A rocky slope vegetation system and vegetation planting construction method

Abstract

The present invention discloses a rock slope vegetation system and a vegetation planting construction method, which solves the technical problem that some slopes have reverse slopes and smooth surfaces, and vegetation grows against gravity without conditions for vegetation to take root and store nutrients and water, thus causing difficulties in vegetation growth. The rock slope vegetation system includes wire mesh, steel mesh, a vegetation concrete substrate base layer, a vegetation concrete substrate surface layer and a vegetation layer. The vegetation planting construction method comprises, in sequence, rock slope surface management, measurement and layout, reinforcement system construction, spray system construction, vegetation concrete spraying construction, slope surface treatment and maintenance. The present invention has a simple structure, a scientific and reasonable design, and is easy to use. It can effectively solve the technical problem that some slopes have reverse slopes and smooth surfaces, and vegetation grows against gravity without conditions for vegetation to take root and store nutrients and water, thus causing difficulties in vegetation growth.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of vegetation planting, and in particular relates to a rock slope vegetation system and a vegetation planting construction method. Background Art

[0002] Rock slopes are typically steep and lack vegetation, making it difficult to restore their original ecological balance through natural forces. Exposed rock slopes can lead to a range of problems, including disruption of the food chain, deterioration of the local microclimate (the summer heat island effect), and visual pollution due to their dull, monotonous surface color. Implementing engineering measures to green rock slopes as soon as possible while ensuring their stability can mitigate ecological degradation, beautify the environment, and meet current sustainable development requirements.

[0003] Traditional slope ecological restoration technologies primarily include imported soil spraying, thick-layer substrate spraying, and high-density aggregate spraying. Imported soil spraying involves uniformly mixing modified imported soil, adhesives, fertilizers, organic matter, seeds, and water to create a uniformly mixed substrate. This creates a thick, natural topsoil-like structure, allowing plants to root, germinate, and grow. However, this substrate is weak and cannot withstand rainwater erosion, easily detaching and eroding, and has low nutrient content and weak sustainability, making it suitable for slopes with a soil ratio of less than 1:1. Thick-bed base seeding, abbreviated as TBS, is an improved soil-based seeding technique. It involves mixing a specialized lightweight matrix of organic matter, slow-release fertilizer, compound fertilizer, adhesive, and water-retaining agent with loam and seeds in a uniform ratio. This matrix is then sprayed onto the slope, creating a vegetation restoration technique where plant seeds can take root, germinate, and grow. This improved soil-based seeding technique utilizes a relatively strong base material with low erosion resistance and high nutrient loss, making it suitable for soil and broken rock slopes with a soil-to-soil ratio of less than 1:0.75. High-granular seeding differs from soil-based seeding and TBS in that a high-granularity agent is incorporated into the base material. This artificial soil forms a honeycomb structure, offering water retention, water permeability, and air permeability, making it ideal for plant growth. While its good honeycomb structure offers a certain degree of erosion resistance, it is susceptible to flaking and nutrient loss, making it suitable for soil and broken rock slopes with a soil-to-soil ratio of less than 1:0.5.

[0004] Therefore, designing a rock slope vegetation system and vegetation planting construction method to solve the technical problem that some slopes have reverse slopes and smooth surfaces, and vegetation grows against gravity without conditions for vegetation to take root and store nutrients and water, thus causing difficulties in vegetation growth has become a technical problem that needs to be urgently solved by technicians in the relevant technical field. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a rock slope vegetation system and a vegetation planting construction method to solve the technical problem that some slopes have reverse slopes and smooth surfaces, and vegetation grows against gravity without conditions for vegetation to take root and store nutrients and water, thus causing difficulties in vegetation growth.

[0006] To achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0007] A rock slope vegetation system includes a wire mesh paved on the surface of the rock slope, a steel mesh installed on the surface of the rock slope and located above the wire mesh, a vegetation concrete substrate base sprayed on the surface of the rock slope, a vegetation concrete substrate surface sprayed on the vegetation concrete substrate base, and a vegetation layer rooted in the vegetation concrete substrate base and covering the outer surface of the vegetation concrete substrate surface; the wire mesh and the steel mesh are located in the vegetation concrete substrate base.

[0008] Furthermore, it also includes a plurality of anchor rods anchored in the rock slope, the steel mesh is welded to the anchor rods, and the wire mesh is tied to the anchor rods by tying wires;

[0009] The anchor rods are distributed at an angle of 100° to the rock slope surface; they are distributed in multiple horizontal layers, with equal spacing on the same horizontal layer and staggered on adjacent horizontal layers, with the horizontal layers remaining at the same distance. Anchor holes matching the anchor rods are drilled into the rock slope, and the anchor rods are inserted into the holes and anchored through concrete. The length of the anchor rods exposed outside the holes is 4-5% of the total length of the anchor rods.

[0010] The wire mesh is 14# galvanized wire mesh with a mesh size of 5×5cm; the steel mesh is welded with φ6 steel bars with a mesh size of 200×200cm; the spacing between the steel mesh and the wire mesh is 5cm; the base layer thickness of the vegetation concrete substrate is 8cm, and the surface layer thickness of the vegetation concrete substrate is 2cm.

[0011] A vegetation planting construction method for a rocky slope vegetation system comprises the following steps:

[0012] Step 1: rock slope surface treatment;

[0013] Step 2: Measure and lay out;

[0014] Step 3: Construction of reinforcement system;

[0015] Step 4: Construction of the sprinkler system;

[0016] Step 5: Vegetation concrete spraying construction;

[0017] Step 6: Slope treatment;

[0018] Step 7: Maintenance.

[0019] Furthermore, in step 3, the reinforcement system is constructed, including the following steps:

[0020] Step 1: Put the drilling rig in place;

[0021] Step 2: Drilling and cleaning holes;

[0022] Step 3: Anchor hole inspection;

[0023] Step 4: Anchor bolt body production;

[0024] Step 5: Anchor bolt installation;

[0025] Step 6: Grouting and anchoring;

[0026] Step 7: Lay and hang galvanized wire mesh;

[0027] Step 8: Lay out the steel mesh.

[0028] Furthermore, in step 1, first, the drilling equipment is selected according to the geological conditions of the anchoring area, the diameter and depth of the anchor hole, and the conditions of the construction site. The Kaishan YV-20 anchor drilling rig is used to drill holes in the rock strata. When grouting in strata with broken or soft, water-saturated rock that is prone to collapse and drill stuck and buried, the pressure needs to be stabilized for a certain period of time; secondly, during the anchor hole drilling construction, the hole position is measured and set according to the rock slope surface, and the fixed drilling rig is accurately installed and adjusted;

[0029] In step 2, the drilling and hole cleaning process includes the following steps:

[0030] Step (1), before drilling, make sure that the anchor hole forms an angle of 100° with the rock slope surface during drilling. To ensure the anchor hole diameter, the anchor drill bit diameter must be larger than the designed anchor hole diameter. To ensure the anchor hole depth, the actual drilling depth is designed to allow a deviation of ±50mm.

[0031] Step (2): During drilling, the drilling speed is controlled according to the performance of the drilling rig and the anchoring stratum to prevent the borehole from twisting and changing in diameter, thereby causing difficulties in anchoring or accidents.

[0032] Step (3), cleaning of the anchor hole after drilling: After drilling reaches the designed depth, steady drilling is required for 1 to 2 minutes to prevent the bottom tip of the hole from failing to reach the designed aperture, and the sediment and water attached to the borehole wall are cleaned. After the drilling is completed, 0.2 to 0.4 MPa high-pressure air is used to completely remove the rock powder and water in the anchor hole out of the hole to ensure the bonding strength between the cement mortar and the rock and soil of the hole wall; if pressurized water flows out of the anchor hole, anchor bars and grouting can be installed only after the water pressure and water volume become smaller, and drainage holes can be set at appropriate locations around if necessary; if the design requires the treatment of water accumulation inside the anchor hole, grouting and secondary drilling methods are used to treat it.

[0033] Furthermore, in step 3, during the anchor hole inspection, after the anchor hole drilling is completed, the designed hole diameter, drill bit and standard drill rod are used to inspect the hole. The drill bit is smoothly advanced into the anchor hole without impact or vibration. The drill tool delivery length meets the designed anchor hole depth. The drill is withdrawn smoothly. High-pressure wind is used to check that there is no obvious splashing of dust and water. At the same time, the anchor hole position, inclination and azimuth are also reviewed. After all the anchor hole construction sub-items are qualified, the anchor hole drilling inspection is qualified.

