Electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, intracardiac defibrillation catheter system and method for checking an electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation

Abstract

The present invention provides an electrical device (1) for defibrillation in a heart chamber, having: a capacitor (2) that accumulates electric charge; a load resistor R b that is electrically connected to the capacitor (2) for passing a discharge current from the capacitor (2), the resistance value of the load resistor R b being higher than 50 Ω; a measurement unit (3) that is electrically connected to the capacitor (2) for obtaining a voltage of the capacitor (2); and an estimation unit (5) that calculates a discharge energy, which is generated when a capacitor (2) that accumulates a prescribed electric charge is discharged against a prescribed analog resistor R b , using a value of the voltage of the capacitor (2) after the discharge of the capacitor (2) that accumulates the prescribed electric charge against the load resistor R a , the prescribed analog resistor R a being configured to have a resistance value lower than the load resistor R b , and to simulate a heart of a human body.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to an electrical device for defibrillation used in the heart chambers, an intracardiac defibrillation catheter system having the electrical device, and a method for checking whether there are any problems with the operation of the electrical device before defibrillating a living organism. Background Technology

[0002] In the treatment of arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation, defibrillation is performed by applying electrical stimulation to restore the heart rhythm to normal. As a defibrillation device, in addition to external defibrillators, intracardiac defibrillators (ICDs) can be used. Compared to external defibrillators, ICDs can utilize lower-energy voltage waveforms and reduce the burden on the patient. When using a defibrillator, the following checks should be performed to confirm its proper functioning, such as whether it can apply appropriate energy relative to a 50Ω load resistance simulating the human body.

[0003] Patent document 1 discloses a defibrillator equipped with an automatic self-testing system. The defibrillator has a high-voltage transmission system including a capacitor, which monitors the voltage and current during capacitor discharge.

[0004] Patent document 2 discloses a method for verifying whether the power supply device is working properly or whether a specified energy can be applied when the defibrillation catheter is connected to a built-in resistor by setting the intracardiac defibrillation catheter system to a test mode.

[0005] Patent document 3 discloses the application of electrical pulses to an internal resistor during the maintenance of an electrical stimulation device or defibrillator, the calculation of the applied energy based on the terminal voltage of the capacitor before and after the application, and the display of the energy.

[0006] Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Publication No. 9-500798

[0007] Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2010-220778

[0008] Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-181111

[0009] While the defibrillator described in Patent Document 1 can confirm whether the overcurrent detection and overvoltage detection functions are functioning properly, it does not intend to confirm whether the applied energy to the load resistor is appropriate. Furthermore, Patent Document 2 does not disclose a specific method for confirming whether the intracardiac defibrillation catheter system can apply the prescribed energy. In defibrillator inspections, there are cases where the prescribed energy is repeatedly and continuously discharged to the load resistor. However, in the case of continuously discharging the internal resistance of the defibrillator in Patent Document 3, which simulates the internal resistance of the human heart, there is a concern that the internal resistance may overheat and break. Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide an intracardiac defibrillation electrical device, an intracardiac defibrillation catheter system, and a method for inspecting the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device, which can suppress the heating of the load resistor and calculate the discharge energy applied to the organism during defibrillation. Summary of the Invention

[0010] The main feature of one embodiment of the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device of the present invention, which achieves the above-mentioned objectives, is that it includes: a capacitor that stores charge; and a load resistor R. b The load resistance R b Electrically connected to a capacitor to allow the discharge current from the capacitor to flow, the load resistor R b The resistance value is higher than 50Ω; a measuring unit, which is electrically connected to the capacitor, obtains the voltage of the capacitor; and an inference unit, which uses the capacitor with a specified charge stored relative to the load resistance R. b The voltage of the capacitor after discharge is calculated, and the discharge energy is the voltage of the capacitor with a specified charge relative to a specified analog resistance R. a The specified analog resistance R generated during discharge. a The resistance value is lower than the load resistance R. b It simulates the human heart. In the aforementioned intracardiac defibrillation electrical device, a resistor R is used relative to the load resistance. b The voltage of the capacitor after discharge is calculated and deduced as the voltage relative to the analog resistance R. a The discharge energy generated during discharge. Load resistance R b It has a higher simulated resistance R than the human heart. a The resistance value, therefore even for the load resistance R b Multiple consecutive discharges of the specified energy can also suppress the load resistance R. b The heat generated can also reduce the load resistance R. b The risk of damage caused by overheating.

[0011] In the aforementioned electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, it is preferable that the measuring unit obtains the capacitance relative to the load resistance R. bThe voltage V0 of the capacitor before the discharge begins, and the first predetermined time T elapsed from the start of the discharge. a The voltage V of the capacitor after ab The inference unit calculates the electrostatic capacitance C of the capacitor according to the following formula (1), and calculates the capacitance C of the capacitor relative to the analog resistance R according to the following formula (2). a The discharge begins after the first specified time T a The voltage V of the capacitor after a The capacitor is calculated relative to the analog resistance R according to the following formula (3). a Discharged for the first specified time T a Discharge energy E at time s .

