodiments, the present application relates to a cell comprising the oligonucleotide agent disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a human cell, such as a human cell in various tissues including prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord (e.g., cervical, thoracic, lumbar) , muscle, liver, and kidney.
[0148] The cell disclosed herein may be in vitro, or ex vivo, such as a cell line or a cell strain, or may exist in a mammalian body, such as a human body. The human body disclosed herein is a subject suffering from a disease or symptom caused by a SOD1 gene mutation, abnormal SOD1 mRNA level, overexpression of SOD1 protein, and / or abnormal SG formation in CNS.
[0149] In some embodiments, the SOD1 gene or mRNA in the cell contains at least one nucleotide mutation. In some embodiments, the SOD1 mRNA of the cell contains at least one nucleotide mutation upper stream and / or downstream the targeting site of the siRNA. For example, the mutation in the SOD1 gene or mRNA is one or more selected from the group consisting of: p. Gly42Asp, p. Asn87Ser, p. Gly142Ala, p. Ser106Leu, p. His49Arg, p. D90A, p. A4V, p. H43R, p. L84V, p. G85R, p. N86S, p. G93A, p. G93C, p. D90A, p. H46R, p. E100K, p. E100G, p. A89V, p. L84F, p. L84V, p. D76V, p. G37R, and p. G10V. In some embodiments, the SOD1 mRNA in the cell contains at least one nucleotide mutation on the targeting site of the siRNA.
[0150] In some embodiments, the SOD1 gene or mRNA in the cell does not contain any nucleotide mutation. In some embodiments, the cell comprises one or more mutations in C9orf72, TARDBP / TDP-43, FUS / TLS, SETX, SPG11, VAPB, ANG, FIG4, OPTN, ATXN2, STMN2, UBQLN2, SIGMAR1, CHMP2B, PFN1, ERBB4, MATR3, NEFH, DCTN1 and VCP gene.
[0151] In some embodiments, the cell is from a CNS tissue of a subject suffering from ALS. In some embodiments, the cell is from a subject suffering from ALS. In some embodiments, the cell is from a subject suffering from a SOD1 mutant ALS. In some embodiments, the cell is from a subject suffering from a non-SOD1 mutant ALS.Composition comprising siRNA
[0152] Another aspect of the present application provides a composition or pharmaceutical composition capable of downregulated the level of SOD1 mRNA transcript by the mechanism of action (MoA) of RNA interference, comprising the oligonucleotide agent disclosed herein, to treat or prevent onset of ALS. In some embodiments, the ALS is a SOD1 mutant ALS. In some embodiments, the ALS is a non-SOD1 mutant ALS.
[0153] In some embodiments, the present application relates to a composition or pharmaceutical composition comprising the siRNA of the present application.
[0154] In some embodiments, the present application relates to a composition or pharmaceutical composition comprising siRNA and the ACO as described herein. In some embodiments, the present application relates to a composition or pharmaceutical composition comprising the siRNA and the ACO covalently linked by a linking component as described herein.
[0155] In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes one or more of an aqueous carrier, liposome or LNP, polymer, micelle, colloid, metal nanoparticle, non-metallic nanoparticle, bioconjugates (e.g., GalNAc) , and polypeptide. In one embodiment, the aqueous carrier may be, for example, RNase-free water, or RNase-free buffer. The composition may contain 1-150 nM, for example 1-100 nM, for example 1-50 nM, for example 1-20 nM, for example 10-100 nM, 10-50 nM, 20-50 nM, 20-100 nM, for example 50 nM of the oligonucleotide agent or nucleic acid encoding full-length or partial of the oligonucleotide agent according to the present application.
[0156] In some embodiments, the composition comprises 1-150 nM of the oligonucleotide agent of the present application.
[0157] Another embodiment provides pharmaceutical compositions or medicaments comprising the oligonucleotide agent of the present application and a therapeutically inert carrier, diluent or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, as well as methods of using the oligonucleotide agent of the present application to prepare such compositions and medicaments.
[0158] A typical formulation is prepared by mixing an agent of the present application and a carrier or excipient. Suitable carriers and excipients are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in detail in, e.g., Ansel H. C. et al., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (2004) Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia; Gennaro A. R. et al., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (2000) Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia; and Rowe R. C, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (2005) Pharmaceutical Press, Chicago. The formulations may also include one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents, diluents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., an agent of the present application or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament) .
[0159] Compositions of the present application are formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
[0160] For the oligonucleotide agent compositions of the present application, the delivery can be optionally through parenteral infusions including IT, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intravesical, ICV, intravitreal or subcutaneous administration; or through oral administration, intranasal administration, inhaled administration, vaginal administration, or rectal administration.
[0161] In another aspect, the application provides use of the oligonucleotide agent, according to any one of the embodiments described herein, or a composition according to any one of the embodiments described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of gene or protein-related condition in an individual. The use according to certain embodiments, the condition can include a SOD1 related condition that comprises ALS, AD, PD and / or DS. In some embodiments, the condition is not caused by SOD1 mutation. In some embodiments, the condition is caused by such as C9orf72, TARDBP / TDP-43, FUS / TLS, SETX, SPG11, VAPB, ANG, FIG4, OPTN, ATXN2, STMN2, UBQLN2, SIGMAR1, CHMP2B, PFN1, ERBB4, MATR3, NEFH, DCTN1 and VCP gene. Also provided is the use according to certain embodiments wherein the individual is a mammal, preferably a human.Kits
[0162] In another aspect, any of the compositions described herein can be provided in one or more kits, optionally including instructions for use of the compositions. That is, the kit can include a description of use of an oligonucleotide agent or composition or pharmaceutical composition in any method described herein. A "kit, " as used herein, typically defines a package, assembly, or container (such as an insulated container) including one or more of the components or embodiments of the application, and / or other components associated with the application, for example, as previously described. Any of the antes or components of the kit may be provided in liquid form (e.g., in solution) , or in solid form (e.g., a dried powder, frozen, etc. ) .
[0163] In some cases, the kit includes one or more components, which may be within the same or in two or more receptacles, and / or in any combination thereof. The receptacle is able to contain a liquid, and non-limiting examples include bottles, vials, jars, tubes, flasks, beakers, or the like. In some cases, the receptacle is spill-proof (when closed, liquid cannot exit the receptacle, regardless of orientation of the receptacle) .
[0164] Examples of other compositions or components associated with the agents, compounds and methods described herein include, but are not limited to: diluents, salts, buffers, chelating agents, preservatives, drying agents, antimicrobials, needles, syringes, packaging materials, tubes, bottles, flasks, beakers, and the like, for example, for using, modifying, assembling, storing, packaging, preparing, mixing, diluting, and / or preserving the components for a particular use. In embodiments where liquid forms of any of the components are used, the liquid form may be concentrated or ready to use.
[0165] In additional embodiments, a kit can include instructions or instructions to a website or other source in any form that are provided for using the kit in connection with the components and / or methods described herein. For instance, the instructions may include instructions for the use, modification, mixing, diluting, preserving, assembly, storage, packaging, and / or preparation of the components and / or other components associated with the kit. In some cases, the instructions may also include instructions for the delivery of the components, for example, for shipping or storage at room temperature, sub-zero temperatures, cryogenic temperatures, etc. The instructions may be provided in any form that is useful to the user of the kit, such as written or oral (e.g., telephonic) , digital, optical, visual (e.g., videotape, DVD, etc. ) and / or electronic communications (including Internet or web-based communications) , provided in any manner.Method of treatment
[0166] Another aspect of the present application relates to the oligonucleotide agents of the present application being used in therapeutic approaches to treating ALS.
[0167] By non-limiting embodiments, the present application provides a method of decreasing the transcript level of a SOD1 gene or SOD1 protein and / or of reducing the formation of SGs, comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
[0168] In some embodiments, the present application relates to a method for treating or delaying the onset or progression of ALS in a subject, the method comprising: administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
[0169] In some embodiments, the subject has sALS. In some embodiments, the subject has fALS. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition decreases the transcript of the SOD1 gene or SOD1 protein.
[0170] In some embodiments, the ALS is a SOD1 mutant ALS. In some embodiments, the mutation in SOD1 is one or more selected from the group consisting of: p. Gly42Asp, p. Asn87Ser, p. Gly142Ala, p. Ser106Leu, p. His49Arg, p. D90A, p. A4V, p. H43R, p. L84V, p. G85R, p. N86S, p. G93A, p. G93C, p. D90A, p. H46R, p. E100K, p. E100G, p. A89V, p. L84F, p. L84V, p. D76V, p. G37R, and p. G10.