[0034] In step 4, when the anchor rod body is made, the anchor rod is cut according to the designed length, the anchor rod steel bar is cut by a cutting machine, and the processed anchor rod body is stored in the finished product storage area of the steel bar shed. The length deviation of the anchor rod steel bar is not more than 20 mm, the tail end of the anchor rod is painted and oiled for anti-corrosion treatment, and the anchor rod end is welded to the steel bar in the steel mesh. If there is interference, the spacing between the steel bar in the steel mesh and the wire mesh stirrups can be locally adjusted;

[0035] In step 5, when installing the anchor rod body, avoid twisting, compression and bending when the anchor rod body enters the hole, and the depth of the anchor rod body entering the hole is not less than 95% of the total length of the anchor rod; before installing the anchor rod body, ensure that each anchor rod body steel bar is straight, rust-free and degreased; before installing the anchor rod body, use high-pressure air to blow the hole, manually place the anchor rod body into the hole, use a steel ruler to measure the length of the anchor rod body exposed outside the anchor hole to calculate the length of the anchor rod body in the anchor hole, and ensure the overall anchoring length; when inserting the anchor rod body, the grouting pipe and the anchor rod body should be placed at the bottom of the drilled hole at the same time, and the anchor rod body should be inserted immediately after washing the hole, with one side of the anchor rod bracket facing downward during insertion.

[0036] Furthermore, in step 6, during grouting and anchoring, the following steps are included:

[0037] Step 1) Grouting material selection: ordinary Portland cement with a strength grade of not less than 42.5 is used for cement, medium-fine sand with a maximum particle size of less than 2.5mm is used for sand, and water with a quality specified in the "Specifications for Hydraulic Concrete Construction" is used for water;

[0038] Step 2) Grouting mixture ratio: the water: cement: sand ratio of grouting is 0.36:1:1.2. The grouting material must be sampled and tested in the laboratory before use;

[0039] Step 3) Grouting adopts the bottom grouting method to grout once. The grouting operation starts from the bottom of the hole. The cement slurry is pressed into the tie rod tube through the hose with a grouting pump, and then injected into the anchor hole from the end of the tie rod tube. The end of the tube is kept 50mm above the bottom of the hole; the grouting pressure is 0.4Mpa. As the cement mortar is poured, the grouting tube is gradually pulled outward until the anchor hole mouth. During the tube pulling process, it is necessary to ensure that the grouting tube mouth is always buried in the cement mortar; when the cement mortar liquid flows back to the anchor hole mouth, cement bag paper is used to tamp it into the anchor hole, and then the anchor hole mouth is sealed with wet clay and tightly tamped, and then supplementary grouting is carried out at a pressure of 0.4-0.6MPa. The pressure is stabilized for 3-5 minutes to complete.

[0040] Step 4) After the grouting is completed, clean the grouting pipe, grouting gun and grouting sleeve, and keep a record of the grouting;

[0041] In step 7, when laying the galvanized wire mesh, lay 14# galvanized wire mesh on the cleaned and trimmed rock slope surface. The distance between the wire mesh and the rock slope surface is not less than 6 cm, and it bends smoothly with the slope surface. U-shaped nails are required to support or control the distance between the wire mesh and the rock slope surface. The overlap length between adjacent overlapping wire meshes is not less than 10 cm, and they are tied firmly. The anchor rods of the exposed parts should be tied firmly to the wire mesh. After the construction is completed, it is strictly forbidden to step on the tied wire mesh at will.

[0042] In step 8, when laying the steel mesh, a Φ6 steel mesh with a mesh size of 200×200 cm is laid above the wire mesh. The steel mesh is laid synchronously with the undulations of the rock slope surface and is welded and fixed to the exposed anchor rods.

[0043] Furthermore, in step 1, the rock slope surface treatment includes the following steps:

[0044] Step (1): Clear the vegetation junction and clean the contact surface of the original slope above the opening line of the rock slope. The cleaning width is 1.0 to 1.5 m, and the branches of plants on the original slope are removed.

[0045] Step (2) manually remove weeds, fallen leaves and branches, loose soil and loose stones from the slope surface, and clean the surface stones of the rocky slope to a thickness of 10 cm. During the surface cleaning process, to reduce the danger of falling rocks from heights, stone barriers are installed on the outermost side of each level of the bridleway;

[0046] Step (3) Slope surface finishing: knock down protruding and easily detached dangerous rocks. First, use an electric hammer or a jackhammer to drill holes along the slope surface at the protruding parts, and then knock them down with a hammer.

[0047] In the second step, when measuring and setting out, according to the requirements of the design drawing, the anchor hole positions are accurately measured and placed on the rock slope surface using a total station, and after the measurement, the hole positions are marked on the rock slope surface with paint, and the vertical and horizontal errors of the hole positions on the rock slope surface do not exceed ±50mm;

[0048] In step 4, when constructing the sprinkler system, determine the incoming water source, lay Φ25PVC main pipes along the horse path and the top of the slope, and lay Φ10PVC branch pipes and rotating plastic nozzles along the vertical direction of the rock slope to form a sprinkler network system; all pipes in the sprinkler network system are at least 13 cm higher than the rock slope surface, and the Φ25PVC main pipes, Φ10PVC branch pipes and rotating plastic nozzles shall not be covered during the vegetation concrete spraying construction. The nozzles are firmly fixed to the rock slope surface by brackets, and the distance between adjacent Φ10PVC branch pipes is 5 m to ensure that the spraying coverage rate of the sprinkler system is not less than 95%.

[0049] Furthermore, in the step 5, during the vegetation concrete spraying construction, after the rock slope surface treatment, wire mesh and steel mesh laying, anchor rod laying are completed, and the vegetation concrete base material components are prepared and formulated, the vegetation concrete base material spraying construction can be carried out; the equipment used for spraying is a concrete sprayer, which is divided into the base layer and the surface layer for spraying respectively; the spraying is carried out from the top to the bottom of the rock slope surface, first the base layer and then the surface layer, and each spraying is 4 to 6 meters wide and 3 to 5 meters high; the spraying is carried out by an air compressor larger than 22 cubic meters, and the dry The vegetated concrete base material is constructed using a spraying method; the vegetated concrete base material is composed of a mixture of sandy loam, cement, organic materials, vegetated concrete ecological improver, organic fertilizer, and compound fertilizer. The components are prepared in a certain proportion and thoroughly stirred in a mixer before use. Plant seeds are added while stirring the surface base material. The plant seed ratio is as follows: after spraying, each square meter contains at least 2 grams of Bermuda grass seeds, 1 gram of tall fescue seeds, 2 grams of cosmos seeds, 2 grams of bahia grass seeds, 5 grams of indigofera seeds, 3 grams of Lespedeza seeds, 2 grams of Sesbania seeds, and 1 gram of Sophora japonica seeds.

[0050] When spraying the vegetation concrete base layer, before spraying, check again whether the loose soil, grass, tree roots and other debris on the rock slope surface are clean. After confirmation, spray the rock slope surface with water to promote the close connection between the vegetation concrete base and the rock slope surface. Then conduct a trial spray test to adjust the water-cement ratio before spraying construction. The spraying thickness of the vegetation concrete base layer is 8 to 9 cm. At the beginning of the spraying operation, first supply air, then start the machine, and then feed the material. At the end of the spraying, wait until the spray material is sprayed and then turn off the air. The vegetation concrete base layer is sprayed to the designed thickness in one time. During the spraying process, the distance between the nozzle and the rock slope surface is controlled between 0.6m and 1.0m, and the spraying is performed perpendicular to the rock slope surface. During the spraying, the output pressure of the spray head is not less than 0.1MPa. The spraying is carried out from top to bottom, spraying the concave part first and then the convex part. The spraying movement adopts S-shaped or spiral movement.

[0051] When spraying the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate, the vegetation concrete substrate surface spraying shall be carried out 3 to 4 hours after the construction of the vegetation concrete substrate base layer is completed. The spraying thickness of the vegetation concrete substrate surface is 1 to 2 cm. Before spraying the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate, the vegetation concrete substrate base layer shall be sprayed with water once to ensure the adhesion between the vegetation concrete substrate base layer and the vegetation concrete substrate surface layer. The vegetation concrete substrate surface layer shall be sprayed at a close distance to ensure the uniformity of plant seed sowing. The vegetation concrete substrate surface layer spraying shall be carried out from top to bottom, and the width of a single block shall be 4 to 6 m.

