System, apparatus and method for in-vessel waste treatment

Abstract

The present invention provides systems, apparatuses, and methods for treating containerized waste, such as hazardous, radioactive, and / or mixed waste. The apparatuses and methods employ a combination of thermal decomposition and a specialized lance.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 938,448, filed July 24, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 008,321, filed April 10, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This invention relates to a system, apparatus, and method for treating waste within a container using a lance. Background Technology

[0004] As is well known, pyrolysis is used to process hazardous waste, including organic and radioactive waste. For decades, pyrolysis has been used to convert organic materials such as biomass and municipal solid waste into synthetic gases rich in carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and light hydrocarbons, also known as syngas. Syngas can then be used to drive engines, turbines, or boilers to generate power. Modern pyrolysis systems have been built to process municipal solid waste at rates reaching several hundred tons per day.

[0005] Therefore, pyrolysis processes have been well developed and understood. Furthermore, pyrolysis is known for processing hazardous waste in containers, typically drums, thus avoiding the need for large-scale disposal. However, current methods employing these processes have several drawbacks. For example, most methods using pyrolysis typically introduce hot gases into the system to heat the waste. If hot, large-volume heating gases are present in the process, the gas flow and composition within the system become more difficult to control. Other methods using pyrolysis utilize heat generated by internal combustion. These methods are typically incineration processes, which are becoming increasingly unacceptable from an environmental perspective. Incinerators and related processes utilizing open flame combustion are subject to stringent and comprehensive air pollution laws, which typically make incinerators economically unfeasible. Another drawback is that the gases are introduced into a high-pressure reactor unit not within the container itself; therefore, the transfer of reactant gases to the material within the container is highly inefficient.

[0006] Because there are no safe and efficient means of processing waste, there are many containers of waste that are generated and stored, sometimes for years. The contents of such containers may be difficult to characterize, poorly sealed (e.g., in cement-like binders), contain mixtures of oxidants and organic matter that require better control of thermal decomposition processes involving contact between reactive materials and the waste inside the container; or contain resins that leave significant amounts of char after processing and may not be adequately treated due to self-insulating effects (e.g., leaving untreated resin in the container).

[0007] Systems, equipment, and processes for the safe and efficient decomposition of such wastes remain needed. In particular, systems, equipment, and processes that provide more information, better control, and better contact between waste and reactive materials during processing to provide safer and more thorough treatment are required.

[0008] Containers for radioactive and hazardous waste are typically sealed, making them susceptible to pressure buildup and rupture during pyrolysis processes. Rupture can lead to excessive pressure and, in the worst case, failure of the autoclave boundary. In less extreme cases, rupture of the waste container can result in severe contamination of the autoclave's interior, creating operational problems when processing waste containing radioactive material. Puncture of a sealed waste container outside the autoclave environment can lead to the uncontrolled spread of radioactive and other hazardous materials. A method is needed for puncturing waste containers inside sealed autoclaves.

[0009] The description of certain advantages and disadvantages of known methods in this document is not intended to limit the scope of the embodiments. Summary of the Invention

[0010] This document discloses systems, apparatus, and methods for processing waste in a container (e.g., a canister) using a pyrolysis device combined with a spear-shaped instrument designed to pierce the container, penetrate the waste, perform monitoring functions, and provide a flow path for purge gases and reactive materials to reach the waste directly into the container. The device can also be used to inject materials for encapsulating the waste after treatment. Attached Figure Description

[0011] Figure 1 This is a functional block diagram illustrating the functional components of an exemplary system that uses a spear-shaped device, in conjunction with pyrolysis, for processing waste within a container.

[0012] Figure 2A , Figure 2B and Figure 2C (Collectively referred to as Figure 2) is a schematic diagram of an exemplary piercing and / or penetrating spear-shaped instrument. The spear-shaped instrument is shown as being withdrawn, inserted after piercing a container, and inserted after penetrating waste in a container. The waste container is depicted as being inside an exemplary autoclave for the thermal decomposition of waste in the container.

[0013] Figure 3 This is an exemplary schematic diagram of a spear-shaped instrument that pierces and / or penetrates, the spear-shaped instrument including a piercing / penetrating tip larger than the diameter of the spear-shaped instrument. The spear-shaped instrument is shown inserted through a seal, a reel-like article, and a nozzle, and positioned to enter the autoclave lid through an isolation device.

[0014] Figure 4 A and Figure 4B (collectively referred to as) Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary spear-shaped device designed to directly supply purge gas, and / or reactive material, and / or encapsulation material to the waste inside the container, and / or directly measure parameters of the waste inside the container. The spear-shaped device is shown as being withdrawn and inserted into the waste. The waste container is depicted as being inside an exemplary autoclave for the thermal decomposition of waste within the container.

[0015] Figure 5 A and Figure 5 B (collectively referred to as) Figure 5 The image shows an exemplary spear-shaped device designed to directly measure the temperature of waste inside a container, and a schematic diagram of a spear-shaped device designed to provide purge gas, and / or reactive material, and / or encapsulation material to the waste inside the container.

[0016] Figure 6 A and Figure 6 B (collectively referred to as) Figure 6 The diagram illustrates a spear-shaped device and an exemplary combined spear-shaped device, wherein the spear-shaped device is designed to provide multiple purge gas vapors, and / or reactive material vapors, and / or encapsulation material vapors to waste inside a container, and the exemplary combined spear-shaped device is designed to simultaneously perform the functions of directly measuring and providing the temperature of the waste inside the container as well as providing purge gas, and / or reactive material and / or encapsulation material to the waste inside the container.

[0017] Figure 7A , Figure 7B , Figure 7C and Figure 7D (Collectively referred to as FIG7) is a schematic diagram of an exemplary system constructed according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, which uses a spear-shaped device for processing waste contained in a container to perform internal thermal decomposition of the container.

[0018] Referring to the accompanying drawings, certain aspects of the technology of this invention can be better understood. The elements and features shown in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale; the emphasis is on clearly illustrating the principles of exemplary embodiments of the technology. Furthermore, some dimensions may be exaggerated to help visually convey these principles. Detailed Implementation

[0019] This invention provides systems, apparatus, and methods for treating drummed or containerized waste, such as hazardous, radioactive, and / or mixed waste. In particular, the systems, apparatus, and methods employ a combination of pyrolysis and specialized spear-shaped instruments. Exemplary spear-shaped instruments are designed to perform different aspects of waste treatment, including piercing containers, penetrating waste, monitoring reaction progress, and directly delivering purge gases and reactive materials into the waste inside the drum or container. In some embodiments, exemplary spear-shaped instruments may also be used to inject materials for encapsulating the waste after treatment. Operation of exemplary embodiments will be described with particular reference to waste containing chemical and physical hazards, organic matter, and radioactive elements. Containers of non-hazardous waste containing organic material can also be processed using the systems, apparatus, and methods described herein.

[0020] Generally, the systems, apparatus, and methods described herein can be used for the treatment of radioactive, hazardous, and / or mixed waste. As mentioned herein, “waste” means any waste or product stream that includes hazardous and / or radioactive compounds. The systems, apparatus, and methods can also be used to remove organic matter such as plastics and wood, liquids that cause numerous problems with waste disposal, and to break sealed containers within a master waste container. Radioactive waste is waste that includes radioactive materials or radionuclides. Common sources of radioactive waste include byproducts of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as research and medicine. Radioactive waste is hazardous to most forms of life and the environment and is regulated by government agencies to protect human health and the environment. In some embodiments, the waste to be treated by the exemplary systems, apparatus, and methods typically originates from nuclear facilities.

[0021] In one embodiment, the waste comprises carbonaceous or organic materials. In another embodiment, the waste is encapsulated or otherwise bound, for example, in a binder such as cement. In one embodiment, the waste may be dry or wet. The waste may include liquids, liquid slurries, sludge, solids, and gases. In one embodiment, the waste is in the form of sludge or solids. In one embodiment, the waste comprises alkali metals and / or heavy metals. In another embodiment, the waste comprises ion exchange resins, such as radioactively contaminated ion exchange resins. In one embodiment, the waste comprises a sealed waste container.

[0022] In one embodiment, the system, apparatus, and method of the present invention facilitate the conversion of organic materials contained in waste into carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and light hydrocarbons. Gases generated by the waste treatment method can be treated in an exhaust gas treatment system. The treated waste remaining in the container after treatment is dry, inert, and inorganic. Treatment of waste in the container is achieved without removing or transporting the waste from the container. In one embodiment, the waste is treated in the container where it was initially packaged or stored.

[0023] As used herein, the terms "cylinder" or "container" refer to a container that is not particularly limited in shape, size, or material. An exemplary "container" may have any capacity (e.g., 55 gallons) and may be made of one or more of a variety of materials (e.g., stainless steel, plastic, concrete). Additionally, a "container" may have any of a variety of shapes (e.g., cube, cylinder). For example, a container may be a 55-gallon cylindrical cylinder made of plastic.

[0024] Detailed descriptions of the components belonging to each of the reference numerals can be found in the figures in which the reference numerals are shown.

[0025] Equipment for the treatment of containerized waste

[0026] In one embodiment of the invention, an apparatus for treating containerized waste includes: an autoclave 60, a spear-shaped device 30, one or more spear-shaped devices 31, a gas / material feeding system 20, one or more sensor devices 199, and an instrumentation and control system 150, wherein a waste container 61 containing the waste is placed inside the autoclave.

[0027] In one embodiment of the invention, the apparatus for treating containerized waste includes: a waste feeding system 10, an autoclave 60, a spear-shaped device 30, one or more spear-shaped devices 31, a gas / material feeding system 20, one or more sensor devices 199, and an instrumentation and control system 150, wherein a waste container 61 containing the waste is placed inside the autoclave 60 by the waste feeding system 10.

[0028] In one embodiment of the invention, the apparatus for treating containerized waste includes: a waste feeding system 10, a casing 1, an autoclave 60, a spear-shaped device 30, one or more spear-shaped devices 31, a gas / material feeding system 20, one or more sensor devices 199, an instrumentation and control system 150, a product disposal system 120, a barrier filter 8, and an exhaust gas treatment system 90, wherein a waste container 61 containing the waste is placed inside the autoclave 60 by the waste feeding system 10.

[0029] In one embodiment of the invention, an apparatus for treating containerized waste includes: a waste feeding system 10, a casing 1, an autoclave 60, a spear-shaped tool device 30 (including one or more spear-shaped tools 31), a gas / material feeding system 20, one or more sensor devices 199, an instrumentation and control system 150, a product disposal system 120, a barrier filter 8, and an exhaust gas treatment system 90, wherein a waste container 61 containing the waste is placed inside the autoclave 60 by the waste feeding system 10 (see...). Figure 1 ).

[0030] In one embodiment, the spear-shaped tool device 30 includes one or more spear-shaped tools 31 for piercing or penetrating waste container 61. In one embodiment, the spear-shaped tools 31 of the spear-shaped tool device 30 are used to penetrate waste. In one embodiment, the spear-shaped tool device 30 includes spear-shaped tools 31 for providing purge gas to the waste. In one embodiment, the spear-shaped tool device 30 includes spear-shaped tools 31 for providing reactive material to the waste. In one embodiment, the spear-shaped tool device 30 includes spear-shaped tools 31 for measuring the temperature of thermal decomposition of the waste. In one embodiment, the spear-shaped tool device 30 includes spear-shaped tools 31 for injecting encapsulating material into the waste. In some embodiments, the spear-shaped tool device 30 includes two or more spear-shaped tools 31. In some embodiments, the spear-shaped tool device 30 includes one or more multifunctional spear-shaped tools 31. The spear-shaped tools 31 of the spear-shaped tool device 30 can be considered as part of the spear-shaped tool device 30 or as separate components used with the spear-shaped tool device 30. The spear-shaped device 31 can be removed from, replaced, or added to the spear-shaped device 30.

