Gene Gun

Abstract

The accelerator module is connected to the initiator module and generates supersonic waves through the subsonic waves generated by the initiator module. The supersonic waves deliver particles to cells in the tissue. The accelerator module can include a deflagration-detonation transition material and a detonation output material. An example of a deflagration-detonation transition material is 5-nitrotetrazolyl copper (I). Another example of a deflagration-detonation transition material is lead azide. An example of a detonation output material is pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to devices and methods for gene therapy. More specifically, the present application relates to devices and methods related to a particle delivery system for biolistics for delivering exogenous DNA (introduced gene) to cells. Background Art

[0002] The gene gun accelerates small metal particles to the highest possible speed. The particles pass through tissue on their way to the target cells. Because the particles have such high speed and density, and are very small, they can penetrate tissue without causing permanent damage to the tissue. The damage caused by the particles is easily repaired by the tissue due to the small size of the penetration path. When reaching the target cell, the dopant (including DNA) is inserted into the nucleus of the cell.

[0003] In addition, Patent Document 1 discloses a gene gun that accelerates a solution containing a biomaterial using a gas instead of metal particles to deliver the biomaterial to cells.

[0004] Prior art literature

[0005] Patent Literature

[0006] Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-236657 Summary of the invention

[0007] Problems to be solved by the invention

[0008] Currently, the practical limit for accelerating particles is the speed of sound in the gas medium used. The fastest existing technology is to accelerate particles in a helium atmosphere to increase the speed of sound, thereby increasing the practical limit of particle speed. This technology limits the effectiveness of existing gene guns by limiting the penetration depth of the particles (particle penetration depth is a function of particle speed). The only other gas with a fast speed of sound is hydrogen, but there is a risk of flammability.

[0009] Solution to the problem

[0010] In certain specific medical applications, it may be advantageous to utilize a biolistic particle delivery system. In a specific embodiment, in the case of a gene gun, in order to achieve a velocity of doped metal particles that is faster than the speed of sound in any gas (gas), a detonation (explosion) phenomenon is relied upon. In a specific embodiment, the gene gun generates a blast wave that passes through a wall or a wall segment but does not destroy the wall. The blast wave passes through the wall at the speed of sound of the wall material. For example, in a specific embodiment, the wall is stainless steel. In the case of stainless steel, the speed of sound is 5,790 m / s. There are doped metal particles on the opposite side of the wall. In the above example, the doped metal particles are released at the initial velocity of the detonation (explosion) wave, i.e., 5,790 m / s. This is much higher than 1,007 m / s, which is the speed of sound in helium.

[0011] One embodiment relates to an accelerator module, which is connected to an initiator module and is configured to generate supersonic waves from subsonic waves generated by the initiator module. The supersonic waves are configured to deliver particles to cells in a tissue. The accelerator module has a body, which has a propagation axis and defines a receptacle having a bottom surface. The receptacle includes a first portion and a second portion configured between the first portion and the bottom surface. The accelerator module further includes: a first material configured in the first portion, a second material configured in the second portion, a wall section at least partially defined between the bottom surface of the receptacle and the outer surface of the body, and a plurality of doped metal particles in contact with the outer surface of the body and substantially aligned with the bottom surface along the propagation axis. In order to generate supersonic waves, the first material and the second material are configured to be ignited by the subsonic waves generated by the initiator module. The supersonic waves are formed in such a way that they pass through the wall segment and subsequently accelerate the multiplicity of doped metal particles to a certain speed.

[0012] In certain specific embodiments, the above speed is supersonic.

[0013] In some specific embodiments, the speed is a speed sufficient to penetrate the cells in the tissue (penetrate into the cells).

[0014] Some specific embodiments include: the first material is a deflagration-to-detonation material (DDT).

[0015] Some specific modes include: the deflagration-detonation transition material mentioned above has dry explosive (dry gunpowder).

[0016] Some specific methods include: the deflagration-detonation transition material comprises lead azide.

[0017] Some specific methods include: the deflagration-detonation transition material comprises 5-nitrotetrazolyl copper (I) (copper (I) 5-nitrotetrazolate) (DBX-1).

[0018] Some specific embodiments include: the second material is a detonating output material.

[0019] Some specific modes include: the above-mentioned detonation output material is dry gunpowder (dry explosive).

[0020] Some specific embodiments include: the detonation output material comprises pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

[0021] Some specific embodiments include: the wall section is provided with stainless steel.

[0022] Some specific embodiments include: the main body comprises a wall segment.

[0023] Some specific methods include: selecting the material of the wall section so that the wall section does not break when a supersonic wave passes through it.

[0024] Some specific methods include: selecting the thickness of the wall segment so that the wall segment does not break when a supersonic wave passes through it.

[0025] In some specific aspects, the main body includes a base and a cap, and the cap is fixed to the base forming at least a portion of the container therebetween.

[0026] In some specific embodiments, the container is further configured to receive at least a portion of the initiator module when the cap is not fixed to the base. The container is configured to fix the initiator module relative to the body when the cap is fixed to the base.

[0027] Some specific aspects include: the main body includes an opening toward the container, and the opening is formed to have a size and shape such that a portion of the initiator module passes through the opening when the initiator module is connected to the accelerator module.

[0028] Some specific embodiments include: a part of the above-mentioned initiator module is at least one electrical pin.

[0029] Some specific embodiments include: the main body includes an ejection tube (release tube) disposed on the opposite side of the wall section when viewed from the container. The ejection tube is aligned with the propagation axis (arranged in a row). The plurality of doped metal particles are disposed in the ejection tube.

[0030] Some specific embodiments include: the injection tube is a linear cylinder, and the cross section of the injection tube has the same size as the cross section of the container.

[0031] Some specific modes include: the accelerator module is a component of a gene gun.

[0032] Some specific modes include: the first part and the second part are arranged in a row along the propagation axis.

[0033] Some specific modes include: the bottom surface is perpendicular to the propagation axis.

[0034] Some specific embodiments further include: an adhesive disposed on at least a portion of the outer surface of the main body, and the plurality of doped metal particles are suspended in the adhesive.

[0035] Some specific aspects further include: a mesh fixed to the main body at a position covering the plurality of doped metal particles; and an adhesive arranged on the mesh to suppress the plurality of doped metal particles from passing through the mesh in the absence of supersonic waves.

[0036] In some specific embodiments, the container further comprises a seal. The container is further configured to receive at least a portion of the initiator module. The seal is disposed in the container to form a seal with the initiator module.

[0037] Some specific embodiments include: each of the plurality of doped metal particles has a diameter of about 1 micron.

[0038] Some specific embodiments include: the plurality of doped metal particles include gold.

[0039] Some specific embodiments include: the plurality of doped metal particles include tungsten.

[0040] Some specific methods include: the plurality of doped metal particles contain chemical substances.

[0041] Some specific ways include: the above chemical substance is DNA.

[0042] Some specific aspects include: the initiator module is an electrical explosive device (EED).

[0043] Some specific aspects include: the electrical explosive device (EED) includes an electrical input portion and an pyrotechnic output portion.

[0044] Some specific methods include: the output part of the pyrotechnic device is a mixture of zirconium and potassium perchlorate.

[0045] Some specific aspects include: the electrical explosive device (EED) includes a housing, and the pyrotechnic output unit is disposed within the housing.

[0046] Some specific embodiments include: the shell is made of metal.

[0047] One embodiment relates to an accelerator module, which defines a body having a propagation axis and a container having a bottom surface. The propagation axis passes through the bottom surface. The accelerator module further comprises: a material arranged in the container and configured in a manner to at least partially generate a detonation (explosion) wave traveling at a supersonic speed; a wall segment at least partially defined between the bottom surface of the container and the outer surface of the body, and the wall segment has a size that allows the detonation (explosion) wave to pass and travel therein without causing the wall segment to rupture; and a plurality of doped metal particles arranged on the opposite side of the wall segment when viewed from the container and substantially in line with the propagation axis.

[0048] One embodiment relates to a method for delivering a plurality of doped metal particles to cells in a tissue using a portable device. The method comprises: igniting an explosive charge (gunpowder) disposed in the portable device to generate a subsonic wave, and causing the subsonic wave to propagate along an axis toward a material disposed in the portable device; igniting the material through the subsonic wave to generate a supersonic wave, and causing the supersonic wave to continue to propagate along the axis toward a wall section of the portable device; and causing the supersonic wave to pass through and propagate in the wall section without causing the wall section to rupture, and causing the supersonic wave to collide with the plurality of doped metal particles after passing through the wall section to accelerate the plurality of doped metal particles to a certain speed.

[0049] Another embodiment relates to a gene gun having a propagation axis extending at least between an explosive charge (explosive) and a plurality of doped metal particles. The gene gun comprises: a deflagration-to-detonation material (DDT) disposed substantially along the propagation axis; a detonation output material (detonating output material) disposed on the opposite side of the deflagration-detonation transition material when viewed from the explosive charge and disposed substantially along the propagation axis; and a wall segment separating the detonation output material from the plurality of doped metal particles.

