Demodulation reference signal for physical broadcast channel in new radio

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a demodulation reference signal for a physical broadcast channel in a new radio. A reference signal sequence for modulating a demodulation reference signal of a physical broadcast channel in a new radio standard is disclosed, the reference signal sequence being generated from a Gold code based on a pair of generating polynomials and an initialization value, wherein the initialization value comprises: a cell identification (ID) parameter, on which a modulo operation is performed and a mathematical floor operation is performed; and a synchronization signal (SS) block index parameter.

Description

[0001] Division Statement

[0002] This application is a divisional application of the invention patent application with PCT international application number PCT / US2018 / 043823, international application date July 26, 2018, application number 201880058028.7 entering the Chinese national phase, and invention name “Demodulation reference signal for physical broadcast channel in new radio”.

[0003] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0004] This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 537,615 filed on July 27, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 538,556 filed on July 28, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 566,720 filed on October 2, 2017, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0005] The present application relates to a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) in New Radio (NR), and more particularly to problems associated with modulating the DMRS. Background Art

[0006] The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is the core network of advanced mobile communication systems. The EPC allows different radio access technologies (RATs) to operate in an integrated manner. These radio access technologies include first generation wireless local area networks (LANs), second generation (2G) systems such as Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM, third generation (3G) systems such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE continues to evolve (Advanced LTE, LTE-A) and many new features are referred to as fifth generation (5G) technology, also known as New Radio (NR).

[0007] Under LTE and NR, user equipment (UE) connects to the EPC through an LTE access network called E-UTRAN (short for Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) and communicates with base stations called evolved NodeBs (eNBs), which may actually consist of multiple base stations and / or radio heads. The EPC is a packet-switched network in which the Internet Protocol is used to transport services. The EPC is part of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications.

[0008] In 3GPP, both downlink and uplink transmissions adopt an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission scheme. In OFDM, transmission can adopt frequency division duplex (FDD) or time division duplex (TDD) operation modes, and different orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) techniques can be used in the downlink and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) techniques can be used in the uplink. Both FDD and TDD transmissions are described in terms of radio frames with subframes. Once synchronization is established between the eNB and the UE, known reference signals (RS) of several types are inserted into the transmission signal structure, in other words, inserted along the radio frame at predetermined positions in the subframe.

[0009] Mobile communications have evolved significantly from early voice systems to today's highly complex integrated communications platforms. The next generation of wireless communication systems, 5G or New Radio (NR), will provide information access and data sharing anytime, anywhere by a variety of users and applications. NR is expected to be a unified network / system designed to meet different and sometimes conflicting performance dimensions and services. Such different multi-dimensional specifications are driven by different services and applications. In general, NR will evolve based on advanced 3GPP LTE and additional potential new radio access technologies (RATs) to promote better, simple and seamless wireless connectivity solutions. NR is designed to provide fast and rich content and services to connected wireless entities.

[0010] The pseudo-random noise (PN) sequence consists of 1s and 0s that are assumed to be random. The PN sequence generator may contain a linear feedback shift register (LSFR) to generate the PN sequence. The scrambling code used in LTE and NR is based on the Gold code, which is obtained by combining two PN sequences and performing a modulo-2 addition or an exclusive-OR (XOR) operation on them. The resulting scrambling code has many properties, such as cross-correlation, and is used for different operations under 3GPP. Summary of the invention

[0011] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a device of a user equipment (UE) is provided, including a baseband processor, wherein the baseband processor is configured to: generate a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) sequence from a Gold code based on an initialization value, wherein the initialization value is determined based on a cell identification (ID) parameter and at least a portion of a synchronization signal (SS) block index, and for the cell ID parameter, the baseband processor performs a modulo operation thereon and, separately, performs a mathematical floor operation thereon; and receive a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) DMRS.

[0012] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of a user equipment (UE) is provided, comprising: determining an initialization value based on a cell identification (ID) parameter and at least a portion of a synchronization signal (SS) block index, performing a modulo operation on the cell ID parameter and performing a mathematical floor operation on it separately; generating a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) sequence from a Gold code based on the initialization value; and receiving a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) DMRS from a base station.

[0013] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a base station device is provided, including a processor, wherein the processor is configured to: determine an initialization value based on a cell identification (ID) parameter and at least a portion of a synchronization signal (SS) block index, for which a baseband processor performs a modulo operation and, separately, performs a mathematical floor operation on the cell ID parameter; based on the initialization value, generate a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) demodulation reference signal (DMRS) sequence from a Gold code; and cause the PBCH DMRS to be transmitted. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The foregoing aspects of the present document and many of the attendant advantages will become more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified.

[0015] Figure 1 The architecture of a system of networks according to some embodiments is shown.

[0016] Figure 2 Example components of an apparatus according to some embodiments are shown.

[0017] Figure 3 An example interface of a baseband circuit according to some embodiments is shown.

[0018] Figure 4 is a diagram of a control plane protocol stack according to some embodiments.

[0019] Figure 5 is a diagram of a control plane protocol stack according to some embodiments.

[0020] Figure 6 Components of a core network are shown according to some embodiments.

[0021] Figure 7 is a block diagram illustrating components of a NFV-enabled system according to some embodiments.

[0022] Figure 8is a block diagram illustrating components capable of reading instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (eg, a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and performing any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

[0023] Fig. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a method for generating DMRS for PBCH in new radio according to some embodiments.

[0024] Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B An example is shown showing how subcarrier spacing works under new radio according to some embodiments.

[0025] Fig.11 is a simplified diagram showing the mapping of PBCH DMRS for different cell IDs according to some embodiments.

[0026] Fig.12 According to some implementation schemes, Figure 1 Cumulative distribution function graph of the cross-correlation values ​​for different combinations of cell ID and SS block index parameters used by the PBCH-DMRS method.

[0027] Fig.13A and Fig. 13B Two mechanisms for extracting a modulated RS sequence from a long baseline sequence are shown according to some embodiments.

[0028] Fig.14 According to some embodiments, Fig. 9 The PBCH-DMRS method uses a novel RS sequence generation method.

[0029] Fig.15 is the time-frequency structure of synchronization signal blocks in a new radio according to some embodiments.

[0030] Fig.16 A suggested mapping between primary / secondary synchronization signals and a demodulation reference signal according to some embodiments is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] According to the embodiments described herein, a reference signal sequence for modulating a demodulation reference signal of a physical broadcast channel in a new radio standard is disclosed. A formula for calculating an initialization value of an RS sequence generator is proposed to conform to the characteristics of the new radio. In addition, several other proposals related to PBCH DMRS are disclosed.

[0032] In the detailed description below, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which show by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the subject matter described herein may be practiced. However, it should be understood that other embodiments will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon reading this disclosure. In other cases, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid confusing various aspects of the disclosure. Therefore, since the scope of the subject matter is limited by the claims, the following detailed description should not be construed as limiting.

[0033] introduction Figures 1 to 8 Provides background on the PBCH-DMRS method described herein, which is Fig. 9 Introduced in and in the following FIG. 10A to FIG. 15 Further described and illustrated in .

[0034] Figure 1 The architecture of a system 100 of a network according to some embodiments is shown. The system 100 is shown to include a user equipment (UE) 101 and a UE 102. The UEs 101 and 102 are shown as smart phones (e.g., handheld touch screen mobile computing devices that can connect to one or more cellular networks), but it can also include any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as a personal data assistant (PDA), a pager, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a wireless handheld terminal, or any computing device that includes a wireless communication interface.

[0035] In some embodiments, any of UEs 101 and 102 may include an Internet of Things (IoT) UE, which may include a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications that utilize short-term UE connections. The IoT UE may utilize technologies such as machine-to-machine (M2M) or machine-type communication (MTC) to exchange data with an MTC server or device via a public land mobile network (PLMN), proximity-based services (ProSe) or device-to-device (D2D) communication, a sensor network, or an IoT network. The M2M or MTC data exchange may be a machine-initiated data exchange. The IoT network describes interconnected IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure) with short-lived connections. The IoT UE may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate connectivity to the IoT network.

[0036] UE 101 and 102 may be configured to connect, e.g., be communicatively coupled, to a radio access network (RAN) 110, which may be, e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN), a next generation RAN (NG RAN), or some other type of RAN. UE 101 and UE 102 utilize connection 103 and connection 104, respectively, each of which includes a physical communication interface or layer (discussed in further detail below); in this example, connections 103 and 104 are shown as air interfaces to achieve communicatively coupling, and may be consistent with a cellular communication protocol, such as a global system for mobile communications (GSM) protocol, a code division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a push-to-talk (PTT) protocol, a cellular PTT protocol (POC), a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a new radio (NR) protocol, etc.

[0037] In this embodiment, the UEs 101 and 102 may also exchange communication data directly via the ProSe interface 105. The ProSe interface 105 may alternatively be referred to as a sidelink interface comprising one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH).

[0038] UE 102 is shown configured to access access point (AP) 106 via connection 107. Connection 107 may include a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, where AP 106 would include wireless fidelity. In this example, AP 106 is shown connected to the Internet and not to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below).

[0039] The RAN 110 may include one or more access nodes that enable connections 103 and 104. These access nodes (ANs) may be referred to as base stations (BSs), Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs), next generation Node Bs (gNBs), RAN nodes, etc., and may include ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations that provide coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). The RAN 110 may include one or more RAN nodes (e.g., macro RAN nodes 111) for providing macro cells, and one or more RAN nodes (e.g., low power (LP) RAN nodes 112) for providing femto cells or pico cells (e.g., cells with smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth than macro cells).