[0031] In one embodiment, the spear-shaped device 30 includes a mechanism for holding and moving the spear-shaped device 31. In one embodiment, the spear-shaped device 30 includes a drive mechanism for providing prime mover power to the spear-shaped device 31 to pierce the waste container 61 and penetrate the interior of the waste. In one embodiment, the spear-shaped device 30 includes a seal to prevent gas and particulate matter from escaping from the autoclave during use of the spear-shaped device 31.

[0032] In one embodiment, the autoclave 60 includes an orifice with a seal to prevent gas and particulates from escaping from the autoclave 60 during use (insertion) of the spear-shaped instrument 31.

[0033] Waste feeding system

[0034] In one embodiment, the waste feeding system 10 dispenses waste container 61 into the casing 1 and then into the autoclave 60 within the casing 1. In some embodiments, the waste feeding system 10 feeds waste into waste container 61. Once waste container 61 is placed in the autoclave 60, the autoclave 60 is sealed.

[0035] Typically, the waste feeding system 10 includes an overhead crane 12 or other lifting device or mechanism that can move waste container 61 into the enclosure 1 and the autoclave 60. In some embodiments, the waste feeding system 10 distributes waste container 61 into the enclosure 1 via an airlock 11. The term "airlock" refers to a device that allows objects to pass between a pressure vessel and its surrounding environment while minimizing pressure changes within the vessel and air loss from the vessel. The airlock 11 consists of a chamber with two airtight doors in series, which are not opened simultaneously.

[0036] The waste feeding system 10 optionally includes a radiographic chamber 13 and a non-destructive testing chamber 14 for analyzing the waste prior to treatment in the autoclave 60. In some embodiments, the radiographic chamber 13 and the non-destructive testing chamber 14 are used to analyze the radioactive content of the waste.

[0037] The waste feeding system 10 is also used to remove the waste container 61 from the autoclave 60 after treatment. In some embodiments, the radiographic chamber 13 and the nondestructive testing chamber 14 can be used to assess the residual radioactivity levels after waste treatment.

[0038] Waste storage containers

[0039] Waste container 61 includes one or more walls forming a container cavity. The container cavity of waste container 61 may be completely sealed, or may sometimes be fitted with a small filter.

[0040] In some embodiments, the waste in waste container 61 includes radionuclides that emit alpha particles, highly radioactive waste, and / or other hazardous materials.

[0041] In some embodiments, the waste in waste container 61 includes reactive metals and compounds that can be converted into stable compounds for disposal using the systems, apparatus, and methods described herein. These compounds include, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, uranium, cyanide, and other reactive compounds that may burn, ignite, or explode upon exposure to certain other materials or to varying environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the reactive metals present in the waste are strongly reduced when heated to above 500°C. Examples of the stable compounds produced include NaCl, Na₂CO₃, Na₂SO₃, KCl, K₂CO₃, K₂SO₃, CaO, CaCO₃, CaCl₂, CaSO₃, U₂O₃, U₃O₈, MgO, MgCl₂, MgCO₃, and MgSO₃. In one embodiment, metallic uranium fuel is substantially converted into inert, non-reactive uranium oxide metal. Cyanide, if present, will volatilize from the waste and will be oxidized to water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen in a steam reformer.

[0042] In some embodiments, the systems, apparatus, and methods described herein are useful for converting nitrogenous waste into stable compounds for disposal. Exemplary nitrogenous waste includes, but is not limited to, NOx compounds, liquid nitrogenous mixtures having a flash point of less than 60°C, and aqueous liquids having a pH value of less than 2 or greater than 12.5. Examples of the stable compounds produced include NaCl, Na₂CO₃, Na₂SO₃, KCl, K₂CO₃, K₂SO₃, CaO, CaCO₃, CaCl₂, CaSO₃, MgO, MgCl₂, MgCO₃, and MgSO₃. Sealing The casing 1 is a structure that contains or surrounds the autoclave. The design of the casing 1 (e.g., shape, size, material) may vary depending on the type of waste (e.g., radioactive material) in the container. The casing 1 is accessed via a waste feeding system 10 (e.g., via a crane or other lifting device) to move the waste container 61 within the casing 1 into the autoclave 60.

[0043] Sealing

[0044] The casing 1 is a structure that houses or surrounds the autoclave 60. The design of the casing can vary depending on the type of waste (e.g., radioactive material) in the container. The casing 1 is accessed via the waste feeding system 10, and the waste is transferred within the casing 1 to the autoclave 60 by a crane or other lifting device.

[0045] In some embodiments, the enclosure 1 also houses the spear-shaped instrument device 30 (see Figure 1(and Figure 7). In some embodiments, the spear-shaped device 30, including one or more spear-shaped instruments 31, is partially located on the outside of the enclosure 1 and passes through one or more walls of the enclosure 1.

[0046] Optionally, the enclosure 1 may also house other measuring and / or monitoring equipment, such as non-destructive testing and / or real-time radiographic equipment. Such equipment may also be located outside the enclosure or previously used for partial characterization of the waste. Exemplary non-destructive testing includes, but is not limited to, gamma-ray spectrometers and neutron counters.

[0047] Optionally, the casing 1 may also house a product handling system. Such equipment may also be located outside the casing 1. Exemplary equipment of the product handling system may perform functions such as compaction and overpacking (sometimes also called ultra-dense stacking).

[0048] autoclave

[0049] The autoclave 60 is a robust heated vessel used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressure and / or high temperature. In one embodiment, the autoclave 60 includes an autoclave liner 63 within an autoclave housing 62, which is heated by an indirect heat source using conductive or radiative heat transfer elements such as an electric autoclave heater 64 located outside the autoclave liner 63. The autoclave 60 can be used to thermally decompose waste within the vessel. The autoclave 60 can be heated in a controlled manner to a desired temperature, such as a temperature in the range of about 200°C to about 800°C, or a temperature at which liquids and organic matter in the waste will evaporate and volatilize.

[0050] The autoclave 60 includes features that prevent or minimize the exchange of gases and particles between the interior and exterior of the autoclave, such as nozzles, seals, and isolation devices. Various designs of these features are envisioned for use in the autoclave 60. In some embodiments, one or more nozzles, seals, or isolation devices are mounted on the autoclave lid 65. In some embodiments, one or more nozzles, seals, or isolation devices are mounted on the side of the autoclave 60.

[0051] In some embodiments, the autoclave 60 includes one or more nozzles 66 and isolation devices 71, which allow the spear-shaped instrument 31 to enter the interior of the autoclave. In some embodiments, the autoclave includes an autoclave lid 65 with a dome or flat shape. One or more isolation devices 71 and one or more nozzles 66 are mounted on the autoclave lid 65 to provide passage for the spear-shaped instrument 31 to enter the interior of the autoclave 60.

[0052] In some embodiments, the isolation device 71 contacts the autoclave 60 (e.g., the autoclave lid 65). One or more spear-shaped instruments 31 are inserted into the autoclave 60, for example, through the autoclave lid 65, through the nozzle 66, and then through the isolation device 71.

[0053] The autoclave lid 65 can be remotely opened and sealed by the instrumentation and control system 150. In some embodiments, a hydraulic mechanism is used to seal the autoclave (e.g., a hydraulic clamshell seal mechanism). The design of the autoclave lid 65 can be varied, but it should be easy to open and close with the isolating device 71 and nozzle 66 in place on the autoclave lid 65 of the autoclave 60. In some embodiments, the autoclave lid 65 is attached to the autoclave 60 by a hinge mechanism.

[0054] Optionally, the autoclave 60 houses a support structure (not shown) within its liner 63. The support structure is configured to provide resistance to the spear-shaped instrument 31. For example, the support structure reinforces the autoclave 60 such that when the spear-shaped instrument 31 is used to pierce or penetrate the lid of the waste container 61 or the waste inside the waste container 61, the waste container 61 remains in place without any noticeable movement. Such support structures are common in industry and can have any of a variety of configurations. In this embodiment, the support structure is configured to help guide and center the waste container 61 as it is loaded into the autoclave.

[0055] spear-shaped equipment

[0056] The spear-shaped device 30 facilitates the positioning and insertion of the spear-shaped device 31 into the autoclave 60 and the waste container 61. The spear-shaped device 30 includes a spear-shaped device 31 of various designs, a spear-shaped device drive mechanism 32, and a spear-shaped device penetration mechanism 34.

[0057] The drive mechanism 32 guides the spear-shaped tool 31 and moves it upward and downward. In most cases, the drive mechanism 32 can provide sufficient force to cause the spear-shaped tool 31 to pierce the lid of the waste container 61.

[0058] The penetration mechanism 34 provides sufficient force to cause the spear-like instrument 31 to pierce the lid of the waste container 61. The penetration mechanism 34 may also provide additional force required for the spear-like instrument 31 to penetrate the waste in the waste container 61.

[0059] In some embodiments, the spear-shaped instrument device 30 also includes a spool 35. The spool 35 may accommodate the spear-shaped instrument seal 36. The spool 35 is typically used when a tip 44 with a diameter larger than that of the shaft 46 is required to pierce a hole in the lid of the waste container 61.

[0060] Typically, the spear-shaped instrument device 30 is contained within the enclosure 1. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the spear-shaped instrument device 30 may be partially located on the outside of the enclosure 1 to facilitate insertion of the spear-shaped instrument 31 into the enclosure 1, the autoclave 60, and the waste container 61. For example, the spear-shaped instrument actuator 32 and / or the piercing and penetrating mechanism 34 may be located on the outside of the enclosure 1.

[0061] spear-like instrument

[0062] One or more spear-like instruments 31 with different functions may be used in the spear-like instrument device 30. In one embodiment, the spear-like instrument 31 is capable of performing one or more tasks. Typically, the spear-like instrument 31 includes a shaft 46 and a tip 44. Sometimes, the spear-like instrument 31 includes a connection at the end of the shaft 46 opposite the tip 44 for monitoring and fluid supply. The design of the spear-like instrument 31 may vary depending on its specific function.

[0063] In one embodiment, a spear-like tool 31 can be used to pierce a waste container 61. A specialized spear-like tool 31 with a suitably shaped tip 44 is inserted through a nozzle 69 to pierce the waste container 61. For example, when used to pierce the waste container 61, the tip 44 may be shaped as, for example, similar to a spearhead (e.g., with or without barbs), a cone, or a point, and may be the same as or wider than the shaft 46 of the spear-like tool 31 at the point where the tip 44 connects to the shaft 46. The tip 44 of the spear-like tool 31 can be made in any suitable shape, size, and / or other configuration. Additionally or alternatively, the tip 44 of the spear-like tool 31 may be made of any suitable material that supports the function of the spear-like tool 31.