[0050] Effects of the Invention

[0051] According to the technology of the present application, it is possible to provide an apparatus and method for delivering a plurality of doped metal particles to cells, which can increase the speed of metal particles delivered to cells compared to conventional technologies. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0052] Figure 1 This is a perspective view of an embodiment of a gene gun including a handle and an accelerator module or a cartridge according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The accelerator module is attached to the handle and can be replaced after use.

[0053] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 A perspective view of the distal end of an accelerator module is shown, illustrating an exit tube containing a plurality of particles.

[0054] Figure 3 yes Figure 1 A perspective view of the proximal end of an accelerator module is shown illustrating at least one pin of an initiator for electrically connecting the accelerator module to a handle.

[0055] Figure 4 yes Figure 2 The side view of the accelerator module is shown, showing the cap and base of the accelerator module fixed together in a manner to form a container. The container receives at least a portion of the initiator and defines a chamber.

[0056] Figure 5 yes Figure 2 A top view of the distal end of an accelerator module is shown, illustrating a plurality of particles disposed within an ejection barrel.

[0057] Figure 6 yes Figure 2 A top view of the proximal end of the accelerator module is shown, illustrating at least one pin configured to connect to the connector of the handle.

[0058] Figure 7 yes Figure 2An exploded perspective view of an accelerator module is shown, showing, for example, the initiator separated from the container.

[0059] Figure 8 is along Figure 4 The cut surface 8-8 is observed through Figure 4 The cross-section of the accelerator module is shown, showing both the initiator and the chamber in line with the firing tube along the axis. A wall section separates the chamber from the firing tube.

[0060] Fig. 9 Except that at least one pin is connected to the connector of the handle and the distal end of the accelerator module is configured relative to the tissue, Figure 8 Same cross section.

[0061] Fig. 10A In addition to showing the steps of igniting the accelerator module, Fig. 9 In the same partial cross-sectional view, the step of igniting the accelerator module includes: a supersonic shock wave passes through the wall section to accelerate a plurality of particles so that they are ejected from the ejection tube and pass through the tissue.

[0062] Fig. 10B In addition to showing the steps of igniting the accelerator module, Fig. 9 In the same partial cross-sectional view, the step of igniting the accelerator module includes: a supersonic shock wave passes through the wall section to accelerate a plurality of particles so that they are ejected from the ejection tube and pass through the tissue.

[0063] Fig. 10C In addition to showing the steps of igniting the accelerator module, Fig. 9 In the same partial cross-sectional view, the step of igniting the accelerator module includes: a supersonic shock wave passes through the wall section to accelerate a plurality of particles so that they are ejected from the ejection tube and pass through the tissue.

[0064] Fig.11 Other embodiments of a shooting tube including an adhesive for inhibiting a plurality of particles from falling from the shooting tube prior to ignition of an accelerator module are shown.

[0065] Fig.12 Except that the screen is arranged across the far end of the injection tube, Fig.11 Same picture.

[0066] Fig.13 This is a diagram for explaining the propagation of energy through the accelerator module.

[0067] Explanation of symbols

[0068] 10···Gene Gun

[0069] 11. Handle

[0070] 12···Accelerator module

[0071] 14···Main body

[0072] 16···Base

[0073] 20···Container

[0074] 30···Detonator

[0075] 32···Housing

[0076] 34···Explosive Charge

[0077] 44···Wall segment

[0078] 45···Chamber

[0079] 46···Part 1

[0080] 48···Material 1

[0081] 50···Part 2

[0082] 52···Material 2

[0083] 54···Bottom

[0084] 58···Injection tube

[0085] 60···particles DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0086] Hereinafter, the embodiments of the present application will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that each configuration and combination thereof in each embodiment is an example, and the addition, omission, replacement, and other changes of the configuration can be appropriately made within the scope of the subject matter of the present invention. The present application is not limited to the embodiments, but only to the claims.

[0087] The particle delivery target to which the doped metal particles of the present application are delivered (introduced) may be, for example, tissues, preferably cells within the tissues. In addition, when the particle delivery target is a cell within a tissue, the particle delivery target may be a nucleus within the cell or an organelle within the cell.

[0088] As the above-mentioned tissue, animal tissue and plant tissue can be cited. As the above-mentioned animal, vertebrates can be cited, specifically mammals (mammals), birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, etc. As the above-mentioned plant, seed plants, spore plants, etc. can be cited. As seed plants, angiosperms, gymnosperms, etc. can be cited. As spore plants, ferns, mosses, algae, etc. can be cited. In the case where the tissue as the above-mentioned particle delivery object is an animal tissue, in addition to epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, etc., it can also include, for example, organs, viscera, epidermis (stratum corneum, intradermis), dermis, subcutaneous, muscle, etc. In the case where the tissue as the above-mentioned particle delivery object is a plant tissue, in addition to meristems (including apical meristems, cambium, etc.), permanent tissues (including epidermal tissues, channel tissues, mechanical tissues, parenchyma tissues, etc.), etc., it can also include, for example, roots, stems, leaves, etc.

[0089] The above-mentioned particle delivery object can be any system of in vitro system, in vivo system, and ex vivo system. That is, the above-mentioned particle delivery object can be in a state of existing in an individual (organism), or it can be in a state of being taken out and separated from an individual (organism). The latter is a state in which the above-mentioned particle delivery object does not exist in an individual (organism). As a specific example, when the above-mentioned particle delivery object is a cell (preferably a cell in a tissue), as the cell (preferably a cell in a tissue), it can be a form other than a cell (preferably a cell in a tissue) in a state of existing in an individual (organism). The above-mentioned individual (organism) can be an animal individual (organism) or a plant individual (organism), and the forms of animals and plants are as described above. When the above-mentioned individual (organism) is an animal individual (organism), it is preferably a vertebrate individual (organism), and more preferably a mammal individual (organism). As a mammal, there is no particular limitation, and humans, mammals other than humans, etc. can be mentioned. As a human, healthy people, people (patients) suffering from diseases, etc. can be mentioned. Examples of mammals other than humans include mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, cows, goats, sheep, pigs, monkeys, dogs, and cats.

[0090] In addition, the accelerator module of the present application includes a container having a propagation axis, a material arranged in the container and generating supersonic waves by igniting subsonic waves generated by an initiator module, and a wall section passing through the propagation axis and separating the inside and outside of the container. The accelerator module is configured in the following manner: a plurality of doped metal particles can be arranged in a row along the propagation axis on the outer surface of the wall section, and the supersonic waves generated by the material generating supersonic waves propagate through the wall section and collide with the plurality of doped metal particles, thereby accelerating the plurality of doped metal particles. The initiator module, for example, includes an explosive charge (explosive), which is operated by receiving a supply of operating power to ignite and burn the explosive charge, thereby generating a deflagration as a subsonic wave. The deflagration as a subsonic wave generated by the initiator module propagates along the propagation axis toward the material generating supersonic waves contained in the container, and the material is ignited by the deflagration as a subsonic wave. When the material generating the supersonic wave is ignited, a detonation (explosion) wave as a supersonic wave is generated, and the detonation wave as a supersonic wave travels along the propagation axis toward the wall segment. The detonation wave (supersonic wave) reaching the wall segment propagates (passes) inside the wall segment as a solid and reaches the outer surface of the wall segment, colliding with a plurality of doped metal particles arranged on the outer surface. As a result, the metal particles are given acceleration energy by the detonation wave (supersonic wave), and the metal particles are ejected at high speed and delivered to the above-mentioned particle delivery target.

[0091] The explosive charge of the initiator module may be, for example, zirconium or potassium perchlorate, or a mixture thereof. Of course, the explosive charge is not limited thereto, and various explosives that can generate deflagration as a subsonic wave by ignition and combustion may be used. For example, the explosive charge of the present application may be suitably the explosive charge used in the initiator used to inflate the airbag for automobiles.

[0092] In addition, there is no particular limitation on the material that generates supersonic waves by being ignited by subsonic waves, and various dry explosives can be used appropriately. The material that generates supersonic waves by being ignited by subsonic waves can be regarded as a material for transitioning deflagration to detonation. The material that generates supersonic waves by being ignited by subsonic waves can suitably include, for example, lead azide, 5-nitrotetrazole copper (I) (DBX-1), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), etc., but is certainly not limited to these, and various explosives can be used. In addition, the container of the accelerator module can contain a plurality of the above-mentioned materials that generate supersonic waves. For example, the material that generates supersonic waves by being ignited by subsonic waves can include a first material and a second material, and they can be arranged in a row along the propagation axis in the container. The first material and the second material can be different types of explosive materials, or they can be the same type of explosive materials.