[0040] Either of the RAN node 111 and the RAN node 112 may terminate the air interface protocol and may be the first point of contact for the UE 101 and the UE 102. In some embodiments, either of the RAN nodes 111 and 112 may fulfill various logical functions of the RAN 110, including, but not limited to, functions of a radio network controller (RNC), such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, data packet scheduling, and mobility management.

[0041] According to some embodiments, UEs 101 and 102 may be configured to communicate with each other or with any of RAN nodes 111 and 112 over a multi-carrier communication channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals according to various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication techniques (e.g., for downlink communications) or single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) communication techniques (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. OFDM signals may include multiple orthogonal subcarriers.

[0042] In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid may be used for downlink transmissions from either of the RAN nodes 111 and 112 to the UEs 101 and 102, while uplink transmissions may utilize similar techniques. The grid may be a time-frequency grid, referred to as a resource grid or a time-frequency resource grid, which is a physical resource in the downlink in each time slot. For OFDM systems, such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice, which makes wireless resource allocation intuitive. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to an OFDM symbol and an OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to a time slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in the resource grid is represented as a resource element. Each resource grid includes a plurality of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block includes a set of resource elements. In the frequency domain, this may represent the minimum amount of resources that can currently be allocated. Such resource blocks are used to transmit several different physical downlink channels.

[0043] The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may convey user data and higher layer signaling to UE 101 and UE 102. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may carry, among other things, information about transport formats and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel. It may also inform UE 101 and UE 102 of transport formats, resource allocations, and H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) information related to uplink shared channels. Typically, downlink scheduling (allocation of control and shared channel resource blocks to UE 102 within a cell) may be performed at either RAN node 111 or RAN node 112 based on channel quality information fed back from either UE 101 or UE 102. Downlink resource allocation information may be sent on the PDCCH for (e.g., allocated to) each of UE 101 and UE 102.

[0044] PDCCH can use control channel elements (CCE) to transmit control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, PDCCH complex-valued symbols can first be organized into quadruplets, which can then be arranged using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE can correspond to four sets of nine physical resource elements, called resource element groups (REGs). Four quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) symbols can be mapped to each REG. Depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and channel conditions, one or more CCEs can be used to transmit the PDCCH. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation levels, L=1, 2, 4, or 8) in LTE.

[0045] Some embodiments may use the concept of resource allocation for control channel information, which is an extension of the above concept. For example, some embodiments may utilize an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. One or more enhanced control channel elements (ECCEs) may be used to transmit EPDCCH. Similar to the above, each ECCE may correspond to four sets of nine physical resource elements, referred to as enhanced resource element groups (EREGs). In some cases, ECCEs may have other numbers of EREGs.

[0046] RAN 110 is shown as being communicatively coupled to a core network (CN) 120 via an S1 interface 113. In various embodiments, CN 120 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) network, a next generation packet core (NPC) network, or some other type of CN. In this embodiment, S1 interface 113 is divided into two parts: S1-U interface 114, which carries traffic data between RAN nodes 111 and 112 and a serving gateway (S-GW) 122; and S1-Mobility Management Entity (MME) interface 115, which is a signaling interface between RAN nodes 111 and 112 and MME 121.

[0047] In this embodiment, CN 120 includes MME 121, S-GW 122, Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) 123 and Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 124. MME 121 can be similar in function to the control plane of a conventional Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN). MME 121 can manage mobility aspects in access, such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. HSS 124 may include a database for network users, which includes subscription-related information for supporting network entities to handle communication sessions. Depending on the number of mobile subscribers, the capacity of the equipment, the organization of the network, etc., CN 120 may include one or more HSS 124. For example, HSS 124 may provide support for routing / roaming authentication, authorization, naming / addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc.

[0048] The S-GW 122 may terminate the S1 interface 113 towards the RAN 110 and route data packets between the RAN 110 and the CN 120. In addition, the S-GW 122 may be a local mobility anchor for inter-RAN node handovers and may also provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful interception, charging, and enforcement of certain policies.

[0049] The P-GW 123 may terminate the SGi interface towards the PDN. The P-GW 123 may route data packets between the EPC network 123 and an external network such as a network including an application server 130 (alternatively referred to as an application function (AF)) via an Internet Protocol (IP) interface 125. Generally speaking, the application server 130 may be an element that provides an application that uses IP bearer resources with a core network (e.g., a UMTS packet service (PS) domain, a LTE PS data service, etc.). In this embodiment, the P-GW 123 is shown to be communicatively coupled to the application server 130 via an IP communication interface 125. The application server 130 may also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UE 101 and UE 102 via the CN 120.

[0050] The P-GW 123 may also be a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection. The Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCRF) 126 is a policy and charging control element of the CN 120. In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF in a domestic public land mobile network (HPLMN) associated with an Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session of the UE. In a roaming scenario with local traffic breakout, there may be two PCRFs associated with the UE's IP-CAN session: a domestic PCRF (H-PCRF) in the HPLMN and a visited PCRF (V-PCRF) in a visited public land mobile network (VPLMN). The PCRF 126 may be communicatively coupled to the application server 130 via the P-GW 123. The application server 130 may signal the PCRF 126 to indicate a new service flow and select appropriate quality of service (QoS) and charging parameters. PCRF 126 may provide the rules to a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown) using the appropriate Traffic Flow Template (TFT) and QoS Class of Identifier (QCI), as specified by application server 130, which initiates QoS and charging.

[0051] Figure 2Example components of a device 200 according to some embodiments are shown. In some embodiments, the device 200 may include an application circuit 202, a baseband circuit 204, a radio frequency (RF) circuit 206, a front-end module (FEM) circuit 208, one or more antennas 210, and a power management circuit (PMC) 212 (at least coupled together as shown). The components of the illustrated device 200 may be included in a UE or a RAN node. In some embodiments, the device 200 may include fewer elements (e.g., the RAN node cannot utilize the application circuit 202, but includes a processor / controller to process IP data received from the EPC). In some embodiments, the device 200 may include additional elements, such as a memory / storage device, a display, a camera, a sensor, or an input / output (I / O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device (e.g., the circuit may be separately included in more than one device for a cloud-RAN (C-RAN) specific implementation).

[0052] The application circuit 202 may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuit 202 may include circuits such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor may include any combination of general-purpose processors and special-purpose processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processor may be coupled to or may include a memory / storage device, and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory / storage device to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the device 200. In some embodiments, the processor of the application circuit 202 may process IP data packets received from the EPC.

[0053] The baseband circuit 204 may include circuits such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuit 204 may include one or more baseband processors or control logic components to process baseband signals received from the receive signal path of the RF circuit 206 and generate baseband signals for the transmit signal path of the RF circuit 206. The baseband processing circuit 204 may interact with the application circuit 202 to generate and process baseband signals and control the operation of the RF circuit 206. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuit 204 may include a third generation (3G) baseband processor 204A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 204B, a fifth generation (5G) baseband processor 204C, or other baseband processors 204D of other existing generations, under development, or to be developed in the future (e.g., second generation (2G), sixth generation (6G), etc.). The baseband circuit 204 (e.g., one or more of the baseband processors 204A-D) may handle various radio control functions that can communicate with one or more radio networks via the RF circuit 206. In other embodiments, some or all of the functions of the baseband processors 204A-D may be included in a module stored in the memory 204G and executed via the central processing unit (CPU) 204E. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation / demodulation, encoding / decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, the modulation / demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 204 may include fast Fourier transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping / demapping functions. In some embodiments, the encoding / decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 204 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbocharging, Viterbi, or low-density parity check (LDPC) encoder / decoder functions. The implementation of the modulation / demodulation and encoder / decoder functions is not limited to these examples, and may include other suitable functions in other embodiments.

[0054] In some embodiments, the baseband circuit 204 may include one or more audio digital signal processors (DSPs) 204F. The audio DSP 204F may include elements for compression / decompression and echo cancellation, and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. In some embodiments, the components of the baseband circuit may be appropriately combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on the same circuit board. In some embodiments, some or all of the components of the baseband circuit 204 and the application circuit 202 may be implemented together, such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC).

[0055] In some embodiments, baseband circuitry 204 may provide communications compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, baseband circuitry 204 may support communications with an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN) or other wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN), wireless local area network (WLAN), wireless personal area network (WPAN). Embodiments in which baseband circuitry 204 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

[0056] RF circuit 206 can communicate with a wireless network through a non-solid medium using modulated electromagnetic radiation. In various embodiments, RF circuit 206 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate communication with a wireless network. RF circuit 206 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuits for down-converting RF signals received from FEM circuit 208 and providing baseband signals to baseband circuit 204. RF circuit 206 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuits for up-converting baseband signals provided by baseband circuit 204 and providing RF output signals for transmission to FEM circuit 208.

[0057] In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuit 206 may include a mixer circuit 206a, an amplifier circuit 206b, and a filter circuit 206c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuit 206 may include a filter circuit 206c and a mixer circuit 206a. The RF circuit 206 may also include a synthesizer circuit 206d for synthesizing the frequencies used by the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert the RF signal received from the FEM circuit 208 based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuit 206d. The amplifier circuit 206b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signal, and the filter circuit 206c may be a low pass filter (LPF) or a band pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signal to generate an output baseband signal. The output baseband signal may be provided to the baseband circuit 204 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signal may be a zero frequency baseband signal, although this is not required.In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path may include a passive mixer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0058] In some embodiments, mixer circuit 206a of the transmit signal path can be configured to upconvert an input baseband signal based on a synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuit 206d to generate an RF output signal for FEM circuit 208. The baseband signal can be provided by baseband circuit 204 and can be filtered by filter circuit 206c.