[0171] In some embodiments, the ALS is a non-SOD1 mutant ALS, including but not limited to C9orf72 mutant ALS, TDP43 mutant ALS, FUS / TLS mutant ALS. In some embodiments, the ALS is a ALS subtype with one or more mutations in one or more genes selected from C9orf72, TARDBP / TDP-43, FUS / TLS, SETX, SPG11, VAPB, ANG, FIG4, OPTN, ATXN2, STMN2, UBQLN2, SIGMAR1, CHMP2B, PFN1, ERBB4, MATR3, NEFH, DCTN1 and VCP gene.
[0172] In some embodiments, the ACO of the oligonucleotide agent improves the stability, bioavailability, biodistribution, and / or cellular uptake of the siRNA as compared to an oligonucleotide agent without the ACO.
[0173] In some embodiments, the ACO of the oligonucleotide agent increases the biodistribution of siRNA within one or more target tissues as compared to an oligonucleotide agent without the ACO.
[0174] In some embodiments, the ACO of the oligonucleotide agent increases the biodistribution of siRNA within two or more target tissues as compared to an oligonucleotide agent without the ACO.
[0175] In some embodiments, one or more target tissues is selected from: prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, cerebrum, spinal cord, muscle, lung, eye, liver, and kidney.
[0176] In some embodiments, the method and oligonucleotide agent of the present application achieves a decrease in full-length SOD1 protein and a decrease SG formation that are less than those achieved by administration of the same amount of double stranded oligonucleotide such as a siRNA substance without an ODV structure used individually, with higher potency, reduced toxicity, or unwanted side effects. In some embodiments, the method and oligonucleotide agent of the present application achieves a decrease in full-length SOD1 protein and a decrease in SG that is less than the additive effect of treatment with the same amount of the siRNA used individually.
[0177] Specifically, the method and oligonucleotide agent of the present application inhibit / down-regulate the SOD1 mRNA transcript by at least 10% (e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or about 100%as compared to baseline SOD1 mRNA transcript) . In some embodiments, upon administering the oligonucleotide agent disclosed in the embodiments, e.g., to a cell or a subject, the SOD1 mRNA transcript is inhibited / downregulated by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 77%, 79%, 81%, 84%, 85%, and 88%at 10 nM treatment compared to baseline SOD1 mRNA transcript in control group) in an in vitro cell line. In some embodiments, an oligonucleotide agent inhibits or downregulates the SOD1 mRNA transcript by about 80%.
[0178] Specifically, the method and oligonucleotide agent of the present application inhibit / decrease the formation, size and / or amounts of SGs by at least 10% (e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or about 100%as compared to baseline SG formation, size and / or amounts) . In some embodiments, upon administering the oligonucleotide agent disclosed in the embodiments, e.g., to a cell or a subject, the SG formation, size and / or amounts is reduced by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 77%, 79%, 81%, 84%, 85%, and 88%at 10 nM treatment compared to baseline SG formation, size and / or amounts in control group) in an in vitro cell line.
[0179] In some embodiments, the expression of SOD1 gene is inhibited / downregulated by administering the oligonucleotide agent disclosed in the embodiments to a cell, either comprising mutated SOD1 gene or not, at a concentration of at least 0.01 nM, e.g., 0.02 nM, 0.05 nM, 0.08 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.2 nM, 0.3 nM, 0.4 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.6 nM, 0.8 nM, 1 nM, 5 nM, 10 nM, 25 nM, 50 nM, 75 nM, 100 nM, or 150 nM. In some embodiments, the SOD1 gene coded protein (SOD1 protein) is inhibited / downregulated by administering the oligonucleotide agent disclosed in the embodiments, e.g., to a cell or a subject. The knockdown of the SOD1 protein by at least at least 10% (e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or about 100%, as compared to baseline expression of the SOD1 protein) . In some embodiments, an oligonucleotide agent inhibits or downregulates the expression of the SOD1 protein by about 80%. In some embodiments, the SOD1 protein is inhibited / down-regulated by administering the oligonucleotide agent disclosed in the embodiments to a cell at a concentration of at least 0.01 nM, e.g., 0.02 nM, 0.05 nM, 0.08 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.2 nM, 0.3 nM, 0.4 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.6 nM, 0.8 nM, 1 nM, 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM, 5 nM, 10 nM, 25 nM, 50 nM, 75 nM, 100 nM, or 150 nM.
[0180] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agents disclosed in the embodiments have a dose-dependent treatment effect. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent knockdown the SOD1 mRNA transcript in cells, either comprising mutated SOD1 gene or not, with an IC50 of less than 10 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, 0.8 nM, 0.6 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, 0.3 nM, 0.2 nM. 0.1 nM, 0.08 nM, 0.06 nM, 0.04 nM, 0.02 nM, 0.01 nM, 0.008 nM, or 0.005 nM.
[0181] In any of the embodiments provided herein, such cells may be ex vivo, such as cell lines, and the like, or may be present in mammalian bodies, such as humans. In some embodiments, cell or subject is one with one or more mutations in SOD1 gene or without SOD1 gene mutation.
[0182] Another aspect of the present application relates administering an effective mount of the oligonucleotide agent or the composition to an individual using administration pathway as described herein. In some embodiments, the administration pathway is selected from one or more of: parenteral infusions, oral administration, intranasal administration, inhaled administration, vaginal administration, and rectal administration. In some embodiments, the administration pathway is selected from one or more of: ICV and / or IT injections, intrathecal, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, intravesical, intravitreal and subcutaneous administration.Dose regimen and route of administration
[0183] Aspects of the present application relate to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the oligonucleotide agent of the present application and a method for treatment of ALS by administering the same. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the oligonucleotide agent of the present application and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a therapeutically inert carrier, diluent or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein is to be developed into a medicament preventing or treating ALS.
[0184] Aspects of the present application also relate to methods of treating ALS by administering the oligonucleotide agents of the present application. In some embodiments, the ALS is a SOD1 mutant ALS. In some embodiments, the ALS is caused by one or more mutations in SOD1 gene, such as but not limited to one or more mutations selected from p. Gly42Asp, p. Asn87Ser, p. Gly142Ala, p. Ser106Leu, p. His49Arg, p. D90A, p. A4V, p. H43R, p. L84V, p. G85R, p. N86S, p. G93A, p. G93C, p. D90A, p. H46R, p. E100K, p. E100G, p. A89V, p. L84F, p. L84V, p. D76V, p. G37R, and p. G10V. In some embodiments, the ALS is a non-SOD1 mutant ALS, such as but not limited to an ALS caused by one or more mutations in one or more genes selected from C9orf72, TARDBP / TDP-43, FUS / TLS, SETX, SPG11, VAPB, ANG, FIG4, OPTN, ATXN2, STMN2, UBQLN2, SIGMAR1, CHMP2B, PFN1, ERBB4, MATR3, NEFH, DCTN1 and VCP gene.
[0185] Another aspect of the present application relates to use of the oligonucleotide agent of the present application in manufacturing the pharmaceutical composition for treating ALS disclosed herein.
[0186] The dosage at which the oligonucleotide agents or compositions of the present application can be administered can vary within wide limits and will be fitted to the individual requirements in each case. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent according to the present application is administered at a low starting dose and then at gradually increased dose (s) until reaching a maximum tolerant dose. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent according to the present application is administered at a high loading / starting dose which not exceeding the MTD and then at gradually increased dose (s) until reaching a maximum tolerant dose.
[0187] The single dose of the oligonucleotide agent can be a single dose to a subject (e.g., a patient suffering from ALS) ranging from 0.01 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg for example, about 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30 mg / kg. The doses described herein may contain two or more of any of the oligonucleotide agent sequences described herein.
[0188] The single dose of the oligonucleotide agent can be a single dose to a subject (e.g., a patient suffering from ALS) ranging from 40 mg to 200 mg, for example, about 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200 mg oligonucleotide agent per dose or any range. The doses described herein may contain two or more of any of the oligonucleotide agent sequences described herein.
[0189] In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent is administered at fixed intervals or unequaled intervals, such as once 7 days, once 14 days, once 21 days, once 28 days, once 35 days, once 42 days, once 56 days, once a week, once two weeks, once three weeks, once 1 month, once 2 months, once 3 months, once 4 months, once 5 months or once 6 months, or any combinations thereof.