[0093] The wall section of the accelerator module causes the detonation wave generated in the container as a supersonic wave to propagate through solid. Here, the speed of sound refers to the speed of sound propagating in a substance (medium), which varies depending on the medium. Compared with the case where a gas is used as the medium, the speed of sound can be significantly increased when a solid is used as the medium. For example, the speed of sound in stainless steel can reach several times the speed of sound in helium. Of course, the material used for the wall section is not limited to stainless steel. The wall section can be formed of, for example, aluminum, other metals, or materials other than metals. The wall section formed in this way can further accelerate the detonation wave as a supersonic wave that enters along the propagation axis by causing it to propagate through solid. Furthermore, by causing the supersonic wave (detonation wave) that reaches the outer surface of the wall section to collide with the metal particles, the metal particles can be ejected at a supersonic speed, for example. As a result, the accelerator module of the present application and the gene gun equipped therewith provide an accelerator module or gene gun with higher practicality by increasing the ejection speed of metal particles compared with the prior art.

[0094] Figure 1 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a gene gun 10 including a handle 11 and an accelerator module or box 12, which is a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The accelerator module 12 is mounted on the handle 11 and can be replaced after use. A specific embodiment of the gene gun 10 can be used in a research institute or medical institution for transplanting DNA into a cell nucleus. The cell nucleus can be a plant cell nucleus or an animal cell nucleus. For example, the cell nucleus can be a patient (human) cell nucleus.

[0095] In certain specific embodiments, the accelerator module 12 includes a body 14 and an initiator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 is mounted to the body 14. For example, in certain specific embodiments, the body 14 defines a container of a size and shape that can receive at least a portion of the initiator 30 (most clearly shown in FIG. Figure 8 In certain specific embodiments, the main body 14 and the detonator 30 are separately mounted on a frame. The frame is configured to fix the position of the main body 14 relative to the position of the detonator 30.

[0096] In certain specific embodiments, at least a portion of the body 14 comprises a material selected at least in part based on material strength. In certain specific embodiments, the material is selected in a manner that can contain the forces generated by an explosion occurring within the body 14. Thus, the material exhibits sufficient strength to contain the explosive forces within the body 14. In certain specific embodiments, at least a portion of the body 14 comprises a metal. Of course, the body 14 does not necessarily have to comprise a metal, and may instead comprise a material other than a metal, or a combination of materials other than a metal. For example, in certain specific embodiments, the body 14 comprises a plurality of materials.

[0097] Figure 2 A discharge tube (release tube) 58 containing a plurality of particles 60 is shown. Figure 1 1. A perspective view of the distal end of the body 14 of the accelerator module 12. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are doped metal particles. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are free to move toward the tissue without hindrance.

[0098] In certain specific embodiments, the body 14 has a wall section 44 (most clearly shown in FIG. Figure 8 ). In certain specific embodiments, the wall segment 44 is a portion of the body 14 that separates the container 20 from the plurality of particles 60. In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 generates a detonation wave (blast wave) that passes through and travels through the wall segment 44 of the accelerator module 12, but does not cause the wall segment 44 to rupture.

[0099] In certain specific embodiments, the wall segment 44 does not rupture when the blast wave passes through it, and thus, a barrier between the detonated (explosive) material and the tissue can be maintained. In certain specific embodiments, the wall segment 44 of the body 14 ruptures when the plurality of particles 60 are ejected (released) from the ejection barrel 58, but the loss of pressure from the gene gun 10 is sufficiently attenuated due to, for example, the size and shape of the rupture. As a result, the plurality of particles 60 still have an initial velocity greater than the speed of sound before entering the tissue.

[0100] The detonation wave (blast wave) passes through and travels in the wall segment 44 at the speed of sound in the wall material before leaving the wall segment 44 (emitted from the wall segment 44). The emitted detonation wave (blast wave) collides with the plurality of particles 60, and the detonation wave (blast wave) accelerates the plurality of particles 60 to an initial speed that is substantially the same as the speed of the detonation wave (blast wave) when passing through the wall segment 44. In contrast to the case of passing through a gas (gas), by passing the detonation wave (blast wave) through the wall segment 44, the speed of the detonation wave (blast wave) increases to a value greater than the speed of sound when passing through the gas.

[0101] In some specific embodiments, at least a portion of the body 14 in the accelerator module 12 includes a material having a large sound velocity (a material having a large sound velocity). In some specific embodiments, the larger (faster, higher) the sound velocity when passing through the material, the larger the initial velocity of the plurality of particles 60 ejected from the ejection tube 58 becomes.

[0102] In certain specific embodiments, the wall segment 44 has a thickness of 1 mm. In certain specific embodiments, the wall segment 44 has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In certain specific embodiments, the wall segment 44 has a thickness of 2 mm. In certain specific embodiments, the wall segment 44 has a variable or non-uniform wall thickness. The present application is not limited to the values ​​listed, and for thickness, other arbitrary values ​​are included. In certain specific embodiments, the material of the wall segment 44 is selected based at least in part on the speed of sound through the wall segment 44. In certain specific embodiments, the material of the wall segment 44 is selected in a manner that enables the body 14 to accelerate the plurality of particles 60 to an initial speed sufficient for the plurality of particles 60 to penetrate (penetrate) the tissue to a desired depth. Thus, the material of the wall segment 44 exhibits a speed of sound sufficient for the plurality of particles 60 to reach the desired depth within the tissue. In certain specific embodiments, the first portion of the body 14 includes a material having a strength sufficient to contain the explosive force. On the other hand, the second portion of the same body 14 includes a material having a sonic velocity sufficient to accelerate the plurality of particles 60 to a sonic velocity that enables the plurality of particles 60 to reach a desired depth in the tissue.

[0103] Figure 3 1 is a diagram showing at least one pin 38 (electrical input portion) of the initiator 30 for electrically connecting the accelerator module 12 to the handle 11. Figure 1 A perspective view of the proximal end of the accelerator module 12 is shown. In certain specific embodiments, the accelerator module 12 can be introduced into the gene gun 10 by any desired means. As described below, in certain specific embodiments, an electrical firing mechanism such as an initiator 30 is used to provide a firing pulse at a desired time.

[0104] Figure 4 yes Figure 2 1 is a side view of the accelerator module 12. In the illustrated embodiment, the body 14 of the accelerator module 12 includes a base 16 and a cap 18. In other embodiments, the body 14 is manufactured as a single unitary structure. In other embodiments, the body 14 of the accelerator module 12 is assembled from three or more structures.

[0105] In certain specific embodiments, the base 16 and the cap 18 are provided with complementary engagement structures 22. The engagement structure 22 is configured to fix the base 16 and the cap 18 into one piece. In certain specific embodiments, the engagement structure 22 includes one or more of welding, adhesive, fasteners, mechanical locks, screws, or any other structure capable of fixing the base 16 to the cap 18. In other embodiments, the base 16 and the cap 18 are not directly fixed, but a frame is used to fix the base 16 relative to the cap 18.

[0106] Figure 5 yes Figure 2 The accelerator module 12 is shown in a top view of the distal end thereof, showing the outer surface 56 of the body 14 (most clearly shown in FIG. Figure 8 ) are arranged in a plurality of particles 60. In certain specific embodiments, the outer surface 56 is a portion of a concave shape of the body 14. In certain specific embodiments, the concave shape has the form of an ejection tube (release tube) 58. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are supported by at least the outer surface 56 of the ejection tube 58. In certain specific embodiments, at least a portion of the hole forming the cylindrical (tubular) wall of the ejection tube 58 supports the plurality of particles 60.

[0107] In some specific embodiments, the outer surface 56 is not part of a concave shape, but instead is part of a convex shape where the plurality of particles 60 are arranged. In some specific embodiments, the outer surface 56 where the plurality of particles 60 are arranged has a planar shape.

[0108] In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are attached to at least the outer surface 56. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are arranged on the outer surface 56. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are deposited (stacked) on the outer surface 56. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are randomly arranged on the outer surface 56.

[0109] In some specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are metal particles. In some specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 include small metal particles. In some specific embodiments, each particle in the plurality of particles 60 is 1 micron in size. In some specific embodiments, each particle in the plurality of particles 60 is 2 microns in size. Of course, the size of the particles in the plurality of particles 60 is not limited thereto and can be other sizes.

[0110] In certain specific embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 have a spherical shape. In other embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 have a conical shape. In other embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 have a cylindrical shape. In other embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 have a cubic shape. In other embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 have a mixture of two or more shapes.

[0111] In certain specific embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 are homogeneous. In certain specific embodiments, at least a portion of the particles in the plurality of particles 60 are different in size and shape from a number of other particles.

[0112] In some specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are made of a high-density material. For example, in some specific embodiments, the high-density material is gold, tungsten, or other known high-density materials. In some specific embodiments, for the plurality of particles 60, when accelerated to the same speed, it is sometimes desirable to include high-density particles that increase the kinetic energy of the plurality of particles 60 compared to particles with lower density.