[0059] In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receiving signal path and the mixer circuit 206a of the transmission signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for orthogonal down-conversion and up-conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receiving signal path and the mixer circuit 206a of the transmission signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image suppression (e.g., Hartley image suppression). In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receiving signal path and the mixer circuit 206a of the transmission signal path may be arranged for direct down-conversion and direct up-conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receiving signal path and the mixer circuit 206a of the transmission signal path may be configured for superheterodyne operation.

[0060] In some embodiments, the output baseband signal and the input baseband signal may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternative embodiments, the output baseband signal and the input baseband signal may be digital baseband signals. In these alternative embodiments, RF circuit 206 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuits, and baseband circuit 204 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with RF circuit 206.

[0061] In some dual-mode embodiments, separate radio IC circuits may be provided to process signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0062] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuit 206d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional-N / N+1 synthesizer, but the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect, as other types of frequency synthesizers may also be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuit 206d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer including a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

[0063] Synthesizer circuit 206d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency based on the frequency input and the divider control input for use by mixer circuit 206a of RF circuit 206. In some embodiments, synthesizer circuit 206d may be a fractional-N / N+1 synthesizer.

[0064] In some embodiments, the frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although this is not required. The divider control input may be provided by baseband circuitry 204 or application processor 202 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, the divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a lookup table based on the channel indicated by application processor 202.

[0065] The synthesizer circuit 206d of the RF circuit 206 may include a frequency divider, a delay locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer, and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the frequency divider may be a dual-mode frequency divider (DMD), and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a cascaded, tunable, delay element, a phase detector, a charge pump, and a set of D-type flip-flops. In these embodiments, the delay element may be configured to divide the VCO cycle into Nd equal phase groups, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

[0066] In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuit 206d can be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency can be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used with a quadrature generator and divider circuit to generate multiple signals with multiple different phases relative to each other at the carrier frequency. In some embodiments, the output frequency can be the LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuit 206 can include an IQ / polarity converter.

[0067] The FEM circuitry 208 may include a receive signal path that may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from the one or more antennas 210, amplify the received signals, and provide an amplified version of the received signals to the RF circuitry 206 for further processing. The FEM circuitry 208 may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry configured to amplify transmit signals provided by the RF circuitry 206 for transmission via one or more of the one or more antennas 210. In various embodiments, amplification by either the transmit or receive signal path may be accomplished only in the RF circuitry 206, only in the FEM 208, or in both the RF circuitry 206 and the FEM 208.

[0068] In some embodiments, the FEM circuit 208 may include a TX / RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuit may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuit may include an LNA to amplify a received RF signal and provide the amplified received RF signal as an output (e.g., to the RF circuit 206). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuit 208 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify an input RF signal (e.g., provided by the RF circuit 206); and one or more filters to generate an RF signal for subsequent transmission (e.g., through one or more of the one or more antennas 210).

[0069] In some embodiments, PMC 212 can manage the power provided to baseband circuit 204. Specifically, PMC 212 can control power selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-DC conversion. When device 200 is capable of being powered by a battery, for example, when the device is included in a UE, PMC 212 can generally be included. PMC 212 can improve power conversion efficiency while providing a desired specific implementation size and heat dissipation characteristics.

[0070] Although Figure 2 PMC 212 is shown coupled only to baseband circuit 204. However, in other embodiments, PMC 212 may additionally or alternatively be coupled to other components (such as, but not limited to, application circuit 202, RF circuit 206, or FEM 208) and perform similar power management operations.

[0071] In some embodiments, the PMC 212 may control or otherwise be part of various power saving mechanisms of the device 200. For example, if the device 200 is in the RRC_Connected state, where the device is still connected to the RAN node as expected to receive traffic in the near future, then after a period of inactivity, the device may enter a state known as discontinuous reception mode (DRX). During this state, the device 200 may be powered off for short time intervals, thereby saving power.

[0072] If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, the device 200 may transition to the RRC_Idle state, in which it is disconnected from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device 200 enters a very low power state, and it performs paging, in which it wakes up periodically again to listen to the network, and then powers down again. The device 200 cannot receive data in this state, and in order to receive data, it must transition back to the RRC_Connected state.

[0073] An additional power saving mode can keep a device from using the network for longer than the paging interval (which can range from a few seconds to several hours). During this time, the device is completely unable to connect to the network and can be completely powered down. Any data sent during this time will be significantly delayed, and it is assumed that the delay is acceptable.

[0074] The processor of the application circuit 202 and the processor of the baseband circuit 204 can be used to execute elements of one or more instances of the protocol stack. For example, the processor of the baseband circuit 204 can be used alone or in combination to perform layer 3, layer 2, or layer 1 functions, while the processor of the application circuit 204 can utilize data received from these layers (e.g., packet data) and further perform layer 4 functions (e.g., transport communication protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) layers). As mentioned herein, layer 3 may include a radio resource control (RRC) layer, which will be described in further detail below. As mentioned herein, layer 2 may include a medium access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, which will be described in further detail below. As mentioned herein, layer 1 may include a physical (PHY) layer of a UE / RAN node, which will be described in further detail below.

[0075] Figure 3 An example interface of a baseband circuit according to some embodiments is shown. As discussed above, Figure 2 The baseband circuit 204 may include processors 204A-204E and a memory 204G used by the processors. Each of the processors 204A-204E may include a memory interface 304A-304E for sending / receiving data to / from the memory 204G, respectively.

[0076] The baseband circuit 204 may also include: one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuits / devices, such as a memory interface 312 (e.g., an interface for sending / receiving data to / from a memory external to the baseband circuit 204); an application circuit interface 314 (e.g., an interface for sending / receiving data to / from a memory external to the baseband circuit 204); Figure 2 RF circuit interface 316 (for example, for sending / receiving data to / from the application circuit 202); Figure 2 an interface for sending / receiving data to / from a RF circuit 206); a wireless hardware connection interface 318 (e.g., for sending / receiving data to / from a near field communication (NFC) component, Components (e.g. Low Energy), components and other communication components to send / receive data); and a power management interface 320 (eg, an interface for sending / receiving power or control signals to / from PMC212).

[0077] Figure 4 is a diagram of a control plane protocol stack according to some embodiments. In this embodiment, the control plane 400 is shown as a communication protocol stack between UE 101 (or alternatively, UE 102), RAN node 111 (or alternatively, RAN node 112) and MME 121.

[0078] The PHY layer 401 may transmit or receive information used by the MAC layer 402 over one or more air interfaces. The PHY layer 401 may also perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers such as the RRC layer 405. The PHY layer 401 may further perform error detection on transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) encoding / decoding of transport channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to physical channels, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna processing.

[0079] The MAC layer 402 can perform mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplex MAC service data units (SDUs) from one or more logical channels onto transport blocks (TBs) to be delivered to the PHY via transport channels, demultiplex MAC SDUs from transport blocks (TBs) delivered by the PHY via transport channels to one or more logical channels, multiplex MAC SDUs onto TBs, schedule information reporting, perform error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), and prioritize logical channels.

[0080] The RLC layer 403 can operate in multiple operation modes, including: transparent mode (TM), unacknowledged mode (UM), and acknowledged mode (AM). The RLC layer 403 can perform transmission of higher layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transmission, and concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transmission. The RLC layer 403 can also perform re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transmission, reordering of RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transmission, detection of duplicate data for UM and AM data transmission, discarding RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transmission, detecting protocol errors for AM data transmission, and performing RLC re-establishment.

[0081] The PDCP layer 404 can perform header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain the PDCP sequence number (SN), perform in-order delivery of upper layer PDUs when lower layers are re-established, eliminate duplication of lower layer SDUs when lower layers are re-established for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, encrypt and decrypt control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification on control plane data, control timer-based data discard, and perform security operations (e.g., encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.).

[0082] The main services and functions of the RRC layer 405 may include broadcasting of system information (e.g., included in a master information block (MIB) or a system information block (SIB) related to a non-access stratum (NAS)), broadcasting of system information related to an access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between a UE and an E-UTRAN (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point-to-point radio bearers, security functions including key management, mobility between radio access technologies and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIB and SIB may include one or more information elements (IEs), each of which may include a separate data field or data structure.

[0083] UE 101 and RAN node 111 may utilize a Uu interface (eg, LTE-Uu interface) to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack including a PHY layer 401 , a MAC layer 402 , an RLC layer 403 , a PDCP layer 404 , and an RRC layer 405 .

[0084] Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol 406 forms the highest layer of the control plane between UE 101 and MME 121. NAS protocol 406 supports mobility of UE 101 and session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connection between UE 101 and P-GW 123.

[0085] The S1 application protocol (S1-AP) layer 415 may support the functions of the S1 interface and include an elementary procedure (EP). The EP is an interaction unit between the RAN node 111 and the CN 120. The S1-AP layer services may include two groups: UE-associated services and non-UE-associated services. The functions performed by these services include, but are not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transmission, RAN Information Management (RIM) and configuration transmission.

[0086] The stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) layer (also referred to as the SCTP / IP layer) 414 may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node 111 and the MME 121 based in part on the IP protocol supported by the IP layer 413. The L2 layer 412 and the L1 layer 411 may refer to communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) used by the RAN node and the MME to exchange information.

[0087] The RAN node 111 and the MME 121 may exchange control plane data via a protocol stack including an L1 layer 411 , an L2 layer 412 , an IP layer 413 , an SCTP layer 414 , and an S1-AP layer 415 using an S1-MME interface.