[0190] To facilitate the administration, doses of the oligonucleotide agent are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder, or water-free concentrate, in a hermetically sealed container, such as an ampoule or sachet, indicating the quantity of active agent.
[0191] In some embodiments, the proposed dose frequency is approximate and may be adjusted according to need. For example, in some embodiments, if the proposed dose frequency is a dose at day 1 and a second dose at day 15, an ALS patient may receive a second dose 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 days after receipt of the first dose. In some embodiments, if the proposed dose frequency is a dose at day 1 and a second dose at day 85, an ALS patient may receive a second dose 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, or 90 days after receipt of the first dose.
[0192] In some embodiments, the dose and / or the volume of the injection will be adjusted based on the subject's age, the subject's body weight, and / or other factors that may require adjustment of the parameters of the injection.
[0193] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprise a co-solvent system. Certain of such co-solvent systems comprise, for example, benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase. In some embodiments, such co-solvent systems are used for hydrophobic compounds. A non-limiting example of such a co-solvent system is the VPD co-solvent system, which is a solution of absolute ethanol comprising 3%w / v benzyl alcohol, 8%w / v of the nonpolar surfactant Polysorbate 80 and 65%w / v polyethylene glycol 300. The proportions of such co-solvent systems may vary considerably without significantly altering their solubility and toxicity characteristics. Furthermore, the identity of co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other surfactants may be used instead of Polysorbate 80 ; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose.
[0194] Examples of other compositions or components associated with the oligonucleotide agent, compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods described herein include, but are not limited to: diluents, salts, buffers, chelating agents, preservatives, drying agents, antimicrobials, needles, syringes, packaging materials, tubes, bottles, flasks, beakers, and the like, for example, for using, modifying, assembling, storing, packaging, preparing, mixing, diluting, and / or preserving the components for a particular use. In embodiments where liquid forms of any of the components are used, the liquid form may be concentrated or ready to use.
[0195] In some embodiments, lipid moieties used in nucleic acid therapies can be applied in the present application for delivery of the oligonucleotide agent molecules disclosed herein. In such methods, the nucleic acid (e.g., one or more oligonucleotide agents described herein) is introduced into preformed liposomes or lipoplexes made of mixtures of cationic lipids and neutral lipids. In certain methods, oligonucleotide agent complexes with mono-or poly-cationic lipids are formed without the presence of a neutral lipid. In some embodiments, a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to a particular cell or tissue. In some embodiments, a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to fat tissue. In some embodiments, a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to muscle tissue.
[0196] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprise a delivery system. Examples of delivery systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes and emulsions. Certain delivery systems are useful for preparing certain pharmaceutical compositions including those comprising hydrophobic compounds. In some embodiments, certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide are used.
[0197] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprise one or more tissue-specific delivery molecules designed to deliver the one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present application to specific tissues or cell types. For example, in some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions include liposomes coated with a tissue-specific antibody.
[0198] Preparations, pharmaceutical compositions, or medicaments of the present disclosure are formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual subject, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
[0199] For the preparations, pharmaceutical compositions, or medicaments of the present disclosure, the delivery can be optionally through parenteral infusions including IT, ICV, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, intravesical, intravitreal or subcutaneous administration; or through oral administration, intranasal administration, inhaled administration, vaginal administration, or rectal administration.
[0200] A typical formulation of the oligonucleotide modulator in the present disclosure is prepared by mixing a siRNA of the present disclosure and a carrier or excipient. Suitable carriers and excipients are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in detail in, e.g., Ansel H. C. et al., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (2004) Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia; Gennaro A. R. et al., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (2000) Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia; and Rowe R. C, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (2005) Pharmaceutical Press, Chicago. The formulations may also include one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents, diluents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a siRNA of the present disclosure or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament) .
[0201] In some embodiments, the administration routes and dosing regimens disclosed herein can be applied to the treatment of SOD1 mutant ALS or non-SOD1 mutant ALS in a subject. In some embodiments, the administration routes and / or the dosing regimens for the treatment of SOD1 mutant ALS and for the treatment of non-SOD1 mutant ALS in a subject are identical or different.
[0202] In some embodiments, the subject suffering from ALS to be treated with the method, administration routes and / or the regimens disclosed herein is a mammal, such as a human, a non-human, such as a primate, a livestock or a pet. In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from sALS or fALS. In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from an ALS with or caused abnormal formation of SGs. In some embodiments, the subject suffering from ALS has a SOD1 mutant characterized in one or more mutations in SOD1 gene which lead to the ALS. In some embodiments, the subject suffering from ALS does not have any mutation in SOD1 gene or is not caused by SOD1 gene mutation (s) .Exemplary Embodiments
[0203] The present application provides the following particular embodiments: 1. A method for the treatment of ALS in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises the step of administering the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an oligonucleotide agent or a medicament comprising the oligonucleotide agent, wherein the oligonucleotide agent comprises (i) a siRNA targeting a selected region of SOD1 gene having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and capable of inhibiting the expression of SOD1 gene; and (ii) a non-targeting single-stranded ACO that is covalently tethered to the siRNA to deliver the siRNA in the body of a subject. 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the siRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand forming a double stranded structure which comprises 0, 1, 2 or 3 mismatches; and / or wherein the antisense strand comprises a region of complementarity to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from the selected region of SOD1 gene; and / or wherein the sense strand comprises a region of homology to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from the selected region of SOD1 gene; and / or wherein the lengths of the sense strand and the antisense strand are independently about 16-25 nucleotides, preferably 18-24 nucleotides, more preferably 20-23, such as 20, 21, 22 or 23 nucleotides. 3. The method of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the sense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 or 18;and / or the antisense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or 19; and / or wherein the sense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 and the antisense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; or the sense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 and the antisense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. 4. The method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the ACO is composed of one or more of nucleotides selected from RNA, DNA, BNA, LNA, GNA and PNA; and / or the ACO is about 6-22 nucleotides, about 8-20, preferably 10-18 nucleotides in length, such as 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 22 nucleotides in length; and / or the ACO comprises at least 8 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20; and / or the ACO comprises at least a PS, mesyl phosphoramidate or boranophosphate backbone bond between two adjacent nucleotides. 