[0113] In certain specific embodiments, multiple particles 60 are doped. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned particles are attached with chemical substances. In certain specific embodiments, multiple particles 60 are coated with chemical substances. In certain specific embodiments, the chemical substances include DNA. In certain specific embodiments, the DNA is plasmid DNA. In certain specific embodiments, the DNA is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule. In certain specific embodiments, the multiple doped particles 60 are particles coated with DNA and smaller in size than cells. In certain specific embodiments, the DNA is chromosomal DNA.

[0114] In certain specific embodiments, the ejection barrel 58 can output a plurality of particles 60 in a given direction. For example, the ejection barrel 58 can output a plurality of particles 60 along the axis 28. In certain specific embodiments, the axis 28 is a propagation axis. In some embodiments, the ejection barrel 58 can direct a plurality of particles 60 toward a given location on the tissue.

[0115] In certain specific embodiments, the ejection tube 58 has a certain inner diameter. In certain specific embodiments, the ejection tube 58 has an inner diameter that converges along the ejection direction (spraying direction). In certain specific embodiments, the ejection tube 58 has an inner diameter that diverges along the ejection direction. In certain specific embodiments, the ejection tube 58 has an inner diameter that converges along the ejection direction and then diverges along the ejection direction.

[0116] In certain specific embodiments, the ejection tube 58 may have one or more deflection plates (vanes) formed on the inner wall of the hole of the ejection tube 58. In certain specific embodiments, the one or more deflection plates are formed to a size and shape that allows the plurality of particles 60 ejected from the gene gun 10 to be straight. When the plurality of particles 60 are ejected from the ejection tube 58, the deflection plates can reduce turbulence of the plurality of particles 60.

[0117] In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 ejects the doped particles 60 into tissues, cells, and / or organelles. In certain specific embodiments, the ejection of the doped particles 60 is performed in vitro. In certain other specific embodiments, the ejection of the doped particles 60 is performed in vivo. In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 ejects the doped particles 60 into cell nuclei.

[0118] When the plurality of particles 60 are ejected, it is desired that the plurality of particles 60 penetrate the tissue. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 ejected by the gene gun 10 penetrate the tissue to a desired depth within the tissue. In certain specific embodiments, the desired depth is predetermined. In certain specific embodiments, the desired depth is determined at least in part based on the composition (configuration) of the plurality of particles 60. For example, the desired depth may be different for each different accelerator module 12.

[0119] Figure 6 yes Figure 2 The top view of the proximal end of the accelerator module 12 is shown, showing at least one pin 38 of the initiator 30 configured to connect to the connector 40 of the handle 11. In certain specific embodiments, the at least one pin 38 includes two conductive pins. In certain specific embodiments, the two conductive pins are gold plated. In certain specific embodiments, the at least one pin 38 of the initiator 30 is electrically connected to the connector 40.

[0120] In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 is ignited by electrical input. In certain specific embodiments, at least one pin 38 receives electrical input in the form of an electrical ignition pulse. In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 includes one or more electronic components for operating the initiator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the one or more electronic components are supported by the gene gun 10.

[0121] In certain specific embodiments, the one or more electronic components are configured to generate a current for operating the detonator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the one or more electronic components include a controller. In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 has an interface for a user to activate the one or more electronic components in order to operate the detonator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the interface is a pull trigger.

[0122] In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 includes an energy source for one or more electronic components. In certain specific embodiments, the energy source is supported by the handle 11. In certain specific embodiments, the energy source can be a battery. In certain specific embodiments, the battery supplies power to one or more electronic components in order to ignite the detonator 30.

[0123] In certain specific embodiments, a battery or other electrical energy source provides an electrical ignition pulse to the initiator 30 via the connector 40. In certain specific embodiments, the magnitude and duration of the electrical ignition pulse applied to the initiator 30 are 1.2 amps and 2 ms. In certain specific embodiments, the magnitude and duration of the electrical ignition pulse applied to the initiator 30 are 1.75 amps and 0.5 ms. The present application is not limited to the listed values, and any other values ​​are included for the magnitude and duration. In certain specific embodiments, the magnitude and duration of the electrical ignition pulse applied to the initiator 30 are selected based at least in part on the operating characteristics of the initiator 30.

[0124] Figure 7 yes Figure 2 The exploded perspective view of the accelerator module 12 shown shows, for example, an initiator 30 separated from the container 20. In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 can be configured as any electrical detonating device (EED). In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 includes an pyrotechnic charge 34 (pyrotechnic output unit). The pyrotechnic charge 34 is configured in a manner to generate a flame when ignited. In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 has a housing 32. In certain specific embodiments, the housing 32 has the pyrotechnic charge 34. In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 is an automotive initiator. Examples of automotive initiators include initiators used for automotive airbags.

[0125] In some specific embodiments, the container 20 is formed by the base 16 and the cap 18. In some specific embodiments, the base 16 includes at least a portion of the container 20. In some specific embodiments, the cap 18 includes at least a portion of the container 20. In some specific embodiments, at least a portion of the detonator 30 is disposed in the container 20. In some specific embodiments, the base 16 and the cap 18 are fixed as a whole to form the container. In some specific embodiments, after the detonator 30 is disposed in the container 20, the base 16 and the cap 18 are fixed as a whole.

[0126] In certain specific embodiments, the size and shape of the container 20 are determined relative to the size and shape of the initiator 30 in a manner that prevents the initiator 30 from moving relative to the container 20 when the cap 18 is fixed to the base 16. Thus, the initiator 30 can be locked (fixed) in the container 20, at least when the base 16 and the cap 18 are fixed as one.

[0127] Figure 8 is along Figure 4 The cut surface 8-8 is observed through Figure 4 The cross-sectional view of the accelerator module 12 is shown, showing both the initiator 30, the chambers 45 arranged in a row (arranged in a row) along the axis 28, and the shooting tube 58. In certain specific embodiments, the chamber 45 is a part of the container 20 and is disposed between the initiator 30 and the bottom surface 54 of the container 20. The wall section 44 separates the chamber 45 from the shooting tube 58.

[0128] In certain specific embodiments, the connector 40 is structurally fixed to the body 14. In certain specific embodiments, the body 14 has a lip 42 configured to capture a portion of the connector 40 and structurally fix the connector 40 to the body 14. In certain specific embodiments, the user can separate or remove the connector 40 from the body 14. For example, after using the accelerator module 12, the connector 40 can be removed from the body 14, and the used accelerator module 12 can be removed and replaced with a new accelerator module 12.

[0129] In some specific embodiments, the container 20 has an opening 26. In some specific embodiments, the opening 26 is disposed in the base 16. In some specific embodiments, the opening 26 is disposed between the surface of the initiator 30 and the surface of the base 16. In some specific embodiments, before the cap 18 is fixed to the base 16 to form the complete container 20, at least a portion of the initiator 30 passes through the opening 26 of the base 16.

[0130] In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 includes an impedance element 36. In certain specific embodiments, the impedance element 36 is arranged relative to the housing 32. In certain specific embodiments, the electrical ignition pulse applied to the initiator 30 heats the impedance element 36 in the initiator 30. In certain embodiments, the impedance element 36 is fully heated by the electrical ignition pulse and ignites the explosive charge (explosive) 34 in the housing 32. In certain specific embodiments, the explosive charge 34 is a mixture of zirconium and potassium perchlorate. In certain specific embodiments, the explosive charge 34 is a single material or a mixture with other materials.

[0131] In certain specific embodiments, the housing 32 is made of metal. In certain specific embodiments, the metal is stainless steel. Of course, the housing 32 can be made of any other metal besides stainless steel. In certain specific embodiments, the metal is aluminum. In certain specific embodiments, the housing 32 is made of a polymer. In certain specific embodiments, the material and thickness of the housing 32 are selected in such a way that the material ruptures in response to the ignited pyrotechnic charge 34. The rupture of the housing 32 can cause the flame to escape from the housing 32 and move or propagate along the axis 28 toward the chamber 45 at a subsonic speed.

[0132] In certain specific embodiments, the flame escaping from the shell 32 ignites the material in the chamber 45. After the pyrotechnic charge 34 is ignited, the pressure released by the pyrotechnic charge 34 in the shell 32 destroys the shell 32, and the deflagration propagates along the axis 28 at a subsonic speed, igniting the material in the chamber 45.

[0133] In certain specific embodiments, the accelerator module 12 is provided with a seal 24. In certain specific embodiments, the seal 24 is a gasket, an O-ring, or other suitable structure. In certain specific embodiments, the seal 24 is disposed between one or more surfaces of the body 14 and one or more surfaces of the initiator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the seal 24 is disposed in the opening 26. In certain specific embodiments, when the initiator 30 is ignited, the seal 24 inhibits the flame escaping from the housing 32 from leaking to the connector 40 through the opening 26. In certain specific embodiments, the seal 24 inhibits the material that exploded in the chamber 45 from leaking to the connector 40 through the opening 26 when ignited by the flame escaping from the housing 32 due to the rupture.