[0012]

Formula 1

[0013]

[0014]

Formula 2

[0015]

[0016]

Formula 3

[0017]

[0018] In equations (1) to (3) above, r is the load resistance R. b The loss resistance existing outside the defibrillation electrical device within the heart chambers, e is the Napier constant.

[0019] In the aforementioned electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, it is preferable that the measuring unit obtains the capacitance relative to the load resistance R. b The voltage V0 of the capacitor before the discharge begins, and the first predetermined time T elapsed from the start of the discharge. a The voltage V of the capacitor after ab The inference department calculates the electrostatic capacitance C of the capacitor according to the following formula (1), and calculates the discharge energy E according to the following formula (4). s .

[0020]

Formula 4

[0021]

[0022]

Formula 5

[0023]

[0024] In equations (1) and (4) above, r is the load resistance R. b The loss resistance existing outside the defibrillation electrical device within the heart chambers, e is the Napier constant.

[0025] Preferably, the above-mentioned intracardiac defibrillation electrical device further comprises: a control unit connected to a capacitor and a measuring unit, which controls the charging and discharging of the capacitor; and an input receiving unit connected to the control unit, which receives input from the user for input applied to the load resistor R. b The system performs an input operation to set the set energy E0; and includes a warning unit that issues a warning to the user. The control unit sets the reference energy E1 and the discharge energy E within a specified range. s The reference energy E1 within this specified range is determined based on the set energy E0 input to the input receiving unit, and the warning unit is activated at the discharge energy E0. s A warning is issued when the energy level falls below the baseline E1.

[0026] Preferably, the above-mentioned electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation further comprises: a power supply unit connected to a capacitor to generate an applied voltage; and a discharge resistor R. c The discharge resistor R c In the load resistance R b The capacitor is connected to the power supply side, and the load resistance R is applied. b The remaining energy of the capacitor is then discharged.

[0027] In the aforementioned electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, a preferred measuring unit measures the voltage across the capacitor relative to the load resistance R. b and discharge resistor R c The discharge begins after the third specified time T. c The voltage V of the capacitor after c The inference part calculates the capacitor relative to the load resistance R according to the following formula (5). b and discharge resistor R c Discharged for the third specified time T c Discharge energy E at time r For discharge energy E s With discharge energy E r Compare them.

[0028]

Formula 6

[0029]

[0030] In the aforementioned electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, a preferred measuring unit measures the voltage across the capacitor relative to the load resistance R. b and discharge resistor R c The discharge begins after the third specified time T. c The voltage V of the capacitor after c The inference part calculates the capacitor relative to the load resistance R according to the following formula (6). b and discharge resistor Rc Discharged for the third specified time T c Discharge energy E at time r For discharge energy E s With discharge energy E r Compare them.

[0031]

Formula 7

[0032]

[0033] In the aforementioned electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, a discharge resistor R is preferred. c The resistance value is the analog resistance R. a The resistance value is above that.

[0034] In the aforementioned electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, a load resistor R is preferred. b The resistance value and the discharge resistance R c The resistance values ​​are equal.

[0035] In the aforementioned intracardiac defibrillation electrical device, it is preferable that the calculation of discharge energy by the inference unit is performed automatically within 30 minutes after the main power supply of the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device is turned on.

[0036] The present invention also provides an intracardiac defibrillation catheter system. One embodiment of the intracardiac defibrillation catheter system comprises: a catheter inserted into a cardiac chamber having a distal end and a proximal end, with a plurality of electrodes disposed on the distal side of the catheter; and the aforementioned electrical device for applying voltage to the plurality of electrodes.

[0037] This invention also provides a method for inspecting an electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation. The main point of one embodiment of the method for inspecting an electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation is that, prior to defibrillation relative to a patient, the following steps are performed sequentially: charging a capacitor; relative to a load resistor R electrically connected to the capacitor and having a resistance value greater than 50Ω. b Discharge the capacitor; obtain the voltage of the capacitor after discharge; and calculate the discharge energy based on the obtained capacitor voltage, which is the discharge energy of the capacitor relative to a specified analog resistance R. a The specified analog resistance R generated during discharge. a The resistance value is lower than the load resistance R. b It simulates the human heart. In the above-mentioned method for inspecting intracardiac defibrillation electrical devices, a method using a resistance relative to the load resistor R... b The voltage of the capacitor after discharge is calculated and deduced as the voltage relative to the analog resistance R. a The discharge energy generated during discharge. Load resistance R b It has a higher simulated resistance R than the human heart.a The resistance value, therefore even for the load resistance R b Multiple consecutive discharges of the specified energy can also suppress the load resistance R. b The heat generated can also reduce the load resistance R. b The risk of damage due to overheating. Furthermore, performing the above procedures sequentially before defibrillation of the patient prevents omissions in the checks, thus ensuring the safe use of the intracardiac defibrillator.

[0038] In the above-mentioned inspection method for the electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, it is preferable to perform the steps of charging the capacitor, discharging the capacitor, obtaining the voltage of the capacitor, and calculating the discharge energy without electrically connecting the electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, the intracardiac defibrillation catheter, and the electrocardiograph.