5. The method any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein the ACO comprises a 5’ end and a 3’ end, and wherein the 5’ end or the 3’ end of the ACO is conjugated to the sense strand or the antisense strand of the siRNA directly or indirectly via a linking component; and / or the ACO is conjugated to the 5’ end and / or 3’ end and / or the internal nucleotide (s) of the sense strand or the antisense strand of the siRNA; and / or wherein at least one nucleotide, such as at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%or all the nucleotides of the sense strand, the antisense strand and / or the ACO are chemically modified nucleotides; and / or wherein at least one backbone bond, such as at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%or all the backbone bonds of the ACO are selected from the group consisting of PS, mesyl phosphoramidate and boranophosphate bond. 6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the linking component is one or more selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, an alkenyl chain, an alkynyl chain, a peptide, RNA, DNA, carbohydrates, thiol linkage, a phosphodiester, a PS, a phosphoramidate, an amide, a carbamate, a tetrazole linkage, and a benzimidazole linkage; and / or wherein the linking component is one or more selected from the group consisting of: a) Spacer phosphoramidite 18: 1, 1-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17- hexaoxanonadecan-19-yl 2-cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropylphosphoramidite; b) Spacer-9: 3- [2- [2- [2- [bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -phenylmethoxy] ethoxy] ethoxy] ethoxy- [di (propan-2-yl) amino] phosphanyl] oxypropanenitrile; c) Spacer phosphoramidite C3: 6- (4, 4'-dimethoxytrityl) hexyl-1- [ (2-cyanoethyl) - (N, N- diisopropyl) ] -phosphoramidite; d) Spacer-C6 Phosphoramidite: 6- (4, 4'-dimethoxytrityl) hexyl-1- [ (2-cyanoethyl) - (N, N- diisopropyl) ] -phosphoramidite; and e) Divalent linker (DIO) : 16- ( (bis (4-methoxyphenyl) (phenyl) methoxy) methyl) -1, 1-bis (4- methoxyphenyl) -18-oxo-1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-hexaoxahenicosan-CPG. 7. The method of embodiment 5 or 6, wherein the chemical modification of the at least one chemically modified nucleotide is independently selected from the group consisting of: a 2’ sugar modification, preferably a 2’s ugar modification selected from one or more of: 2’ - fluoro-2’ -deoxynucleoside (2’ -F) modification, 2’ -O-methyl (2’ -O-Me) modification, and 2’ -O- (2-methoxyethyl) (2′-O-MOE) modification; a base modification; a PS backbone modification, such as 6~17 PS backbone modifications; an addition of an (E) -vinylphosphonate moiety at the 5’ end of the nucleotide sequence, such as at the 5’ end of the antisense strand; and an addition of a 5-methyl cytosine moiety at the 5’ end of the nucleotide sequence. 8. The method any one of embodiments 5-7, wherein the chemically modified sense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 and / or the chemically modified antisense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; for example, wherein the chemically modified sense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 and / or the chemically modified antisense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; or the chemically modified sense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 and / or the chemically modified antisense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; for example, the chemically modified sense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 and / or the chemically modified antisense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; and / or the chemically modified ACO has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25; and / or the siRNA is conjugated to the ACO via a linking component of Spacer-9. 9. The method any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein the oligonucleotide agent comprises a sense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and an antisense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; or the oligonucleotide agent comprises a sense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and an antisense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. 10. The method any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the subject is a mammal, such as a human, a non-human primate, a livestock or a pet; and / or wherein the subject suffering from ALS has one or more mutations in the SOD1 gene which lead to the ALS; or, wherein the subject suffering from ALS does not comprise any mutation in SOD1 gene or is not caused by SOD1 gene mutation (s) ; and / or wherein the subject is suffering from sALS or fALS; and / or wherein the subject is suffering from an ALS with or caused by abnormal formation of SGs. 11. The method of any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein the subject suffering from non-SOD1 ALS comprises one or more mutations in one or more genes selected from the group consisting of C9orf72, TARDBP / TDP-43, FUS / TLS, SETX, SPG11, VAPB, ANG, FIG4, OPTN, ATXN2, STMN2, UBQLN2, SIGMAR1, CHMP2B, PFN1, ERBB4, MATR3, NEFH, DCTN1 and VCP gene, or without any mutation in any of the genes. 12. The method of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein the administration of the oligonucleotide agent is capable of inhibiting the expression of SOD1 gene, such as inhibiting the expression by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or 100%as compared to the baseline of SOD1 mRNA level; and / or the administration of the oligonucleotide agent is capable of reducing the formation or size of the SGs in cells; and / or the administration of the oligonucleotide agent is capable of improving the motor function of the subject; and / or the administration of the oligonucleotide agent is capable of prolonging the survival of the subject. 13. The method of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the oligonucleotide agent is administered in a dose of 30-210 mg per dose, such as 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 mg per dose, or 30-210 mg per dose, 60-180 mg per dose, 90-150 mg per dose; and / or wherein the oligonucleotide agent is administered at fixed intervals or unequaled intervals, such as once 7 days, once 14 days, once 28 days, once 35 days, once 42 days, once 56 days, once a week, once two weeks, once three weeks, once 1 month, once 2 months, once 3 months, once 4 months, once 5 months or once 6 months, or any combinations thereof. 14. The method of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein the method comprises the steps of: administering the subject a starting dose of the oligonucleotide agent; administering the subject one or more escalated doses of the oligonucleotide agent until reaching a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) ; and administering the subject one or more sustaining doses of the oligonucleotide agent at the MTD or at a dose between the starting dose and the MTD, preferably an optimal dose; optionally, the method is used in determining the subject-tailored dosage regimen. 15. The method of embodiment 14, wherein the starting dose of the oligonucleotide agent is about 30-90 mg, such as about 30 mg, about 60 mg or about 90 mg; and / or the escalated dose of the oligonucleotide agent is administered twice a week, once a week or once every two weeks; and / or, the escalated dosage reaches to about 150-210 mg; and / or the sustaining dose of the oligonucleotide agent is administered once every two weeks, once a month, or once two months. 16. The method of any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein the administration pathway is selected from one or more selected from the group consisting of: IT injection, ICV injection, parenteral infusions, oral administration, intranasal administration, inhaled administration, vaginal administration, and rectal administration. 17. A product for use in the treatment of ALS by the method of any one of embodiments 1-16. 18. Use of an oligonucleotide agent in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of ALS by the method of any one of embodiments 1-16.
[0204] While specific embodiments of the active substances (such as the siRNAs) , products, compositions and methods herein have been discussed, many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the claims. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations.EXAMPLES
[0205] The following examples are set forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc. ) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. Standard abbreviations may be used, e.g., bp, base pair (s) ; kb, kilobase (s) ; pl, picoliter (s) ; s or sec, second (s) ; min, minute (s) ; h or hr, hour (s) ; aa, amino acid (s) ; nt, nucleotide (s) ; i.m., intramuscular (ly) ; i.p., intraperitoneal (ly) ; s.c., subcutaneous (ly) ; i.c.v. or ICV, intracerebroventricular and the like. Example 1. in vitro effect of siRNA-ACO treatment on inhibiting SG formation
[0206] SGs contain polyadenylated mRNAs, translation initiation factors, small ribosome subunits and several RNA-binding proteins, and regulate RNA translation during stressed conditions. The formation of SGs is a protective reaction, but in conditions of chronic stress can become pathogenic. SGs are even hypothesized to act as a seeding mechanism for the pathological aggregation of proteins seen in many neurodegenerative diseases, including TDP-43 in ALS (Jonathan P Ling et al., 2015) . Numerous studies have identified SG components as having an impact on ALS pathology (Jessica Dudman et al., 2020; Desiree M Baron et al, 2013) .
[0207] To assess the effect of siRNA-ACO on inhibiting SG formation, the siRNA-ACO (RD-12500) (see Table 1) was transfected into non-SOD1 mutated T98G and AF22 cells at 5 nM for 48 hours, respectively. dsCon2 was transfected at 5 nM for 48 hours and served as a non-targeting duplex control. After 48 hours, transfected cells were treated with (+) or without (-) sodium arsenate at 0.5 mM for 60 min to induce SG formation. The quantification method for SGs is described in “Materials and Methods” section.
[0208] FIG. 1A shows the images of SGs staining with EIF3η antibody and nucleus staining with DAPI. FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C show the number of SGs per T98G cell, with the size of the individual SG ranging from 2 to 6 μm (FIG. 1B) and 0.5 to 2 μm (FIG. 1C) in diameter. FIG. 1D and FIG. 1E show the number of SG per AF22 cell, with the size of individual SG ranging from 2 to 6 μm (FIG. 1D) and 0.5 to 2 μm (FIG. 1E) in diameter. The findings indicate that siRNA-ACO is capable of significantly suppressing the formation of SGs in non-SOD1 mutant cells. This discovery could pave the way for the development of a therapeutic approach aimed at treating non-SOD1 mutant ALS patients by knocking down of SOD1 expression using siRNA-ACO, in line with the SG-associated ALS pathology hypothesis. Table 1. Oligonucleotide sequences and composition Note: n / a, not applicable; upper case, RNA; *, PS backbone modification; f, 2'-fluoro; m, 2'-O-methyl (2'-OMe) ; me, 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2’ MOE) ; VP, 5- (E) -vinylphosphonate; meC, 2'-O-methoxyethyl-5-methyl cytosine; meU, 2'-O-methoxyethyl-5-methyl uracil; S9, triethylene glycolyl, is purchased from Wuhu Huaren Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (HR-00214009, Anhui, China) ; CM-ACO, chemically modified ACO. Example 2. Knockdown activity of siRNA-ACO on SOD1 mRNA expression in T98G and AF22 cells.
[0209] To assess the knockdown activity of siRNA-ACOs on SOD1 mRNA, the indicated siRNA-ACOs (i.e., RD-12500 and RD-12293) were transfected into T98G and AF22 cells at 5 nM for 48 hours. dsCon2 served as a non-targeting duplex control. SOD1 mRNA levels were quantified via RT-qPCR.