[0088] Figure 5 5 is a diagram of a user plane protocol stack according to some embodiments. In this embodiment, the user plane 500 is shown as a communication protocol stack between the UE 101 (or alternatively, the UE 102), the RAN node 111 (or alternatively, the RAN node 112), the S-GW 122 and the P-GW 123. The user plane 500 may utilize at least some of the same protocol layers as the control plane 400. For example, the UE 101 and the RAN node 111 may utilize a Uu interface (e.g., an LTE-Uu interface) to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack including a PHY layer 401, a MAC layer 402, an RLC layer 403, and a PDCP layer 404.

[0089] The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for User Plane (GTP-U) layer 504 can be used to carry user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. For example, the transmitted user data can be packets in IPv4, IPv6, or PPP format. The UDP and IP Security (UDP / IP) layer 503 can provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication of selected data flows. The RAN node 111 and the S-GW 122 can exchange user plane data using the S1-U interface via a protocol stack including the L1 layer 411, the L2 layer 412, the UDP / IP layer 503, and the GTP-U layer 504. The S-GW 122 and the S-GW 123 can exchange user plane data using the S5 / S8a interface via a protocol stack including the L1 layer 411, the L2 layer 412, the UDP / IP layer 503, and the GTP-U layer 504. As described above with respect to Figure 4 As discussed, the NAS protocol supports the mobility of UE 101 and session management procedures to establish and maintain an IP connection between UE 101 and P-GW 123.

[0090] Figure 6Components of a core network according to some embodiments are shown. The components of CN 120 can be implemented in one physical node or in separate physical nodes, including components for reading and executing instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments, network function virtualization (NFV) is used to virtualize any or all of the above-mentioned network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage media (described in further detail below). A logical instance of CN 120 can be referred to as a network slice 601. A logical instance of a portion of CN 120 can be referred to as a network sub-slice 602 (e.g., network sub-slice 602 is shown as including PGW 123 and PCRF 126).

[0091] NFV architecture and infrastructure can be used to virtualize one or more network functions onto physical resources including a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches (alternatively performed by proprietary hardware). In other words, the NFV system can be used to perform a virtual or reconfigurable implementation of one or more EPC components / functions.

[0092] Figure 7 700 , a virtualized network function (VNF) manager (VNFM) 706 , a virtualized network function (VNF) 708 , an element manager (EM) 710 , a NFV orchestrator (NFVO) 712 , and a network manager (NM) 714 .

[0093] VIM 702 manages resources of NFVI 704. NFVI 704 may include physical or virtual resources and applications (including hypervisors) for executing system 700. VIM 702 may utilize NFVI 704 to manage the lifecycle of virtual resources (e.g., creation, maintenance, and teardown of virtual machines (VMs) associated with one or more physical resources), track VM instances, track performance, failures, and security of VM instances and associated physical resources, and expose VM instances and associated physical resources to other management systems.

[0094] The VNFM 706 may manage the VNF 708. The VNF 708 may be used to perform EPC components / functions. The VNFM 706 may manage the lifecycle of the VNF 708 and track the performance, failures, and security of the virtual aspects of the VNF 708. The EM 710 may track the performance, failures, and security of the functional aspects of the VNF 708. The tracking data from the VNFM 706 and the EM 710 may include, for example, performance measurement (PM) data used by the VIM 702 or the NFVI 704. The VNFM 706 and the EM 710 may both scale up / down the number of VNFs of the system 700.

[0095] NFVO 712 may coordinate, authorize, release, and engage resources of NFVI 704 in order to provide requested services (e.g., execute EPC functions, components, or slices). NM 714 may provide an end-user functional grouping responsible for network management, which may include network elements with VNFs, non-virtualized network functions, or both (management of VNFs may occur via EM 710).

[0096] Figure 8 is a block diagram illustrating components capable of reading instructions from a machine-readable medium or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and performing any one or more of the methods discussed herein, according to some exemplary embodiments. Specifically, Figure 8 A schematic diagram of hardware resources 800 is shown, including one or more processors (or processor cores) 810, one or more memory / storage devices 820, and one or more communication resources 830, each of which can be communicatively coupled via a bus 840. For embodiments in which node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 802 can be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices / sub-slices to utilize hardware resources 800.

[0097] Processor 810 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP) (such as a baseband processor), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, processor 812 and processor 814.

[0098] The memory / storage device 820 may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory / storage device 820 may include, but is not limited to, any type of volatile or non-volatile memory, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, solid-state memory, etc.

[0099] The communication resources 830 may include an interconnect or network interface component or other suitable device to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 804 or one or more databases 806 via the network 808. For example, the communication resources 830 may include a wired communication component (e.g., for coupling via a universal serial bus (USB)), a cellular communication component, an NFC component, Components (e.g. Low power consumption), components and other communication components.

[0100] The instructions 850 may include software, programs, applications, applet, applications, or other executable code for causing at least any one of the processors 810 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 850 may reside in whole or in part in at least one of the processor 810 (e.g., in a cache memory of the processor), the memory / storage device 820, or any suitable combination thereof. In addition, any portion of the instructions 850 may be transmitted to the hardware resources 800 from any combination of the peripheral device 804 or the database 806. Thus, the memory of the processor 810, the memory / storage device 820, the peripheral device 804, and the database 806 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.

[0101] Fig. 9 900 is a process flow diagram for generating DMRS for PBCH in new radio according to some embodiments. The PBCH-DMRS method 900 may be implemented as part of a UE such as UE 101, or in a gNB such as macro RAN node 111 of a RAN 110 operating in a cellular environment such as system 100 ( Figure 1 ). The DMRS-PBCH method 900 includes several different aspects of generating DMRS, such as increasing the width (sequence) of the initialization value, referred to herein as c init , whose motivation is described in this paper.

[0102] The initialization value c is calculated by retrieving the initialization value c, such as by a baseband processor of the UE or gNB. init The process 900 is started by one or more parameters (block 902). The one or more parameters may be stored in a Figure 3Then calculate the initialization value (box 904), and from the calculated c init A scrambling code is generated (block 906). The generated scrambling code is modulated (block 908) and mapped to the time-frequency resources for DMRS (block 910). The mapped DMRS may be transmitted to a receiver such as Figure 3 RF interface shown.

[0103] In addition to the process flow 900, the DMRS-PBCH method 900 herein proposes several formulas for using higher order initialization values ​​for new radios. The method 900 also includes a proposed method for extracting reference signals from long baseline sequences and generating reference signals without knowing the available system bandwidth.

[0104] In addition, the DMRS-PBCH method 900 proposes several pairs of generating polynomials that can be used to generate higher order initialization values. The method 900 also proposes using the time index of the synchronization signal (SS) block as the initialization value of the parameter, which is also related to the new radio. The method 900 proposes time-first and frequency-first mapping of the DMRS 116 using a hash function and randomization of the initialization value. The method 900 also enables fast forwarding of pre-shift parameters in calculating the initialization value to limit mutual correlation. The motivations and implementation details of the various features of the method 900 are described below.

[0105] New Radio (NR) differs from the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard in many ways. For LTE, the subcarrier spacing is 15kHz. For NR, the subcarrier spacing is scalable according to the parameter μ, with the subcarrier spacing increasing by 2. μ *15kHz is given, where μ is 0,...,4, allowing subcarrier spacings of 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240kHz respectively. NR also allows multiple subcarrier spacings to be multiplexed in both frequency and time domains.

[0106] Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B A sample configuration under NR is provided. Fig. 10A Variable subcarrier spacing is shown from the network perspective. Subcarrier spacings of 15kHz, 30kHz and 60kHz occupy a single radio frame simultaneously. Fig. 10B It also shows how the width of the slot varies depending on the subcarrier spacing. Each symbol length (including the CP) is 15kHz, which is equal to the corresponding 2 at the carrier frequency. μThe sum of the symbols. Thus, a 15kHz transmission has 14 symbols per subframe with a duration of 1ms, while a 30kHz transmission has 28 symbols per subframe, a 60kHz transmission has 56 symbols per subframe, and a 120kHz transmission has 112 symbols per subframe. The number of slots in a subframe varies with the subcarrier spacing: Slot length = 1ms / 2 μ At 15kHz, the number of time slots in a 1ms subframe is 1, at 30kHz, the number of time slots is 2, at 60kHz, the number of time slots is 4, and at 120kHz, the number of time slots is 8.

[0107] The flexibility of NR allows for high reliability use cases as well as low latency use cases. For example, data transmission below 6 GHz uses 15, 30 or 60 kHz subcarrier spacing, while data transmission above 6 GHz uses 60 or 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.

[0108] Reference signal

[0109] Downlink Reference Signals (RS) are used for different purposes in LTE and consist of multiple reference symbols that occupy specific resource elements (REs) within a radio frame that are transmitted along with data. The terminal (UE) uses the cell-specific reference signal (CRS) for channel estimation to coherently demodulate the downlink physical channel. CRS is also used to obtain channel state information (CSI) for cell selection and switching.

[0110] Under LTE-A, reference signals are defined to split the channel estimation and CSI acquisition operations. The demodulation reference signal (DMRS) is used for channel estimation, and the CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) is used to obtain channel state information. DMRS has a higher density on the radio frame than CSI-RS and is transmitted when there is data to be transmitted, while CSI-RS occurs less frequently than DMRS. CSI-RS is more efficient than CRS in deriving CSI for multiple network nodes and antenna ports.

[0111] DMRS, also known as UE-specific reference signal, is used for channel estimation to coherently demodulate one or more physical channels, such as physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). A predefined DMRS is assigned to each UE, enabling the UE to perform channel estimation. DMRS is transmitted within resource blocks specifically allocated to a given terminal for PDSCH / PDCCH transmission.