[0134] In certain specific embodiments, the material within the chamber 45 is selected in such a way that a detonating wave is generated when the material is ignited by the flame caused by the ignition of the pyrotechnic charge 34. In certain specific embodiments, the detonating wave travels at a speed greater than the speed of sound.

[0135] In certain specific embodiments, to achieve the desired detonation (explosion) wave from the chamber 45, the velocity of the pyrotechnic reaction mass, initially as a subsonic deflagration caused by the ignition of the pyrotechnic charge 34, is increased to greater than the speed of sound by the explosion of the material in the chamber 45. In certain specific embodiments, one or more materials are configured in the chamber 45 to generate the desired detonation (explosion) wave.

[0136] For example, in some specific embodiments, the above-mentioned materials include a deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) material and a detonating output material. In some specific embodiments, the above-mentioned materials are arranged in at least a portion of the chamber 45. In some specific embodiments, the above-mentioned materials are one or more of lead azide, 5-nitrotetrazolyl copper (I) (DBX-1), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Of course, the present application is not limited to the listed materials or combinations of materials, and other materials or combinations of materials that can generate a desired detonation (explosion) wave can be used.

[0137] In some specific embodiments, the above-mentioned materials include at least a first material 48 and a second material 52. The first material 48 and the second material 52 can be respectively arranged in the first part 46 and the second part 50 of the chamber 45. In some specific embodiments, the first material 48 is separated from the second material 52 in the chamber 45. In some specific embodiments, the first material 48 contacts the second material 52 at an interface. In some specific embodiments, the first material 48 is separated from the second material 52 by a barrier. In some specific embodiments, the barrier is a temporary barrier between the first material 48 and the second material 52. For example, after the first material 48 is ignited, the barrier is broken. In some specific embodiments, the first material 48 is arranged around the outer periphery of the second material 52. In some specific embodiments, the first material 48 and the second material 52 form a mixture in the chamber 45.

[0138] In certain specific embodiments, the interface between the first material 48 and the second material 52 is arranged perpendicularly with respect to the axis 28. In certain specific embodiments, the position of the above-mentioned interface promotes the propagation of the detonation (explosion) wave along the axis 28 toward the wall segment 44. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned interface is not arranged perpendicularly with respect to the axis 28. In certain specific embodiments, the size of the contact area between the first material 48 and the second material 52 is selected in a manner to promote the explosion of the second material 52 caused by the first material 48. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned interface can be smooth. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned interface can be bumpy.

[0139] In the illustrated embodiment, the first portion 46 is disposed closer to the initiator 30 than the second portion 50. In the illustrated embodiment, the second portion 50 is disposed between the first portion 46 and the wall segment 44.

[0140] In certain specific embodiments, the ratio of the first material 48 to the second material 52 is 50 / 50. Of course, other ratios are also within the scope of the present application. For example, in certain specific embodiments, the ratio of the first material 48 to the second material 52 is 40 / 60. For example, in certain specific embodiments, the ratio of the first material 48 to the second material 52 is 60 / 40.

[0141] In some specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material. In some specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a dry explosive. In some specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a lead azide material. In some specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a 5-nitrotetrazolyl copper (I) (DBX-1) material.

[0142] In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is a detonation output material. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is a dry explosive. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). In certain specific embodiments, the detonation wave generated by PETN travels at a speed greater than the speed of sound. In certain specific embodiments, the detonation (explosion) wave generated by PETN generates the same detonation (explosion) wave in the wall segment 44.

[0143] In certain specific embodiments, the detonation (explosion) wave continues after the wall segment 44 passes through, imparting a velocity to the plurality of particles 60 disposed relative to the outer surface 56 of the body 14. The detonation (explosion) wave then ejects (releases) the plurality of particles 60 from the body 14 at an initial velocity exceeding the speed of sound. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are ejected at the same initial velocity as the velocity of the detonation (explosion) wave passing through the wall segment 44.

[0144] Fig. 9 In addition to at least one pin 38 connected to the connector 40 of the handle 11, the distal end of the accelerator module 12 is configured relative to the tissue. Figure 8 Same cross section. Fig. 10A -C is the same as Fig. 9 In the same partial cross-sectional view, the accelerator module 12 is fired by passing a supersonic shock wave through the wall segment 44, accelerating a plurality of particles 60 and ejecting them from the ejection tube 58 and passing through the tissue.

[0145] Fig. 10AThe initiator 30 is shown to be operated (ignited) by electrical input. In certain specific embodiments, at least one pin 38 receives electrical input in the form of an electrical ignition pulse. The initiator 30 includes an pyrotechnic charge 34. The pyrotechnic charge 34 generates a flame when ignited. After the pyrotechnic charge 34 is ignited, the pressure released by the pyrotechnic charge 34 in the housing 32 destroys the housing 32, enabling the deflagration to propagate along the axis 28 toward the first material 48 in the chamber 45 at a subsonic speed. The deflagration caused by the pyrotechnic charge 34 generates a subsonic flame to be propagated. As a result, the subsonic flame moves toward the chamber 45.

[0146] Fig. 10B A deflagration igniting the first material 48 in the chamber 45 and escaping is shown. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material. After being ignited, the first material 48 transitions (transforms) from deflagration to detonation (explosion). While the first material 48 is ignited by the subsonic flame, the subsonic flame eventually transitions to detonation (explosion). As a result, the subsonic flame entering the first material 48 leaves the first material 48 in the form of a supersonic flame. The flame front surface is accelerated to become a supersonic flame that propagates toward the second material 52. With the transition from flame (deflagration) to detonation (explosion), the pressure increases. The detonation (explosion) that causes the supersonic wave generates a strong pressure wave that makes the temperature of the first material higher than the auto-ignition temperature of the first material 48 and travels in front of the propagating flame.

[0147] Fig. 10C The detonation (explosion) of the second material 52 caused by the detonation (explosion) of the first material 48 is shown. In certain specific embodiments, the detonation (explosion) wave generated by the second material 52 travels at a speed greater than the speed of sound. The detonation (explosion) wave generated by the second material 52 generates a similar detonation (explosion) wave in the wall segment 44. The detonation (explosion) wave continues after the wall segment 44 passes, imparting its velocity to the plurality of particles 60 disposed relative to the outer surface 56 of the body 14. The detonation (explosion) wave then ejects (releases) the plurality of particles 60 from the body 14 at an initial velocity exceeding the speed of sound.

[0148] The following is a description of a method for manufacturing the accelerator module 12. Of course, other methods including more or fewer steps, and / or different orders of steps are also within the scope of the present application.

[0149] In certain specific embodiments, the method for making the accelerator module 12 begins by providing a base 16. The base 16 has a chamber 45 partially formed by a bottom surface 54. The bottom surface 54 is separated from the outer surface 56 by a wall segment 45. The distal end of the ejection barrel 58 is configured in a manner to be configured relative to the tissue. In certain specific embodiments, the ejection barrel 58 is configured in a manner to support a plurality of particles 60.

[0150] The second material 52 is loaded into the second portion 50 of the chamber 45. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is in contact with the bottom surface 54. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is a detonation output material. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is a dry explosive. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is pressed against the bottom surface 54 of the chamber 45 with a necessary pressure to achieve a desired degree of compression.

[0151] The first material 48 is the first portion 46 of the chamber 45 and is loaded on the upper portion of the second material 52. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is in contact with the second material 52. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a deflagration-detonation transition material. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a dry explosive. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is lead azide. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is 5-nitrotetrazolyl copper (I) (DBX-1). In certain specific embodiments, in order to achieve a desired degree of compression, the first material 48 is pressed against the second material 52 in the chamber 45 with a necessary pressure. Of course, in order to achieve a desired degree of compression, the first material 48 and the second material 52 may be pressed into the chamber 45 at the same time instead of being pressed separately.

[0152] Next, the initiator 30 is mounted in the opening 26 of the base 16. In certain specific embodiments, at least a portion of the housing 32 is disposed in the chamber 45 in the container 20. In certain specific embodiments, the housing 32 is disposed close to the first material 48.

[0153] In some specific embodiments, the initiator 30 is installed in the opening 26 of the base 16 together with the sealing material 24. In some specific embodiments, the sealing material 24 is a gasket or an O-ring. In some specific embodiments, the initiator 30 is held in a given position by installing the cap 18. In some specific embodiments, the cap 18 has threads complementary to the threads of the base 16.