[0039] In the above-mentioned inspection methods for intracardiac defibrillation electrical devices, intracardiac defibrillation catheter systems, and intracardiac defibrillation electrical devices, a method is used relative to the load resistance R. b The voltage of the capacitor after discharge is calculated and deduced as the voltage relative to the analog resistance R. a The discharge energy generated during discharge. Load resistance R b It has a higher simulated resistance R than the human heart. a The resistance value, therefore even for the load resistance R b Multiple consecutive discharges of the specified energy can also suppress the load resistance R. b The heat generated can also reduce the load resistance R. b The risk of damage due to overheating. Furthermore, the above inspection methods prevent omissions in the inspection, thus ensuring the safe use of the defibrillator. Attached Figure Description

[0040] Figure 1 A block diagram illustrating an electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0041] Figure 2 The diagram shows the use of Figure 1 The discharge energy E of the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device shown s A diagram illustrating the calculation method.

[0042] Figure 3 A schematic diagram illustrating an intracardiac defibrillation catheter system according to one embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0043] The present invention will now be described in more detail based on the following embodiments. However, the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and can naturally be implemented by appropriate modifications within the scope of the above and following spirit, all of which are included within the technical scope of the present invention. Furthermore, in the various drawings, for convenience, there are instances where section lines, component reference numerals, etc., are omitted; in such cases, please refer to the specification and other drawings. Additionally, the dimensions of various components in the drawings are primarily helpful in understanding the features of the present invention, and therefore may differ from the actual dimensions.

[0044] The main feature of one embodiment of the electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation of the present invention is that it includes: a capacitor that stores charge; and a load resistor R. b The load resistance R b Electrically connected to a capacitor to allow the discharge current from the capacitor to flow, the load resistor R b The resistance value is higher than 50Ω; a measuring unit, which is electrically connected to the capacitor, obtains the voltage of the capacitor; and an inference unit, which uses the capacitor with a specified charge stored relative to the load resistance R. b The voltage of the capacitor after discharge is calculated, and the discharge energy is the voltage of the capacitor with a specified charge relative to a specified analog resistance R. a The specified analog resistance R generated during discharge. a The resistance value is lower than the load resistance R. b It simulates the human heart. In the aforementioned intracardiac defibrillation electrical device, a resistor R is used relative to the load resistance. b The voltage of the capacitor after discharge is calculated and deduced as the voltage relative to the analog resistance R. a The discharge energy generated during discharge. Load resistance R b It has a higher simulated resistance R than the human heart. a The resistance value, therefore even for the load resistance R b Multiple consecutive discharges of the specified energy can also suppress the load resistance R. b The heat generated can also reduce the load resistance R. b The risk of damage caused by overheating.

[0045] In this invention, an intracardiac defibrillation electrical device is connected to a defibrillation catheter inserted into the heart chamber, and applies voltage to multiple electrodes disposed on the defibrillation catheter. Hereinafter, the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device may be simply referred to as the "electrical device". In this invention, the unit of voltage is V, the unit of resistance is Ω, the unit of capacitance C of a capacitor is F, the unit of energy is J, and the unit of time is second.

[0046] The following is for reference Figure 1The structure of the electrical device is described. Figure 1 This is a block diagram illustrating an electrical device according to one embodiment of the present invention. The electrical device 1 includes a capacitor 2, a measuring unit 3, and a load resistor R. b And the inference unit 5. The capacitor 2 is a component that charges by applying voltage for defibrillation and stores charge. By operating the input receiving unit 9, described later, it is possible to control the charging of the capacitor 2.

[0047] exist Figure 1 In order to charge capacitor 2, capacitor 2 is electrically connected to power supply unit 8. For example... Figure 1 As shown, capacitor 2 and power supply unit 8 can also be connected via a switch. Power supply unit 8 can include a power source, a boost circuit for boosting DC voltage, and a charging circuit. Furthermore, at least some of these components can be located outside of power supply unit 8. Additionally, power supply unit 8 can be as follows: Figure 1 It can be set outside the arithmetic processing control unit 4, or it can be set inside the arithmetic processing control unit 4.

[0048] like Figure 1 As shown, it is preferable to provide an input receiving unit 9 in the electrical device 1 to receive input operations such as charging of the capacitor 2 from the user. The input receiving unit 9 can include input units such as push-button switches, levers, and touch panels. The input receiving unit 9 can also receive input operations such as starting and stopping the electrical device 1, and input operations to the load resistor R. b Input operations include setting the applied start voltage, applied energy, charging and discharging capacitor 2, and selecting the electrode to be applied.

[0049] like Figure 1 As shown, the input receiving unit 9 is preferably connected to the arithmetic processing control unit 4. Furthermore, it is preferable that the arithmetic processing control unit 4 controls the opening and closing operation of the switch between the power supply unit 8 and the capacitor 2. Thus, the input signal from the input receiving unit 9 is transmitted to the power supply unit 8 via the arithmetic processing control unit 4. Although not shown, the input receiving unit 9 may also be connected to the power supply unit 8. Thus, an electrical signal is transmitted from the input receiving unit 9 to the power supply unit 8 according to the operation of the input receiving unit 9.