[0064] In one embodiment, the spear-shaped tool 31 can be used to penetrate waste in the waste container 61, such as waste mixed with or encapsulated by one or more adhesives such as cement, or waste that is otherwise rigidly packaged. In some embodiments, the spear-shaped tool 31 includes a spear-shaped tool piercing or penetrating mechanism 34 that provides the force or pressure required to pierce the waste container 61 or penetrate the waste inside the waste storage container. The tip of the spear-shaped tool 31 may be reinforced to transmit the force of the penetrating mechanism to the spear-shaped tool shaft 46 and the tip 44. In some embodiments, the spear-shaped tool 31 can be used to form holes, recesses, or holes in the waste, or otherwise break up solid clumps of waste. Such holes, recesses, holes, or breaks in the waste make the waste easier to access for processing, such as by purging gases and other reactants.

[0065] Typically, once the waste in waste container 61 has been penetrated by the spear-shaped device 31, the discharge of thermal decomposition gases from waste container 61 continues or increases.

[0066] In some embodiments, a purging gas, such as an inert gas, is provided via the spear-shaped device 31 to sweep away pyrolysis gases from the waste container 61. Gas from the gas / material feed system 20 is introduced into the spear-shaped device 31 through a connection at the end of the shaft 46 opposite the tip 44, flows through a channel 47 in the shaft 46, and exits from one or more ports (e.g., port 401, port 403) on the side of the shaft 46. The gas then passes through the waste and exits from the annular space between the shaft 46 and the hole formed by the spear-shaped device 31 in the lid of the waste container 61.

[0067] In some embodiments, one or more reactive materials (e.g., vapor) supplied by the gas / material feeding system 20 flow into the spear-shaped device 31 through a connection at the end of the shaft 46 opposite to the tip 44, through a channel 47 in the shaft 46, and out through one or more ports on the side of the shaft 46 of the spear-shaped device 31. Multiple ports (e.g., ports 401, 403) may be installed along the length of the shaft 46 of the spear-shaped device 31 to distribute the flow. In some embodiments, the ports (e.g., ports 401, 403) are positioned along a portion of the shaft 46 of the spear-shaped device 31 disposed within the waste container 61.

[0068] In some embodiments, one or more stabilizing materials supplied by the gas / material feeding system 20 flow into the spear-shaped device 31 through a connection at the end of the shaft 46 opposite to the tip 44, flow through a channel 47 in the shaft 46, and flow out through one or more ports on the side of the shaft 46 of the spear-shaped device 31. Multiple ports (e.g., ports 401, 403) may be installed along the length of the shaft 46 of the spear-shaped device 31 to distribute the flow. In some embodiments, the ports (e.g., ports 401, 403) are positioned along a portion of the shaft 46 of the spear-shaped device 31 disposed within the waste container 61.

[0069] In some embodiments, one or more sensor devices 199 are included (e.g., Figure 5 Thermocouple 201 in A is inserted into a hole, recess, cavity, or fracture in the waste as a measuring spear-shaped device (e.g., spear-shaped device 31) to monitor the internal temperature during heating.

[0070] In some embodiments, the waste may be penetrated at one or more inlet points by a spear-shaped instrument 31, said inlet points entering via nozzles with isolation devices built into the exterior of the autoclave 60. If multiple orifices are required due to the specific nature of the waste, an autoclave 60 with multiple nozzles is employed.

[0071] In some embodiments, the spear-shaped device 31 can be used to inject one or more fluids (e.g., stabilizing fluid, purge gas) into the cavity of the waste container 61 and / or the waste within the waste container 61 to perform certain operations (e.g., stabilizing waste, removing toxic gases).

[0072] In one embodiment, the spear-shaped device 31 can be used to perform monitoring functions. In some embodiments, the spear-shaped device 31 includes one or more sensor devices 199 in the form of thermocouples for measuring the temperature of the waste during the treatment process. In one embodiment, the spear-shaped device 31 includes a combination of dedicated spear-shaped device functions and can be used to simultaneously monitor temperature and inject purge gas and / or reactive gas.

[0073] The spear-shaped instrument 31 used to perform measurement functions includes or is used in conjunction with an instrument and control system 150, which may be a standalone component or integrated with one or more other components of the system 110.

[0074] Gas / material feeding system

[0075] The gas / material feed system 20 facilitates the introduction of reactant gas 21, nitrogen source 22, water (steam) source 23, water source 24, and nitrogen source 25 into the autoclave 60. In some embodiments, the gas / material feed system 20 can also be used to deliver encapsulating agent to waste in waste container 61 inside the autoclave 60. Reactant gas 21 is used to provide the encapsulating agent.

[0076] Nitrogen source 22 is typically used to supply purge gas into the interior of waste container 61. Optionally heated nitrogen source 22 enters waste container 61 via flexible hose 33 and spear-shaped device 31. Nitrogen source 22 can also be directed to autoclave 60 via nozzle 69. Reaction gas 21 can also enter waste container 61 or autoclave 60 via these features. Heater 26 is used to heat nitrogen source 22 and reaction gas 21. In some embodiments, heater 26 is an electric heater.

[0077] A water source is typically used to supply steam to the interior of waste container 61. The water source is heated to generate steam before entering waste container 61 via flexible hose 33 and spear-shaped device 31. Steam 23 can also be directed to autoclave 60 via nozzle 69. Heater 27 is used to heat the water source. In some embodiments, heater 27 is a water heater and / or superheater.

[0078] In some embodiments, the reactive gas 21, nitrogen source 22, and water source enter the waste container 61 exclusively through a passage through a flexible hose 33 connected to the spear-shaped device 31.

[0079] Water source 24 is typically used to supply water to cool the interior of autoclave 60. Water source 24 enters autoclave 60 through atomizing nozzle 70.

[0080] Nitrogen source 25 is used to atomize water source 24. Nitrogen source 25 enters autoclave 60 through atomizing nozzle 70. Nitrogen source 25 can also be used as purge gas and can enter autoclave 60 through nozzle 69.

[0081] Product Disposal System

[0082] Typically, the treatment of waste in waste container 61 in autoclave 60 generates tail gases, such as water vapor, volatile organic compounds, and / or acidic gases. The tail gases generated by the waste treatment (e.g., pyrolysis) are fed into tail gas treatment system 90, which is in fluid communication with autoclave 60. The treated solids remain in waste container 61, which undergoes further product disposal, such as compaction. In some embodiments, the treated solids are a dry, inert mixture of inorganic compounds and char. In some embodiments, the treated solids contain radioactive metals.

[0083] Waste container 61 is prepared in product disposal system 120 for final disposal. Details of the product disposal system will depend on the characteristics of the final product and disposal requirements. An exemplary product disposal system includes one or more of the following processes: compaction, combining smaller treated containers into larger composite packages or bundles, stabilization of the containers and / or treated waste with concrete or waste storage containers, and external decontamination of the final package.

[0084] Barrier Filter

[0085] In some embodiments, a barrier filter 8 is placed between the autoclave 60 and the exhaust gas treatment system 90. The barrier filter 8 can be used to further minimize the amount of radionuclides or other unwanted materials delivered to the exhaust gas treatment system 90. The barrier filter 8 can be used to capture particles that can be discharged from the waste container 61, thereby minimizing or eliminating solids from the exhaust gas before treatment in the exhaust gas treatment system 90. In one embodiment, a purge gas is used to flush the exhaust gas out of the autoclave 60 and into the exhaust gas treatment system 90.

[0086] Exhaust gas treatment system

[0087] An exhaust gas treatment system 90 is used to safely release exhaust gases into the atmosphere. The exhaust gas treatment system 90 may include any of a variety of known systems for such treatment. In one embodiment, the exhaust gas treatment system 90 includes a thermal oxidizer and a scrubber. The thermal oxidizer converts organic components into water and carbon dioxide by means of, for example, a catalytic oxidizer, a ceramic matrix oxidizer, or a standard combustion oxidizer. Acidic gases present in the exhaust gas are neutralized by introducing caustic materials into the scrubber. The used scrubber solution is collected and treated, for example, by thermal decomposition. After treatment by the scrubber, the exhaust gas passes through one or more additional filters and is then blown to a chimney for emission. In one embodiment, the thermal oxidizer is a steam reformer. In some embodiments, the exhaust gas or the organic components in the exhaust gas undergo a condensation process before being treated by the thermal oxidizer. In some embodiments, the scrubber is a gas absorber.

[0088] In some embodiments, a gas monitoring system may be employed between the barrier filter and the exhaust gas treatment system to analyze exhaust gas composition and / or monitor gas flow rate. Examples of components that can be monitored are NOx, acid gases, hydrocarbons, H2, CO, and CO2.

[0089] Instruments and Control Systems

[0090] System 110 includes instrumentation and control system 150, one or more subsystems of its control system 110 (e.g., waste feeding system 10, spear-shaped device 30, product disposal system 120, exhaust gas treatment system 90) and / or one or more components (e.g., autoclave 60) or aspects thereof.

[0091] The instrumentation and control system 150 is a main control system with various process inputs. The instrumentation and control system 150 is used to monitor, for example, temperature, flow rate, pressure, gas composition, radiation monitors, and / or atmospheric monitors as measured by one or more sensor devices 199 during the waste treatment process. For example, temperatures from various parts of the equipment may be measured by one or more sensor devices 199 (e.g., in the form of thermocouples) and monitored by the instrumentation and control system 150, including but not limited to: the walls of the autoclave 60, heating elements, the internal space of the autoclave 60, the surface of the waste container 61, the internal space of the waste container 61, exhaust gas from the autoclave 60, nozzle 66, and ambient temperature. Flow rates from various parts of the equipment may be measured by one or more sensor devices 199 in the form of flow meters and monitored by the instrumentation and control system 150, including but not limited to: the flow rate of gas to the autoclave 60, the flow rate of gas from the autoclave 60, the outlet of the gas treatment process, and the tip of the exhaust gas treatment system. Pressures from various parts of the equipment can be measured by one or more sensor devices 199 in the form of pressure gauges and monitored by the instrumentation and control system 150, including but not limited to: the pressure of gases and materials from the gas / material feed system 20, the pressure inside the autoclave 60, the pressure at the tip of the exhaust gas treatment system 90, ambient pressure, and pressures before, after, or through the barrier filter 8. Gas composition (including, for example, exhaust gas from the autoclave 60 and exhaust gas from the exhaust gas treatment system 90) can be measured by one or more sensor devices 199 and monitored by the instrumentation and control system 150. The instrumentation and control system 150 can monitor measurements made by one or more sensor devices 199 of the presence of NOx, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total hydrocarbons, O2, steam (water) content, CO2, CO, H2, halogenated species, SOx, and other sulfur compounds.

[0092] In some embodiments, the temperatures within the autoclave lining 63, the surface of the waste container 61, the exhaust gas from the autoclave 60, and the waste are measured by one or more sensor devices 199 in the form of thermocouples (e.g., thermocouple 201) integrated with the spear-shaped device 31, and these measurements may be monitored by the instrumentation and control system 150 to help control the heating of the waste and the energy release from the waste during the processing, determine the pause point of the heating process, determine when the processing is complete, and determine when cooling is sufficient before opening the autoclave 60 and removing the waste container 61. In some embodiments, the temperatures of one or more of the sensor devices 199 in the form of thermocouple elements 201 are monitored by the instrumentation and control system 150 to protect them from overheating. In some embodiments, the flow rates of gas / material entering and leaving the autoclave 60 are measured by one or more sensor devices 199 and monitored and controlled by the instrumentation and control system 150 to produce the desired processing results, control energy release, determine the pause point of the heating process, and determine when the processing is complete. In some embodiments, the pressure in the autoclave is measured by one or more sensor devices 199 and monitored by the instrumentation and control system 150 to control energy input to and from the waste, determine when to slow or stabilize the gas / material input, and determine when a safety valve has been actuated. In some embodiments, the gas composition is measured by one or more of the sensor devices 199 and monitored by the instrumentation and control system 150 to determine the state / rate of the reaction in the waste in the autoclave, and is used by the operator to control the energy and gas / material input.