[0052] Furthermore, in step six, the vertical slope, negative slope and smooth slope are supplemented and strengthened by drilling vegetation holes, hanging vegetation sticks, adding vine-like transplanted seedlings and enhancing maintenance; drilling vegetation holes, in order to prevent the vegetation concrete from falling off on the smooth slope and to facilitate the plant roots to penetrate into the rock, drill holes in the intact rock surface of the rock slope, 0.5m deep into the rock, with a borehole diameter of 60mm and a spacing of 1.2×1.2m; hanging vegetation sticks, in order to ensure that the water and nutrients of the vertical slope and smooth slope can be stored for a long time , add planting sticks with a diameter of 8 cm and a length of 1 m on the rocky slope surface. The planting sticks are installed under the steel mesh and tied firmly to the steel mesh; increase the number of vine seedlings to be transplanted, plant two kudzu seeds on the steep sliding surface and the upper part of the reverse slope, plant two seeds at a time, with a spacing of 50 cm, transplant creeper seedlings at the bottom, and transplant mulberry seedlings in cracks and small platforms, ensuring that there is one tree per square meter; strengthen maintenance, and appropriately increase the density of sprinkler pipes on vertical slopes, negative slopes and smooth slopes, and supplement with manual watering maintenance to ensure that the above slopes are always moist;

[0053] In step seven, during maintenance, within two days after the spraying construction is completed, a non-woven fabric is added to the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate; during the maintenance period, the slopes with uneven budding or no budding should be replanted, and the cultivated plants should be replaced or replanted in time with the seedlings that did not survive; during the maintenance, a pathological analysis should be conducted on possible diseases and insect pests, and targeted control measures should be taken; spray maintenance is carried out twice a day to ensure the moisture content of the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate and the survival rate of the seeds; during the germination and seedling stages of plant seeds, maintenance is mainly carried out by watering and supplemented by manual spraying to keep the vegetation concrete moist. The maintenance period depends on the growth conditions of the plants on the slope, and the seedling stage is 0 to 60 days. After the seedling stage maintenance management is completed, growth period maintenance management of not less than 240 days is required.

[0054] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0055] The present invention has a simple structure, a scientific and reasonable design, and is easy to use. It can effectively solve the technical problem that some slopes have reverse slopes and smooth surfaces, and vegetation grows against gravity without conditions for vegetation to take root and store nutrients and water, thus causing difficulty in vegetation growth.

[0056] The benefits of the present invention are mainly reflected in three aspects. First, in terms of safety benefits, the vegetation concrete is closely combined with the reinforcement system to achieve active protection of the slope, eliminate the risk of falling rocks on the slope, and effectively ensure the safety of tourists; second, in terms of landscape benefits, the vegetation concrete uses a combination of herbs, shrubs, vines and wild flowers to green the slope, providing tourists with a refreshing visual effect and adding a highlight; third, in terms of ecological and environmental protection, after the vegetation grows, it repairs the damaged slope ecosystem, enriches the plant species, forms a beautiful plant community that can be extensively managed, and provides a good living environment for local organisms.

[0057] The vegetation planting construction method of the present invention mainly consists of three parts: vegetation concrete, reinforcement system and maintenance system. Planting soil is used as the basis, and cement, additives, organic materials, organic fertilizers and plant seeds are added in appropriate proportions to form vegetation concrete. Cement can enhance the strength of the soil and prevent erosion. Additives can adjust the pH value, porosity and workability of the mixture. Organic materials can adjust the porosity of the mixture and provide nutrients. Organic fertilizers can quickly provide nutrients. Mixing herbs, shrubs and vine seeds can enhance the climbing effect and landscape effect. A combination of anchor rods + wire mesh + steel mesh is used to form a reinforcement system, so that the vegetation concrete can be well attached to the rock wall. A maintenance system is formed by covering with non-woven fabrics and laying sprinkler pipes to provide moisture for plant growth. For vertical slopes, negative slopes and smooth slopes, supplementary reinforcement is carried out by drilling vegetation holes, hanging vegetation sticks, transplanting vine seedlings, and strengthening maintenance measures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0058] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the rocky slope vegetation system of the present invention.

[0059] Figure 2 for Figure 1 Enlarged view of Section A of the Sino-German section.

[0060] Figure 3 This is a flow chart of the vegetation planting construction method of the rocky slope vegetation system of the present invention.

[0061] Figure 4 This is the installation diagram of the high and steep slope anchor rod of the present invention.

[0062] Figure 5 This is the construction drawing of hanging mesh on high and steep slopes according to the present invention.

[0063] The names corresponding to the reference numerals are:

[0064] 1- rock slope, 2- wire mesh, 3- steel mesh, 4- vegetation concrete base layer, 5- vegetation concrete base surface layer, 6- vegetation layer, 7- anchor rod. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0065] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0066] like Figure 1-5 As shown, the present invention provides a rock slope vegetation system, including a wire mesh 2 paved on the surface of the rock slope 1, a steel mesh 3 installed on the surface of the rock slope 1 and located above the wire mesh 2, a vegetation concrete substrate base layer 4 sprayed on the surface of the rock slope 1, a vegetation concrete substrate surface layer 5 sprayed on the vegetation concrete substrate base layer 4, and a vegetation layer 6 rooted in the vegetation concrete substrate base layer 4 and covering the outer surface of the vegetation concrete substrate surface layer 5; the wire mesh 2 and the steel mesh 3 are located in the vegetation concrete substrate base layer 4.

[0067] The present invention has a simple structure, a scientific and reasonable design, and is easy to use. It can effectively solve the technical problem that some slopes have reverse slopes and smooth surfaces, and vegetation grows against gravity without conditions for vegetation to take root and store nutrients and water, thus causing difficulty in vegetation growth.

[0068] The rock slope vegetation system of the present invention further comprises a plurality of anchor rods 7 anchored in the rock slope 1, the steel mesh 3 is welded to the anchor rods 7, and the wire mesh 2 is tied to the anchor rods 7 by tying wires; the anchor rods 7 are distributed at an angle of 100° to the surface of the rock slope 1; the anchor rods 7 are distributed in multiple horizontal layers, with the anchor rods 7 on the same horizontal layer being equidistantly distributed, and the anchor rods 7 on adjacent horizontal layers being staggered, with the horizontal layers having the same distance; anchor holes are drilled in the rock slope 1 to match the anchor rods 7, The anchor rod 7 is inserted into the anchor hole and anchored by the concrete. The length of the anchor rod 7 exposed outside the anchor hole is 4-5% of the total length of the anchor rod; the wire mesh 2 is 14# galvanized wire mesh, and the mesh of the wire mesh 2 is 5×5cm; the steel mesh 3 is welded with φ6 steel bars, and the mesh of the steel mesh 3 is 200×200cm; the spacing between the steel mesh 3 and the wire mesh 2 is 5cm; the thickness of the vegetation concrete substrate base layer 4 is 8cm, and the thickness of the vegetation concrete substrate surface layer 5 is 2cm.

[0069] The benefits of the present invention are mainly reflected in three aspects. First, in terms of safety benefits, the vegetation concrete is closely combined with the reinforcement system to achieve active protection of the slope, eliminate the risk of falling rocks on the slope, and effectively ensure the safety of tourists; second, in terms of landscape benefits, the vegetation concrete uses a combination of herbs, shrubs, vines and wild flowers to green the slope, providing tourists with a refreshing visual effect and adding a highlight; third, in terms of ecological and environmental protection, after the vegetation grows, it repairs the damaged slope ecosystem, enriches the plant species, forms a beautiful plant community that can be extensively managed, and provides a good living environment for local organisms.

[0070] The present invention provides a vegetation planting construction method for a rocky slope vegetation system, comprising the following steps:

[0071] Step 1: rock slope surface treatment;

[0072] Step 2: Measure and lay out;

[0073] Step 3: Construction of reinforcement system;

[0074] Step 4: Construction of the sprinkler system;

[0075] Step 5: Vegetation concrete spraying construction;

[0076] Step 6: Slope treatment;

[0077] Step 7: Maintenance.

[0078] In the third step of the present invention, the reinforcement system is constructed, including the following steps:

[0079] Step 1: Put the drilling rig in place;

[0080] Step 2: Drilling and cleaning holes;

[0081] Step 3: Anchor hole inspection;

[0082] Step 4: Anchor bolt body production;

[0083] Step 5: Anchor bolt installation;

[0084] Step 6: Grouting and anchoring;

[0085] Step 7: Lay and hang galvanized wire mesh;

[0086] Step 8: Lay out the steel mesh.

[0087] In the step 1 of the present invention, first, a drilling device is selected according to the geological conditions of the anchoring area, the diameter and depth of the anchor hole, and the conditions of the construction site. A Kaishan YV-20 anchor drilling rig is used to drill holes in the rock stratum. When grouting in a stratum where the rock stratum is broken or soft and saturated with water and easily collapses, or where the drill is stuck and buried, the pressure needs to be stabilized for a certain period of time. Secondly, during the anchor hole drilling construction, the hole position is measured and placed according to the rock slope surface, and the fixed drilling rig is accurately installed and the machine position is adjusted. In the step 2, the drilling and hole cleaning process includes the following steps:

[0088] Step (1), before drilling, make sure that the anchor hole forms an angle of 100° with the rock slope surface during drilling. To ensure the anchor hole diameter, the anchor drill bit diameter must be larger than the designed anchor hole diameter. To ensure the anchor hole depth, the actual drilling depth is designed to allow a deviation of ±50mm.

[0089] Step (2): During drilling, the drilling speed is controlled according to the performance of the drilling rig and the anchoring stratum to prevent the borehole from twisting and changing in diameter, thereby causing difficulties in anchoring or accidents.