[0112] Long Gold

[0113] In LTE, reference signals (RS) such as, for example, DMRS, CRS, CSI-RS, positioning RS (PRS), etc. are based on sequences extracted from long Gold codes. Long Gold codes are generated using the following two primitive polynomials of order 31:

[0114] g 0 (x) = x 31 +x 3 +1 (1)

[0115] g 1 (x) = x 31 +x 3 +x 2 +x+1 (2)

[0116] c(n)=(x0(n+N c )+x 1 (n+N c ))mod 2 (3)

[0117] Here, c(n) is a Gold code (n=0, 1, ..., MPN-1, where MPN is the length of the output sequence), and x 0 and x 1 is to use the polynomial g 0 (x) and g 1 (x) The two m-sequences obtained are:

[0118] x 0 (n+31)=(x 0 (n+3)+x 0 (n))mod 2; (4)

[0119] x 1 (n+31)=(x 1 (n+3)+x 1 (n+2)+x 1 (n+1)+x 1 (n))mod 2 (5)

[0120] Where Nc is the initial offset. In LTE, the initial offset Nc is equal to 1600.

[0121] The initial state of the linear feedback shift register (LFSR) that generates the m-sequence is defined as follows:

[0122] x 0 (0) = 1, x 0 (k)=0,k=1,2,…,30 (6)

[0123]

[0124] Here, c init is an initialization value, which may include, for example, a cell identifier (cell ID, or ), OFDM symbol index and other parameters. The m sequence is a specific type of pseudo-random noise or PN sequence. In the above formula, (·) mod 2 corresponds to the modulo 2 operation, and Corresponds to the floor operation, that is, to obtain the nearest integer lower than the argument.

[0125] Calculation of initialization value for PBCH-DMRS in NR

[0126] The disadvantage of DMRS generation in LTE is that the initialization value c init Limited to 31 bits. This may limit some system parameters from being used in the initialization of the generated LFSR. One such parameter is the time index of the NR synchronization signal (SS) block, which in NR will be transmitted using DMRS.

[0127] For the initialization of DMRS for the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH-DMRS) sequence generator in NR, the following alternatives are proposed. In one embodiment:

[0128]

[0129] Where b=0, 1, ..., 63 is the time index of the synchronization signal (SS) block. In another embodiment:

[0130]

[0131] Among them I SSB = 0, 1, ..., 7 are the values ​​obtained from the three least significant bits (LSBs) of the SS block time index. The b mod 8 part of the formula in alternative 1 is mathematically equivalent to the SS block index I SSB In some embodiments, the cell ID It can range from 0 to 1007, and the SS block index ISSB can range from 0 to 7.

[0132] One disadvantage of using Alternative 1 (Formula 8) is that the Cell ID and SS block index ISSB are combined together in a linear fashion. In other words, and ISSB in the initialization value c init In the non-linear combination, there is no dedicated non-overlapping bit position for the cell ID. But dedicated to SS block index I SSB and vice versa.

[0133] To provide parameters and I SSB Nonlinear combinations of can be used using their multiplication as described in Alternative 2 (Formula 9). Calculate c init The linear approach does not allow to randomize the interference between different SS blocks so that it remains stable in the time domain.

[0134] However, Alternative 2 (Formula 9) has disadvantages. For every four consecutive cell IDs Value, due to the item Alternative 2 provides the same initialization c for a given SS block init . By may have the same items The DMRS sequences transmitted by different cells can avoid DMRS sequence conflicts by mapping the PBCH DMRS sequence to an offset in the frequency domain, which is determined by mod 4 given.

[0135] The same PBCH DMRS of four consecutive cell ID values ​​are separated in the frequency domain. Fig.11 The PBCH DMRS mapping of five cells (UEs) with consecutive cell ID values ​​is shown to illustrate the principle. PBCH RE is broadcast data, while DMRS RE is a reference signal embedded in and transmitted with the broadcast data. The first cell (UE) with cell ID n shows DMRS REs at the first, fifth, ninth and thirteenth RE positions; the second UE with cell ID n+1 shows DMRS REs at the second, sixth, tenth and fourteenth RE positions; the third UE with cell ID n+2 shows DMRS REs at the third, seventh, eleventh and fifteenth RE positions; the fourth UE with cell ID n+3 shows DMRS REs at the fourth, eighth, twelfth and sixteenth RE positions. The DMRS positions are eventually repeated, so that the fifth UE with cell ID n+4 will have an arrangement of DMRS that looks like the UE with cell ID n. Even if DMRS sequences belonging to different cells are mapped to different frequency shifts, they may cause interference from the UE perspective if there is a frequency offset at the UE receiver. In this case, the same PBCH DMRS belonging to different cells may interfere with each other, resulting in a degradation of the channel estimation performance of the PBCH.

[0136] Considering the above, the PBCH-DMRS method 900 implements a DMRS sequence design for NR PBCH, which includes a time index I of the SS block. SSB Therefore, the initialization value c init Based on the cell ID The relevant bit and SS block time index I SSB In addition, in cinit The cell ID used in the calculation The bits of the SS block are divided into two components, wherein one component and the SS block time index I are combined based on the nonlinear combination of these bits. SSB Related bit combinations.

[0137] Additionally, in some embodiments, the PBCH-DMRS method 900 adds a init This means increasing the number of registers in the LFSR that generate the sequence that makes up the m in the Gold code. Mathematically, this is achieved by increasing the number of bits in the generator polynomial g 0 (x) and g 1 Therefore, in some embodiments, it is proposed to generate a polynomial of a higher order than is available in LTE.

[0138] In some embodiments, to initialize the value calculation, the cell ID value is used where the cell ID comprises N bits of the integer N. This is different from alternative 2 (Formula 9) above because the term Generates a binary representation of the term Even in the case where DMRS are mapped to adjacent OFDM subcarriers, the DMRS sequences of different cells are different. In some embodiments, this provides additional robustness against residual frequency offset during channel estimation.

[0139] In contrast to alternative 1 (Equation 8), in some embodiments, the cell ID bits are repartitioned into two parts, and and mod 4, part of which, Used in nonlinear combination with the SS block index to better randomize the interference on the DMRS REs across SS blocks within an SS burst set. Another part of the cell ID bits mod 4 is separated from the first part within the initialization value.

[0140] In some embodiments, the PBCH-DMRS method 900 allows for a third alternative (Alternative 3), where the resulting initialization value cinit is obtained as follows:

[0141]

[0142] For coherent detection of DMRS, the real part of the cross-correlation value of two DMRS is important. In some embodiments, Fig.12The cumulative distribution function (CDF) curves are provided in Table 1 for the complete set of combinations of cell ID values ​​and SS block time indexes for alternative 1 (Formula 8), alternative 2 (Formula 9) and alternative 3 (Formula 10). Alternative 3 (Formula 10) corresponds to the proposed c init Value calculation.

[0143] Fig.12 is a cumulative distribution function graph of cross-correlation values ​​for different combinations of cell ID and SS block index parameters according to some embodiments. It can be seen that alternative 3 shows comparable results to alternatives 1 and 2, providing an actual value of cross-correlation that is approximately between the corresponding values ​​of alternatives 1 and 2.

[0144] Table 1 Summary of cross-correlation real-value comparisons

[0145]

[0146] In some embodiments, other variations of Alternative Scheme 3 are as follows:

[0147]

[0148]

[0149]

[0150] In some embodiments, the variations listed above have similar cross-correlation profiles and provide good performance for DMRS.

[0151] System bandwidth as a parameter for reference signals in NR

[0152] There are two mechanisms for extracting the modulated RS sequence from the long baseline sequence (actually based on the Gold code c(n)). These include truncation of the long baseline sequence to obtain the RS sequence, and extraction of the RS sequence based on the allocated bandwidth. These two mechanisms are respectively Fig.13A and Fig. 13B Shown in.

[0153] The base station (referred to as a gNB in ​​NR) generates the RS sequence and can actually serve multiple users (UEs) simultaneously. So, for example, the gNB can serve one UE in one part of the bandwidth and another UE in another part of the bandwidth and transmit the RS sequence to each UE simultaneously. For example, if a first UE has been allocated a 1MHz bandwidth and a second UE has been allocated a 2MHz bandwidth, the gNB will generate a sequence corresponding to the 1MHz bandwidth for the first UE and a second sequence corresponding to the 2MHz bandwidth for the second UE. Therefore, the generation of the RS sequence for each UE is a function of the allocated bandwidth of each UE.

[0154] Fig.13A A first mechanism for allocating RS sequences according to some embodiments is shown, namely truncation of long baseline sequences in the frequency domain 1300A. The system bandwidth 1304 with a center position 1314 is set within the available bandwidth limit. The gNB generates the RS sequence 1306 using a common RS sequence generator and stores the result in memory. The length of the baseline RS sequence 1306 is based on the available system bandwidth 1302, and for each UE, the bandwidth of the truncated RS sequence 1308 is defined by the starting 1310 and ending 1312 frequency positions. Other parameters used in RS sequence generation include the center frequency position, shown as the center of BW 1314. Fig.13A mechanism.

[0155] Fig. 13B Extraction 1300B of an RS sequence 1316 based on allocated bandwidth is shown in accordance with some embodiments. Again, the gNB utilizes a common RS sequence generator to generate the RS sequence 1316. However, in this example, no baseline RS sequence is generated. Instead, knowledge of the start 1318 and end 1320 frequency locations of the UE's allocated bandwidth, rather than the available system bandwidth, is used to generate the UE's RS sequence 516. Fig. 13B mechanism.

[0156] Thus, for some LTE operations, knowledge of the available system bandwidth is used to extract the RS sequence from the baseline sequence, while in other cases the system bandwidth is not part of the calculation. In LTE, the available system bandwidth is 20 MHz. The new radio is more flexible than LTE, allowing the available system bandwidth to vary depending on the use case. To achieve forward compatibility in NR, in some embodiments, the RS sequence generation process 110 of the PBCH-DMRS method 900 avoids using the available system bandwidth or system bandwidth limit as a parameter.