[0093] The instrumentation and control system 150 may include one or more local controllers. The local controllers control one or more aspects of subsystems (e.g., waste feeding system 10, spear-shaped appliance device 30, product disposal system 120, exhaust gas treatment system 90) and / or components (e.g., autoclave 60) of the system 110. When there are multiple local controllers in the instrumentation and control system 150, these local controllers can communicate with each other.

[0094] The instrumentation and control system 150 may include a repository. In this case, the repository may store data (e.g., measurements taken by the sensor device 199). The instrumentation and control system 150 may use the stored data, for example, to develop and run models, generate trends and thresholds, and assist in evaluating currently obtained measurements.

[0095] Sensor device

[0096] System 110, including some of its components (e.g., autoclave 60) and one or more subsystems (e.g., spear-shaped device 20, product handling system 120, exhaust gas treatment system 90), relies on the measurement of one or more parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, time, gas presence, gas flow rate) for the methods (or portions thereof) described herein to function correctly. One or more sensor devices 199 are configured to measure these parameters. Sensor devices 199 may be communicatively coupled to instrumentation and control system 150, such that instrumentation and control system 150 may perform certain actions based on the parameter measurements taken by sensor devices 199 at a given point in time.

[0097] Now for reference Figure 1 The exemplary apparatus includes a waste feeding system 10, a casing 1, an autoclave 60, a spear-shaped instrument device 30, a gas / material feeding system 20, a product disposal system 120, a barrier filter 8, an exhaust gas treatment system 90, an instrumentation and control system 150, one or more sensor devices 199, and a waste container 61. In one embodiment, the waste feeding system 10 may dispense the waste container 61 (sometimes more simply referred to herein as waste container 61) into the casing 1 (e.g., via an airlock 11) for placement in the autoclave 60. The design of the casing 1 depends on the expected concentration and type of waste (e.g., radioactive material) in the waste container 61. The waste container 61 may be moved into the casing 1 and into the autoclave 60 using a crane 12 or other lifting device. The spear-shaped instrument device 30, including one or more spear-shaped instruments 31, is also housed within the casing 1 for use with the autoclave 60 for processing the waste disposed within the waste container 61.

[0098] The enclosure 1 may also accommodate a non-destructive testing chamber 14 and / or real-time radiographic equipment 13 (see Figure 7A Such equipment may also be located outside the enclosure 1, or previously used for partial characterization of waste. An exemplary nondestructive testing chamber 14 may include, but is not limited to, a gamma-ray spectrometer and a neutron counter.

[0099] The autoclave 60 is a robust, durable heated vessel used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressure and / or high temperature. In one embodiment, the autoclave 60 includes an autoclave liner 63 within an autoclave housing 62, which is heated by an indirect heat source using a conductive or radiative heat transfer element such as an electric autoclave heater 64 located outside the autoclave liner 63. The autoclave 60 includes an autoclave lid 65, which can be remotely operated to open or seal the autoclave 60. The following relates to... Figures 2A to 2CAn example of an autoclave 60 is shown. The autoclave 60 can be used to thermally decompose waste in waste container 61, as described in more detail below. The operation of the autoclave 60 (or parts thereof, such as heaters) can be controlled by an instrumentation and control system 150.

[0100] The spear-shaped instrument device 30 is intended for inserting a spear-shaped instrument (e.g., spear-shaped instrument 31) into a sealed autoclave containing a waste container 61. The spear-shaped instrument device 30 is used to insert various spear-shaped instruments into the autoclave 60 via nozzles and seals designed to prevent the exchange of gases and particles between the interior and exterior of the autoclave 60. The operation of the spear-shaped instrument device 30 (or parts thereof) can be controlled by an instrumentation and control system 150.

[0101] The spear-shaped instrument device 30 includes one or more spear-shaped instruments 31, each typically implemented as a shaft 46 with a tip 44 at one end designed for a specific function. In some cases, the shaft 46 may have one or more channels 47 disposed therein, each channel 47 serving to perform a function specific to each spear-shaped instrument 31. The channels 47 may also accompany additional features in the shaft 46 (e.g., ports 401, 403) to perform their functions. One spear-shaped instrument 31 is implemented at a time, with each spear-shaped instrument 31 having a specific function or multiple functions. For example, the spear-shaped instrument 31 may be a dedicated spear-shaped instrument designed for piercing purposes, or a multi-functional instrument that includes piercing functionality among other functions. For example, the spear-shaped instrument 31 may be used to pierce a waste container 61, penetrate waste, perform a measuring function, or provide a flow path for purge gases and reactive materials to reach the waste directly inside the waste container 61. In one embodiment, the spear-shaped instrument 31 includes a combination of dedicated spear-shaped instrument functions (e.g., sensor device 199) and can be used to simultaneously measure temperature (as monitored by instrumentation and control system 150) and inject purge gas and / or reactive gas. In another embodiment, the spear-shaped instrument 31 includes a material injection function and can be used to inject encapsulation material for encapsulating or bonding waste after processing.

[0102] The exemplary spear-shaped device 31 performs various necessary functions to ensure the complete and safe handling of waste in the waste container 61. The exemplary spear-shaped device 31 may vary in design to suit the needs of performing a task or a combination of tasks, including any of the following:

[0103] Piercing waste container 61.Heating waste container 61 releases gas, which, if not released, pressurizes waste container 61. While smaller waste containers inside the main waste container 61 (e.g., sealed plastic bags, aerosol cans, paint cans, five-gallon drums, plastic bottles) are intended to have molten sides or seals to allow gas escape, or to be allowed to deform and rupture during processing, it is necessary to puncture the large waste container 61 containing the waste to allow the thermal decomposition gases to escape. A special spear-shaped instrument 31 with a suitably shaped tip 44 is inserted through a nozzle 66 to puncture waste container 61. If multiple holes are required due to the special nature of the waste, an autoclave 60 with multiple nozzles 66 in the autoclave lid 65 is used.

[0104] Waste that penetrates the interior of waste container 61. It is desirable to form holes in the waste to allow insertion of a spear-shaped device 31, which provides purge gas, provides reactants, and / or contains one or more sensor devices 199 to measure the internal temperature during heating. Additionally, there is a waste container 61 containing waste that has been mixed with / encapsulated in cement. A dedicated spear-shaped device 31 is used to penetrate / rupture the waste to allow the pyrolysis gases to escape and for insertion of the purge / measuring spear-shaped device. If multiple entry points are required due to the specific nature of the waste, an autoclave 60 with multiple nozzles 66 in the autoclave lid 65 is employed.

[0105] Purge the gas from waste container 61. Inert gas purging provides the means to remove thermally decomposed gases from waste container 61. A low flow rate is used to prevent solid entrainment in the gas from escaping waste container 61. Multiple outlet ports can be installed along the length of the spear-shaped device 31.

[0106] Reactive materials are inserted into the waste. Reactive materials (e.g., steam) are injected through a spear-shaped device 31. Multiple outlet ports can be installed along the length of the spear-shaped device 31 to distribute the flow.

[0107] Measure the temperature. A spear-shaped instrument 31 with a suitable temperature measurement sensor device 199 (e.g., a thermocouple) is useful in determining the temperature distribution inside the waste container 61. Such information allows the instrumentation and control system 150 to provide finer control over the heating of the waste, which in turn provides finer control over the release of thermal decomposition gases, and also provides a clear indication of when the internal temperature reaches the holding temperature required for treatment.

[0108] Inject encapsulation material.It may be desirable to encapsulate any ash remaining in waste container 61 at the end of processing. Encapsulation material can be injected into waste container 61 through spear-shaped device 31. Multiple ports in spear-shaped device 31 can be used to provide proper distribution of the encapsulation material. If desired, a low-speed mixer can be inserted through a separate nozzle 66 in autoclave lid 65—the mixer is another dedicated spear-shaped device 31.

[0109] Waste feeding system 10 feeds waste into autoclave 60, which is housed in enclosure 1, as described above. In some embodiments, waste feeding system 10 feeds waste into waste container 61 to avoid bulk disposal, opening, and sorting, for example, when the waste contains radionuclides that emit alpha particles, highly radioactive waste, and other hazardous materials. Waste container 61 is inserted into autoclave 60, and autoclave 60 is then sealed. Operation of waste feeding system 10 can be controlled by instrumentation and control system 150.

[0110] The gas / material feed system 20 facilitates the introduction of reaction gases, purge gases, steam, cooling water spray, and / or encapsulating agents into the autoclave 60 and / or waste container 61. Some components of the gas / material feed system 20 are delivered via nozzles on the side of the autoclave 60 (e.g., Figure 7B The nozzle 69 shown) or through a passage passing through a flexible hose 33 connected to the spear-shaped device 31 ( Figure 7B (As shown) enters the autoclave 60. The gas / material feed system 20 includes heaters for certain gases and materials. The operation of the gas / material feed system 20 can be controlled by the instrumentation and control system 150.

[0111] An exemplary spear-shaped instrument 31, constructed for piercing functionality, can be inserted into an autoclave 60 and pierce a waste container 61, and, if appropriate (depending on the nature of the waste and the outer seal, and the type of spear-shaped instrument), pierce the waste inside the waste container 61. The autoclave 60 is heated in a controlled manner to a desired temperature, such as a temperature in the range of about 200°C to about 800°C, or a temperature at which liquids and organic matter in the waste will evaporate and volatilize. To measure the progress of thermal decomposition of the waste, the spear-shaped instrument 31 (typically configured to have one or more sensor devices 199, such as temperature sensors) is inserted into the waste container 61. The temperature measured by these sensor devices 199 can be monitored by an instrumentation and control system 150. To facilitate the delivery of gas from the waste container 61 and to ensure a substantially inert environment, the spear-shaped instrument 31 (typically intended for gas distribution purposes) for supplying a low flow rate of inert purge gas (typically nitrogen) is inserted into the waste container 61. The flow rate can be controlled by the instrumentation and control system 150 to ensure that waste and / or thermally decomposed waste solids are not conveyed from the waste container 61.

[0112] Applying heat (typically via indirect heating of the autoclave 60) to waste container 61 within the sealed autoclave 60 causes water evaporation, organic matter volatilization, and thermal decomposition, as well as the conversion of corrosive and reactive materials into harmless oxides or carbonate compounds. The addition of reactive gases injected through spear-shaped apparatus 31, under appropriate conditions, completes the conversion reaction. Following thermal decomposition, the injection of steam into waste container 61 leads to further conversion of residual char into carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and the release of some hydrogen. The injection of other reactive gases ensures the conversion of corrosive and reactive materials. The residue in waste container 61 is inert, non-reactive, non-volatile, low-carbon ash containing radioactive metals. Non-combustible materials such as glass, metal, and construction debris (typically brick, stone, and concrete rubble) contained in waste container 61 are retained within it. If necessary, encapsulating material may be added to waste container 61 to physically stabilize the residue. All these aspects of waste treatment and disposal are controlled by instrumentation and control system 150.