[0090] Step (3), cleaning of the anchor hole after drilling: After drilling reaches the designed depth, steady drilling is required for 1 to 2 minutes to prevent the bottom tip of the hole from failing to reach the designed aperture, and the sediment and water attached to the borehole wall are cleaned. After the drilling is completed, 0.2 to 0.4 MPa high-pressure air is used to completely remove the rock powder and water in the anchor hole out of the hole to ensure the bonding strength between the cement mortar and the rock and soil of the hole wall; if pressurized water flows out of the anchor hole, anchor bars and grouting can be installed only after the water pressure and water volume become smaller, and drainage holes can be set at appropriate locations around if necessary; if the design requires the treatment of water accumulation inside the anchor hole, grouting and secondary drilling methods are used to treat it.

[0091] In the step 3 of the present invention, when inspecting the anchor hole, after the anchor hole drilling is completed, the designed aperture, drill bit and standard drill rod are used to inspect the hole. The drill bit is smoothly pushed into the anchor hole without impact or shaking. The drill tool inspection length meets the designed anchor hole depth. The drill withdrawal must be smooth. High-pressure wind is used to check that there is no obvious splashing dust and water. At the same time, the anchor hole position, inclination and orientation need to be reviewed. After all the anchor hole construction sub-items are qualified, the anchor hole drilling inspection is qualified. In the step 4, when the anchor rod body is made, the anchor rod is cut according to the designed length, the anchor rod steel bar is cut by a cutting machine, and the processed anchor rod body is stored in the finished product stacking area of the steel bar shed. The anchor rod steel bar length deviation is not more than 20 mm, and the anchor rod tail end is painted and oiled for anti-corrosion treatment. The anchor rod end is welded to the steel bars in the steel mesh. If there is interference, the spacing between the steel bars in the steel mesh and the wire mesh stirrups can be locally adjusted; in the step 5, when installing the anchor rod body, avoid twisting, compression and bending when the anchor rod body enters the hole, and the depth of the anchor rod body entering the hole is not less than 95% of the total length of the anchor rod; before installing the anchor rod body, ensure that each anchor rod body steel bar is straight, rust-free and degreased; before installing the anchor rod body, use high-pressure air to blow the hole, manually place the anchor rod body into the hole, use a steel ruler to measure the length of the anchor rod body exposed outside the anchor hole to calculate the length of the anchor rod body in the anchor hole, and ensure the overall length of the anchor; when inserting the anchor rod body, the grouting pipe and the anchor rod body should be placed at the bottom of the drilled hole at the same time, and the anchor rod body should be inserted immediately after washing the hole, and one side of the anchor rod bracket should face downward when inserting.

[0092] In step 6 of the present invention, during grouting and anchoring, the following steps are included:

[0093] Step 1) Grouting material selection: ordinary Portland cement with a strength grade of not less than 42.5 is used for cement, medium-fine sand with a maximum particle size of less than 2.5mm is used for sand, and water with a quality specified in the "Specifications for Hydraulic Concrete Construction" is used for water;

[0094] Step 2) Grouting mixture ratio: the water: cement: sand ratio of grouting is 0.36:1:1.2. The grouting material must be sampled and tested in the laboratory before use;

[0095] Step 3) Grouting adopts the bottom grouting method to grout once. The grouting operation starts from the bottom of the hole. The cement slurry is pressed into the tie rod tube through the hose with a grouting pump, and then injected into the anchor hole from the end of the tie rod tube. The end of the tube is kept 50mm above the bottom of the hole; the grouting pressure is 0.4Mpa. As the cement mortar is poured, the grouting tube is gradually pulled outward until the anchor hole mouth. During the tube pulling process, it is necessary to ensure that the grouting tube mouth is always buried in the cement mortar; when the cement mortar liquid flows back to the anchor hole mouth, cement bag paper is used to tamp it into the anchor hole, and then the anchor hole mouth is sealed with wet clay and tightly tamped, and then supplementary grouting is carried out at a pressure of 0.4-0.6MPa. The pressure is stabilized for 3-5 minutes to complete.

[0096] Step 4) After the grouting is completed, clean the grouting pipe, grouting gun and grouting sleeve, and keep a record of the grouting.

[0097] In the step 7 of the present invention, when laying the galvanized wire mesh, a 14# galvanized wire mesh is laid on the cleaned and trimmed rock slope surface, and the distance between the wire mesh and the rock slope surface is not less than 6 cm, and it bends smoothly with the slope surface. U-shaped nails are required to support or control the distance between the wire mesh and the rock slope surface; the overlap length between adjacent overlapped wire meshes is not less than 10 cm, and they are tied firmly, and the anchor rods of the exposed parts should be firmly tied to the wire mesh. After the construction is completed, it is strictly forbidden to step on the tied wire mesh at will; in the step 8, when laying the steel mesh, a Φ6 steel mesh with a mesh size of 200×200 cm is laid above the wire mesh, and the steel mesh is laid synchronously with the undulations of the rock slope surface and welded to the exposed anchor rods.

[0098] In the first step of the present invention, the rock slope surface treatment includes the following steps:

[0099] Step (1): Clear the vegetation junction and clean the contact surface of the original slope above the opening line of the rock slope. The cleaning width is 1.0 to 1.5 m, and the branches of plants on the original slope are removed.

[0100] Step (2) manually remove weeds, fallen leaves and branches, loose soil and loose stones from the slope surface, and clean the surface stones of the rocky slope to a thickness of 10 cm. During the surface cleaning process, to reduce the danger of falling rocks from heights, stone barriers are installed on the outermost side of each level of the bridleway;

[0101] Step (3): Slope surface finishing and knocking down protruding and easily falling dangerous rocks. First, use an electric hammer or a jackhammer to drill holes along the slope surface at the protruding parts, and then knock them down with a hammer.

[0102] In the step 2 of the present invention, when measuring and laying out, the anchor hole position is accurately measured and placed on the rock slope surface according to the requirements of the design drawing using a total station. After the measurement, the hole position is marked on the rock slope surface with paint, and the vertical and horizontal errors of the hole position on the rock slope surface do not exceed ±50 mm.

[0103] In step 4 of the present invention, when constructing the sprinkler system, the water source is determined, Φ25PVC main pipes are laid along the horse path and the top of the slope, and Φ10PVC branch pipes and rotating plastic nozzles are laid vertically along the rock slope surface to form a sprinkler network system; all pipes in the sprinkler network system are at least 13 cm higher than the rock slope surface, and the Φ25PVC main pipes, Φ10PVC branch pipes and rotating plastic nozzles shall not be covered during the vegetation concrete spraying construction. The nozzles are firmly fixed to the rock slope surface by brackets, and the distance between adjacent Φ10PVC branch pipes is 5 m to ensure that the spraying coverage rate of the sprinkler system is not less than 95%.

[0104] In the step 5 of the present invention, during the vegetation concrete spraying construction, after the rock slope surface treatment, wire mesh and steel mesh layout, anchor rod layout are completed, and the vegetation concrete base material components are prepared and formulated, the vegetation concrete base material spraying construction can be carried out; the equipment used for spraying is a concrete sprayer, which is divided into the base layer and the surface layer for spraying respectively; the spraying is carried out from the top to the bottom of the rock slope surface, first the base layer and then the surface layer, and each spraying is 4 to 6 meters wide and 3 to 5 meters high; the spraying is carried out by an air compressor larger than 22 cubic meters, and the dry type is adopted. Construction is by spraying method; the vegetation concrete base material is composed of a mixture of sandy loam, cement, organic materials, vegetation concrete ecological improver, organic fertilizer, and compound fertilizer. The materials of each component are prepared in proportion and fully stirred in a mixer for use. Plant seeds are added when stirring the surface base material. The ratio of plant seeds is: after spraying, each square meter contains at least 2 grams of Bermuda grass seeds, 1 gram of tall fescue seeds, 2 grams of cosmos seeds, 2 grams of bahia grass seeds, 5 grams of indigo seeds, 3 grams of Lespedeza seeds, 2 grams of Sesbania seeds, and 1 gram of Sophora japonica seeds.

[0105] When spraying the vegetation concrete base layer of the present invention, before spraying, it is checked again whether the loose soil, grass, tree roots and other debris on the rock slope surface are cleaned up. After confirmation, the rock slope surface is sprayed with water to promote the close connection between the vegetation concrete base and the rock slope surface. Then, a trial spraying test is carried out to adjust the water-cement ratio, and then the spraying construction is carried out; the spraying thickness of the vegetation concrete base layer is 8 to 9 cm; at the beginning of the spraying operation, air is supplied first, then the machine is turned on, and then the material is fed. At the end of the spraying, after the spraying material is sprayed, the air is turned off; the vegetation concrete base layer is sprayed to the designed thickness in one time. During the spraying process, the distance between the nozzle and the rock slope surface is controlled between 0.6m and 1.0m, and the spraying is perpendicular to the rock slope surface; during the spraying, the output pressure of the spray head is not less than 0.1MPa; the spraying is carried out from top to bottom, first spraying the concave part and then the convex part, and the spraying movement adopts S-shaped or spiral movement.