[0154] A plurality of particles 60 are disposed in the ejection tube 58. When the gene gun 10 is used with the ejection tube 58 facing upward, the plurality of particles 60 are poured onto the exposed body 14 and can be held by gravity on the outer surface 56 of the body 14. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are poured onto the outer surface 56 of the body 14 in the ejection tube 58.

[0155] In certain specific embodiments, in order to use the gene gun 10 in any orientation, the plurality of particles 60 are held at a given position relative to the outer surface 56 of the body 14. Thus, the detonation (explosion) wave emitted from the wall segment 45 can be transmitted to the plurality of particles 60.

[0156] Fig.11 Other embodiments of the ejection barrel 58 are shown that include an adhesive 62 for inhibiting the plurality of particles 60 from falling from the ejection barrel 58 before the accelerator module 12 is ignited. The adhesive 62 holds the plurality of particles 60 in a given position relative to the outer surface 56. In certain specific embodiments, after operating the gene gun 10, the plurality of particles 60 remain, and the adhesive 62 is broken and / or evaporated, and can continue to travel at the speed of the detonation (explosion) wave. In certain specific embodiments, the adhesive 62 has a lower density than the plurality of particles 60 and quickly disperses or slows down. Thus, the adhesive 62 does not hinder the movement of the plurality of particles 60.

[0157] Fig.12 In addition to the screen (cover) 64 across the distal end of the ejection tube 58 and fixed thereto, Fig.11 In the illustrated embodiment, the adhesive 62 is retained on the screen 64. In certain specific embodiments, the screen 64 has a plurality of pores. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of pores are micro pores. In certain specific embodiments, the screen 64 has a fine grid (fine mesh) that allows the plurality of particles 60 to pass through the pores of the screen 64 without hindrance.

[0158] Fig.13 1302 is a diagram illustrating a method for propagating energy via an accelerator module 12. The method uses a portable device such as a gene gun 10 to deliver (introduce) a plurality of particles 60 to cells in a tissue. The method begins in step 1302 by igniting a pyrotechnic charge 34 disposed in the portable device in order to generate a flame (deflagration) that travels in the form of a subsonic wave. In certain specific embodiments, at least one pin 38 receives electrical input in the form of an electrical ignition pulse. The pyrotechnic charge 34 generates a flame when ignited. After the pyrotechnic charge 34 is ignited, the pressure released by the pyrotechnic charge 34 in the housing 32 destroys the housing 32, allowing the deflagration to propagate at a subsonic speed along the axis 28 toward the first material 48 in the chamber 45. The deflagration caused by the pyrotechnic charge 34 generates a subsonic flame to be propagated. As a result, the subsonic flame propagates along the axis 28 toward the materials 48, 52 disposed in the chamber 45.

[0159] Next, in step 1304, in order to generate supersonic waves, the materials 48 and 52 are ignited by flames. In a specific embodiment, the first material 48 is a deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material. After being ignited, the first material 48 transitions from deflagration to detonation (explosion). During the period when the first material 48 is ignited by the subsonic flame, the subsonic flame eventually transitions to detonation (explosion). The flame surface is accelerated to become a supersonic flame that propagates in the second material 52.

[0160] Next, in step 1306, the supersonic wave continues to propagate along the axis 28 toward the wall segment 45 of the portable device. In step 1308, the method continues by passing and propagating the supersonic wave through the wall segment 45 without rupturing the wall segment 45. In the method, after the supersonic wave passes through the wall segment 45, the supersonic wave is collided with the plurality of particles 60 to accelerate the plurality of particles 60 to a certain speed, thereby continuing to step 1310. As a result, the detonation (explosion) wave ejects the plurality of particles 60 from the body 14 at an initial speed exceeding the speed of sound.

[0161] In certain specific embodiments, the method further includes causing the plurality of particles 60 to penetrate the tissue. In certain specific embodiments, the method further includes causing the plurality of particles 60 to penetrate the cells of the tissue. In certain specific embodiments, the above speed is supersonic. In certain embodiments, the supersonic speed exceeds the speed of sound in hydrogen. In certain specific embodiments, the materials 48, 52 are one or more of a deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material and a detonation output material. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are in contact with the outer surface 56 of the portable device and are substantially aligned (arranged in a row) with the axis 28.

[0162] The above-mentioned embodiments are further described in the following supplementary notes.

[0163] (Note 1)

[0164] An accelerator module is connected to an initiator module and is configured to generate supersonic waves from subsonic waves generated by the initiator module, wherein:

[0165] The ultrasonic waves are configured to deliver particles to cells within tissues.

[0166] The above accelerator module has:

[0167] a body having a propagation axis and defining a container having a bottom surface, wherein the container comprises a first portion and a second portion disposed between the first portion and the bottom surface;

[0168] The first material placed in the above-mentioned Part 1;

[0169] The second material placed in the above-mentioned Part 2;

[0170] a wall section at least partially defined between a bottom surface of the container and an outer surface of the body; and

[0171] a plurality of doped metal particles in contact with the outer surface of the body and substantially aligned with the bottom surface along the propagation axis,

[0172] The first material and the second material are configured to be ignited by the subsonic wave generated by the initiator module to generate a supersonic wave, and the supersonic wave is configured to pass through the wall segment and accelerate the plurality of doped metal particles to a certain speed.

[0173] (Note 2)

[0174] The accelerator module according to Supplement 1, wherein the above-mentioned speed is supersonic.

[0175] (Note 3)

[0176] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 1 or 2, wherein the speed is a speed sufficient to penetrate the cells in the tissue.

[0177] (Note 4)

[0178] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 3, wherein the first material is a deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material.

[0179] (Note 5)

[0180] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 4, wherein the deflagration-detonation transition material comprises dry explosive.

[0181] (Note 6)

[0182] The accelerator module according to Note 4 or 5, wherein the deflagration-detonation transition material comprises lead azide.

[0183] (Note 7)

[0184] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 4 to 6, wherein the deflagration-detonation transition material comprises 5-nitrotetrazole copper (I) (DBX-1).

[0185] (Note 8)

[0186] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 7, wherein the second material is a detonation output material.

[0187] (Note 9)

[0188] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 8, wherein the detonation output material is dry explosive.

[0189] (Note 10)

[0190] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 8 or 9, wherein the detonation output material comprises pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

[0191] (Note 11)

[0192] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 10, wherein the wall section comprises stainless steel.

[0193] (Note 12)

[0194] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 11, wherein the main body includes the wall segment.

[0195] (Note 13)

[0196] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 12, wherein the material of the wall segment is selected so as not to cause the wall segment to break when the supersonic wave passes therethrough.

[0197] (Note 14)

[0198] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 13, wherein the thickness of the wall segment is selected so as not to cause the wall segment to break when the supersonic wave passes therethrough.

[0199] (Note 15)

[0200] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 14, wherein the main body includes a base and a cap, and the cap is fixed to the base so that at least a part of the container is formed between the base and the cap.

[0201] (Note 16)

[0202] An accelerator module according to Note 15, wherein the container is further configured to receive at least a portion of the detonator module when the cap is not fixed to the base, and the container is configured to fix the detonator module relative to the main body when the cap is fixed to the base.

[0203] (Note 17)

[0204] The accelerator module according to any one of appendices 1 to 16, wherein the main body includes an opening facing the container, the opening having a size and a shape such that a portion of the initiator module passes through the opening when the initiator module is connected to the accelerator module.

[0205] (Note 18)

[0206] According to the accelerator module according to Note 17, a part of the detonator module is at least one electric pin.

[0207] (Note 19)

[0208] An accelerator module according to any one of Notes 1 to 18, wherein the main body comprises an ejection tube arranged on the opposite side of the wall section when viewed from the container, the ejection tube is aligned with the propagation axis, and the plurality of doped metal particles are arranged in the ejection tube.

[0209] (Note 20)

[0210] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 19, wherein the ejection tube is a linear cylinder, and a cross section of the ejection tube has the same size as a cross section of the container.

[0211] (Note 21)

[0212] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 20, wherein the accelerator module is a component of a gene gun.

[0213] (Note 22)

[0214] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 21, wherein the first portion and the second portion are arranged in a row along the propagation axis.

[0215] (Note 23)

[0216] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 22, wherein the bottom surface is perpendicular to the propagation axis.

[0217] (Note 24)

[0218] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 23, further comprising an adhesive disposed on at least a portion of the outer surface of the main body, wherein the plurality of doped metal particles are suspended in the adhesive.

[0219] (Note 25)

[0220] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 24, further comprising:

[0221] a screen fixed to the body at a position covering the plurality of doped metal particles; and

[0222] An adhesive is arranged on the mesh to suppress the plurality of doped metal particles from passing through the mesh in the absence of supersonic waves.

[0223] (Note 26)

[0224] The accelerator module according to any one of appendices 1 to 25, further comprising a sealing material, wherein the container is further configured to receive at least a portion of the initiator module, and the sealing material is arranged in the container to form a seal with the initiator module.