[0210] FIGs. 2A-2B show the remaining SOD1 mRNA expression relative to dsCon2, the data of which is summarized in Table 2. The results indicate that the two siRNA-ACOs can dramatically inhibit SOD1 mRNA expression. Table 2. Knockdown activity of siRNA-ACO on SOD1 mRNA expression in T98G and AF22 cells Note: SEM represents Standard Error of the Mean. Example 3. Motor function improvement and survival prolongation in hSOD1G93A mice by siRNA-ACO treatments administrated before and after disease onset via ICV injection
[0211] To assess the efficacy of siRNA-ACO, the indicated siRNA-ACO (i.e., RD-12500, see Table 1) was tested in hSOD1G93A mice with human SOD1-G93A mutation transgene (Jackson Laboratory Stock No. 004435) . The hSOD1G93A mice manifest with typical disease onset between 90 to 100 PND and endpoint from 147 to 166 PND (Laboratory (2020) Working with ALS Mice: Guidelines for Preclinical Testing and Colony Management. ) (S. R. Pfohl et al., 2015) .
[0212] One group of female adult hSOD1G93A mice were treated twice with RD-12500 at 400 μg via ICV injection on PND 70 and PND 100, a regimen referred to as “early treatment” . Another group of female adult hSOD1G93A mice were treated twice with siRNA-ACO (i.e., RD-12500) at 400 μg via ICV injection on PND 126 and PND 151, a regimen referred to as “late treatment” . Treatment with aCSF on PND 70 and PND 100 served as vehicle control. This late treatment regimen mimics the clinical situation in which ALS patients are typically diagnosed and treated pre-symptomatically. Animal motor function was assessed by rotarod test for 5 minutes. The assessment was performed in triplicate in which the longest latency time to fall was recorded in seconds (s) for each animal.
[0213] FIG. 3A shows the latency to fall (second, s) as mean ± SEM of 10-11 animals for each group. siRNA-ACO treatments showed a longer latency to fall compared to aCSF group, especially the late treatment group. FIG. 3B shows animal survival as the percentage of survivors within each group. Compared to aCSF group, the median survival time was significantly prolonged by 161 days and 128 days for the early treatment and late treatment groups, respectively. The results indicate that even late treatment with siRNA-ACO when the mice have already had disease onset can significantly improve motor function and prolong animal survival of hSOD1G93A mice via ICV injection. Example 4. Dose-dependent knockdown activity and tissue accumulation of siRNA-ACO in different CNS tissues of cynomolgus macaques
[0214] To assess the dose-dependent knockdown activity and tissue accumulation of siRNA-ACO, the cynomolgus macaques were treated twice with siRNA-ACO (i.e., RD-12500) at indicated doses (i.e., 5, 20 and 50 mg) via IT injection on day 1 and day 15. Knockdown activity of RD-12500 on cynomolgus macaques SOD1 (Cyno SOD1) mRNA was quantified via RT-qPCR in selected CNS tissues (i.e., frontal cortex and spinal cord-lumbar) on day 22 post first dosing. Animals treated with aCSF alone served as a vehicle control.
[0215] FIGs. 4A-4B show knockdown as remaining Cyno SOD1 mRNA relative to aCSF and the concentration of RD-12500 relative to tissue sample mass (ng / g) . Both activity and tissue accumulation of RD-12500 were dose-dependent in which SOD1 mRNA inversely correlated with increasing concentrations of siRNA-ACO within the CNS tissues. Table 3 summarized the Cyno SOD1 mRNA knockdown in CNS tissues (i.e., frontal cortex and spinal cord-lumbar) following RD-12500 treatment. Table 4 summarized the RD-12500 concentration in CNS tissues following RD-12500 treatment. Drug concentrations projected to extrapolate an IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) and ED50 (median effective dose) response in CNS tissue are summarized in Table 5. The results suggest the knockdown activity and tissue accumulation of siRNA-ACO are dose-dependent, with SOD1 mRNA levels inversely correlating to increasing siRNA-ACO concentrations in CNS tissues. Table 3. Cyno SOD1 mRNA knockdown in CNS tissues following RD-12500 treatment Note: "-" represents not available. SEM represents Standard Error of the Mean. Table 4. RD-12500 concentration in CNS tissues following RD-12500 treatment Note: "-" represents not available. " / " represents not shown. SEM represents Standard Error of the Mean. Table 5. IC50 and ED50 in CNS tissue following RD-12500 treatment Example 5. siRNA-ACO decreases SOD1 protein and NfL levels in ALS patients with SOD1 mutation via IT injection
[0216] A human trial drug RD-12500 (WuXi STA, MC00655-16-C-Lyo) for an Investigator Initiated Trial (IIT) in the following examples were carried out in compliance with the regulations of the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) and the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines.
[0217] To assess the efficacy of siRNA-ACO, the siRNA-ACO (i.e., RD-12500) was administered to six ALS patients with SOD1 mutations via IT injection, with the specified dosing regimen detailed in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2. Doses of RD-12500 ranged from a minimum of 60 mg to MTD. Table 6-1 shows that the initial three doses were administered biweekly, starting from a dose of 60 mg, with dose escalation. The 4th dose was administered one month post 3rd dosing. After this induction period, an optimal dose was selected (150 or 180 mg) of the drug was given once every two months for continuous treatment, with the entire treatment period spanning 8 months. Table 6-2 shows that the initial three doses were administered biweekly, starting from a dose of 90 mg, with dose escalation. After this induction period, an optimal fixed dose (150 mg) of the drug was given once every two months for continuous treatment, with the entire treatment period spanning 7 months. Table 6-1. Dosing regimen for ALS patients Table 6-2. Dosing regimen for ALS patients
[0218] Six ALS patients with SOD1 mutations have been enrolled and have undergone dosing. Table 7 shows the demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants at baseline. Three ALS patients (Pt 0001, Pt 0002 and Pt 0003) were treated according to the dosing regimen detailed in Table 6-1, while three additional ALS patients (Pt 0005, Pt 0006 and Pt 0007) followed the treatment schedule detailed in Table 6-2. Of these, 5 patients have escalated their dosage to 150 mg per dose, while 1 patient has achieved a maximum dose of 180 mg per dose. Table 7. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants at baseline Note: Pt represents patient. M represents male, F represents female. Pt 0004 was a screen failure and was not treated.
[0219] FIGs. 5A-5D show the SOD1 protein level in the CSF and the NfL levels in the plasma of ALS patients, and the data are summarized in Table 8-1 and Table 8-2. Blood samples were collected within one hour prior to each dosing. CSF samples were collected before each dosing after successful lumbar puncture and SOD1 protein level in the CSF before the first dose served as the baseline (Day 0) of each patient. NfL level in plasma before the first dose served as the baseline (Day 0) of each patient. As shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5C, human SOD1 protein levels in CSF decreased remarkably following administration, with a peak reduction at around 75%after ≥ 4 doses. As shown in FIG. 5B and FIG. 5D, RD-12500 treatment significantly lowered plasma NfL levels, reaching 90%reduction after ≥ 4 doses. The results suggest that siRNA-ACO achieved profound knockdown of the target protein, accompanied by a significant reduction in plasma NfL levels in ALS patients. Table 8-1. Human SOD1 protein level in the CSF of ALS patients Note: " / " represents not shown. Baseline (Day 0) represents the SOD1 level in CSF collected before first dosing after successful lumbar puncture. Table 8-2. Human NfL level in the plasma of ALS patients Note: " / " represents not shown. Baseline (Day 0) represents the NfL level in plasma collected within one hour prior to first dose. The normal range for NfL levels in Chinese individuals, as indicated by the Beijing KingMed Clinical Laboratory (TJ00325JKY9MW3U) , is as follows: for those under 40 years old, 0.00-8.10 pg / mL; for those aged 40-60 years, 0.00-30.5 pg / mL; and for those over 60 years old, 8.00-62.0 pg / mL. Example 6. siRNA-ACO plasma pharmacokinetics in ALS patients following the siRNA-ACO treatment via IT injection
[0220] To assess the siRNA-ACO plasma pharmacokinetics, blood samples were collected from the treated patients (following the regimen detailed in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2) within 1 h prior to and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 h after each dosing.
[0221] FIGs. 6A-6F show the plasma concentration of RD-12500 in six ALS patients following RD-12500 treatment, and the data is summarized in Table 9. The results indicate that peak plasma concentrations are generally reached within 6 to 12 hours for most doses and patients, and the drug is nearly eliminated from the plasma after 48 hours. Table 9. Plasma concentration of RD-12500 in ALS patients following RD-12500 treatment Note: "-" represents not available. " / " represents not shown. Baseline represents the RD-12500 content in plasma collected within one hour prior to each dosing. Lower Limit of Quantitation (LLOQ) is 5 ng / mL. Data below LLOQ is shown as one half of LLOQ (2.50 ng / mL) . Example 7. siRNA-ACO improves lung function and ALSFRS-R scores
[0222] To assess clinical outcome following siRNA-ACO treatment, forced vital capacity (FVC%) and ALSFRS-R score of the treated patients (following the regimen detailed in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2) were assessed on day 14, 28, 89, 179 and 239 post first dose. Percentage of FVC and ALSFRS-R score before first dosing served as the baseline (Day 0) .