[0113] The treated or thermally decomposed waste in waste container 61 is a substantially dry, inert inorganic matrix that may include a small amount of char containing radioactive metals and products of reaction with reactive materials. In some embodiments, reactive materials, including gases, liquids, or solids or combinations thereof, may be introduced via a spear-shaped device to promote the decomposition reaction and reduce the reactivity of the treated waste. For example, reactive materials may include, but are not limited to, steam, carbon dioxide, air, oxygen, etc. It is conceivable to use inert gases to dilute the reactive materials. In some embodiments, reactive materials are used to treat the waste to reduce the amount of char in the treated waste products.

[0114] In-container (e.g., waste container 61) treatment utilizes pyrolysis, employing in-container heat treatment to process containerized hazardous, radioactive, and / or mixed waste, thereby breaking down the sealed waste container 61 and removing free liquids, organic materials, and reactive materials from it. At the pyrolysis temperature, all liquids and organic matter in the waste container 61 evaporates and volatilizes. In some embodiments, the exhaust gas generated by the autoclave 60 typically includes water vapor, volatile organic compounds, and acidic gases from the pyrolysis of various plastics and organic materials present in the waste container 61. The exhaust gas generated by pyrolysis is collected and fed into an exhaust gas treatment system 90 in fluid communication with the autoclave 60. Any radionuclides present in the containerized waste are retained in the initial container because radioactive metals do not volatilize at the autoclave temperature, and the autoclave injection stream and exhaust gas flow are maintained at rates that will prevent the carryover of radionuclides.

[0115] In some embodiments, a barrier filter 8 is placed between the autoclave 60 and the tail gas treatment system 90. The barrier filter 8 can be used to further minimize the amount of radionuclides delivered to the tail gas treatment system 90. The barrier filter 8 can be used to capture small amounts of particulate matter that can be discharged from the waste container 61, producing a nearly solid free gas for treatment in the tail gas treatment system 90. The operation of the barrier filter 8 (or a portion thereof) can be controlled by an instrumentation and control system 150. A low-flow-rate purge gas is used to purge the tail gas from the autoclave 60 and into the tail gas treatment system 90, which is in fluid communication with the autoclave 60.

[0116] The exhaust gas treatment system 90 treats the exhaust gas vapor stream, ensuring its contents are safely released into the atmosphere. A gas monitoring system can be used downstream of the barrier filter to determine the gas composition. Information from such a system can be used to control the autoclave 60. Examples of monitorable items include NOx, acid gases, total hydrocarbons, hydrogen, CO, and CO2. Monitoring gas flow rate is also desirable. These monitoring functions can be performed by a combination of one or more sensor devices 199 and instrumentation and control system 150.

[0117] The exhaust gas treatment system 90 may include any of a variety of known systems for such treatment. In the considered embodiment, the exhaust gas treatment system 90 includes a thermal oxidizer and a downstream quench scrubber. After exiting the autoclave, the exhaust gas stream enters the thermal oxidizer, which operates under oxidizing conditions to convert organic vapors into water and carbon dioxide. The thermal oxidizer may include a catalytic oxidizer, a ceramic matrix oxidizer, or a standard combustion oxidizer. Acidic gases present in the exhaust gas stream are neutralized by introducing caustic materials in the downstream scrubber. The used scrubber solution is collected and returned to the pyrolysis process. The gas exiting the scrubber enters an exhaust gas filter, then passes through a HEPA filter to a blower, and is directed to a chimney for emission. Other thermal oxidation devices, such as steam reformers, are contemplated. A condenser is contemplated to condense large quantities of organic matter before the thermal oxidizer. The liquid is then sent to a thermal oxidizer for further treatment, while non-condensable gases are sent to the same or a separate thermal oxidizer. Other types of scrubbers and gas absorbers are contemplated. Any of the numerous standard exhaust gas treatment systems can be applied to the exhaust gas flow specific to the waste being treated. The operation of the exhaust gas treatment system 90 (or a portion thereof) can be controlled by the instrumentation and control system 150.

[0118] Periodic surveys and analysis of used scrubber liquids and filter solids in the exhaust gas treatment system 90 are used to confirm limited radioactive material carrying capacity. Exhaust lines and barrier filters are heated as needed to reduce tar and wax deposition. These functions are controlled by the instrumentation and control system 150.

[0119] The waste obtained in waste container 61 is a dry, inert, inorganic matrix with limited coal char containing radioactive metals. Waste container 61 is prepared in product disposal system 120 for final disposal. The details of product disposal system 120 will depend on the characteristics of the final product and disposal requirements. Typical product disposal involves compaction, and / or combining smaller treated packages into larger composite packages and / or stabilizing with concrete. External decontamination of the final packaging is typically part of the product disposal process.

[0120] Waste treatment is monitored and regulated by an instrumentation and control system 150. The instrumentation and control system 150 is used to monitor, for example, temperature, flow rate, pressure, gas composition, radiation monitors, and / or atmospheric monitors, as measured by one or more sensor devices 199 during the waste treatment process.

[0121] In some embodiments, the systems, apparatus, and methods described herein are useful for converting reactive metals and compounds into disposable stable compounds. These compounds include, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, uranium, cyanide, and other reactive compounds that may burn, ignite, or explode when exposed to certain other materials or to varying environmental conditions. In some embodiments, reactive metals present in containerized waste (such as those present in transuranium waste or fuel debris waste) are fine powders that are strongly reduced when heated to above 500°C. The strongly reduced metal will combine with or react with oxygen, vapor, carbon oxides, chlorine, or fluorine in the solid inorganic waste near the reactive metal, or with reactive materials introduced via a spear-shaped instrument. Control of such reactions is enhanced by the ability to measure the waste temperature using a spear-shaped instrument. Examples of the resulting stable compounds include NaCl, Na₂CO₃, Na₂SO₃, KCl, K₂CO₃, K₂SO₃, CaO, CaCO₃, CaCl₂, CaSO₃, U₂O₃, U₃O₈, MgO, MgCl₂, MgCO₃, and MgSO₃. In one embodiment, the metallic uranium fuel is essentially converted into inert, non-reactive uranium oxide metal. Cyanide (if present) will evaporate from the containerized waste and will be oxidized into water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen in a steam reformer.

[0122] In some embodiments, the apparatus and methods described herein are useful for converting nitrogenous waste into disposable stable compounds. Exemplary nitrogenous waste includes, but is not limited to, NOx compounds, liquid nitrogenous compounds having a flash point of less than 60°C, and aqueous liquids having a pH value of less than 2 or greater than 12.5. Examples of the stable compounds produced include NaCl, Na₂CO₃, Na₂SO₃, KCl, K₂CO₃, K₂SO₃, CaO, CaCO₃, CaCl₂, CaSO₃, MgO, MgCl₂, MgCO₃, and MgSO₃.

[0123] As discussed above, system 110 includes instrumentation and control system 150, and one or more subsystems (e.g., waste feeding system 10, spear-shaped device 30, product disposal system 120, exhaust gas treatment system 90) and / or one or more components (e.g., autoclave 60) of its control system 110. In some cases, instrumentation and control system 150 may include multiple controllers. In this case, local controllers may communicate with each other.

[0124] The instrumentation and control system 150 may include one or more of a plurality of components. Such components may include, but are not limited to, hardware processors, memory, control engines, communication modules, security modules, storage devices, transceivers, application interfaces, power modules, and timers. At least some of the controls implemented by the instrumentation and control system 150 may be based on one or more measurements of one or more parameters performed by one or more of the sensor devices 199.

[0125] Each of the one or more sensor devices 199 may include any type of sensing device that measures one or more parameters. Examples of the types of sensor devices 199 may include, but are not limited to, passive infrared sensors, photocells, pressure sensors, air flow monitors, gas detectors, voltmeters, ammeters, and resistance temperature detectors. Examples of parameters measured by the sensor device 199 may include, but are not limited to, temperature, gas level, fluid flow rate, humidity level, voltage, current, resistance, gas content, and pressure.

[0126] In some cases, one or more parameters measured by sensor device 199 are transmitted to instrumentation and control system 150. In this case, instrumentation and control system 150 is capable of operating one or more of the devices of system 110 (e.g., heater of autoclave 60) and / or one or more of the subsystems (e.g., waste feeding system 10, gas / material feeding system 20, spear-shaped device 30, product disposal system 120, exhaust gas treatment system 90).

[0127] Referring to Figure 2, an exemplary spear-shaped device 31 including certain piercing or penetrating embodiments is shown. Three views are shown: Figure 2A It is a completely withdrawn spear-shaped device 31. Figure 2B It is the spear-shaped device 31 that was just pierced after the waste container 61. Figure 2CThe spear-shaped instrument 31 is used after piercing the waste in the waste container 61. Each view shows an autoclave 60 with the waste container 61 internally placed. The autoclave includes an autoclave shell 62, an autoclave liner 63, and an autoclave heater 64. An autoclave cover 65 with a nozzle 66 for inserting the spear-shaped instrument 31 is also shown. The nozzle 66 is a tube connected to the autoclave 60 at one end and includes a flange at the other end in some embodiments. A spear-shaped instrument seal is installed in the nozzle 66. The purpose of the spear-shaped instrument seal is to minimize leakage of the atmosphere inside the autoclave to the outside of the autoclave 60 when the spear-shaped instrument 31 is inserted into the autoclave 60 through the nozzle 66. Any suitable nozzle or seal can be used. The spear-shaped instrument seal includes one or more airlocks, valves, and / or sealing mechanisms that prevent leakage of atmosphere from inside the autoclave through the nozzle during insertion of the spear-shaped instrument 31. In some embodiments, the spear-shaped instrument seal is an airlock and a gas seal. For example, the spear-shaped device seal may include two full-port ball valves with a labyrinth seal between them. The inner diameter of the labyrinth seal matches the outer diameter of one or more spear-shaped devices. When the spear-shaped device 31 is in place, the labyrinth seal is purged with a suitable gas (e.g., nitrogen) to maintain a seal.

[0128] In some embodiments, the piercing / penetrating tip 44 of the spear-like instrument 31 may be larger in diameter than the shaft 46 of the spear-like instrument 31 to allow the hole in the waste container 61 to be larger than the shaft 46 of the spear-like instrument 31 (see [link]). Figure 3 In such an embodiment, the spear-shaped tool seal 36 and the scroll-shaped article 35 are integrated into the spear-shaped tool 31. The separate scroll-shaped article 35 with the spear-shaped tool seal 36 can be used to insert other spear-shaped tools.

[0129] In one embodiment, the spear-shaped tool 31 includes a solid shaft 46 (e.g., without a channel 47) with a suitably designed tip 44 for piercing the waste container 61 and / or penetrating the waste disposed within the waste container 61. Some waste vapors may require only a single spear-shaped tool 31 to perform the functions of piercing the waste container 61 and penetrating the waste. In some embodiments, several spear-shaped tools 31 may be used to achieve penetration of dense or hard waste, such as waste solidified in a binder such as grout.