[0106] When spraying the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate of the present invention, the vegetation concrete substrate surface is sprayed 3 to 4 hours after the construction of the vegetation concrete substrate base layer is completed. The spraying thickness of the vegetation concrete substrate surface is 1 to 2 cm. Before spraying the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate, the vegetation concrete substrate base layer is sprayed with water once to ensure the adhesion between the vegetation concrete substrate base layer and the vegetation concrete substrate surface layer. The vegetation concrete substrate surface is sprayed at a close distance to ensure the uniformity of plant seed sowing. The vegetation concrete substrate surface is sprayed from top to bottom, and the single block width is 4 to 6 meters.

[0107] In step 6 of the present invention, the vertical slope, negative slope and smooth slope are supplemented and strengthened by drilling vegetation holes, hanging vegetation rods, adding vines to transplant seedlings, and enhancing maintenance; the vegetation holes are drilled to prevent the vegetation concrete from falling off on the smooth slope and to facilitate the plant roots to penetrate into the rock. The holes are drilled 0.5m deep into the rock, with a diameter of 60mm and a spacing of 1.2×1.2m; the vegetation rods are hung to ensure that the moisture and nutrients on the vertical slope and smooth slope are stored for a long time. Add planting sticks with a diameter of 8 cm and a length of 1 m on the rocky slope surface. The planting sticks are installed under the steel mesh and tied firmly to the steel mesh; increase the number of vine seedlings for transplanting, plant two kudzu seeds on the steep sliding surface and the upper part of the reverse slope, plant two seeds at a time, with a spacing of 50 cm, transplant ivy seedlings at the bottom, and transplant caraway seedlings in cracks and small platforms, ensuring one tree per square meter; strengthen maintenance, and appropriately increase the density of sprinkler pipes under vertical slopes, negative slopes and smooth slopes, supplemented by manual watering maintenance to ensure that the above-mentioned slopes are always moistened. In step seven, during maintenance, within two days after the spraying construction is completed, a non-woven fabric is added to the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate; during the maintenance period, the slopes with uneven budding or no budding should be replanted, and the cultivated plants should be replaced or replanted in time with the seedlings that did not survive; during the maintenance, a pathological analysis should be conducted on possible diseases and insect pests, and targeted control measures should be taken; spray maintenance is carried out twice a day to ensure the moisture content of the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate and the survival rate of the seeds; during the germination and seedling stages of plant seeds, maintenance is mainly carried out by watering and supplemented by manual spraying to keep the vegetation concrete moist. The maintenance period depends on the growth conditions of the plants on the slope, and the seedling stage is 0 to 60 days. After the seedling stage maintenance management is completed, growth period maintenance management of not less than 240 days is required.

[0108] Vegetated concrete is a habitat substrate. Its composition ratios of cement, planting soil, organic materials, specialized additives, slow-release fertilizers, mixed species, and water are determined based on the slope's geographic region, slope ratio, rock properties, and ecological restoration requirements. Vegetated concrete ecological restoration technology combines engineering reinforcement with ecological restoration. It utilizes mesh-reinforced vegetated concrete substrates, which can significantly improve the ecological restoration of various complex engineering wounds. The addition of cement to the substrate enhances its strength, erosion resistance, and adhesion. Simultaneously, the addition of ecological modifiers not only increases the cement content in the vegetated concrete substrate, strengthening the slope protection strength and erosion resistance, and preventing the vegetated concrete layer from cracking, but also effectively improves the chemical and biological properties of the vegetated concrete, creating an optimal environment for plant growth. Furthermore, the "reinforcement and anchoring" effect of plant roots enhances the mechanical properties of the substrate, contributing to its long-term stability. Vegetated concrete ecological restoration technology not only repairs the natural ecological environment of damaged wounds but also provides significant shallow-layer protection, resulting in excellent engineering, ecological, and landscape benefits.

[0109] The vegetation planting construction method of the rock slope vegetation system of the present invention is carried out according to the following process during construction.

[0110] 1. Slope management.

[0111] Slope surface improvement mainly involves clearing away dangerous rocks, weeds, fallen leaves and branches on existing slopes. It includes:

[0112] (1) Clear the vegetation junction. Clear the contact surface of the original slope above the slope opening line, with a cleaning width of 1.0 to 1.5 m. The branches and trunks of plants on the original slope should be removed. There is no need to remove the underground rhizomes. This part serves as the transition between the project and the original slope, that is, the vegetation junction.

[0113] (2) Manually remove weeds, fallen leaves, dead branches, loose soil and loose stones on the slope surface. The thickness of the clearing stone is about 10 cm. During the clearing process, in order to reduce the danger of falling rocks from heights, stone barriers are set on the outermost side of each level of the horse trail.

[0114] (3) Slope surface finishing: For protruding parts that are easy to fall off and where there are obvious dangerous rocks, knock them down. First, use an electric hammer or a jackhammer to drill holes along the slope surface at the protruding parts, and then knock them down with a hammer.

[0115] 2. Measure and lay out.

[0116] According to the requirements of the design drawings, the anchor hole positions are accurately measured and placed on the slope surface using a total station. After measurement, the hole positions are marked on the rock surface with paint. The vertical and horizontal errors of the hole positions on the slope surface shall not exceed ±50mm.

[0117] 3. Construction of reinforcement system.

[0118] (1) The drilling rig is in place.

[0119] 1) Select drilling equipment based on the geological conditions of the anchoring area, the diameter and depth of the anchor hole, and the construction site conditions. A Kaishan YV-20 anchor drill rig is used to drill holes in rock formations. When grouting in fractured or soft, water-saturated formations prone to hole collapse and drill bit sticking, a certain period of pressure stabilization is required.

[0120] 2) The anchor hole drilling construction should be carried out according to the measurement of the hole position on the slope, the drilling rig should be accurately installed and fixed, and the machine position should be adjusted strictly and carefully. The drilling process should be checked at any time.

[0121] (2) Drilling and cleaning holes.

[0122] 1) Drilling method: The drilling angle should be 100° with the rock surface to ensure that the anchor construction does not deteriorate the engineering geological conditions of the slope rock mass and ensure the bonding performance of the hole wall.

[0123] 2) Drilling Process: The drilling speed must be strictly controlled based on the performance of the drilling rig and the anchoring formation to prevent distortion and diameter change of the borehole, which could cause anchoring difficulties or other unexpected accidents. During the drilling process, on-site construction records should be kept of each hole's formation changes, drilling conditions (bite pressure, drilling speed), groundwater, and any special circumstances. If adverse drilling conditions such as hole collapse or shrinkage are encountered, drilling must be stopped immediately and wall grouting (grouting pressure 0.1-0.2 MPa) must be carried out promptly. After the cement mortar has initially set, the hole can be re-drilled.

[0124] 3) Hole diameter and depth: To ensure the diameter of the anchor hole, the actual drill bit diameter is required to be slightly larger than the designed hole diameter; to ensure the depth of the anchor hole, the actual drilling depth is required to have an allowable deviation of ±50mm.

[0125] 4) Anchor hole cleaning: After drilling reaches the designed depth, drilling cannot be stopped immediately. Steady drilling is required for 1 to 2 minutes to prevent the bottom of the hole from being pointed and failing to reach the designed aperture. The borehole wall must not have sediment and water stickiness, and must be cleaned. After drilling is completed, high-pressure air (air pressure 0.2 to 0.4 MPa) is used to completely remove the rock powder and water from the hole to avoid reducing the bonding strength between the cement mortar and the rock and soil on the hole wall. Except for anchoring relatively hard and intact rock, high-pressure water flushing shall not be used. If pressurized water flows out of the anchor hole, anchor bars and grouting can be installed only after the water pressure and water volume decrease. If necessary, drainage holes should be set at appropriate locations around it. If the design requires the treatment of water accumulation inside the anchor hole, grouting and secondary drilling are generally used.

[0126] (3) Anchor hole inspection.

[0127] After the anchor hole is drilled, it must pass inspection by the on-site supervisor before proceeding to the next process. Hole diameter and depth inspections are typically performed using the designed hole diameter, drill bit, and standard drill rod, with on-site supervision. Inspections require the drill bit to advance smoothly without impact or vibration, the drill string to meet the designed anchor hole depth, and smooth drill withdrawal. High-pressure air blowback is required to ensure no significant splashing of dust, debris, or water. The anchor hole position, inclination, and azimuth are also reviewed. Once all anchor hole construction sub-items have passed, the anchor hole drilling inspection is considered qualified.

[0128] (4) Anchor rod production.

[0129] Anchor rod cutting and production should be carried out according to design requirements, strictly following the designed length. Rebar should be cut using a cutting machine. Finished anchor rods should be stored in the finished product storage area of the rebar shed. Rebar length deviation should not exceed 20mm. The end of the anchor rod should be treated with anti-corrosion measures such as painting and oiling. The end of the anchor rod should be welded to the rebar. If interference occurs, the spacing between the rebar and stirrups can be adjusted locally.