[0225] (Note 27)

[0226] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 26, wherein the plurality of doped metal particles have a particle diameter of approximately 1 micrometer.

[0227] (Note 28)

[0228] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 27, wherein the plurality of doped metal particles include gold.

[0229] (Note 29)

[0230] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 28, wherein the plurality of doped metal particles include tungsten.

[0231] (Note 30)

[0232] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 29, wherein the plurality of doped metal particles contain a chemical substance.

[0233] (Note 31)

[0234] The accelerator module according to Appendix 30, wherein the chemical substance is DNA.

[0235] (Note 32)

[0236] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 31, wherein the initiator module is an electrical explosive device (EED).

[0237] (Note 33)

[0238] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 32, wherein the electrical detonator (EED) comprises an electric input unit and an initiator output unit.

[0239] (Note 34)

[0240] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 33, wherein the pyrotechnic output part is a mixture of zirconium and potassium perchlorate.

[0241] (Note 35)

[0242] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 33 or 34, wherein the electrical detonator (EED) includes a housing, and the pyrotechnic output unit is arranged in the housing.

[0243] (Note 36)

[0244] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 35, wherein the housing is made of metal.

[0245] (Note 37)

[0246] An accelerator module, comprising:

[0247] a body having a propagation axis and defining a container having a bottom surface, wherein the propagation axis passes through the bottom surface;

[0248] a material disposed within the container and constructed in a manner to at least partially generate a detonation wave traveling at a supersonic speed;

[0249] a wall section at least partially defined between the bottom surface of the container and the outer surface of the body, the wall section having a size capable of allowing the detonation wave to pass and travel without rupturing; and

[0250] A plurality of doped metal particles are arranged on the opposite side of the wall segment and substantially aligned with the propagation axis when viewed from the container.

[0251] (Note 38)

[0252] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 37, wherein the plurality of doped metal particles are in contact with the outer surface of the body.

[0253] (Note 39)

[0254] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 37 or 38, wherein the propagation axis is perpendicular to the bottom surface.

[0255] (Note 40)

[0256] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 37 to 39, wherein the material comprises a deflagration-detonation transition material (DDT).

[0257] (Note 41)

[0258] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 37 to 40, wherein the material includes a detonation output material.

[0259] (Note 42)

[0260] An accelerator module according to any one of Notes 37 to 41, wherein the container includes a first part and a second part, the second part is arranged between the first part and the bottom surface, and the material includes a first material and a second material, the first material is arranged in the first part, and the second material is arranged in the second part.

[0261] (Note 43)

[0262] The accelerator module according to any one of appendixes 37 to 42, wherein the accelerator module is connected to an initiator module, and the initiator module is configured to ignite the material by a subsonic wave.

[0263] (Note 44)

[0264] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 37 to 43, wherein the detonation wave accelerates the plurality of doped metal particles after passing through the wall segment.

[0265] (Note 45)

[0266] A method for delivering a plurality of doped metal particles to cells (preferably cells in tissues. In addition, it is also preferred to exclude cells (preferably cells in tissues) existing in a human individual (organism). In addition, it is also preferred to exclude cells (preferably cells in tissues) existing in an animal individual (organism), the method comprising:

[0267] igniting the explosive charge disposed in the portable device to generate a subsonic wave, and causing the subsonic wave to propagate along an axis toward the material disposed in the portable device;

[0268] Ignite the material with the subsonic wave to generate a supersonic wave, and allow the supersonic wave to continue to propagate along the axis toward the wall section of the portable device; and

[0269] The supersonic wave is allowed to pass through and propagate in the wall section without causing the wall section to rupture, and after passing through the wall section, the supersonic wave is allowed to collide with the plurality of doped metal particles to accelerate the plurality of doped metal particles to a certain speed.

[0270] (Note 46)

[0271] The method according to Supplement 45 further comprises:

[0272] The multiple doped metal particles are used to penetrate the tissue.

[0273] (Note 47)

[0274] The method according to Supplement 46 further comprises:

[0275] The plurality of doped metal particles are allowed to penetrate into cells of the tissue.

[0276] (Note 48)

[0277] The method according to any one of Supplementary Notes 45 to 47, wherein the speed is supersonic.

[0278] (Note 49)

[0279] The method according to Supplement 48, wherein the supersonic speed is a speed exceeding the speed of sound in hydrogen.

[0280] (Note 50)

[0281] The method according to any one of Supplementary Notes 45 to 49, wherein the material is a deflagration-detonation transition material (DDT).

[0282] (Note 51)

[0283] The method according to any one of Supplementary Notes 45 to 50, wherein the material is a detonation output material.

[0284] (Note 52)

[0285] The method according to any one of Supplementary Notes 45 to 51, wherein the plurality of doped metal particles are in contact with an outer surface of the portable device and are substantially aligned with the axis.

[0286] (Note 53)

[0287] A gene gun having at least a propagation axis extending between an pyrotechnic charge and a plurality of doped metal particles,

[0288] The gene gun includes:

[0289] A deflagration-detonation transition material (DDT) arranged substantially along the above-mentioned propagation axis;

[0290] a detonation output material disposed on the opposite side of the deflagration-detonation transition material (DDT) when viewed from the pyrotechnic charge and disposed substantially along the propagation axis; and

[0291] A wall section separates the detonation output material from the plurality of doped metal particles.

[0292] (Note 54)

[0293] A gene gun according to Supplementary Note 53, wherein the above-mentioned wall segment has a size that does not rupture in response to the explosion of the above-mentioned detonation output material.

[0294] (Note 55)

[0295] An accelerator module, coupled to an initiator module, for delivering a plurality of doped metal particles to cells in a tissue,

[0296] The accelerator module has:

[0297] a body having a propagation axis and defining a container having a bottom surface;

[0298] a material disposed in the container and generating supersonic waves by being ignited by the subsonic waves generated by the initiator module; and

[0299] a wall section passing through the propagation axis and separating the interior of the container from the exterior,

[0300] On the outer surface of the wall segment, a plurality of doped metal particles can be arranged in a row along the propagation axis.

[0301] The supersonic waves generated by the supersonic wave generating material propagate through the wall section and collide with the plurality of doped metal particles, thereby accelerating the plurality of doped metal particles.

[0302] (Note 56)

[0303] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 55, wherein the material generating supersonic waves generates detonation waves traveling at a supersonic speed by being ignited by the subsonic waves.

[0304] (Note 57)

[0305] An accelerator module according to Note 55 or 56, wherein the material for generating supersonic waves is dry explosive.

[0306] (Note 58)

[0307] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 55 to 57, wherein the bottom surface is perpendicular to the propagation axis.

[0308] (Note 59)

[0309] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 55 to 58, wherein the wall segment is configured so as not to be broken when the supersonic wave passes therethrough.

[0310] (Note 60)

[0311] An accelerator module according to any one of Notes 55 to 59, wherein the main body comprises an ejection tube arranged on the opposite side of the wall segment when viewed from the container, the ejection tube is aligned with the propagation axis, and the plurality of doped metal particles are arranged in the ejection tube.

[0312] (Note 61)

[0313] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 55 to 60, wherein:

[0314] The container comprises a first portion and a second portion disposed between the first portion and the bottom surface.

[0315] The material includes a first material disposed in the first portion and a second material disposed in the second portion.

[0316] (Note 62)

[0317] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 61, wherein the first portion and the second portion are arranged in a row along the propagation axis.

[0318] (Note 63)

[0319] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 61 or 62, wherein the first material is a deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material.

[0320] (Note 64)

[0321] The accelerator module according to Note 63, wherein the deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material comprises at least any one of lead azide and 5-nitrotetrazolyl copper (I) (DBX-1).

[0322] (Note 65)

[0323] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 61 to 64, wherein the second material is a detonation output material.

[0324] (Note 66)

[0325] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 65, wherein the detonation output material comprises pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

[0326] (Note 67)

[0327] The accelerator module according to any one of appendixes 55 to 66, wherein the initiator module has an pyrotechnic charge, and the subsonic wave is generated by igniting the pyrotechnic charge.

[0328] (Note 68)

[0329] A gene gun comprising the accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 55 to 67.

[0330] (Note 69)

[0331] A method for delivering a plurality of doped metal particles to cells (preferably cells in tissues. In addition, it is also preferred to exclude cells (preferably cells in tissues) existing in a human individual (organism). In addition, it is also preferred to exclude cells (preferably cells in tissues) existing in an animal individual (organism), the method comprising:

[0332] igniting the explosive charge disposed in the portable device to generate a subsonic wave, and causing the subsonic wave to propagate along an axis toward the material disposed in the portable device;

[0333] Ignite the material with the subsonic wave to generate a supersonic wave, and allow the supersonic wave to continue to propagate along the axis toward the wall section of the portable device; and

[0334] The supersonic wave is made to pass through and propagate in the wall section, and after passing through the wall section, the supersonic wave is made to collide with the plurality of doped metal particles to accelerate the plurality of doped metal particles.