[0130] The spear-shaped tool 31 moves upward and downward via a spear-shaped tool drive mechanism 32. The spear-shaped tool drive mechanism 32 is a mechanism that controls the movement of the spear-shaped tool 31 into and out of the autoclave 60. In one embodiment, the spear-shaped tool drive mechanism 32 is a set of spring-loaded wheels. These wheels center the spear-shaped tool 31 and have frictional surfaces and spring-loaded pressure sufficient to hold and drive the spear-shaped tool 31 without piercing or penetrating. For piercing and penetrating, once the spear-shaped tool 31 is in place on the waste container 61 or in contact with the waste, the drive pressure is minimized, and the spear-shaped tool penetration mechanism 34 contacts the tip of the spear-shaped tool 31 to drive it through the lid of the waste container 61 or into the waste. The spear-shaped tool piercing or penetrating mechanism 34 provides the force required to pierce the waste container 61 (and / or penetrate the waste inside the waste container 61) using the spear-shaped tool 31. In some embodiments, the spear-shaped tool penetration mechanism 34 uses a reciprocating motion similar to that of a pile driver. In one particular embodiment, the spear-like tool penetration mechanism 34 includes a hydraulic ram. In one embodiment, a reinforcing mechanism 48 is used to reinforce and / or enlarge the end of the spear-like tool 31 connected to the spear-like tool penetration mechanism 34. Examples of reinforcing mechanisms may include, but are not limited to, thickening of the shaft 46, additional structures fitted onto and fixed to the shaft 46, and different materials used in the shaft 46.

[0131] Each spear-shaped instrument 31 is mounted and inserted into the spear-shaped instrument nozzle 66 via a spear-shaped instrument drive mechanism 32. In some embodiments, movement of the spear-shaped instrument 31 is performed by a robotic arm (not shown). In some embodiments, activation of the spear-shaped instrument sealing mechanism is confirmed before opening the top airlock valve. In some embodiments, before inserting the spear-shaped instrument 31 through the labyrinth seal, the pressure in the autoclave 60 is checked to indicate that the bottom airlock valve is sealed. The lower full-bore valve of the airlock is then opened, the pressure in the autoclave 60 is checked to indicate that the sealing mechanism is maintaining pressure, and then the spear-shaped instrument 31 is driven into the waste container 61. The spear-shaped instrument piercing / penetrating mechanism 34 moves into place, and piercing of the waste container 61 begins. In some embodiments, autoclave pressure, temperature, and process exhaust gas may be measured by one or more sensor devices 199, and these measurements may be sent to the instrumentation and control system 150 to determine the response to piercing the waste container 61 and / or penetrating the waste. After piercing the waste container 61, waste penetration occurs. If a single spear-shaped device 31 is to be used to penetrate the waste, the spear-shaped device 31 is withdrawn using the reverse procedure of its installation. Then, using a procedure similar to that used to place the spear-shaped device 31, the spear-shaped device 31 is brought into position just inside the waste container 61, where the spear-shaped device piercing / penetrating mechanism 34 is in place. The spear-shaped device piercing / penetrating mechanism 34 is powered to penetrate the waste. If a spear-shaped device 31 is used that combines the functions of penetrating the waste container 61, measuring temperature, and injecting gas flow, the spear-shaped device 31 is left in place for heat treatment of the waste container 61. Otherwise, the penetrating spear-shaped device 31 is withdrawn to prepare for the installation of the next spear-shaped device 31.

[0132] refer to Figure 3An exemplary piercing and / or penetrating spear-like instrument 31 is shown, comprising a piercing tip 44 larger than the diameter of the shaft 46 of the spear-like instrument 31. The spear-like instrument 31 is shown for insertion through a reel-like article 35, a spear-like instrument seal 36, and a nozzle 66, and is positioned to enter the autoclave lid 65 via an isolation device 71. The reel-like article 35 provides physical mounting for the spear-like instrument seal 36. In this embodiment, the isolation device 71 prevents the transfer or release of atmosphere from the autoclave 60 when the nozzle reel-like article 35 and the spear-like instrument seal 36 are in place. In some embodiments, the exemplary isolation device 71 includes, but is not limited to, one or two valves, such as full-bore ball valves. In some embodiments, the isolation device includes a labyrinth seal. In some embodiments, the isolation device does not include a labyrinth seal. The piercing spear tip 44 is larger in diameter than the shaft 46 of the spear-like instrument 31 to allow an orifice in the cylinder larger than the shaft 46 of the spear-like instrument 31. In such an embodiment, the spear-shaped tool seal 36 is part of a roll-shaped article 35 built into the spear-shaped tool 31, and the nozzle 66 has an isolation device 71. A separate roll-shaped article 35 with the spear-shaped tool seal 36 is used to insert other spear-shaped tools with a tip 44 having the same diameter as or smaller than the diameter of the shaft 46 of the spear-shaped tool 31. In this case, the roll-shaped article 35 and the spear-shaped tool seal 36 are separate from the spear-shaped tool 31.

[0133] refer to Figure 4 An exemplary spear-shaped device 31, including certain measurement or gas flow embodiments, is shown. Two views are shown: Figure 4 A is a fully withdrawn spear-shaped device 31. Figure 4 B is a spear-shaped device 31 positioned inside the waste. With the spear-shaped device 31 in place, inert gas purging begins via a flexible hose 33 connected to the spear-shaped device 31. The autoclave 60 is heated to initiate heat treatment. The spear-shaped device temperature (and / or other parameters) is measured by one or more sensor devices 199 along with autoclave pressure and temperature indications, process tail gas instrumentation indications, and tail gas treatment system 90 indications to determine the heating rate and holding time via instrumentation and control system 150. In some embodiments, reactive materials are added via the spear-shaped device 31 under the control of instrumentation and control system 150 to facilitate a reaction within the waste. Conditions are monitored by instrumentation and control system 150 (e.g., using parameter measurements performed by one or more sensor devices 199) to determine the progress of the reaction (treatment). Once treatment is complete, the spear-shaped device 31 is withdrawn. In some embodiments, encapsulating material is added to the waste via the spear-shaped device 31.

[0134] refer to Figure 5A, illustrates an exemplary spear-shaped device 200 including a thermocouple 201 (of the type of sensor device 199). The thermocouple 201 is used to measure temperature and consists of two wires of different metals connected at two points, generating a voltage proportional to the temperature difference between the two junctions. Signal lines for the thermocouple 201 are arranged in one or more channels 47 in the shaft 46 of the spear-shaped device 200 and pass through a sealed connection 202 at the top of the spear-shaped device 200 to allow them to be connected to monitoring equipment (e.g., instruments and control systems 150). Figure 5 In embodiment A, only one channel 47 exists in the shaft 46 of the spear-shaped device 200, and the tip 44 of the spear-shaped device 200 has a diameter approximately the same as the diameter of the shaft 46. In some embodiments, four thermocouples 201 are mounted at different levels along the spear-shaped device 200 (e.g., along the length of the spear-shaped device 200 at a distance from the top). More or fewer thermocouples 201 are envisioned, mounted at levels along the spear-shaped device 200 that reflect the characteristics of the waste. More than one thermocouple 201 may be mounted at a single level. In one embodiment, at least four thermocouples 201 are mounted in the waste region of the waste container 61, at least one thermocouple 201 is mounted above the waste but in the gas space within the waste container 61, and at least one thermocouple 201 is mounted above the lid of the waste container 61 but in the space within the autoclave 60.

[0135] refer to Figure 5 Figure B illustrates an exemplary spear-shaped device 300, which includes a single flow connection 302 and a plurality of injection ports 301 fed by one or more channels 47. Figure 5 In embodiment B, only one channel 47 exists in the shaft 46 of the spear-shaped device 300, and the tip 44 of the spear-shaped device 200 has a diameter approximately the same as the diameter of the shaft 46. Inert purge gas, reactive material, or encapsulating material is supplied via a flexible hose 33 connected at the top of the spear-shaped device 310 to a single flow connection 302. In some embodiments, four injection ports 301 are installed along the spear-shaped device 310. More or fewer injection ports 301 are envisioned, installed at a level reflecting the characteristics of the waste. For example, an injection port 301 for reactive gas injected into a resin-containing waste container 61 would only need to be near the bottom and possibly a few inches above it, as waste residue (primarily char with metal oxides) will settle to the bottom of the waste container 61 after thermal decomposition. More than one injection port 301 may be installed at a single level. In some embodiments, at least two injection ports 301 positioned 180 degrees apart will be present at the bottom of the spear-shaped device 310.

[0136] refer to Figure 6Figure A shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary spear-shaped device 400, which includes dual flow connections 402 and 404 and multiple injection ports 401 and 403. Channel 47-1 provides fluid flow from flow connection 402 to injection port 401, and channel 47-2 provides fluid flow from flow connection 404 to injection port 403. Additionally, the dimensions (e.g., diameter) of channel 47-2 are larger than the dimensions of channel 47-1. Inert purge gas, or reactive material, or encapsulating material is supplied via two separate flexible hose connections. As an example, hose 33... Figure 4 And as depicted in Figure 7. Imagine having, for example... Figure 6 The spear-shaped device 400 shown in Figure A comprises multiple hoses, each carrying its own material. One or more injection ports 401 are supplied by flow connections 402, and injection port 403 is supplied by flow connections 404. As depicted, one stream of injected material flows downward along the central tube, while another flows in an annular space between the central tube and the outer wall of the spear-shaped device 400. Other methods are envisioned for supplying multiple gas streams in a single spear-shaped device. This embodiment of the spear-shaped device 400 can be used to supply two different material streams simultaneously. Figure 6 In A, the tip 44 of the spear-shaped instrument 400 has a diameter approximately the same as the diameter of the shaft 46. Figure 5 The comments in section B regarding the number and location of injection ports are applicable.

[0137] refer to Figure 6 Figure B shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary spear-shaped device 500, which includes a combination of thermocouples 201 and an injection port 301. Signal wires for the thermocouples are threaded through a sealed connection 202 at the top of the spear-shaped device 500 to allow connection to monitoring equipment (e.g., instrumentation and control system 150). Channel 47-1 serves as a conduit for the wire from thermocouple 201 to the sealed connection 202, and channel 47-2 provides fluid flow from a flow connection 404 to the injection port 403. Additionally, the dimensions (e.g., diameter) of channel 47-2 are larger than those of channel 47-1. Inert purge gas or reactive material or encapsulating material is delivered via a flexible hose 33 (e.g., a flexible tube connected to an accessory at the top of the spear-shaped device 500) Figure 4 (as shown in the image) is supplied. Figure 6 In B, the tip 44 of the spear-shaped device 500 has a diameter approximately the same as the diameter of the shaft 46. The preceding comments regarding the number and location of the thermocouples and injection ports are applicable. Other combinations of spear-shaped devices are conceivable.

[0138] Referring to Figure 7, a schematic diagram of an exemplary processing system for waste container 61 is shown. (Previously in Figures 2 to...) Figure 6 The spear-like instruments 31, 200, 300, 400 and 500 have been described in the discussion.

[0139] In this embodiment, the autoclave 60 is a double-walled cylindrical vessel comprising an inner autoclave liner 63 and an outer autoclave shell 62. The autoclave 60 also includes a purge gas supply that introduces inert purge gas into the interior of the autoclave liner 63. The autoclave liner 63 may be constructed of a high-temperature resistant alloy suitable for contact with thermal decomposition gases, including acidic gases, hydrocarbon gases, and evaporated water from the contents of the waste container 61.