[0157] Fig.14 A novel RS sequence generation method 1400 used by the PBCH-DMRS method 900 for NR according to some embodiments is shown. Fig.13A and Fig. 13B According to LTE principles, RS sequence generation 1400 is achieved by centrally spreading from reference points without knowing the available system bandwidth. Fig.13AAs in , the baseline RS sequence is generated by the gNB from the Gold code and stored in memory. However, this time, the baseline RS sequence consists of a left RS sequence 1402 and a right RS sequence 1404. In some embodiments, the left RS sequence RS 1402 is generated from left to right, while the right RS sequence 1404 is generated from right to left. In other embodiments, the left baseline RS sequence 1404 is a mirror image of the right baseline RS sequence 606. RS sequence generation 1400 results in RS sequences 1408 and 1410 for UE 1 and UE 2, respectively.

[0158] like Fig. 13B As shown, using the reference point 1402 in the frequency domain, its RS bandwidth offset from the reference point, and the RS bandwidth value, the gNB can generate the resulting RS sequence without knowing the available system bandwidth. Therefore, to generate the RS sequence 1408 for UE1, the offset 1412 from the reference point 1402 and the UE bandwidth value 1416 are used. To generate the RS sequence 1410 for UE2, the offset 1414 from the reference point and the UE bandwidth value 1418 are used.

[0159] Fig.14 One possible implementation of the RS generation mechanism involves the reciprocal Gold code and is called cyclically extended RS sequence generation. In this case, an RS sequence with a certain periodicity N is defined (i.e., an RS sequence generated based on the Gold code output from a length 31 LFSR). The RS sequence is first mapped to the right side of the reference point, i.e., from index 0 to the end of the right edge of the UE operating bandwidth. The same RS sequence is then reversely mapped on the left side so that it starts from the left edge of the bandwidth and ends at N-1. The reverse RS sequence from the reference point to the left is also based on the Gold code (the reciprocal Gold code) and is composed of the polynomials f and f respectively. 0 (x) and f 1 (x) corresponds to the m-sequences v(n) and v(3n), and the polynomials g 0 (x) and g 1 (x) The corresponding u(n) and u(3n) are generated, such as the following:

[0160] f 0 (x) = x 31 +x 28 +1→v[n] (14)

[0161] f 1 (x) = x 31 +x 30 +x 29 +x 28 +1→v[3n] (15)

[0162] g 0(x) = x 31 +x 3 +1→u[n] (16)

[0163] g 1 (x) = x 31 +x 3 +x 2 +x+1→u[3n] (17)

[0164] c'[n]=(v[n]+v[3n])mod 2 (18)

[0165] c[n]=(u[n]+u[3n])mod 2 (19)

[0166] And the left RS sequence 1404 is obtained using c[L2]~c[N-1], and the right RS sequence 1406 is obtained using c[0]~c[L1].

[0167] Generate higher order initialization values ​​for NR

[0168] As mentioned above, there is motivation to have a wider initialization value c in NR init , that is, the initialization value c with more bits init . Wider c init is associated with a larger LSFR length and a larger number of shift registers. This means that a higher order generating polynomial g is used. 0 (x) and g 1 (x) Table 2 is a list of primitive polynomial pairs used by the PBCH-DMRS method 900 to generate the constituent m-sequences of the Gold code according to some embodiments.

[0169] Table 2 List of primitive polynomial pairs for constructing Gold codes

[0170]

[0171]

[0172] In Table 2, the symbol u(qn) indicates the use of the polynomial g 1 (x) The generated sequence m can be extracted by decimation step q using the polynomial g 0 (x) is obtained instead by generating a sequence u(n) consisting of m, where extraction means taking every nth value.

[0173] The sequence x(n) generated from the primitive polynomial of the following polynomial:

[0174]

[0175] It can be expressed recursively as:

[0176]

[0177] where n is the sequence index, and N is the primitive polynomial order.

[0178] The first column in Table 2 indicates the length of the Gold code to be generated. Therefore, the first generating polynomial g 0 (x) and g 1 (x) will be used to generate Gold codes of length 33. Table 2 provides the generating polynomial for Gold codes of length not exceeding 127.

[0179] Since more bits make up C init Initialization value, so used to calculate c init The formula can include more digits for cell IDs such as SS Block Time Index I SSB For example, you can init The definition is as follows:

[0180]

[0181] in Indicates the time index of the SS block (this is I SSB another representation of ), and Denotes the cell ID. Therefore, Table 2 provides a generation code to enable the initialization value to be characterized by more parameters to be transmitted in a radio frame.

[0182] Cross-correlation

[0183] The initialization values ​​of the PN sequence generated by the Gold code differ in several bit positions and may have high partial cross-correlation. In some embodiments, to avoid high partial cross-correlation, the PBCH-DMRS method 900 enables the PN sequence to utilize a novel pre-shift parameter N c (also referred to above as the initial offset parameter N c , used in Formula 3) for fast forwarding. The pre-shift parameter is used because the initial 1s and 0s that make up the PN sequence are not random enough. The pre-shift parameter is essentially solved by discarding a certain number of initial bits. For the 31st order Gold code in LTE, this number is 1600. In the case of using higher order Gold codes, the pre-shift parameter may change.

[0184] For example, after configuring the initial state, the Gold code c(n) can be quickly forwarded by Nc. This can be expressed as:

[0185] c(n)=(x 0 (n+N C )+x1 (n+N C ))mod 2

[0186] x 0 (n+47)=(x 0 (n+5)+x 0 (n))mod 2

[0187] x 1 (n+47)=(x 1 (n+5)+x 1 (n+4)+x 1 (n+1)+x 1 (n))mod 2 (23)

[0188] Where N C is the pre-shift parameter. Gold code is a Gold code of length 47.

[0189] According to some embodiments, the Gold code is related to the generator polynomial g 0 (x) = x 47 +x 5 +1 and g 1 (x) = x 47 +x 5 +x 4 The partial cross-correlations with 18, 36, 72, and 144 resource elements (REs) modulated by the QPSK signal generated from the Gold code c(n) result in values ​​lower than 0.9, 0.7, 0.5, and 0.4, respectively, when the NC value is between 21,000 and 24,000. In one embodiment, N C A value of 23,700 or greater provides good cross-correlation. c The value 23,830 provides good partial cross-correlation between Gold codes generated using different initialization values.

[0190] As another example, after configuring the initial state, the NC can quickly forward the Gold code c(n). This can be expressed as:

[0191] c(n)=(x 0 (n+N C )+x 1 (n+N C ))mod 2

[0192] x 0 (n+63)=(x 0 (n+1)+x 0 (n))mod 2

[0193] x1 (n+63)=(x 1 (n+38)+x 1 (n+13)+x 1 (n+1)+x 1 (n))mod 2 (24)

[0194] Where N C is the pre-shift parameter.

[0195] The initialization of the Gold code with a length of 63 can be expressed as:

[0196] x 0 (0) = 1, x 0 (k) = 0, k = 1, 2, Λ, 62

[0197]

[0198] The partial cross-correlation with 18, 36, 72 and 144 REs modulated by the QPSK signal generated by the Gold code c(n), where the generating polynomial g0(x) = x 63 +x+1 and g1(x)=x 63 +x 36 +x 13 +x+1, resulting in a value below 0.8. According to simulation results, in some embodiments, N between 20,000 and 24,000 C The s value provides a good cross-correlation. In one embodiment, N C The value 20,750 provides good partial cross-correlation between 63-order Gold codes generated using different initialization values.

[0199] In some embodiments, a sequence generated from a length-63 Gold code is used to generate a demodulation reference signal. The following is an example of a length-63 Gold code being used to generate a DMRS for a PBCH.

[0200] PBCH DMRS Option 1: Gold code with length 63

[0201] In some embodiments, the PBCH-DMRS method 900 utilizes a pseudo-random sequence defined by a Gold sequence of length 63. PN The output sequence c(n) of PN -1 is defined as:

[0202] c(n)=(x 1 (n+N C )+x 2 (n+N C ))mod 2

[0203] x 1 (n+63)=(x 1 (n+1)+x 1 (n))mod 2

[0204] x 2 (n+63)=(x 2 (n+38)+x 2 (n+13)+x 2 (n+1)+x 2 (n))mod 2 (26)

[0205] Where N C = 20750 and the first m sequence is x 1 (0) = 1, x 1 (n) = 0, n = 1, 2, ..., 62 initialization. The initialization of the second m sequence is determined by the initial value,

[0206]

[0207] And calculated as

[0208]

[0209] The UE-specific reference signal sequence r(m) is QPSK modulated and defined as follows:

[0210]

[0211] in The R(m) formula is the mathematical expression of the DMRS sequence modulated to QPSK. Formula 29 extracts the bits of the binary sequence and maps them to complex values ​​(1+j and 1-j) modulated by QPSK.

[0212] In some embodiments, the pseudo-random sequence generator is initialized as:

[0213]

[0214] At the beginning of each synchronization signal (SS) block transmission instance, where The value represented by the three least significant bits of the SS block index within the SS burst set (corresponding to the SS block time index I SSB same), and is the physical cell ID. In the case where the SS block index in the SS burst set consists of two bits, It is the value represented by these two bits.

[0215] PBCH DMRS Option 2: 1 Gold code with a length of 7

[0216] In some embodiments, the DMRS sequence is obtained by cyclic extension of the Gold code. Different sequences correspond to different cells and SS blocks with different time indexes. The following describes a process for generating a set of DMRS sequences, each sequence uniquely identifying a cell ID and SS block time index.