[0223] Following RD-12500 treatment, four patients exhibited improved FVC%, while two showed stabilization (FIG. 7A) . Additionally, one patient experienced an improvement in ALSFRS-R score, and five patients' scores stabilized (FIG. 7B) . These results indicate that RD-12500 stabilized lung function and ALSFRS-R scores, with some patients showing improvements in both metrics. Example 8. Safety assessment of ALS patients with SOD1 mutation following siRNA-ACO treatment
[0224] Adverse events (AEs) experienced by subjects during the use of the study medication, or exacerbation of pre-existing medical conditions, regardless of whether there is a causal relationship with the treatment of the study drug, can include clinical symptoms / signs, diseases, or abnormal test results. An AE encompasses any AEs occurring at any time throughout the clinical study, including during the introduction or washout period, and even before the study medication has been administered to the patient.
[0225] To assess the safety of RD-12500, subjects started with the initial dose specified by the protocol detailed in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2 upon enrollment. If they tolerated the initial dose well, their subsequent doses were increased until MTD established as safe in the study was reached. Table 10 summarizes the dose levels administered when AEs occurred during the entire dosing period. The criteria for evaluating the relationship between AEs and treatment are detailed in the "Materials and Methods" section.
[0226] Table 10 shows that AEs related or possibly related to the treatment primarily included muscle tremors in patients 0001 and 0002. These AEs predominantly occurred after the first and second doses, with no increase in severity or incidence observed with higher dosages. It is considered that these AEs may be related to the study treatment or the disease itself.
[0227] Patient 0001 exhibited an increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, exceeding baseline by more than 1.5 fold, in laboratory tests conducted before the 180 mg dose. This occurred alongside a history of fatty liver and liver function abnormalities, as baseline tests showed elevated ALT and γ-glutamyl transferase levels. The increase is considered possibly related to the study treatment as well as the patient's medical history. Treatment continued with ongoing liver protection and close monitoring. Following the 180 mg dose, no further increases in the abnormal laboratory values were observed. Additionally, no other patients treated with 150 mg experienced elevated liver enzymes.
[0228] In summary, RD-12500 has been shown to be safe and well-tolerated at escalated doses up to 150 mg for ALS patients, with potential tolerance at doses up to 180 mg. MATERIALS AND METHODSCell culture and treatment
[0229] T98G cells (Cobioer, CBP60301, China) were maintained in MEM medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco) , 1%NEAA (Gibco) , sodium pyruvate (1 mM) (Gibco) , penicillin (100 U / mL) (Gibco) and streptomycin (100 ug / mL) (Gibco) . AF22 cells (BLUEFBIO, BFN60808359, China) were maintained in DMEM medium (Invitrogen, 12430) supplemented with 10%FBS, 1%Glutamax (Invitrogen, 35050-061) , 1%NEAA, LIF (1000U / mL) (Millipore ESG1107) and 0.3%β-Mer (Invitrogen, 21985) . Both cell lines were cultured in a humidified atmosphere of 5%CO2 at 37℃. Transfections were carried out using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) in growth media without antibiotics according to the manufacture’s protocol.Animal study
[0230] Parental transgenic hSOD1G93A mice with human SOD1-G93A mutation transgene (Strain ID #004435) were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA) and imported into China via Nantong University (Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China) . Mice were delivered to the animal facility at 6 weeks of age and subsequently bred domestically at Ractigen Therapeutics (Jiangsu, China) . Cynomolgus macaques (crab-eating monkeys, male and female) aged from 3 to 4 years were purchased from WuXi AppTec (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. All animal procedures were conducted by certified laboratory personnel following protocols consistent with local and state regulations and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) . Formulations of RD-12500 for animal treatments were prepared fresh prior to use by dissolving allotments of lyophilized oligonucleotide into aCSF to create stock solutions for dilution to the intended treatment concentrations.Rotarod analysis
[0231] Animals were trained for 3 days prior to data acquisition. Mice were placed on a motionless rotarod apparatus (XinRuan Information Technology, Shanghai, China) with a swivel bar (60 mm in diameter) . Rotational speed was accelerated from 0-30 rpm over the course of 300 seconds. Latency time was recorded as the amount of time it took for each animal to fall off the swivel bar. Each animal was tested in triplicate in which the longest value represents latency time.ICV injection
[0232] Avertin (1.2 v / v%in saline) was freshly prepared and sterilized via a 0.2-micron filter. Mice were dosed at 0.30-0.35 mL per 10 g body weight via intraperitoneal (IP) injection in a stereotaxic apparatus to rapidly induce anesthesia for up to 30 minutes. An approximate 11.5 mm incision was made in the animal’s scalp and a 25-gauge needle attached to a Hamilton syringe containing the appropriate oligonucleotide agent formulation was placed at bregma level. The needle was moved to the appropriate anterior / posterior and medial / lateral coordinates (0.2 mm anterior / posterior and 1 mm to the right medial / lateral) . A total of 10 μL formulation was injected into the lateral ventricle at an approximate rate of 1 μL / s. Following treatment, the needle was slowly withdrawn, and the wound was sutured.IT injection
[0233] Monkeys were anesthetized with Zoletil. The siRNA-ACO was administered via percutaneous IT injection using a spinal needle at the lumbar level (L4-L6) . CSF leaking from the needle indicated successful puncture. The dose volume was fixed for all injections at 1 mL and administered over 1 to 3 minutes as a slow bolus. Monkeys were dosed in lateral recumbency position and remained in a prone position for at least 15 minutes post dosing. The formulations intended for dosing were kept at room temperature for at least 30 minutes before dosing.Quantification of siRNA-ACO in animal tissues
[0234] The pharmacokinetics data of cynomolgus monkey samples (frontal cortex and spinal cord-lumbar tissues) were derived from nonclinical safety study which was conducted in WuXi AppTec (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. (Study #: H59-0027-TX) . Briefly, 40 monkeys (20 / sex) aged 3-4 years were assigned randomly to 4 groups of 5 / sex / group. The cynomolgus macaques were treated twice with siRNA-ACO (i.e., RD-12500) at indicated doses (i.e., 5, 20 and 50 mg) via IT injection on day 1 and day 15. Animals treated with aCSF alone served as a vehicle control. RD-12500 concentrations were quantified in frontal cortex and spinal cord-lumbar tissues.Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)Two-step RT-qPCR
[0235] RNA from cell culture was extracted using the Auto-Pure 96A (Allsheng) nucleic acid extraction system. Reverse transcription reactions were performed with 1 μg total RNA using the PrimeScript RT kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara, Shlga, Japan) . The resulting cDNA was amplified in triplicate on the Roche LightCycler 480 Multiwell Plate 384 (Roche, ref: 4729749001, US) using SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara, Shlga, Japan) in conjunction with primer sets specific to human SOD1 (hSOD1) and an internal control for either human (i.e., hTBP or TBP) or mouse (i.e., mTbp) samples. Melting curves were made after amplification to confirm primer specificity. Reaction conditions were as follows: reverse transcription reaction (stage 1) : 42℃ for 5 min, 95℃ for 10 sec; PCR reaction (stage 2) : 95℃ for 5 sec, 60℃ for 30 sec, 72℃ for 10 sec; 40 cycles of amplification; Melting curve (stage 3) . PCR reaction conditions are shown in Table 11 and Table 12. Primer sequences are listed in Table 13. Table 11. RT reaction Table 12. RT-qPCR reaction Table 13. Primer sequences for RT-qPCR assay
[0236] To calculate the expression level (Erel) of SOD1 mRNA in an siRNA-transfected sample relative to control treatment (Mock) , the averaged Ct values of the target gene and the internal reference gene were substituted into Formula 1, wherein CtTm was the Ct value of the target gene from the mock-treated sample; CtTs was the Ct value of the target gene from the siRNA-treated sample; CtRm was the Ct value of the internal reference gene from the mock-treated sample; CtRs was the Ct value of the internal reference gene from the siRNA-treated sample.SG assaySG staining
[0237] The test articles were transfected into non-SOD1 mutated cells (i.e., T98G or AF22) at 5 nM for 48 hours. Fourty-eight hours after transfection, cells were treated with sodium arsenate (Sigma, A6756) at 0.5 mM for 60 min to induce SG formation. 4%paraformaldehyde (300 μL / well) (Beyotime, P0099-100 mL) was used to fix the cells for 20 minutes after PBS washing. 0.3%Triton X-100 (500 μL / well) was used to retrieve antigens for 20 minutes at room temperature (RT) after washing twice with precooled PBS. Immunol Staining Blocking Buffer (200 μL / well) (Beyotime, P0102) was used to block non-specific binding sites at RT on a shaker for 1 hour. The primary antibody against human EIF3η (Santa Cruz, sc-137214) diluted at a ratio of 1: 250 using IHC buffer was added, and the mixture was incubated overnight at 4℃. The secondary antibody anti-mouse Alexa FluorTM 546 conjugate (Thermo, A-11003) diluted in PBS at a ratio of 1: 1000 was added and the mixture was incubated for 45 min at RT after washing three times with PBS. The cells were covered with one drop of DAPI (Sigma, F6057) for staining the nucleus after washing three times with PBS, and mounted with coverslip.Quantification of SG