[0140] The autoclave shell 62 can provide a secondary sealing barrier to the environment for pressure containment vessels. The autoclave shell 62 may also include a refractory jacket cover, an insulating jacket cover, and a metal shell. In some embodiments, the autoclave shell 62 is explosion-proof and designed to retain all gas expansion caused by overpressure or abnormal events. A ring (circumferential ring) between the autoclave liner 63 and the autoclave shell 62 acts as a double containment barrier, preventing loss of containment in the event of failure of the integrity of the autoclave liner 63. Gas overpressure can be maintained in the ring. As used herein, "overpressure" means pressure exceeding normal atmospheric pressure or system operating pressure. Furthermore, a pressure loss alarm can be provided in the autoclave 60, indicating failure of the integrity of the autoclave liner 63, such as cracks in the wall of the autoclave liner 63 or poor sealing between the autoclave liner and the ring.

[0141] The autoclave 60 includes one or more nozzles. These nozzles can be used for: insertion of spear-shaped instruments 31, 200, 300; supply of reactants and purge gases 21, nitrogen source 22, steam 23, and nitrogen source 25; supply of atomized water source 24 and nitrogen source 25 (e.g., for post-treatment cooling); directing autoclave gases to a tail gas treatment system; or releasing overpressure. In some embodiments, the purge gases are unheated.

[0142] Following thermal decomposition, the autoclave 60 and waste container 61 are partially cooled using atomized water source 24 and nitrogen source 25. The partially cooled waste container 61 is removed from the autoclave 60 to a temporary storage area and allowed to cool to near ambient temperature. After cooling, the container can be compacted and placed in a synthetic packaging unit, or placed directly in a synthetic packaging unit without compaction. Waste container 61 can be re-measured and / or real-time radiography can be re-performed. The final waste preparation alternative is selected based on the waste and local disposal regulations.

[0143] The heat source for the autoclave 60 can be an indirect heat source using conductive or radiative heat transfer, such as one or more electric autoclave heaters 64, which are located outside the autoclave liner 63 but provide heat to the interior of the autoclave liner 63. In one embodiment, the indirect heat source includes an electric heater that is ceramic insulated and located within a ring formed by the autoclave liner 63 and the autoclave shell 62. The term "indirect heat source" refers to a heat source that is outside the autoclave liner 63 and provides heat to the interior of the autoclave liner 63. For example, an "indirect heat source" can include a heat source that is outside the autoclave liner 63 and provides heat to the interior of the liner. In one embodiment, the indirect heat source is combustion fired heat. When combustion fired heat is used, the autoclave liner 63 must be completely isolated from the combustion gases in the autoclave shell 62. Indirect heat sources can be used to thermally decompose waste contained in containers. By using indirect heating, both the gas flow rate and gas composition inside the autoclave 60 can be easily controlled. For example, direct heating with hot gases increases the volume of the exhaust gas and the carry-out of particulates. The use of indirect heating outside the autoclave liner 63 of the autoclave 60 or inside the autoclave shell 62 (where heating is primarily due to radiative heat transfer in the absence of waste combustion) makes the process non-incinerating because there is no open flame combustion in the autoclave or exhaust gas stream. As mentioned, a heater can be employed inside the autoclave liner 63. The internal heater will include heater tubes or sleeves to create a barrier between the electric heating element and the contents of the autoclave liner.

[0144] An optional internal electric heater located within the autoclave liner 63 is also envisioned in another exemplary embodiment. With the electric heater located within the autoclave liner 63, these heaters can be housed in an alloy tube sheath to prevent contact with substances such as organic matter, sulfur compounds (including SOx), and nitrogen compounds (including NO). X Direct contact with the thermal decomposition gases. Preferably, these heaters include heater tubes or sleeves to create a barrier between the electric heating element and the contents of the autoclave liner 63 (e.g., waste container 61).

[0145] Alternatively, a fuel combustion heat source can be used on the outside and inside the ring of the autoclave lining 63.

[0146] Current methods for processing waste in a waste container 61 (typically a 55-gallon canister) via pyrolysis heat directly through internal fuel combustion or by introducing hot gas into an autoclave 60. By using indirect heating, as exemplified in this embodiment, both the gas flow rate and composition within the autoclave 60 can be more easily controlled. For example, using direct heating with hot-input gas significantly increases the volume of exhaust gas and particulate leakage. Furthermore, using heating outside the autoclave liner 63 of the autoclave 60 makes the process non-incineration, as there is no open flame combustion within the autoclave 60. The use of an indirect electric heater is also advantageous compared to other direct heating methods because, unlike internal combustion methods, the heater does not introduce hot gas into the system. Moreover, various state and federal regulations applicable to fuel combustion heat do not apply to electric heaters.

[0147] The autoclave 60 may also be adapted to have features for managing the temperature within the autoclave housing 62. For example, thermocouple instruments may be provided to control the temperature of the autoclave 60. To provide thermal expansion of the autoclave liner 63 compared to the fixed autoclave housing 62 during pyrolysis, a thermal expansion element may be included in a ring between the autoclave liner 63 and the autoclave housing 62. Optionally, an insulating layer is provided within the ring to prevent heat loss from the autoclave liner 63. As a further safety measure, in some embodiments, both the thermocouple instruments and the electric autoclave heater 64 are adapted so that they can be removed and replaced without entering the autoclave 60.

[0148] To begin the in-container waste processing method of the present invention, an intact waste container 61 containing waste is introduced into a housing 1 via an airlock 11. A roller conveyor is envisioned for moving the container through the airlock. Typically, if the waste container 61 needs to be placed in a synthetic packaging, this action will have already occurred, and the waste container 61 will arrive with a clean exterior in terms of contamination. If desired, a flushing and flushing fluid collection system for the waste container 61, along with synthetic packaging capabilities, is envisioned as part of the airlock 11 or the housing 1. An additional airlock is envisioned to separate the flushing and synthetic packaging system from other systems within the housing 1. Once inside the housing, the waste container 61 is moved using a bridge crane 12. A roller conveyor and other suitable conveying devices are envisioned to be used in conjunction with the bridge crane 12. If not characterized prior to placement in the housing 1, the waste container 61 is then sequentially placed in a real-time radiography chamber 13 and a non-destructive testing chamber 14. After the characteristic description, the waste container 61 is transferred to the autoclave liner 63 of the autoclave 60, and the autoclave lid 65 is closed to seal the autoclave 60.

[0149] As described above, each spear-shaped device (31, 200, 300, 400, or 500) is mounted through the spear-shaped device drive mechanism 32 and enters the spear-shaped device nozzle 66. If a combined penetration and monitoring parameter measurement and gas flow injection method is used (as described above), the spear-shaped device 500 will be affected. Figure 6 If, as in B, the spear-shaped device 500 remains in place for heat treatment of the waste container 61, then the penetrating spear-shaped device 31 is withdrawn to prepare for the installation of the next spear-shaped device (200, 300, 400, or 500). For this discussion, it is assumed that a combined parameter measurement and gas flow injection is inserted into the spear-shaped device 500. With the combined parameter measurement and gas flow injection spear-shaped device 500 in place, inert gas purging begins, and the autoclave heater 64 is heated to initiate heat treatment of the autoclave 60. The temperature indication of the spear-shaped device 500 is monitored by one or more controllers 104 communicating with the sensor device 199, along with autoclave pressure and temperature measurements, exhaust gas instrument indicators 9 and 10, and other exhaust gas treatment system 90 measurements, to determine the heating rate and holding time.

[0150] When the autoclave 60 is heated to its thermal decomposition temperature (ranging up to approximately 800°C), various reactions occur. Organics with low to medium boiling points readily evaporate and form organic vapors. Organics with high boiling points (such as high molecular weight polymers and plastics) melt if they are solids and then undergo thermal decomposition in the hot liquid. Generally, exposure to temperatures above 450°C causes the organic polymer structure to decompose. Long carbon-hydrogen chain molecules decompose into smaller, more volatile organic compounds, thereby vaporizing the organic components. The thermal decomposition of long polymers leaves behind carbon-rich inorganic char, which is inert and non-volatile. This carbon residue is an inert inorganic residue with only a low hydrogen content. Therefore, the residue from thermal decomposition is practically inert to the interaction of alpha particles. In some embodiments where the waste includes a sealed waste container 61, the sealed waste container 61 is destroyed.

[0151] When organic matter is vaporized or thermally decomposed into gas, low-flow-rate gas purging from the spear-shaped device 500 helps remove the gas from the waste container 61 into the autoclave liner 63. The gas through the spear-shaped device 500 is maintained at a low flow rate to prevent disturbance of the waste solids while effectively purging the gas from the waste container 61. Purging gas entering through the autoclave purging nozzle 69 sweeps the gas in the autoclave liner 63 away through the autoclave outlet nozzle 67 and into the exhaust gas treatment system 90.

[0152] When the waste reaches the appropriate final temperature as indicated by thermocouple 201 in spear-shaped apparatus 500, autoclave heater 64 is adjusted to maintain the temperature. The length of the holding time is determined by measuring the process tail gas flow rate and composition. Thermal decomposition is complete when the flow rate is stable and equal to the input amount of inert purge gas, and there is no indication of organic matter in the process tail gas.

[0153] Before cooling the autoclave 60, the spear-shaped device 500 is used to inject controlled amounts of reactive materials, such as gas 21 and steam 23. For example, the injection of steam 23 is used to reduce char by reacting with the steam to produce CO, CO2, and H2. Steam 23 can also be used to oxidize metals in waste container 61. The injection rate of steam 23 is controlled to limit the temperature rise in waste container 61. Thermocouple 201 in the spear-shaped device 500 provides an early indication of the exothermic oxidation reaction. Steam can be reduced or stopped completely to slow down or stop the oxidation reaction. Other gases, liquids, or solids carried by gas 21 can be injected into waste container 61 to react with the waste and produce stable non-reactive solids.

[0154] Following the heat treatment of the waste in waste container 61, the autoclave heater 64 is de-energized, and cooling of the autoclave 60 and waste container 61 begins. Direct cooling using a fine atomized spray of water droplets with a very high surface area is employed to increase the cooling rate. Water source 24 and nitrogen source 25 enter through autoclave spray nozzle 70. The fine mist of water droplets rapidly absorbs heat from the gas in autoclave 60, from waste container 61, and from the inner wall of autoclave lining 63. The water droplets evaporate into steam, which is carried away from autoclave 60 through autoclave outlet nozzle 67 to exhaust gas treatment system 90. The spray is maintained until any temperature measurement in autoclave 60 approaches 100°C. This direct cooling method keeps the surfaces in autoclave 60 dry and provides cooling up to an order of magnitude faster than indirect cooling and / or allows waste container 61 or the container to cool without any form of forced cooling.

[0155] When waste container 61 is ready to be removed, remove the combined parametric measurement and reactive material flow spear-shaped device 500. If necessary, the spear-shaped device 500 can be left in place, or an alternative spear-shaped device 310 can be inserted, which is designed to inject macroscopic encapsulation material into waste container 61 to physically stabilize the waste product, which may contain fine particles or even be primarily fine particles.