[0217] According to some embodiments, Fig.15 The time-frequency structure of the SS block in NR is shown in Figure 1. The primary synchronization signal (PSS) occupies the first OFDM symbol, while the secondary synchronization signal (SSS) occupies the third OFDM symbol. In this illustration, the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) occupies the second and fourth symbols. In NR, the bandwidth of the PBCH is equal to 288 subcarriers, while the overhead of the uniformly distributed DMRS is 1 / 4. Therefore, a total of 144 resource elements (REs) are allocated for DMRS in two PBCH OFDM symbols.

[0218] The length of the Gold code is 2 n -1, where n is the length of the LFSR (also the generator polynomial g 0 (x) and g 1 The closest Gold code length less than 144 is 127, corresponding to a 7th order generating polynomial. The polynomial used to generate the secondary synchronization signal under the new radio is also 7th order and is also based on the Gold code.

[0219] In some embodiments, to enable hardware reuse between NR SSS and DMRS, the SSS generating polynomial under the new radio is reused for DMRS. The 7th order generating polynomial is:

[0220] g 0 (x) = x 7 +x 4 +1 (31)

[0221] g 1 (x) = x 7 +x1+1 (32)

[0222] To obtain a length 144 sequence for DMRS, in some implementations, a length 127 Gold code is cyclically extended by 17 elements.

[0223] The SS block time index has 1008 unique physical layer cell identifiers and a maximum of eight different values. In order to generate a set of 8064 (1008*8) unique DMRS sequences based on the Gold code, in some embodiments, the cyclic shift m 0 and m 1 In some embodiments, m 0 and m 1The value from the cell identifier and SS block time index For example, the DMRS sequence generation process can be described as follows:

[0224]

[0225] The integer parameter K can take values ​​from 8 to 17, 8≤K<18, and x 0 and x 1 Is composed of m sequence:

[0226] x 0 (i+7)=(x 0 (i+4)+x 0 (i))mod 2

[0227] x 1 (i+7)=(x 1 (i+1)+x 1 (i))mod 2 (34)

[0228] In some embodiments, the PBCH-DMRS method 900 utilizes a pseudo-random sequence defined by two sequences generated using a LFSR of length seven. PN The output sequence c(n) of PN -1 is defined as:

[0229] c(n)=(x 1 (n+k 1 )+x 2 (n+k 2 ))mod 2

[0230] x 1 (n+7)=(x 1 (n+4)+x 1 (n))mod 2

[0231] x 2 (n+7)=(x 2 (n+1)+x 2 (n))mod 2 (35)

[0232] Wherein, in some embodiments, the first m sequence is initialized, where x 1 (6) = 1, x 1 (n) = 0, n = 0, 1, ... 5, the second m sequence is initialized, where x 2 (6) = 1, x 2(n)=0, n=0, 1, ..., 5, and the shift values ​​k1 and k2 are determined by a part of the SS block index within the SS burst set and the physical cell ID.

[0233] The UE-specific reference signal sequence r(m) is QPSK modulated and defined as follows:

[0234]

[0235] in In some embodiments, the cyclic shift parameter k of the pseudo-random sequence generator is 1 and k 2 Set to:

[0236]

[0237] At the beginning of each SS block transmission instance, where is the value represented by the three least significant bits of the SS block index within the SS burst set, and is the physical cell ID. In the case where the SS block index in the SS burst set consists of two bits, It is the value represented by these two bits.

[0238] Frequency Priority Mapping

[0239] In some embodiments, according to the PBCH-DMRS method 900, for a frequency domain index n allocated for a corresponding PBCH transmission PRB The reference signal sequence r(m) can be mapped to a complex-valued modulation symbol a k，l , where k and l represent the subcarrier and OFDM symbol index within the SS block in the subframe, respectively, according to the following:

[0240]

[0241] Fig.16 A suggested mapping between primary / secondary synchronization signals and demodulation reference signals according to some embodiments is shown. In this example, the PSS / SSS occupies the first and third symbols, while the DMRS occupies the second and fourth symbols. In some embodiments, by aligning the start and end points of the PSS / SSS with the DMRS, some benefits are generated during channel estimation.

[0242] Time priority mapping

[0243] Alternatively, the PBCH-DMRS method 900 enables mapping physical resource elements for DMRS in the time domain first. PRBIn the physical resource block of k，l , where k and l represent the subcarrier and OFDM symbol index within the SS block in the subframe, respectively, according to the following:

[0244]

[0245] Randomization of initialization values

[0246] The correlation of the initialization values ​​and the small bit difference between the initialization values ​​of two Gold codes will affect the partial cross-correlation of the sequences generated using such Gold codes. To avoid the influence, the PBCH-DMRS method 900 enables the initialization correlation between the two sequences generated using the Gold code, and allows the mapping of the initialization value with a very large bit width to be used on the Gold code with a smaller linear feedback shift register (LFSR) size compared to the initialization value. In some embodiments, a fixed output length hash function is performed on the initialization value of the Gold code, wherein the output of the hash function is used to initialize the Gold code.

[0247] For example, the initialization value can be composed of UE ID (n RNTI ), codeword index (q), time slot index (n s ) and physical cells For example:

[0248]

[0249] In some embodiments, the number of bits used to represent the initialization value is 35. This initialization value cannot be used to initialize a Gold code with a LFSR size of 31. Therefore, in some embodiments, a hash function of the original initialization value is used to obtain a randomized initialization value having 31 bits.

[0250] The hash function may be a calculation of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) based on the original initialization value. For example, based on cinit, a CRC of length 31 may be calculated. The calculated CRC result (consisting of 31 bits) may be loaded as the initialization value of the Gold code instead of directly loading the original initialization value.

[0251] In some embodiments, the PBCH-DMRS method 900 defines the following order-31 polynomial for use as a hash function generator polynomial for randomizing the initialization value of the Gold code of the length-31 LFSR:

[0252] g(x) = x 31 +x 3 +1 (43)

[0253] ·g(x)=x 31 +x 3 +x 2 +x 1 +1 (44)

[0254] ·g(x)=x 31 +x 13 +x 8 +x 3 +1 (45)

[0255] ·g(x)=x 31 +x 16 +x 8 +x 4 +x 3 +x 2 +1 (46)

[0256] ·g(x)=x 31 +x 20 +x 15 +x 5 +x 4 +x 3 +1 (47)

[0257] ·g(x)=x 31 +x 20 +x 18 +x 7 +x 5 +x 3 +1 (48)

[0258] ·g(x)=x 31 +x 21 +x 12 +x 3 +x 2 +x 1 +1 (49)

[0259] ·g(x)=x 31 +x 23 +x 22 +x 15 +x 14 +x 7 +x 4 +x 3 +1 (50)

[0260] ·g(x)=x 31 +x 25 +x 19 +x 14 +x 7 +x 3 +x 2 +x 1 +1 (51)

[0261] g(x) = x 31 +x 27 +x 23 +x 19 +x 15 +x 11 +x 7 +x 3 +1 (52)

[0262] g(x) = x 31 +x 27 +x 23 +x 19 +x 15 +x 11 +x 10 +x 9 +x 7 +x 6 +x 5 +x 3 +x 2 +x 1 +1 (53)

[0263] The PBCH-DMRS method 900 thus enables the generation of DMRS reference signals for PBCH in new radio. In addition to including several formulas for calculating initialization values, the embodiments herein further illustrate how to generate initialization values ​​greater than 31 bits in size, how to extract reference signals from long baseline sequences, and how to generate reference signals without knowing the system bandwidth. The method 900 may also employ fast forwarding pre-shift parameters in calculating the initialization values ​​and include SS block time indexes in calculating the initialization values. The method 900 also discloses different generating polynomials that may be used to create higher order initialization values.

[0264] In summary, in a first embodiment, a PBCH-DMRS method may be implemented by a 5G enhanced Node B (gNB) device, the device comprising a radio frequency (RF) interface and a baseband circuit, the baseband circuit comprising one or more processors to generate a reference signal (RS) sequence from a Gold code based on a pair of generating polynomials and an initialization value, wherein the initialization value comprises a cell identification (ID) parameter, the one or more baseband processors performing a modulo operation on the parameter, and a mathematical floor operation is performed separately by the one or more baseband processors, and the initialization value comprises a synchronization signal (SS) block index parameter, and the reference signal sequence is sent to the RF interface.

[0265] In addition to the first embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a second embodiment, the modulo operation additionally includes mod 4, where It is the cell ID parameter.

[0266] In addition to the first embodiment or the second embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a third embodiment, the mathematical floor operation further includes

[0267] In addition to the first embodiment, the second embodiment, or the third embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a fourth embodiment, the order of the generator polynomial is higher than thirty-one.

[0268] In addition to the first embodiment, the second embodiment, the third embodiment or the fourth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a fifth embodiment, the initialization value is calculated by the one or more baseband processors using the following formula: in is the cell ID parameter and I SSB Corresponding to the three least significant bits of the SS block index parameter.

[0269] In addition to the first embodiment, the second embodiment, the third embodiment or the fourth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a sixth embodiment, the initialization value is calculated by the one or more baseband processors using the following formula: mod 4, where is the cell ID parameter and I SSB Corresponding to the three least significant bits of the SS block index parameter.

[0270] In addition to the first embodiment, the second embodiment, the third embodiment or the fourth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a seventh embodiment, the initialization value is calculated by the one or more baseband processors using the following formula: in is the cell ID parameter and I SSB Corresponding to the three least significant bits of the SS block index parameter.

[0271] In addition to the first embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in an eighth embodiment, the initialization value is calculated by the one or more baseband processors using the following formula: in is the cell ID parameter and I SSB Corresponding to the three least significant bits of the SS block index parameter.