[0130] (5) Anchor rod installation.

[0131] Before the anchor rod is placed in the drill hole, the supervising engineer must inspect the anchor rod's machining quality, the anchor hole's plane position, diameter, depth, and the inclination and horizontal angle of the drill hole. Only after passing the inspection can the anchor rod be placed in the drill hole. Avoid twisting, compression, and bending of the anchor rod during insertion. The depth of the anchor rod in the hole should not be less than 95% of the anchor rod's length, and should not exceed this depth to prevent insufficient exposed length. If the designed depth is not reached, the hole should be redrilled. After the anchor rod is installed, it should not be struck randomly. Before installation, ensure that each rebar is straight, rust- and oil-free. Before installing the anchor rod, carefully check the anchor hole number again. Once confirmed, use high-pressure air to blow the hole through. Manually and slowly lower the anchor rod into the hole. Use a steel ruler to measure the length of the steel rod exposed outside the hole, calculate the anchor rod length in the hole, and ensure the anchor length is secured. When inserting the anchor rod, the grouting tube and the rod body should be placed into the bottom of the drill hole at the same time. Generally, the rod body should be inserted immediately after the hole is cleaned, with the anchor rod support facing downward during insertion.

[0132] (6) Grouting.

[0133] 1) Grouting materials:

[0134] ① Cement: It should be selected according to the national standard "Portland Cement, Ordinary Portland Cement" (GB175-2007), and ordinary Portland cement that meets the national standard should be used first. Cement mortar should use ordinary Portland cement with a strength grade of not less than 42.5.

[0135] ②Sand: Use medium-fine sand with a maximum particle size of less than 2.5mm.

[0136] ③ Water: The quality of water used to mix mortar should meet the relevant provisions of the "Specifications for Hydraulic Concrete Construction".

[0137] 2) Cement mortar mix ratio for grouting: 0.36:1:1.2.

[0138] 3) Grouting materials must be sampled and tested in the laboratory and can only be used after passing the test.

[0139] 4) Grouting adopts the bottom grouting method to inject grout once. The grouting operation starts from the bottom of the hole. Use a grouting pump to press the cement slurry into the tie rod tube through the hose, and then inject it into the anchor hole from the end of the tie rod tube. The end of the tube should be kept 50mm above the bottom of the hole. The grouting pressure is generally around 0.4MPa. As the cement slurry or mortar is poured in, the grouting tube should be gradually pulled outward until the hole mouth. During the tube pulling process, it should be ensured that the tube mouth is always buried in the mortar. The pressure should not be too large to avoid blowing away the slurry or mortar. When the slurry flows back to the hole mouth, use cement bag paper to tamp it into the hole, then seal the hole mouth with wet clay, and tamp it tightly, and then irrigate it with a pressure of 0.4-0.6MPa. The pressure is stabilized for a few minutes to complete.

[0140] 5) After grouting is completed, clean the grouting pipe, grouting gun and grouting sleeve, and keep grouting records.

[0141] (7) Hang galvanized protective net.

[0142] Lay 14# wire mesh on the cleaned and trimmed slope. The distance between the wire mesh and the slope should be no less than 6cm, and it should bend smoothly with the slope. U-shaped nails are needed to support or control the distance between the wire mesh and the rock surface. The overlap length of the wire mesh should be no less than 10cm, and they should be tied firmly. The anchor rods of the exposed parts should be tied firmly to the wire mesh. After the construction is completed, it is strictly forbidden to step on the tied wire mesh.

[0143] (8) Lay out the steel mesh.

[0144] A Φ6, 200*200 steel mesh is laid on the wire mesh. The steel mesh is laid along the undulations of the bedrock surface and is fixed with exposed anchor rods by welding.

[0145] 4. Sprinkler system installation.

[0146] Determine the incoming water source. Install Φ25 PVC main pipes along the bridleway and the top of the slope. Install Φ10 PVC branches along the vertical slope surface, along with rotating plastic sprinkler heads, to form a sprinkler network system. All pipes should be at least 13 cm above the rock face. Do not cover these pipes during irrigation. Sprinkler heads must be securely fixed to the slope. Branch pipe spacing is temporarily set at 5 m. Ensure the sprinkler system has a 95% spray coverage rate and moderate atomization. Any areas that do not meet the requirements must undergo repeated test spraying until the above conditions are met.

[0147] 5. Vegetation concrete spraying construction.

[0148] After completing slope preparation, mesh installation, anchor bolting, and preparing and mixing the components of the vegetation concrete base, the concrete base can be sprayed. This is done using a standard concrete sprayer, with separate base and surface layers. Spraying is performed from top to bottom, starting with the base layer and ending with the surface layer. Each spraying session is 4-6 meters wide and 3-5 meters high. Air is supplied by an air compressor with a capacity of more than 22 cubic meters, using a dry spraying method.

[0149] (1) The ecological base material of vegetation concrete is composed of a mixture of sandy loam, cement, organic materials, vegetation concrete ecological improver, organic fertilizer, and compound fertilizer. The components are as follows:

[0150] 1) Planting soil: Sandy loam and planting soil should be given priority, with a sand content of less than 20%, which should be turned over and dried in the sun, a moisture content of less than 15%, and a sieve size of no more than 20mm×20mm. Raw materials, soil and sieved soil stored on site should be covered in time to avoid open-air storage.

[0151] 2) Cement: P.O42.5 ordinary Portland cement.

[0152] 3) Organic materials: rice husks, distiller’s grains.

[0153] 4) Vegetation concrete moisturizing ecological improver.

[0154] 5) Plant seeds (purchase according to the ratio table to fill in the gaps).

[0155] 6) The vegetation concrete base material is divided into the base layer and the surface layer and prepared according to different proportions. The proportions are shown in Table 1:

[0156] Table 1 Ingredients of vegetation concrete base material

[0157]

[0158]

[0159] 7) Prepare the materials in proportion and mix thoroughly in a blender before use. Add the plant seeds required by the design when mixing the surface base layer.

[0160] 8) The plant seed ratio is shown in Table 2:

[0161] Table 2 Plant mixing ratio g / m 2

[0162]

[0163] (2) Spraying on the base layer.

[0164] 1) Method: Before spraying, check again whether the loose soil, grass, tree roots and other debris on the slope are clean. After confirmation, spray the slope with water to promote the close connection between the vegetation concrete substrate and the base surface. Then conduct a trial spray test to adjust the water-cement ratio before spraying. The spraying thickness of the base layer is 8 to 9 cm. When the spraying operation starts, the air should be supplied first, then the machine should be turned on, and then the material should be fed. At the end of the spraying, wait until the spray material is sprayed and then turn off the air.

[0165] 2) Control measures: The base vegetation concrete can be sprayed to the designed thickness in one go without the need for layered spraying. During the spraying process, the distance between the nozzle and the slope surface should be controlled between 0.6m and 1.0m. It should generally be perpendicular to the slope surface, and the maximum inclination angle should not exceed 10°. During spraying, the output pressure of the nozzle should be no less than 0.1MPa. The spraying should be carried out from top to bottom, spraying the concave part first and then the convex part. The spraying movement should be in an "S" shape or spiral shape.

[0166] (3) Surface spraying.

[0167] The surface spraying should be carried out within 8 hours after the completion of the base layer construction, and generally controlled within 3 to 4 hours; the thickness of the surface spraying is 1 to 2 cm; before the surface spraying, spray water on the slope surface to ensure the adhesion of the base layer and the surface layer; spraying is carried out at a close distance to ensure the uniformity of grass seed sowing; spraying is carried out from top to bottom, and the width of a single block is controlled at 4 to 6 meters.

[0168] 6. Special treatment of slope surface.

[0169] Observations revealed that plants on vertical, negative, and smooth slopes exhibited poor growth and survival rates. Plants were unable to grow against gravity and had extremely poor water retention, making it impossible to sustainably store water and nutrients. To address this issue, we implemented supplementary measures such as drilling planting holes, hanging planting rods, increasing the number of vines used to transplant seedlings, and enhancing maintenance.

[0170] (1) Create planting holes.

[0171] In order to prevent the vegetation concrete from falling off on the smooth slope and to facilitate the plant roots to penetrate into the rock, holes are drilled on the intact rock surface, 0.5m deep into the rock, with a drill hole diameter of 60mm and a spacing of 1.2×1.2m.

[0172] (2) Hang planting sticks.