[0050] The measuring unit 3 is electrically connected to the capacitor 2 to obtain the voltage of the capacitor 2. This ensures electrical conductivity between the capacitor 2 and the measuring unit 3. Preferably, the measuring unit 3 is connected in parallel with the capacitor 2. The measuring unit 3 can be a voltage detection circuit. The voltage detection circuit can include a resistor circuit containing multiple resistors, an analog-to-digital converter, an amplifier for amplifying the electrical signal, a filter for removing noise, etc.

[0051] In the measuring unit 3, a resistor applied to the load resistor R can also be used. bThe remaining energy of capacitor 2 is calculated by measuring its voltage after discharge.

[0052] Load resistance R b This is a component designed to apply energy during the inspection of electrical device 1. Load resistance R b Electrically connected to capacitor 2, allowing the discharge current from capacitor 2 to flow through, with load resistance R b The resistance value is higher than 50Ω. As the load resistor R... b It can use fixed resistors with a constant resistance value or variable resistors with a changeable resistance value. Additionally, as a load resistor R... b Alternatively, blade resistors can be used.

[0053] Load resistance R b The resistance value only needs to exceed 50Ω, for example, it can form above 60Ω, above 80Ω, above 100Ω, or below 300Ω, below 200Ω, or below 150Ω. Typically, the resistance value of the human heart is around 50Ω. During defibrillator testing, it is confirmed whether a load resistor of 50Ω, the same resistance value as the human heart, can be appropriately applied. However, when continuously discharging the load resistor (internal resistance) built into an existing defibrillator, there is a concern that the load resistor may overheat and break. Therefore, in this invention, to suppress the overheating of the load resistor, a load resistor R with a resistance value exceeding 50Ω is used. b .

[0054] The inference unit 5 uses a capacitor 2 with a specified charge stored relative to the load resistor R. b The voltage of capacitor 2 after discharge is calculated, and the discharge energy is the voltage of capacitor 2 with a specified charge relative to a specified analog resistance R. a The specified analog resistance R generated during discharge. a The resistance value is lower than the load resistance R. b It simulates the human heart. In electrical device 1, a resistance R relative to the load is used. b The voltage value of capacitor 2 after discharge is calculated and deduced as relative to the analog resistor R. a The discharge energy generated during discharge. Load resistance R b It has a higher simulated resistance R than the human heart. a The resistance value, therefore even for the load resistance R b Multiple consecutive discharges of the specified energy can also suppress the load resistance R. b The heat generated can also reduce the load resistance R. b The risk of breakage due to overheating. Furthermore, an analog resistor R is preferred. aThe resistance value is 50Ω.

[0055] The calculation of discharge energy by the inference unit 5 is preferably performed automatically within 30 minutes after the main power supply of the electrical device 1 is turned on, more preferably within 15 minutes, and even more preferably within 5 minutes. Thus, whenever the electrical device 1 is used, the amount of energy applied to the analog resistor R can be automatically inferred. a The system calculates the discharge energy at specific times, allowing for thorough checks even if the user forgets. Furthermore, it can automatically switch on the main power supply to the electrical device 1 at a preset time, enabling the inference unit 5 to calculate the discharge energy. The power-on time can be set, for example, to a time when the electrical device 1 is not in use, such as at night.

[0056] The following discussion focuses on capacitor 2, which is presumed to have accumulated a specified charge, relative to the analog resistor R. a The method for calculating the discharge energy generated during discharge is explained.

[0057] Figure 2 The diagram shows the use of Figure 1 The discharge energy E of the electrical device 1 shown s A diagram illustrating the calculation method. Figure 2 The solid line represents the load resistance R. b The voltage waveform of capacitor 2 when the resistance is 150Ω, with the dashed line representing the analog resistance R. a The voltage waveform of capacitor 2 when the resistance is 50Ω is shown. The dotted line represents the discharge resistor R, which will be described later. c The voltage waveform of capacitor 2 when its resistance is 220Ω. The first specified time T. a This indicates the analog resistance R a The time from the start of discharge to the completion of discharge T a1 The time up to that point, the second specified time T b This indicates that from the load resistance R b The time from the start of discharge to the completion of discharge T b1 The time up to that point, the third specified time T c This indicates that from the load resistance R b The discharge begins from the load resistor R b Discharged for the first specified time T a Then switch to discharge resistor R c Discharge completion time T under discharge conditions c1 The time up to now. V a For analog resistor R a The time T when the discharge is completed a1 The imaginary voltage value of capacitor 2 at point V b For the load resistor R b The time T when the discharge is completed b1The voltage value of capacitor 2 at point V c For the load resistor R b Discharged for the first specified time T a Then switch to the discharge resistor R c The time T during which the discharge occurs and is completed c1 The voltage value of capacitor 2 at the specified location. Preferably, the measuring unit 3 obtains the voltage value of capacitor 2 relative to the load resistance R. b The voltage V0 of capacitor 2 before the discharge begins, and the first predetermined time T after the discharge of capacitor 2 begins. a The voltage V of capacitor 2 after ab The inference unit 5 calculates the electrostatic capacitance C of capacitor 2 according to the following formula (1), and calculates the capacitance C of capacitor 2 relative to the analog resistor R according to the following formula (2). a The discharge begins after the first specified time T a The voltage V of capacitor 2 after a The capacitor 2 is calculated relative to the analog resistor R according to the following formula (3). a Discharged for the first specified time T a Discharge energy E at time s .exist Figure 2 In the middle, the discharge energy E s Shown in cross-section. In electrical device 1, the discharge energy E in calculation (3) is... s At that time, the current electrostatic capacitance C of capacitor 2, calculated according to equation (1), was used. Therefore, even if the electrostatic capacitance C decreases due to the aging and deterioration of capacitor 2, the actual discharge energy E can still be calculated. s .