[0272] In addition to the first, second or third embodiments or any other embodiments discussed herein, in a ninth embodiment, the RS sequence is extracted from a baseline sequence obtained by the one or more baseband processors from the Gold code, and the extraction operation does not depend on the available system bandwidth.

[0273] In addition to the ninth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a tenth embodiment, the one or more baseband processors extract the RS sequence from the baseline sequence by accessing a reference point in the frequency domain, extracting a first baseline RS sequence extending to the right side of the reference point, and extracting a second baseline RS extending to the left side of the reference point.

[0274] In addition to the ninth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in an eleventh embodiment, the one or more baseband processors extract the RS sequence from the baseline sequence by extracting a second RS sequence from a second baseline sequence, wherein the second baseline sequence is generated from the inverse of the Gold code.

[0275] In addition to the first embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a twelfth embodiment, the one or more baseband processors further pre-shift the output sequence by a pre-shift parameter for a given initialization value of the Gold code.

[0276] In a thirteenth embodiment, in addition to the twelfth embodiment or any other embodiments discussed herein, the pre-shift parameter is set to a value between 23700 and 40000.

[0277] In a fourteenth embodiment, the PBCH-DMRS method can be implemented by a device of a user equipment (UE), the device including a radio frequency (RF) interface and a circuit to generate a reference signal (RS) sequence from a wireless signal using a Gold code based on an initialization value, wherein the initialization value includes a cell identification (ID) parameter, one or more baseband processors perform a modulo 4 operation on it, a mathematical floor operation of the cell ID parameter is performed by the one or more baseband processors, and the initialization value includes a synchronization signal (SS) block index parameter, and the reference signal is sent to the RF interface, wherein the order of the initialization value is greater than 31.

[0278] In addition to the fourteenth embodiment or any other embodiments discussed herein, in the fifteenth embodiment, the cell ID and SS block index parameters are used as part of the initialization value in multiplication form.

[0279] In addition to the fourteenth embodiment or the fifteenth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a sixteenth embodiment, the mathematical floor operation further includes in is the cell ID parameter.

[0280] In addition to the fourteenth embodiment, the fifteenth embodiment, the sixteenth embodiment, or any other embodiment discussed herein, in the seventeenth embodiment, the initialization value is calculated by the one or more baseband processors using the following formula:

[0281] in is the cell ID parameter and I SSB Includes the SS block index parameter.

[0282] In addition to the fourteenth embodiment, the fifteenth embodiment, the sixteenth embodiment, or any other embodiment discussed herein, in an eighteenth embodiment, the initialization value is calculated by the one or more baseband processors using the following formula:

[0283] in is the cell ID parameter and I SSB Includes the SS block index parameter.

[0284] In addition to the fourteenth, fifteenth, or sixteenth embodiments or any other embodiments discussed herein, in a nineteenth embodiment, the initialization value is calculated by the one or more baseband processors using the following formula:

[0285] in is the cell ID parameter and I SSB Includes the SS block index parameter.

[0286] In addition to the fourteenth, fifteenth, or sixteenth embodiments or any other embodiments discussed herein, in a twentieth embodiment, the initialization value is calculated by the one or more baseband processors using the following formula:

[0287] in is the cell ID parameter and I SSB Includes the SS block index parameter.

[0288] In addition to the fourteenth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a twenty-first embodiment, the one or more baseband processors further pre-shift the output sequence by a pre-shift parameter for a given initialization value of the Gold code.

[0289] In addition to the twenty-first embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a twenty-second embodiment, the one or more baseband processors set the pre-shift parameter to a value between 23700 and 40000, and the order of the generating polynomial used to generate the Gold code is 47.

[0290] In addition to the twenty-second embodiment or any other embodiments discussed herein, in a twenty-third embodiment, the generating polynomial is used to generate a secondary synchronization signal by the one or more baseband processors under the new radio.

[0291] In addition to the fourteenth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a twenty-fourth embodiment, the one or more baseband processors randomize the initialization value of the Gold code using a hash function, generate an output and set the output to the initialization value of the Gold code.

[0292] In addition to the twenty-fourth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a twenty-fifth embodiment, the hash function is a computation of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of an initialization value by the one or more baseband processors.

[0293] In a twenty-sixth embodiment, the PBCH-DMRS method can be implemented by an article comprising a computer-readable medium, wherein the computer-readable medium includes instructions to cause the electronic device to receive an initialization value of a Gold code when one or more processors of the electronic device execute the instructions, wherein the initialization value is derived from a nonlinear combination of a cell ID parameter and a synchronization signal block time index parameter, wherein the cell ID parameter includes N bits of an integer N, and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) demodulation reference signal (DMRS) is generated from the Gold code using the N bits from the cell ID parameter.

[0294] In addition to the twenty-sixth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a twenty-seventh embodiment, the computer-readable medium further includes instructions to cause the electronic device to divide the bits of the cell ID parameter into two or more parts separated by other bits in a bitwise representation of the initialization value.

[0295] In addition to the twenty-sixth embodiment or any other embodiment discussed herein, in a twenty-eighth embodiment, the computer-readable medium further comprises instructions to cause the electronic device to perform a mathematical floor operation of the cell ID parameter.

[0296] Although the foregoing embodiments illustrate principles in one or more specific applications, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made to the form, usage, and implementation details without exercising creative labor, and numerous modifications and variations thereof will be recognized without departing from the principles and concepts herein. The appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and variations that fall within the true spirit and scope of the disclosed embodiments.

Claims

1. A device of a user equipment UE, comprising a baseband processor, wherein the baseband processor is configured to: An initialization value is determined based on a cell identification ID parameter and at least a portion of a synchronization signal SS block index, for which: performing a modular operation on it by the baseband processor; as well as separately, performing a mathematical floor operation thereon by said baseband processor; Generate a demodulation reference signal DMRS sequence for a physical broadcast channel PBCH from a Gold code based on the initialization value, wherein the initialization value is obtained from a product of the cell ID parameter and the at least a portion of the SS block index; as well as Receive PBCH DMRS.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the modular operation comprises mod 4, where is the cell ID parameter.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mathematical floor operation comprises ,in is the cell ID parameter.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the baseband processor is configured to calculate the initialization value by: implement mod 4 operates to generate the first cell ID portion, where is the cell ID parameter; Performs a mathematical floor operation to generate a second cell ID portion; multiplying the second cell ID portion by an SS block index parameter, the SS block index parameter comprising a sum of the at least a portion of the SS block index and 1; and The first cell ID part is added to the product of the second cell ID part and the SS block index parameter.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the baseband processor is configured to calculate the initialization value based on three least significant bits of the SS block index.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the initialization value is derived from a non-linear combination of a cell ID parameter and the at least a portion of the SS block index, wherein the cell ID parameter comprises N bits of an integer N for a cell ID.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the baseband processor is configured to select from the following UE-specific reference sequence: r(m) Generate the DMRS sequence: in, , ,and c is the initialization value.

8. A method of a user equipment UE, comprising: An initialization value is determined based on a cell identification ID parameter and at least a portion of a synchronization signal SS block index, for which: Perform a modulo operation on it; as well as Perform mathematical floor operations on them individually; Generate a demodulation reference signal DMRS sequence for a physical broadcast channel PBCH from a Gold code based on the initialization value, wherein the initialization value is obtained from a product of the cell ID parameter and the at least a portion of the SS block index; as well as Receive PBCH DMRS from the base station.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the modular operation comprises mod 4, where is the cell ID parameter.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the mathematical floor operation comprises ,in is the cell ID parameter.

11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the initialization value is calculated by: implement mod 4 operates to generate the first cell ID portion, where is the cell ID parameter; Performs a mathematical floor operation to generate a second cell ID portion; multiplying the second cell ID portion by an SS block index parameter in a non-linear manner, the SS block index parameter comprising a sum of the at least a portion of the SS block index and 1; as well as The first cell ID part is added to the product of the second cell ID part and the SS block index parameter.

12. The method of claim 8, comprising calculating the initialization value based on the three least significant bits of the SS block index.

13. The method of claim 8, wherein the initialization value is derived from a non-linear combination of a cell ID parameter and the at least a portion of the SS block index, wherein the cell ID parameter comprises N bits of an integer N for a cell ID.

14. The method of claim 8, comprising selecting from the following UE-specific reference sequence: r(m) Generate the DMRS sequence: in, , ,and c is the initialization value.

15. A base station apparatus, comprising a baseband processor, wherein the baseband processor is configured to: An initialization value is determined based on a cell identification ID parameter and at least a portion of a synchronization signal SS block index, for which: A baseband processor performs a modular operation on it; as well as separately, performing a mathematical floor operation thereon by the baseband processor; and Based on the initialization value, a physical broadcast channel PBCH demodulation reference signal DMRS sequence is generated from the Gold code, wherein the initialization value is obtained from the product of the cell ID parameter and the at least a portion of the SS block index; as well as Causes the PBCH DMRS sequence to be transmitted.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the modular operation further comprises mod 4, where is the cell ID parameter.

17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the mathematical floor operation further comprises ,in is the cell ID parameter.

18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the baseband processor is configured to calculate the initialization value based on three least significant bits of the SS block index.

19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the baseband processor is configured to calculate the initialization value by: implement mod 4 operates to generate the first cell ID portion, where is the cell ID parameter; Performs a mathematical floor operation to generate a second cell ID portion; multiplying the second cell ID portion by an SS block index parameter, the SS block index parameter comprising a sum of the at least a portion of the SS block index and 1; and The first cell ID part is added to the product of the second cell ID part and the SS block index parameter.

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