[0173] In order to ensure that the water and nutrients of vertical slopes and smooth slopes can be stored for a long time, planting rods with a diameter of 8 cm and a length of 1 m are added to the slope. The planting rods are installed under the steel mesh and tied firmly to the steel mesh. The planting rod matching ratio is shown in Table 3:

[0174] Table 3 Planting stick ratio table

[0175] <![CDATA[Planting soil (m 3 )]]> <![CDATA[Organic material (m 3 )]]> Organic matter (kg) Compound fertilizer (kg) 13 5 303 9

[0176] (3) Increase the number of vine seedlings: Plant kudzu seeds on the steep surface and the upper part of the slope, two seeds at a time, with a spacing of 50 cm. Transplant creeper seedlings at the bottom, and transplant mulberry seedlings in cracks and small platforms, ensuring that there is one seed per square meter.

[0177] (4) Strengthen maintenance.

[0178] Under the above slope conditions, the sprinkler pipes will be appropriately increased in density and supplemented with artificial watering maintenance to ensure that the slope surface remains moist at all times.

[0179] 7. Maintenance.

[0180] (1) Within two days after the spraying operation, cover the surface of the substrate with non-woven fabric. This will not only keep the seeds moist and control the temperature, but also increase the germination rate of the seeds. It will also prevent the seeds from being blown away by the wind and eaten by birds, thus increasing the germination rate and survival rate of the seeds.

[0181] (2) During the maintenance period, attention should also be paid to the germination uniformity and germination rate of plant seeds. Slopes with uneven germination or no germination should be replanted. Of course, the survival rate of cultivated plants should also be monitored, and seedlings that did not survive should be replaced or replanted in a timely manner.

[0182] (3) During maintenance, it is necessary to prevent and control the occurrence of seedling diseases and pests. Pathological analysis should be conducted on possible diseases and pests, and targeted control measures should be taken.

[0183] (4) Ensure maintenance by spraying twice a day to ensure the moisture content of the spraying layer and the survival rate of the seeds.

[0184] (5) During the seed germination and seedling stage, watering and irrigation are mainly used, supplemented by manual spraying, to keep the vegetation concrete moist. The maintenance period depends on the growth of the slope plants, and the seedling stage is 0 to 60 days. After the seedling stage maintenance management is completed, the growth stage maintenance management should be carried out for no less than 240 days. In special circumstances, the growth maintenance management period can be appropriately extended, generally lasting 61 to 365 days.

[0185] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are intended to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than limiting them, and certainly not limiting the patent scope of the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features therein may be replaced by equivalents. These modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention. In other words, any changes or refinements made to the main design concept and spirit of the present invention that have no substantive significance, provided that the technical problems they solve are still consistent with those of the present invention, should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. In addition, the direct or indirect application of the technical solutions of the present invention to other related technical fields should also be included in the patent protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A vegetation planting construction method for a rocky slope vegetation system, characterized in that: The rock slope vegetation system comprises a wire mesh (2) paved on the surface of the rock slope (1), a steel mesh (3) installed on the surface of the rock slope (1) and located above the wire mesh (2), a vegetation concrete base layer (4) sprayed on the surface of the rock slope (1), a vegetation concrete base surface layer (5) sprayed on the vegetation concrete base layer (4), and a vegetation layer (6) rooted in the vegetation concrete base layer (4) and covering the outer surface of the vegetation concrete base surface layer (5); the wire mesh (2) and the steel mesh (3) are located in the vegetation concrete base layer (4); The rock slope vegetation system further comprises a plurality of anchor rods (7) anchored in the rock slope (1), the steel mesh (3) and the anchor rods (7) are welded and fixed, and the wire mesh (2) is tied and fixed to the anchor rods (7) by tying wires; The anchor rods (7) are distributed at an angle of 100° with the surface of the rock slope (1); the anchor rods (7) are distributed in multiple horizontal layers, the anchor rods (7) on the same horizontal layer are equidistantly distributed, the anchor rods (7) on adjacent horizontal layers are staggered, and the horizontal layers have the same distance; anchor holes matching the anchor rods (7) are drilled in the rock slope (1), the anchor rods (7) are inserted into the anchor holes and anchored by concrete, and the length of the anchor rods (7) exposed outside the anchor holes is 4-5% of the total length of the anchor rods; The wire mesh (2) is a 14# galvanized wire mesh, and the mesh size of the wire mesh (2) is 5×5 cm; the steel mesh (3) is welded with φ6 steel bars, and the mesh size of the steel mesh (3) is 200×200 cm; the spacing between the steel mesh (3) and the wire mesh (2) is 5 cm; the thickness of the vegetation concrete substrate base layer (4) is 8 cm, and the thickness of the vegetation concrete substrate surface layer (5) is 2 cm; The vegetation planting construction method comprises the following steps: Step 1: rock slope surface treatment; Step 2: Measure and lay out; Step 3: Construction of reinforcement system; Step 4: Construction of the sprinkler system; Step 5: Vegetation concrete spraying construction; Step 6: Slope treatment; Step 7: Maintenance; In step six, the vertical slope, negative slope and smooth slope are supplemented and strengthened by drilling vegetation holes, hanging vegetation sticks, adding vine transplant seedlings and enhancing maintenance; drilling vegetation holes, in order to prevent the vegetation concrete from falling off on the smooth slope and to facilitate the plant roots to penetrate into the rock, drill holes in the intact rock surface of the rock slope, 0.5m deep into the rock, with a borehole diameter of 60mm and a spacing of 1.2×1.2m; hanging vegetation sticks, in order to ensure that the moisture and nutrients of the vertical slope and smooth slope can be stored for a long time, Planting rods with a diameter of 8 cm and a length of 1 m are added to the rocky slope surface. The planting rods are installed under the steel mesh and tied firmly to the steel mesh. More vine seedlings are transplanted. Kudzu seeds are planted on the steep sliding surface and the upper part of the reverse slope, two seeds are planted each time with a spacing of 50 cm. Ivy seedlings are transplanted at the bottom, and caraway seedlings are transplanted in the cracks and small platforms to ensure that there is one tree per square meter. Strengthen maintenance. Under the conditions of vertical slopes, negative slopes and smooth slopes, the sprinkler pipes are appropriately increased, and artificial watering maintenance is used as a supplement to ensure that the above-mentioned slopes are always moistened.

2. The vegetation planting construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 3, the reinforcement system is constructed, including the following steps: Step 1: Put the drilling rig in place; Step 2: Drilling and cleaning holes; Step 3: Anchor hole inspection; Step 4: Anchor bolt body production; Step 5: Anchor bolt installation; Step 6: Grouting and anchoring; Step 7: Lay and hang galvanized wire mesh; Step 8: Lay out the steel mesh.

3. The vegetation planting construction method according to claim 2, characterized in that: In step 1, first, the drilling equipment is selected according to the geological conditions of the anchoring area, the diameter and depth of the anchor hole, and the conditions of the construction site. The Kaishan YV-20 anchor drilling rig is used to drill holes in the rock strata. When grouting in strata with broken or soft, water-saturated rock that is prone to collapse and drill stuck and buried, the pressure needs to be stabilized for a certain period of time; secondly, during the anchor hole drilling construction, the hole position is measured and set according to the rock slope surface, and the fixed drilling rig is accurately installed and adjusted; In step 2, the drilling and hole cleaning process includes the following steps: Step (1), before drilling, make sure that the anchor hole forms an angle of 100° with the rock slope surface during drilling. To ensure the anchor hole diameter, the anchor drill bit diameter must be larger than the designed anchor hole diameter. To ensure the anchor hole depth, the actual drilling depth is designed to allow a deviation of ±50mm. Step (2): During drilling, the drilling speed is controlled according to the performance of the drilling rig and the anchoring stratum to prevent the borehole from twisting and changing in diameter, thereby causing difficulties in anchoring or accidents. Step (3), cleaning of anchor holes after drilling: After drilling reaches the designed depth, steady drilling is required for 1 to 2 minutes to prevent the bottom tip of the hole from failing to reach the designed aperture, and the sediment and water attached to the hole wall are cleaned. After the drilling is completed, 0.2 to 0.4 MPa high-pressure air is used to completely remove the rock powder and water in the anchor hole to ensure the bonding strength between the cement mortar and the rock and soil of the hole wall. If pressurized water flows out of the anchor hole, anchor bars and grouting can be installed only after the water pressure and water volume decrease, and drainage holes are set at appropriate locations around. If the design requires the treatment of water accumulation inside the anchor hole, grouting and secondary drilling are used.