[0058]

Formula 8

[0059]

[0060]

Formula 9

[0061]

[0062]

Formula 10

[0063]

[0064] In equations (1) to (3) above, r is the load resistance R. b The loss resistance existing outside the electrical device 1, e is Napier's constant.

[0065] In detail, according to the above formula (3), it is possible to use the value of the applied energy (e.g., 10J, 20J, 30J) that may be used in the application of electrical device 1, V0 which can be arbitrarily set as a performance of electrical device 1, and the electrostatic capacitance C of capacitor 2 to determine whether discharge should be performed until the voltage V of capacitor 2 reaches zero. a To what value. Furthermore, according to equation (2), the selected applied energy value and the capacitor 2 relative to the load resistance R can be used. b The voltage V0 of capacitor 2 before the discharge begins, and the calculated V a Analog resistor R a The first predetermined time T is calculated using the loss resistance r present in electrical device 1. a Therefore, it is possible to obtain the voltage V0 and V of the capacitor 2, which indicate suitability in terms of usage or design of the electrical device 1. a The first specified time T a A discharge curve relating the applied energy value to the possible values ​​to be used in the application of electrical device 1. Preferably, electrical device 1 has such a discharge curve. The user selects the value of the energy to be applied according to the patient's condition, thereby enabling the application of energy according to predetermined values ​​of V0, V... a T a Defibrillation is performed based on the discharge curve.

[0066] At discharge energy E s In the calculation, the voltage V0 of capacitor 2 can also be the voltage of capacitor 2 relative to the load resistance R. b The voltage of capacitor 2 at the start of discharge.

[0067] Alternatively, a different method than the one described above can be used to calculate the discharge energy E. s For example, preferably, the measuring unit 3 obtains the capacitance 2 relative to the load resistance R. b The voltage V0 of capacitor 2 before the discharge begins, and the first predetermined time T after the discharge of capacitor 2 begins. a The voltage V of capacitor 2 after ab The deduction unit 5 calculates the electrostatic capacitance C of capacitor 2 according to the following formula (1), and calculates the discharge energy E according to the following formula (4). s In this method, the discharge energy E in equation (4) is calculated. s At that time, the electrostatic capacitance C of capacitor 2, calculated according to equation (1), was used. Therefore, even if the electrostatic capacitance C decreases due to the aging and deterioration of capacitor 2, the actual discharge energy E can still be calculated. s Additionally, unlike the methods described above, V is not used. a Therefore, it can quickly discharge energy E s The calculation.

[0068]

Formula 11

[0069]

[0070]

Formula 12

[0071]

[0072] In equations (1) and (4) above, r is the load resistance R. b The loss resistance existing outside the electrical device 1, e is Napier's constant.

[0073] In electrical device 1, the discharge energy E can also be... s A warning is issued when the energy level falls below a specified value. For example, electrical device 1 may further include: a control unit 6 connected to capacitor 2 and measuring unit 3, which controls the charging and discharging of capacitor 2; and an input receiving unit 9 connected to control unit 6, which receives input from the user for input applied to the load resistor R. b The control unit 6 performs an input operation to set the set energy E0; and a warning unit 13 issues a warning to the user. In this case, the control unit 6 preferably sets the reference energy E1 and the discharge energy E within a specified range. s The reference energy E1 within the specified range is determined based on the set energy E0 input to the input receiving unit 9, and the warning unit 13 is activated at the discharge energy E0. s A warning is issued when the energy level falls below the reference energy E1. The reference energy E1 and the discharge energy E... s In comparison, at discharge energy E s A warning is issued when the energy level falls below the reference energy E1, prompting the user to check the status of capacitor 2 and replace it. As a result, the energy required for defibrillation is ensured. Furthermore, it is preferable that the reference energy E1 is within the greater of ±15% or ±3% of the set energy E0.

[0074] In the control unit 6, it is preferable to set the load resistance R... b The applied start voltage and application time are specified. Furthermore, in the control unit 6, it is preferable to use the setting energy E0 input to the input receiving unit 9 to set the load resistance R. b The applied start voltage.

[0075] The warning unit 13 can utilize the display, warning light, and speaker provided with the electrical device 1. Furthermore, the warning unit 13 can also utilize the display, speaker, and headphones of a personal computer, tablet computer, smartphone, or similar device. Warnings issued by the warning unit 13 can be delivered through sound, light, still images, or moving images.

[0076] The warning unit 13 can also issue a warning if the remaining energy of capacitor 2 is greater than a first predetermined value. This allows confirmation of whether discharge was performed at a value smaller than the set energy E0 input to the input receiving unit 9.