[0156] Once all spear-shaped devices are removed, the autoclave lid 65 is opened and the treated waste container 61 is removed. In one embodiment, the treated waste container 61 may be compacted 121 and the cake-like material placed in the synthetic packaging container 122, or the treated waste container 61 may be placed directly into the synthetic packaging container 122. Numerous alternatives exist for further processing of the container in preparation for disposal. These alternatives are well known to those skilled in the art, and any one or combination thereof is contemplated.

[0157] During processing in waste container 61 within autoclave 60, exhaust gas exiting through autoclave outlet nozzle 67 is further processed by exhaust gas treatment system 90. The gas is directed to exhaust gas treatment system 90 via barrier filter 8. The barrier filter is a ceramic filter capable of operating at high temperatures. While most radionuclides remain in waste container 61, any non-volatile radionuclides leaving autoclave 60 must pass through barrier filter 8. Barrier filter 8 is designed to capture >99.9% of the radionuclides in the process exhaust gas from autoclave 60. The transfer conduit between autoclave 60 and exhaust gas treatment system 90, including barrier filter 8, is heated so that high-boiling-point organics (i.e., tar and wax) in the exhaust gas do not condense in the conduit.

[0158] As illustrated in Figure 7, the exhaust gas treatment system 90 includes a thermal oxidizer 91. A standard combustion oxidizer is shown, but other thermal oxidizers such as catalytic converters or ceramic-based oxidizers are envisioned, or a steam reformer operating as an oxidizer may be used. The thermal oxidizer 91 completely converts the organic matter present in the introduced exhaust gas stream into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Acidic gases from the gas released from the autoclave 60 pass through the thermal oxidizer 91 and are neutralized by a downstream quench / scrubber 92. The amount and composition of the acidic gases depend on the type and amount of plastics and other organic matter in the waste container 61. For example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) contains a significant amount of chlorine that becomes volatile in the autoclave 60. The quench / scrubber 92 immediately cools the exhaust gas from the hot thermal oxidizer 91, and the acidic gases are adsorbed by the scrubber aqueous solution. In one embodiment, the scrubber solution is neutralized by injecting a metered amount of caustic material 107, and, if appropriate, adding water 108 to form stable salts such as NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and NaF. The salt solution is continuously recycled to the quencher / washer 92, preferably via pump 93. The salts generated from the thermal decomposition of chlorinated organics, plastics, and rubber in the containerized waste are mainly NaCl and Na2SO4, and account for <0.01% of the total radionuclides introduced into the containerized waste.

[0159] The gas stream exiting the quencher / scrubber 92 consists primarily of water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen. The gas stream is passed through a demister 96 to remove droplets. The droplets are directed back to the quencher / scrubber (not shown). The gas vapor then passes through an exhaust filter 97, a HEPA filter 99, an exhaust blower 100, and is directed to a chimney 101. The gas in chimney 101 is continuously measured by one or more sensor devices 199 for any trace radioactive nuclide particles and other components such as NOx, SOx, CO, and particulate matter 105. A recirculation loop provides heating for the gas entering the exhaust filter 97 to prevent water condensation in the filter. The recirculation line includes a blower 102, an electric heater 103, and a mixing chamber 106.

[0160] The described method generates very little secondary waste because most of the secondary waste stream can be collected and fed into an autoclave for thermal decomposition and volume reduction. For example, chemicals, oils, and solutions used in maintenance and decontamination activities can be thermally decomposed to produce inert residues that can be packaged and disposed of. Additionally, personal protective equipment can also be thermally decomposed and packaged. As previously described, the salt from scrubber 92 is dried in autoclave 60 and packaged for disposal.

[0161] Methods for treating containerized waste

[0162] In one embodiment of the present invention, a method for treating waste contained in a container includes: (i) placing a waste container 61 containing the waste into an autoclave 60; (ii) sealing the autoclave; (iii) piercing the waste container 61 using a spear-shaped tool 31; and (iv) heating the autoclave 60 to thermally decompose the waste.

[0163] In one embodiment, the method further includes penetrating the waste using a spear-shaped tool 31. In one embodiment, the method further includes providing purge gas to the waste through the spear-shaped tool 31. In one embodiment, the method further includes providing reactive material to the waste through the spear-shaped tool 31. In one embodiment, the method further includes measuring the temperature of thermal decomposition of the waste using the spear-shaped tool. In one embodiment, the method further includes injecting encapsulating material into the waste through the spear-shaped tool 31. In some embodiments, the method includes using two or more spear-shaped tools 31. In some embodiments, the method includes using one or more multi-functional spear-shaped tools 31.

[0164] In one embodiment, the waste container 61 is heated indirectly by an autoclave 60. In one embodiment, a reactive material (e.g., a reactive gas) is added to the waste in the waste container 61 via one or more spear-shaped devices 31. In some embodiments, reactive materials comprising gases, liquids, or solids, or combinations thereof, are added to the waste in the waste container 61 via one or more spear-shaped devices 31. Reactive materials may include, but are not limited to, vapors, carbon dioxide, air, oxygen, etc. In one embodiment, encapsulating material is added to the waste in the waste container 61 via one or more spear-shaped devices 31.

[0165] In some embodiments, the method thermally decomposes waste contained in a container and removes or stabilizes reactive materials from the container. In some embodiments, the method further includes processed waste and waste container 61 processed by a product disposal system. In some embodiments, the method further includes placing gases (exhaust gases) generated by heating the waste into a barrier filter 8 and an exhaust gas treatment system 90.

[0166] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art of processing waste in containers that many modifications and substitutions can be made to the above embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. An apparatus for treating waste via pyrolysis, the apparatus comprising: An autoclave, comprising at least one heater; A container disposed within the autoclave, wherein the container includes at least one container wall forming a container cavity, wherein the waste is disposed within the container cavity; and At least one spear-shaped instrument movably disposed in at least one orifice traversing the autoclave, wherein the at least one spear-shaped instrument is configured to pierce the at least one container wall; and A spear-shaped device positioned outside the autoclave, its control: The at least one spear-shaped instrument is inserted into the container via at least one piercing portion through at least one orifice traversing the autoclave; and Removal of at least one spear-shaped device from the autoclave and the at least one orifice.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein, The at least one spear-shaped device includes a tip, wherein, when the at least one spear-shaped device is inserted through the at least one container wall, the tip of the at least one spear-shaped device penetrates the waste in the container cavity.

3. The device according to claim 2, wherein, The at least one heater of the autoclave generates heat absorbed by the waste when the tip of the at least one spear-shaped device penetrates the waste.

4. The device according to claim 3, wherein, The at least one spear-shaped device includes at least one first sensor device that measures a first temperature of the waste when the waste absorbs the heat.

5. The device according to claim 4, wherein, The at least one spear-shaped device further includes at least one second sensor device that measures a second temperature inside the autoclave and outside the container when the waste absorbs the heat.

6. The device according to claim 3, wherein, The at least one spear-shaped device includes at least one first injection port configured to inject a first fluid into the waste as the tip of the at least one spear-shaped device penetrates the waste.

7. The device according to claim 6, wherein, The first fluid includes a reactive gas.

8. The device according to claim 6, wherein, The at least one spear-shaped device further includes at least one second injection port configured to inject a second fluid into the waste as the tip of the at least one spear-shaped device penetrates the waste.

9. The device according to claim 1, wherein, The at least one orifice includes one or more seals and one or more isolation devices to prevent leakage from the autoclave through the at least one orifice when the at least one spear-shaped instrument is inserted into the autoclave.

10. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: A waste feeding system that places the container inside the autoclave.

11. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: An exhaust gas treatment system that receives exhaust gas from the container after the waste has been exposed to heat generated by at least one heater of the autoclave; And process the exhaust gas.

12. The device according to claim 11, further comprising: A filter is disposed between the autoclave and the exhaust gas treatment system, wherein the filter filters the exhaust gas.

13. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: A product disposal system that processes the waste after the waste has been exposed to heat generated by the at least one heater of the autoclave and at least one reactant introduced into the waste through the at least one spear-shaped device.

14. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The insertion of the at least one spear-shaped device into the autoclave and the removal of the at least one spear-shaped device from the autoclave by the spear-shaped device device occur during the treatment of the waste, wherein the spear-shaped device device also controls the injection of one or more fluids into the waste in the container through the at least one spear-shaped device.

15. An apparatus for treating waste via pyrolysis, the apparatus comprising: An autoclave, comprising at least one heater; A container disposed within the autoclave, wherein the container includes at least one container wall forming a container cavity, wherein the waste is disposed within the container cavity; and At least one spear-shaped device is movably disposed in at least one orifice traversing the autoclave; wherein the at least one orifice includes one or more seals and one or more isolation devices to prevent leakage from the autoclave through the at least one orifice when the at least one spear-shaped device is inserted into the autoclave, wherein the at least one spear-shaped device is configured to produce at least one puncture portion piercing the at least one container wall.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising: A spear-shaped device positioned outside the autoclave, its control: During the treatment of the waste, the at least one spear-shaped instrument is inserted into the container via the at least one piercing portion through at least one orifice across the autoclave; as well as During the treatment of the waste, the at least one spear-shaped device is removed from the autoclave and the at least one orifice.

17. The device according to claim 15, wherein, The waste includes solid waste.

18. The device according to claim 15, wherein, The one or more isolation devices include one or two full-bore ball valves.

19. The device according to claim 18, wherein, The one or more isolation devices include a labyrinth seal.

20. The device of claim 16, further comprising a second spear-shaped instrument, wherein, The spear-shaped device positioned outside the autoclave also controls the insertion of the second spear-shaped device into at least one orifice traversing the autoclave during the treatment of the waste after the at least one spear-shaped device has been removed from the autoclave and at least one orifice.

21. A method for treating waste via pyrolysis, the method comprising: (i) Sealing an autoclave containing a waste container, wherein the waste container contains the waste; (ii) Penetrating the seal in the autoclave with at least one spear-shaped instrument; (iii) Piercing the waste storage container with the at least one spear-shaped instrument; (iv) Heating the autoclave to thermally decompose the waste.

22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: The waste is penetrated using the tip of at least one spear-shaped instrument.

23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: The purging gas is supplied to the waste through at least one spear-shaped device.

24. The method of claim 22, further comprising: The reactive material is delivered to the waste via the at least one spear-shaped device.

25. The method of claim 22, further comprising: The temperature of the waste is measured during the thermal decomposition of the waste using at least one temperature sensor integrated with the at least one spear-shaped device.

26. The method of claim 22, further comprising: The encapsulation material is injected into the waste through the at least one spear-shaped device.

27. An apparatus for treating waste via pyrolysis, the apparatus comprising: An autoclave, comprising at least one heater; A container disposed within the autoclave, wherein the container includes at least one container wall forming a container cavity, wherein the waste is disposed within the container cavity; and At least two spear-shaped instruments are movably disposed in at least two orifices traversing the autoclave; wherein the at least two spear-shaped instruments are configured to produce one or more punctures that pierce the wall of the at least one container.

28. The apparatus of claim 27, further comprising: An exhaust gas treatment system that receives and processes exhaust gas from the container after the waste has been exposed to heat generated by at least one heater of the autoclave.

29. The apparatus of claim 27, further comprising: A product disposal system that processes the waste after the waste has been exposed to heat generated by the at least one heater of the autoclave and at least one reactant introduced into the waste through the at least one spear-shaped device.

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