[0238] For the quantification of SGs, experimental images were first converted into grayscale. The first round of image processing involved filtering out signal with threshold below 15, followed by contour detection. Regions with a diameter greater than 6.0 micrometers were extracted; and a higher threshold of 30 was applied for the second round of processing to identify larger SGs in proximity. After two rounds of processing, all the SGs were quantitated and sub-grouped based on their diameters. For cell nuclei counting, noise was firstly removed by applying a threshold of 100 pixels, and then watershed algorithm was applied for cell nuclei segmentation and counting. SGs were counted for 50-200 cells / field and 4 image fields / repeat of total 4 repeats. All the images and statistical analysis were performed using scripts in Python as described above.Blood collection
[0239] Blood samples were collected from patients at the designated time points. After collection, the blood collection tubes were immediately inverted slowly up and down 6 to 8 times to ensure the blood was thoroughly mixed with the anticoagulant, and then placed on ice before centrifugation. The tubes were centrifuged at 2~8℃ with a centrifugal force of 1500 g to 1800 g for 10 minutes. Following centrifugation, the plasmas were immediately transferred to labeled cryovials using a disposable pipette or transfer device. Upon completion of plasma sample preparation, the samples were stored upright at -60 to -90℃ in a freezer for future use.Collection of cerebrospinal fluid and IT injection
[0240] The skin around the puncture site was routinely disinfected, and a drape was laid with the puncture site exposed. Local anesthesia with 2%lidocaine was applied from the subcutaneous tissue to the intervertebral ligament. The skin of the puncture point was stabilized with one hand, and the spinal needle was slowly inserted perpendicularly to the spine to a depth of approximately 4 to 6 cm with the other hand. A sudden loss of resistance indicated passage through the ligament and dura mater, at which point the needle core was slowly withdrawn to slowly aspirate 5 mL of CSF before reinserting the core. The 5 mL CSF was transferred into two labeled cryovials and stored in a freezer at -60 to -90℃. After the needle core was removed, a syringe containing 5 mL of medication was immediately attached for slow injection. Once the injection was completed, the needle core was reinserted, the puncture needle was withdrawn, sterile dressing was applied, and adhesive tape was used for fixation. The patient was then instructed to lie flat without a pillow for 6 to 8 hours.Quantification of human SOD1 protein by ELISA assay
[0241] Human CSF samples from ALS patients were collected and detected by Human Cu / ZnSOD ELISA Kit (BMS222TEN / 341203-006, Thermo Fisher) . SOD1 protein levels were determined following the manufacturer's instructions.LC-MS / MS quantitative analysis
[0242] The plasma from Cynomolgus macaques were collected and detected by LC-MS / MS quantitative analysis in WuXi AppTec (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. Human plasma from ALS patients were collected and detected by LC-MS / MS quantitative analysis in Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University (#HX-A-2023004) . Glipizide (23Z294-D1) derived from Standards (Shanghai) Biotechnology Co., LTD and served as an internal standard.Quantification of NfL
[0243] Human plasma samples from ALS patients were collected and detected by Ella / Simple Plex Runner in Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University (#HX-A-2023004) . Data analysis was conducted using Watson LIMSTM 7.5SP1 software.ALSFRS-R scale
[0244] The ALSFRS-R scale includes the following 12 domains, each scored according to the patient's ability from 0 (worst) to 4 (best) : 1) Speech: assessing the clarity of the patient's speech; 2) Salivation: evaluating the patient's ability to control saliva; 3) Swallowing: assessing the patient's swallowing function; 4) Breathing: evaluating the patient's respiratory capacity; 5) Fine motor: assessing the patient's ability for fine hand movements; 6) Gross motor: evaluating the patient's ability for gross limb movements; 7) Dressing and hygiene: assessing the patient's ability to dress and maintain personal hygiene; 8) Turning in bed and adjusting bed clothes: evaluating the patient's ability to turn in bed and adjust bed linens; 9) Walking: assessing the patient's walking ability; 10) Stair climbing: evaluating the patient's ability to climb stairs; 11) Eating: assessing the patient's ability to eat; and, 12) Writing: evaluating the patient's ability to write.
[0245] The total score ranges from 0 (complete dependence or loss of function) to 48 (normal function) . The lower the score, the more severe the functional impairment of the patient.The standard for assessment of the relationship between AEs and trial medication
[0246] The correlation between AEs and the study medication is evaluated through five criteria: Related; Likely related; Possibly related; Unlikely related; Unrelated and Undetermined. The evaluation criteria are as follows: 1) Related: the AE is consistent with known reaction patterns of the suspect medication, occurs in a plausible time frame following dosing, and subsides or vanishes after the dose is reduced or discontinued, with re-emergence upon re-dosing. 2) Likely related: the AE is consistent with the known reaction types of the suspected drug, follows a reasonable temporal sequence after medication use, and the adverse reaction abates or disappears after dose reduction or discontinuation, but the subject's clinical condition or other factors could also potentially cause the reaction. 3) Possibly related: the AE is consistent with the known reaction types of the suspected drug, follows a reasonable temporal sequence after medication use, and the adverse reaction lessens or is not apparent after dose reduction or discontinuation, but the subject's clinical condition or other factors can account for the reaction. 4) Possibly unrelated: the AE is inconsistent with the known reaction types of the suspected drug, does not follow a reasonable temporal sequence after medication use, and the subject's clinical condition or other factors could also potentially cause the reaction. 5) Unrelated: the AE is inconsistent with the known reaction types of the suspected drug, does not follow a reasonable temporal sequence after medication use, and the subject's clinical condition or other factors can also account for the reaction, with the reaction abating or disappearing after the exclusion of clinical symptoms or other causes. 6) Undetermined: the incidence of AE was summarized in 1) + 2) + 3) of each case report form.Statistical analysis
[0247] Data analytics were performed using GraphPad Prism software. Differences between groups of continuous variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Turkey’s multiple comparisons. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant between the two groups. *represents p < 0.05, **represents p < 0.01, ***represents p < 0.001, ****represents p < 0.0001.
[0248] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the invention be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the invention has been described with reference to the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the invention shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. REFERENCE 1. Hulisz, D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: disease state overview. Am. J. Manag Care 24, S320- S3269 (2018) . 2. D.W. Mulder, L. Kurland, K. Offord, C. Beard, Familial adult motor neuron disease: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 36, 511-517 (1986) . 3. D.R. Rosen, T Siddique, D Patterson, D A Figlewicz, P Sapp, A Hentati, D Donaldson, J Goto, J P O'Regan, H X Deng. Mutations in Cu / Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 362, 59-62 (1993) . 4. Jonathan P Ling, Olga Pletnikova, Juan C Troncoso, Philip C Wong. TDP-43 repression of non- conserved cryptic exons is compromised in ALS-FTD. Science 349 (6248) : 650-5 (2015) 5. Desiree M Baron, Laura J Kaushansky, Catherine L Ward, Reddy Ranjith K Sama, Ru-Ju Chian, Kristin J Boggio, Alexandre J C Quaresma, Jeffrey A Nickerson, Daryl A Bosco. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked FUS / TLS alters stress granule assembly and dynamics. Mol. Neurodegener 10.1186 / 1750-1326-8-30 (2013) . 6. Jessica Dudman, Xin Qi. Stress Granule Dysregulation in ALS. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 14, 598517 (2020) . 7. Laboratory (2020) Working with ALS Mice: Guidelines for Preclinical Testing and Colony Management. 8. S.R. Pfohl, M.T. Halicek, C.S. Mitchell, Characterization of the Contribution of Genetic Background and Gender to Disease Progression in the SOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis:A Meta-Analysis. J Neuromuscul Dis 2, 137-150 (2015) .