[0335] <Terms>

[0336] Although specific embodiments and examples are disclosed in this specification, the subject matter of the present invention goes beyond the examples in the specific disclosed embodiments and also relates to other alternative embodiments and / or uses, as well as their changes and equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the claims attached to this specification is not limited to any of the above-mentioned specific embodiments. For example, in any method or process disclosed in this specification, the operation or process (operation) of the method or process can be implemented in any appropriate order and is not necessarily limited to the specific disclosed order. Various processes (operations) may be described in sequence as multiple individual processes (operations) in a way that can help understand a specific embodiment, but the order of the description should not be interpreted as implying that these processes (operations) depend on the order. In addition, the structures, systems, and / or devices recorded in this specification may be embodied in the form of integrated elements or in the form of separate elements. In order to compare various embodiments, specific methods and advantages in these embodiments are described. Therefore, for example, for various embodiments, it can be implemented by a method that will realize a method, advantage or a group of advantages taught in this specification or optimize it, but it may not necessarily realize other methods or advantages that may be taught or inspired in this specification.

[0337] It is understood that features, materials, characteristics, or combinations thereof described in connection with a particular mode, implementation, or embodiment may also be applied to any other mode, implementation, or embodiment described in this section or elsewhere of this specification, provided that they are interchangeable with those. All features disclosed in this specification (including the appended claims, abstract, and drawings), and / or all steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except where at least a portion of such features and / or steps are mutually exclusive. Not all such modes or advantages may be achieved by a particular implementation. For example, one or more features include: 1) a combination of DDT and PETN, 2) an explosive charge (gunpowder), a DDT arranged downstream of the explosive charge, and a PETN arranged downstream of the DDT, 3) an accelerator module configured to receive an initiator module, 4) a wall segment that separates doped metal particles from detonation output material, 5) a detonation (explosion) wave that passes through the wall segment without destroying the wall segment, 6) doped metal particles that achieve a speed exceeding the speed of sound, 7) doped metal particles arranged downstream of the detonation (explosion) wave, and / or 8) igniting the detonation (explosion) wave using deflagration. Therefore, protection is not limited to the details of the above-mentioned embodiments. Protection relates to any new feature disclosed in this specification (including the attached claims, abstract and drawings), or any new combination, or any new step of any method or process disclosed as such, or any new combination.

[0338] Furthermore, in the context of individual embodiments, specific features described in this application may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments individually or in any appropriate sub-combination. In addition, features may be described as above in the form in which they function in a specific combination, but one or more features from the claimed combination may be deleted from the combination as appropriate, and the combination may be claimed in the form of a sub-combination or a variation of the sub-combination.

[0339] Further, the process may be represented by a drawing or recorded in this specification in a specific order, but in order to achieve the desired result, such a process does not need to be performed in the specific order shown or in a continuous order. Other processes that are not shown or described can be introduced into the exemplified methods and processes. For example, one or more additional processes can be performed before, after, at the same time, or between the described processes. In addition, the process can be reconfigured or reordered in other embodiments. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that in some embodiments, the actual steps taken in the illustrated and / or disclosed processes are sometimes different from the illustrated ones. Depending on the embodiment, some of the above steps can be omitted, and other steps can be added. In addition, the features and characteristics of the specific embodiments disclosed above can be combined in different ways when forming additional embodiments, which are all within the scope of this application. In addition, the separation of various system components in the above-mentioned embodiments should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, but it should be understood that the described components and systems can usually be integrated into a single product, or packaged into multiple products.

[0340] In order to achieve the purpose of the present application, the present specification describes the advantages, features and characteristics in a specific manner. Not all of these advantages may be achieved by specific embodiments. Therefore, for example, it should be clear to those skilled in the art that the present application may be implemented or embodied by a method that achieves one advantage or a group of advantages taught in the present specification without necessarily achieving other advantages that may be taught or inspired in the present specification.

[0341] For purposes of illustration, the term "horizontal" as used in this specification is defined as a plane parallel to the plane or surface of the floor or ground of the area in which the described apparatus is used or the described method is practiced, regardless of its orientation. The term "floor" is interchangeable with the term "ground". The term "vertical", as defined, refers to a direction perpendicular to the horizontal. The terms "above", "below", "bottom", "top", "side", "higher", "lower", "upper", "over" and "under" are defined relative to the horizontal plane.

[0342] In particular, for the conditional terms used in this specification, such as "can", "could", "might, may", "eg", etc., unless otherwise specified or understood to mean otherwise in the context of use, they are generally intended to express that a specific embodiment includes specific features, elements and / or steps, but does not include other embodiments. Therefore, such conditional terms generally do not indicate that: features, elements, and / or steps are required in any form in one or more embodiments; or, regardless of whether one or more embodiments have other inputs or instructions, these features, elements, and / or steps are included in any specific embodiment, or necessarily include logic for determining whether they should be implemented in any specific embodiment. Terms such as "having", "including", and "having" are synonymous and are used in an open-ended manner and do not exclude additional elements, features, actions, operations, etc. In addition, terms such as "or" are used in a comprehensive sense (rather than an exclusive sense), so, for example, when used to connect a list of elements, terms such as "or" refer to one, several, or all of the elements in the list.

[0343] Unless otherwise indicated, conjunctions such as "at least one of X, Y, and Z" are to be understood separately from the context in which they are generally used to express that an item, term, etc. can be any one of X, Y, or Z. Thus, such conjunctions generally do not indicate that a particular embodiment requires the presence of at least one X, at least one Y, and at least one Z.

[0344] The terms "approximately", "about", "usually" and "substantially" used in this specification and other "degree terms" used in this specification indicate values, quantities or characteristics close to the recorded values, quantities or characteristics, and still achieve the desired function or obtain the desired result. For example, the terms "approximately", "about", "usually" and "substantially" sometimes refer to amounts within the range of less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, less than 0.1%, and less than 0.01% of the recorded amount. As another example, in a specific embodiment, the terms "usually parallel" and "substantially parallel" refer to values, quantities, or characteristics that deviate from completely parallel by only 15 degrees, 10 degrees, 5 degrees, 3 degrees, 1 degree, 0.1 degrees or less.

[0345] It should be understood by those skilled in the art that, although the gene gun is disclosed in the context of specific embodiments and examples, the gene gun goes beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments and also involves other alternative embodiments and / or uses of the embodiments, as well as their variations and equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the gene gun disclosed in this specification should not be limited to the above-mentioned specific disclosed embodiments, but should only be determined by a fair reading of the attached claims.

[0346] Various aspects disclosed in this specification may also be combined with any other features disclosed in this specification.

Claims

1. An accelerator module coupled to an initiator module for delivering a plurality of doped metal particles to cells within a tissue, The accelerator module has: a body having a propagation axis and defining a container having a bottom surface; a material disposed in the container that generates supersonic waves by being ignited by the subsonic waves generated by the initiator module; and a wall section passing through the propagation axis and separating the interior from the exterior of the container, On the outer surface of the wall segment, a plurality of doped metal particles can be arranged in a row along the propagation axis. The supersonic wave generated by the supersonic wave generating material collides with the plurality of doped metal particles after propagating through the wall section, thereby accelerating the plurality of doped metal particles. The plurality of doped metal particles are homogeneous.

2. The accelerator module according to claim 1, wherein: The supersonic wave generating material generates a detonation wave traveling at a supersonic speed by being ignited by the subsonic wave.

3. The accelerator module according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The material for generating supersonic waves is dry explosive.

4. The accelerator module according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The bottom surface is perpendicular to the propagation axis.

5. The accelerator module according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The wall section is designed in such a way that it does not break up during the passage of the supersonic waves.

6. The accelerator module according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The main body includes an ejection tube disposed on the opposite side of the wall section when viewed from the container, the ejection tube is aligned with the propagation axis, and the plurality of doped metal particles are disposed in the ejection tube.

7. The accelerator module according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The container includes a first portion and a second portion disposed between the first portion and the bottom surface. The material includes a first material disposed in the first portion and a second material disposed in the second portion.

8. The accelerator module according to claim 7, wherein: The first portion and the second portion are arranged in a row along the propagation axis.

9. The accelerator module according to claim 7, wherein: The first material is a deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material.

10. The accelerator module according to claim 9, wherein: The deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material includes at least one of lead azide and 5-nitrotetrazolyl copper (I) (DBX-1).

11. The accelerator module according to claim 7, wherein: The second material is a detonation output material.

12. The accelerator module according to claim 11, wherein: The detonation output material comprises pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

13. The accelerator module according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The initiator module has an pyrotechnic charge, and the subsonic wave is generated by igniting the pyrotechnic charge. 14 . A gene gun comprising the accelerator module according to claim 1 .

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