4. The vegetation planting construction method according to claim 2, characterized in that: In step 3, during the anchor hole inspection, after the anchor hole drilling is completed, the designed hole diameter, drill bit and standard drill rod are used to inspect the hole. The drill bit is smoothly advanced into the anchor hole without impact or shaking. The drill bit delivery length meets the designed anchor hole depth. The drill must be withdrawn smoothly. High-pressure wind is used to check that there is no obvious splashing of dust and water. At the same time, the anchor hole position, inclination and azimuth must be reviewed. After all the anchor hole construction sub-items are qualified, the anchor hole drilling inspection is qualified. In step 4, when the anchor rod body is made, the anchor rod is cut according to the designed length, the anchor rod steel bar is cut by a cutting machine, and the processed anchor rod body is stored in the finished product storage area of the steel bar shed. The length deviation of the anchor rod steel bar is not more than 20 mm, the tail end of the anchor rod is painted and oiled for anti-corrosion treatment, and the anchor rod end is welded to the steel bar in the steel mesh. If there is interference, the spacing between the steel bar in the steel mesh and the wire mesh stirrups can be locally adjusted; In step 5, when installing the anchor rod body, avoid twisting, compression and bending when the anchor rod body enters the hole, and the depth of the anchor rod body entering the hole shall not be less than 95% of the total length of the anchor rod; before installing the anchor rod body, ensure that each anchor rod body steel bar is straight, rust-free and degreased; before installing the anchor rod body, use high-pressure air to blow the hole, manually place the anchor rod body into the hole, use a steel ruler to measure the length of the anchor rod body exposed outside the anchor hole to calculate the length of the anchor rod body in the anchor hole, and ensure the overall anchoring length; when inserting the anchor rod body, the grouting pipe and the anchor rod body should be placed at the bottom of the drilled hole at the same time, and the anchor rod body should be inserted immediately after washing the hole, with one side of the anchor rod bracket facing downward during insertion.

5. The vegetation planting construction method according to claim 2, characterized in that: In step 6, the grouting and anchoring process includes the following steps: Step 1) Grouting material selection: ordinary Portland cement with a strength grade of not less than 42.5 should be used for cement, medium-fine sand with a maximum particle size of less than 2.5mm should be used for sand, and water with a quality specified in the "Specifications for Hydraulic Concrete Construction" should be used for water; Step 2) Grouting mix ratio: the water: cement: sand ratio for grouting is 0.36:1:1.

2. Grouting materials must be sampled and tested in the laboratory before use; Step 3) Grouting adopts the bottom grouting method to grout once. The grouting operation starts from the bottom of the hole. The cement slurry is pressed into the tie rod tube through the hose with a grouting pump, and then injected into the anchor hole from the end of the tie rod tube. The end of the tube is kept 50mm above the bottom of the hole. The grouting pressure is 0.4Mpa. As the cement mortar is poured in, the grouting tube is gradually pulled outward until the anchor hole mouth. During the tube pulling process, it is necessary to ensure that the grouting tube mouth is always buried in the cement mortar. When the cement mortar liquid flows back to the anchor hole mouth, it is rammed into the anchor hole with cement bag paper, and then the anchor hole mouth is sealed with wet clay and tightly rammed. Then, it is supplemented with a pressure of 0.4-0.6MPa and the pressure is stabilized for 3-5 minutes to complete. Step 4) After the grouting is completed, clean the grouting pipe, grouting gun and grouting sleeve, and keep a record of the grouting; In step 7, when laying the galvanized wire mesh, lay 14# galvanized wire mesh on the cleaned and trimmed rock slope surface. The distance between the wire mesh and the rock slope surface is not less than 6 cm, and it bends smoothly with the slope surface. U-shaped nails are required to support or control the distance between the wire mesh and the rock slope surface. The overlap length between adjacent overlapping wire meshes is not less than 10 cm, and they are tied firmly. The anchor rods of the exposed parts should be tied firmly to the wire mesh. After the construction is completed, it is strictly forbidden to step on the tied wire mesh at will. In step 8, when laying the steel mesh, a Φ6 steel mesh with a mesh size of 200×200 cm is laid above the wire mesh. The steel mesh is laid synchronously with the undulations of the rock slope surface and is welded and fixed to the exposed anchor rods.

6. The vegetation planting construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1, the rock slope surface treatment includes the following steps: Step (1): Clear the vegetation junction and clean the contact surface of the original slope above the opening line of the rock slope. The cleaning width is 1.0 to 1.5 m, and the branches of plants on the original slope are removed. Step (2): Manually remove weeds, fallen leaves, branches, loose soil and loose rocks from the slope surface. Clean the rocky slope surface to a thickness of 10 cm. During the surface clearing process, to reduce the risk of falling rocks from heights, set up stone barriers on the outermost side of each bridleway. Step (3) Slope surface finishing: knock down protruding and easily detached dangerous rocks. First, use an electric hammer or jackhammer to drill holes along the slope surface at the protruding parts, and then knock them down with a hammer. In the second step, when measuring and setting out, according to the requirements of the design drawing, the anchor hole positions are accurately measured and placed on the rock slope surface using a total station, and after the measurement, the hole positions are marked on the rock slope surface with paint, and the vertical and horizontal errors of the hole positions on the rock slope surface do not exceed ±50mm; In step 4, when constructing the sprinkler system, determine the incoming water source, lay Φ25PVC main pipes along the horse path and the top of the slope, and lay Φ10PVC branch pipes and rotating plastic nozzles along the vertical direction of the rock slope to form a sprinkler network system; all pipes in the sprinkler network system are at least 13 cm higher than the rock slope surface, and the Φ25PVC main pipes, Φ10PVC branch pipes and rotating plastic nozzles shall not be covered during the vegetation concrete spraying construction. The nozzles are firmly fixed to the rock slope surface by brackets, and the distance between adjacent Φ10PVC branch pipes is 5 m to ensure that the spraying coverage rate of the sprinkler system is not less than 95%.

7. The vegetation planting construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step five, during the vegetation concrete spraying construction, after completing the rock slope surface treatment, laying of wire mesh and steel mesh, laying of anchor rods, and preparing and mixing the components of the vegetation concrete base material, the vegetation concrete base material spraying construction can be carried out; the equipment used for spraying is a concrete sprayer, which is divided into the base layer and the surface layer for spraying respectively; the spraying is carried out from top to bottom on the rock slope surface, first the base layer and then the surface layer, and each spraying is 4 to 6 meters wide and 3 to 5 meters high; the spraying is carried out by an air compressor larger than 22 cubic meters, and dry spraying is adopted. The vegetation concrete base material is composed of a mixture of sandy loam, cement, organic materials, vegetation concrete ecological improver, organic fertilizer, and compound fertilizer. The components are prepared in a certain proportion and fully stirred in a mixer before use. Plant seeds are added while stirring the surface base material. The plant seed ratio is as follows: after spraying, each square meter contains at least 2 grams of Bermuda grass seeds, 1 gram of tall fescue seeds, 2 grams of cosmos seeds, 2 grams of bahia grass seeds, 5 grams of indigofera seeds, 3 grams of Lespedeza seeds, 2 grams of Sesbania seeds, and 1 gram of Sophora japonica seeds. When spraying the vegetation concrete base layer, before spraying, check again to see if the loose soil, grass, tree roots, and other debris on the rock slope surface have been cleaned. After confirmation, spray the rock slope surface with water to ensure a tight connection between the vegetation concrete base and the rock slope surface. Then conduct a trial spray test to adjust the water-cement ratio before spraying. The spraying thickness of the vegetation concrete base layer is 8 to 9 cm. At the beginning of the spraying operation, first supply air, then start the machine, and then feed the material. At the end of the spraying, wait until the spray material is sprayed and then turn off the air. The vegetation concrete base layer should be sprayed to the designed thickness in one go. During the spraying process, the distance between the nozzle and the rock slope surface should be controlled between 0.6m and 1.0m, and the spraying should be perpendicular to the rock slope surface. During spraying, the output pressure of the spray head shall not be less than 0.1MPa; spraying shall be carried out from top to bottom, first spraying the concave part and then the convex part, and the spraying movement shall be in S-shape or spiral motion; When spraying the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate, the vegetation concrete substrate surface spraying shall be carried out 3 to 4 hours after the construction of the vegetation concrete substrate base layer is completed. The spraying thickness of the vegetation concrete substrate surface is 1 to 2 cm. Before spraying the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate, the vegetation concrete substrate base layer shall be sprayed with water once to ensure the adhesion between the vegetation concrete substrate base layer and the vegetation concrete substrate surface layer. The vegetation concrete substrate surface layer shall be sprayed at a close distance to ensure the uniformity of plant seed sowing. The vegetation concrete substrate surface layer spraying shall be carried out from top to bottom, and the width of a single block shall be 4 to 6 m.

8. The vegetation planting construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step seven, during maintenance, within two days after the spraying construction is completed, a non-woven fabric is covered on the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate; during the maintenance period, the slopes with uneven budding or no budding should be replanted, and the cultivated plants should be replaced or replanted with seedlings that have not survived in a timely manner; during maintenance, a pathological analysis should be conducted on possible diseases and insect pests, and targeted control measures should be taken; spray maintenance is carried out twice a day to ensure the moisture content of the surface of the vegetation concrete substrate and the survival rate of the seeds; during the germination and seedling stages of plant seeds, maintenance is mainly carried out by watering and sprinkler irrigation, supplemented by manual spraying, to keep the vegetation concrete moist. The maintenance period depends on the growth conditions of the slope plants, and the seedling stage is 0 to 60 days. After the seedling stage maintenance management is completed, growth period maintenance management of not less than 240 days is required.

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