[0077] The warning unit 13 can also issue a warning if the remaining energy of capacitor 2 is less than a second predetermined value. This allows confirmation of whether discharge has been performed at or above the set energy E0 input to the input receiving unit 9. The second predetermined value can be set to a value smaller than the first predetermined value.

[0078] The comparison between the remaining energy of capacitor 2 and a first or second predetermined value can be performed in a comparison unit (not shown) or control unit 6, preferably provided in the arithmetic processing control unit 4. The first and second predetermined values ​​can be preset in the comparison unit or stored in a memory (not shown) within the arithmetic processing control unit 4, or supplied to the electrical device 1 by a recording medium or the like. The first and second predetermined values ​​can also be stored separately in the same or different memories or comparison units.

[0079] like Figure 1 As shown, the electrical device 1 may also have a recording unit 14, which records the discharge energy of the capacitor 2 and the load resistance R. b The system records the applied voltage, application time, applied energy, discharge start time, discharge end time, capacitor 2's voltage before discharge, discharge voltage after discharge, and electrocardiogram waveform. This allows users to refer to past examination records.

[0080] like Figure 1 As shown, the electrical device 1 may also have a display unit 15, which displays the discharge energy of the capacitor 2 and the load resistance R. b The display unit 15 can display the applied voltage, application time, applied energy, discharge start time, discharge end time, the voltage of capacitor 2 before discharge, the voltage after discharge, and the electrocardiogram waveform. As the display unit 15, a display, warning light, and speaker provided with electrical device 1 can be used. Alternatively, the display unit 15 can also be a display of a personal computer, tablet computer, smartphone, etc. Furthermore, the display unit 15 can also serve as a warning unit 13.

[0081] Although not shown in the figure, the electrical device 1 may also have an impedance measuring unit, which is connected to the control unit 6 and the load resistor R. b Connect and measure the load resistance R. b The impedance. In this case, it is preferable to use the impedance value measured by the impedance measuring unit to set the load resistance R. b The application time. Therefore, the load resistance R can be appropriately set. b The energy applied.

[0082] The preferred electrical device 1 further comprises: a power supply unit 8 connected to the capacitor 2 to generate an applied voltage; and a discharge resistor R. c The discharge resistor R c In the load resistance R b The power supply section 8 is connected to the capacitor 2, and the load resistor R is applied to it. b The remaining energy in capacitor 2 is discharged. This discharges the remaining energy in capacitor 2 to the discharge resistor R. c Therefore, it can prevent relative to the load resistance R b Apply the energy assumed above.

[0083] Preferred electrical device 1 has the confirmed and inferred discharge energy E s The accuracy of the function. For example, the preferred measuring unit 3 measures the value of the capacitor 2 relative to the load resistance R. b and discharge resistor R c The discharge begins after the third specified time T. c The voltage V of capacitor 2 after c The deduction unit 5 calculates the capacitor 2 relative to the load resistance R according to the following formula (5). b and discharge resistor R c Discharged for the third specified time T c Discharge energy E at time r For the discharge energy E s With discharge energy E r Compare the discharge energy E. s With discharge energy E r By making comparisons, the inferred discharge energy E can be determined. s The accuracy.

[0084]

Formula 13

[0085]

[0086] As another method, the preferred method is to measure the voltage difference between the capacitor 2 and the load resistance R by the measuring unit 3. b and discharge resistor R c The discharge begins after the third specified time T. c The voltage V of capacitor 2 after c The deduction unit 5 calculates the capacitor 2 relative to the load resistance R according to the following formula (6). b and discharge resistor R c Discharged for the third specified time T c Discharge energy E at time r For the discharge energy E s With discharge energy E r Compare the discharge energy E. s With discharge energy Er By making comparisons, the inferred discharge energy E can be determined. s The accuracy.

[0087]

Formula 14

[0088]

[0089] In electrical device 1, a discharge resistor R is preferred. c The resistance value is the analog resistance R. a The resistance value is above [value missing]. Load resistance R b The resistance value is higher than the analog resistance R. a The resistance value, and the discharge resistance R c The resistance value is the analog resistance R. a The resistance value is above that of capacitor 2, thus, during the entire time from the start of discharge to its completion, the resistance value is higher than that of the analog resistance R. a The resistance value continues to discharge. Therefore, it is only relative to the analog resistance R. a Compared to the case of discharge, it can prolong the discharge time and suppress the heat generated by the resistance per unit time.

[0090] Discharge resistor R c The resistance value is preferably 100Ω or more, more preferably 200Ω or more, and even more preferably 300Ω or more. Additionally, the discharge resistor R... c The resistance value is preferably 1000Ω or less, more preferably 800Ω or less, and even more preferably 600Ω or less. This allows for better control of the discharge resistor R. c The time required for the discharge to complete is of an appropriate length.

[0091] Load resistance R b The resistance value is preferably the same as the discharge resistance R. c The resistance values ​​are equal. Therefore, equation (5) becomes equation (5)-1, and equation (6) becomes equation (6)-1, thus facilitating the discharge energy E. r The calculation.