Claims
1.A method for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises the step of administering the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an oligonucleotide agent or a medicament comprising the oligonucleotide agent,wherein the oligonucleotide agent comprises (i) a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting a selected region of SOD1 gene having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and capable of inhibiting the expression of SOD1 gene; and (ii) a non-targeting single-stranded accessory oligonucleotide (ACO) that is covalently tethered to the siRNA to deliver the siRNA in the body of a subject.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the siRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand forming a double stranded structure which comprises 0, 1, 2 or 3 mismatches; and / orwherein the antisense strand comprises a region of complementarity to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from the selected region of SOD1 gene; and / orwherein the sense strand comprises a region of homology to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from the selected region of SOD1 gene; and / orwherein the lengths of the sense strand and the antisense strand are independently about 16-25 nucleotides, preferably 18-24 nucleotides, more preferably 20-23, such as 20, 21, 22 or 23 nucleotides.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the sense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 or 18; and / orthe antisense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or 19; and / orwherein the sense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 and the antisense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; or the sense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 and the antisense strand of the siRNA has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the ACO is composed of one or more of nucleotides selected from RNA, DNA, BNA, LNA, GNA and PNA; and / orthe ACO is about 6-22 nucleotides, about 8-20, preferably 10-18 nucleotides in length, such as 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 22 nucleotides in length; and / orthe ACO comprises at least 8 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20; and / orthe ACO comprises at least a phosphorothioate (PS) , mesyl phosphoramidate or boranophosphate backbone bond between two adjacent nucleotides.5.The method any one of claims 1-4, wherein the ACO comprises a 5’ end and a 3’ end, and wherein the 5’ end or the 3’ end of the ACO is conjugated to the sense strand or the antisense strand of the siRNA directly or indirectly via a linking component; and / orthe ACO is conjugated to the 5’ end and / or 3’ end and / or the internal nucleotide (s) of the sense strand or the antisense strand of the siRNA; and / orwherein at least one nucleotide, such as at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%or all the nucleotides of the sense strand, the antisense strand and / or the ACO are chemically modified nucleotides; and / orwherein at least one backbone bond, such as at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%or all the backbone bonds of the ACO are selected from the group consisting of PS, mesyl phosphoramidate and boranophosphate bond.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the linking component is one or more selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, an alkenyl chain, an alkynyl chain, a peptide, RNA, DNA, carbohydrates, thiol linkage, a phosphodiester, a PS, a phosphoramidate, an amide, a carbamate, a tetrazole linkage, and a benzimidazole linkage; and / orwherein the linking component is one or more selected from the group consisting of:a) Spacer phosphoramidite 18: 1, 1-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-hexaoxanonadecan-19-yl 2-cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropylphosphoramidite;b) Spacer-9: 3- [2- [2- [2- [bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -phenylmethoxy] ethoxy] ethoxy] ethoxy- [di (propan-2-yl) amino] phosphanyl] oxypropanenitrile;c) Spacer phosphoramidite C3: 6- (4, 4'-Dimethoxytrityl) hexyl-1- [ (2-cyanoethyl) - (N, N-diisopropyl) ] -phosphoramidite;d) Spacer-C6 Phosphoramidite: 6- (4, 4'-Dimethoxytrityl) hexyl-1- [ (2-cyanoethyl) - (N, N-diisopropyl) ] -phosphoramidite; ande) Divalent linker (DIO) : 16- ( (bis (4-methoxyphenyl) (phenyl) methoxy) methyl) -1, 1-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) -18-oxo-1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-hexaoxahenicosan-CPG.7.The method of claim 5 or 6, wherein the chemical modification of the at least one chemically modified nucleotide is independently selected from the group consisting of:a 2’s ugar modification, preferably a 2’s ugar modification selected from one or more of: 2’ -fluoro-2’ -deoxynucleoside (2’ -F) modification, 2’ -O-methyl (2’ -O-Me) , modification, and 2’ -O- (2-methoxyethyl) (2’ -O-MOE) modification;a base modification;a PS backbone modification, such as 6~17 PS backbone modifications;an addition of an (E) -vinylphosphonate moiety at the 5’ end of the nucleotide sequence, such as at the 5’ end of the antisense strand; andan addition of a 5-methyl cytosine moiety at the 5’ end of the nucleotide sequence.8.The method any one of claims 5-7, wherein the chemically modified sense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 and / or the chemically modified antisense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; orthe chemically modified sense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 and / or the chemically modified antisense strand of the siRNA comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by 0, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides from a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; and / orthe chemically modified ACO has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25; and / or the siRNA is conjugated to the ACO via a linking component of Spacer-9.9.The method any one of claims 1-8, wherein the oligonucleotide agent comprises a sense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and an antisense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; orthe oligonucleotide agent comprises a sense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and an antisense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.10.The method any one of claims 1-9, wherein the subject is a mammal, such as a human, a non-human primate, a livestock or a pet; and / orwherein the subject suffering from ALS has one or more mutations in the SOD1 gene which lead to the ALS; or, wherein the subject suffering from ALS does not comprise any mutation in SOD1 gene or is not caused by SOD1 gene mutation (s) ; and / orwherein the subject is suffering from sALS or fALS;wherein the subject is suffering from an ALS with or caused by abnormal formation of SGs.11.The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the subject suffering from non-SOD1 ALS comprises one or more mutations in one or more genes selected from the group consisting of C9orf72, TARDBP / TDP-43, FUS / TLS, SETX, SPG11, VAPB, ANG, FIG4, OPTN, ATXN2, STMN2, UBQLN2, SIGMAR1, CHMP2B, PFN1, ERBB4, MATR3, NEFH, DCTN1 and VCP gene, or without any mutation in any of the genes.12.The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the administration of the oligonucleotide agent is capable of inhibiting the expression of SOD1 gene, such as inhibiting the expression by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or 100%as compared to the baseline of SOD1 mRNA level; and / orthe administration of the oligonucleotide agent is capable of reducing the formation or size of the SGs in cells; and / orthe administration of the oligonucleotide agent is capable of improving the motor function of the subject; and / orthe administration of the oligonucleotide agent is capable of prolonging the survival of the subject.13.The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the oligonucleotide agent is administered in a dose of 30-210 mg per dose, such as 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 mg per dose, or 30-210 mg per dose, 60-180 mg per dose, 90-150 mg per dose; and / orwherein the oligonucleotide agent is administered at fixed intervals or unequaled intervals, such as once 7 days, once 14 days, once 28 days, once 35 days, once 42 days, once 56 days, once a week, once two weeks, once three weeks, once 1 month, once 2 months, once 3 months, once 4 months, once 5 months or once 6 months, or any combinations thereof.14.The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the method comprises the steps of:administering the subject a starting dose of the oligonucleotide agent;administering the subject one or more escalated doses of the oligonucleotide agent until reaching a maximum tolerated dose (MTD)administering the subject one or more sustaining doses of the oligonucleotide agent at the MTD or at a dose between the starting dose and the MTD, preferably an optimal dose;optionally, the method is used in determining the subject-tailored dosage regimen.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the starting dose of the oligonucleotide agent is about 30-90 mg, such as about 30 mg, about 60 mg or about 90 mg; and / orthe escalated dose of the oligonucleotide agent is administered twice a week, once a week or once every two weeks; and / or, the escalated dosage reaches to about 150-210 mg; and / orthe sustaining dose of the oligonucleotide agent is administered once every two weeks, once a month, or once two months.16.The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the administration pathway is selected from one or more selected from the group consisting of: IT injection, ICV injection, parenteral infusions, oral administration, intranasal administration, inhaled administration, vaginal administration, and rectal administration.17.A product for use in the treatment of ALS by the method of any one of claims 1-16.18.Use of an oligonucleotide agent in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of ALS by the method of any one of claims 1-16.
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