[0092]

Formula 15

[0093]

[0094]

Formula 16

[0095]

[0096] At load resistance R b The resistance value and the discharge resistance R c When the resistance values ​​are equal, relative to the discharge resistance R c The discharge curve ( Figure 2 (dotted line) and relative to the load resistance R b The discharge curve ( Figure 2 (The solid line) is consistent with V c =V b T c =T b In this case, the time T required for discharge is... b With respect to T a The resistance value is proportional to the value of T; ideally, T b =T a ·R b / R a .

[0097] In electrical device 1, the load resistance R b The resistance value can also be related to the discharge resistor R. c The resistance values ​​are different. At the first specified time T... a Subsequently, relative to the discharge resistor R c The application is performed, and the discharge is completed from T. b1 Change to T c1 The capacitor voltage changes from V. b To V c The time elapsed since the discharge from the load resistor R b Switch to discharge resistor R c The time until the application ends relative to the load resistance R b The required discharge time (T) under these conditions b -T a The value of (T) increases proportionally to the resistance. Specifically, (T) b -T a )×R c / R b =T a ×(R b -R a )R c / R a R b Due to V0~V ab Time (for load resistance R) b The discharge) is T a Therefore, V0~V b Time T c Ideally, it's T c =T a ×{R a R b +(R b -R a )R c} / R a R b .

[0098] Figure 1 The electrical device 1 includes a waveform generation unit 10. In the waveform generation unit 10, an energized waveform is generated. The energized waveform can be biphasic with polarity reversing midway, or it can be monophasic with constant polarity, but biphasic waveforms are preferred as they can provide stimulation with less energy. The energized energy applied to the organism can be set, for example, to between 1 J and 30 J.

[0099] Figure 1 The electrical device 1 includes an electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform input section 12. In this case, it is preferable that the ECG waveform information output from the electrocardiograph 35 is input internally via a wire or the like through the ECG waveform input section 12. When the ECG waveform input section 12 is connected to the surface electrode 24 (described later), it is preferable that the ECG waveform input section 12 can withstand a 5kV discharge input via a 50Ω resistor. When the ECG waveform input from the ECG waveform input section 12 meets the specified conditions, control can be performed by generating an enable signal that turns on various switches within the electrical device 1, preferably provided in an enable signal generation unit (not shown) within the arithmetic processing control unit 4. By turning on the switches, energizing the electrodes of the catheter (described later) can be applied.

[0100] The preferred ECG waveform is obtained through lead II, where events easily detected and inferred as R waves. However, the ECG waveform is not limited to lead II and can be obtained through other leads depending on the orientation of the patient's heart. For example, when obtaining the ECG waveform through 12 leads, the waveform can also be obtained through leads V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, lead I, lead II, lead III, aVR, aVL, or aVF. Furthermore, the ECG waveform can be the average waveform of two or more leads, the average waveform of three or more leads, or the average waveform of 12 leads.

[0101] The electrical device 1 possesses at least one of the following functions: measurement unit 3, arithmetic processing and control unit 4, inference unit 5, control unit 6, power supply unit 8, waveform generation unit 10, electrocardiogram waveform input unit 12, enable signal generation unit, memory, etc. These functions can be implemented in hardware or software. The hardware includes logic circuits formed on integrated circuits such as LSI (Large Scale Integration), ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), and FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array).

[0102] The electrical device 1 may also include a computer that executes software, i.e., a program, to perform the functions of at least one of the measurement unit 3, the arithmetic processing and control unit 4, the inference unit 5, the control unit 6, the power supply unit 8, the waveform generation unit 10, the electrocardiogram waveform input unit 12, the enable signal generation unit, and the memory. Preferably, the computer includes a processor and a computer-readable recording medium storing the aforementioned program. By executing the program stored in the computer-readable recording medium through the processor, the aforementioned functions can be achieved. As the processor, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) can be used. As the recording medium, a ROM (Read Only Memory) or the like can be used. In addition, RAM (Random Access Memory) can also be included in the recording medium. The aforementioned program can also be supplied to the computer via any transmission medium capable of transmitting the program. Examples of transmission media include communication networks and communication lines.

[0103] The present invention also provides an intracardiac defibrillation catheter system. Figure 3 A schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the intracardiac defibrillation catheter system of the present invention. Figure 3 As shown, the intracardiac defibrillation catheter system 40 includes: a catheter 20 inserted into the heart chamber, having a distal end and a proximal end, and a plurality of electrodes disposed on the distal side of the catheter 20; and the aforementioned electrical device 1 for applying voltage to the plurality of electrodes. Furthermore, hereinafter, the intracardiac defibrillation catheter system 40 may be simply referred to as system 40.

[0104] The proximal side of catheter 20 refers to the side of the operator's hand relative to the direction of extension of catheter 20, while the distal side refers to the opposite direction of the proximal side (i.e., the direction of the treatment target). Additionally, the proximal portion of catheter 20 refers to the half of the catheter 20 located at the user's hand relative to the direction of extension of catheter 20, while the distal portion of catheter 20 refers to the portion excluding the proximal portion (i.e., the half of catheter 20 on the treatment target side).

[0105] exist Figure 3 In this configuration, the catheter 20 is connected to the electrical device 1 via a first wire 31, and the electrical device 1 is connected to the electrocardiograph 35 via a second wire 32. Thus, intracardiac potential information transmitted from the catheter 20 is input to the electrocardiograph 35 via the electrical device 1 and the second wire 32, etc. Additionally, electrocardiogram information obtained from the surface electrodes 24 (described later) is transmitted to the electrocardiograph 35, and electrocardiogram waveform information output from the electrocardiograph 35 is preferably input into the electrical device 1 via the electrocardiogram waveform input section 12 via a third wire 33, etc.

[0106] As a conduit 20, a resin tube formed into a cylindrical shape can be protruded. For example... Figure 3As shown, the catheter 20 preferably includes a first electrode group having a plurality of first electrodes 21, and a second electrode group having a plurality of second electrodes 22 disposed closer to the position of the first electrode group. More preferably, the first electrode group is disposed at a position corresponding to the coronary sinus, and the second electrode group is disposed at a position corresponding to the right atrium. Alternatively, the catheter 20 may also include a third electrode group having a plurality of third electrodes 23 disposed closer to the position of the second electrode group and having the ability to measure intracardiac potentials. The third electrode group may, for example, be disposed at a position corresponding to the superior aorta. Preferably, the third electrode group is not connected to the power supply unit 8. Thus, the third electrode group can be easily used as a dedicated electrode for measuring intracardiac potentials.

[0107] Each electrode assembly is preferably located in more than half of the outer periphery of the resin tube, and more preferably formed in a ring shape. This electrode formation increases the contact area with the heart, thus facilitating the measurement of intracardiac potentials and the application of electrical stimulation. Each electrode assembly can contain only conductive materials such as platinum or stainless steel, but to facilitate the determination of electrode positions under X-ray fluoroscopy, it is preferable to contain X-ray-impermeable materials such as platinum.

[0108] exist Figure 1 The electrical device 1 is provided with a patient connection portion 11, which has a first connection portion connected to a plurality of electrodes disposed on the catheter 20, and a second connection portion connected to the electrocardiograph 35. Although not shown, the electrical device 1 may also have a switching portion connected to the power supply 8, which switches between a first mode for measuring intracardiac potentials and a second mode for applying voltage while measuring intracardiac potentials. Preferably, the first connection portion is connected to the power supply 8 via the switching portion, and the first connection portion is not connected to the second connection portion via the switching portion. By not connecting the first connection portion to the second connection portion via the switching portion, local potentials in each electrode can be measured even during defibrillation.

[0109] System 40 may also have surface electrodes 24 disposed on the surface of the human body. This allows for the acquisition of electrocardiogram (ECG) information and its transmission to the ECG monitor 35. The electrode for acquiring ECG information is not limited to surface electrodes 24; it may also be an electrode for measuring intracardiac potentials. However, surface electrodes 24 are preferred due to their superior sensitivity in detecting the R wave. A 12-lead electrode is preferred as the surface electrode 24.

[0110] A tip blade 25 may also be provided at the distal end of the catheter 20. The tip blade 25 may also have a tapered portion whose outer diameter decreases toward the distal side. In order for the tip blade 25 to function as an electrode, the tip blade 25 may also be made of a conductive material. In addition, the tip blade 25 may also be made of a polymer material, and in order to protect the tissues in the body, the hardness of the tip blade 25 may be lower than that of the resin tube.

[0111] like Figure 3As shown, a control part 26 for the user to hold is preferably provided on the proximal side of the catheter 20.

[0112] System 40 may also include an electrocardiogram (ECG) device 35. The ECG device 35 measures intracardiac potentials using various electrodes. As the ECG device 35, a known ECG device can be used.

[0113] The present invention also provides a method for inspecting an electrical device 1 for intracardiac defibrillation. The main point of the method for inspecting an electrical device 1 for intracardiac defibrillation according to one embodiment of the present invention is that, prior to defibrillation relative to a patient, the following steps are performed sequentially: charging a capacitor 2; charging a load resistor R electrically connected to the capacitor 2 and having a resistance value greater than 50Ω. b Discharge the capacitor; obtain the voltage of capacitor 2 after discharge; and calculate the discharge energy based on the obtained voltage of capacitor 2, which is the discharge energy of capacitor 2 relative to a specified analog resistance R. a The specified analog resistance R generated during discharge. a The resistance value is lower than the load resistance R. b It simulates the human heart. In the inspection method of the aforementioned intracardiac defibrillation electrical device 1, a method is used relative to the load resistance R. b The voltage value of capacitor 2 after discharge is calculated and deduced as relative to the analog resistor R. a The discharge energy generated during discharge. Load resistance R b It has a higher simulated resistance R than the human heart. a The resistance value, therefore even for the load resistance R b Multiple consecutive discharges of the specified energy can also suppress the load resistance R. b The heat generated can also reduce the load resistance R. b The risk of damage due to overheating. In addition, by performing the above procedures sequentially before defibrillation of the patient, it is possible to prevent omissions in the inspection and thus ensure the safe use of the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device 1.

[0114] In the above-described method for inspecting the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device 1, it is preferable to perform the steps of charging the capacitor 2, discharging the capacitor 2, obtaining the voltage of the capacitor 2, and calculating the discharge energy without electrically connecting the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device 1, the intracardiac defibrillation catheter, and the electrocardiogram. By including the steps of charging and discharging the capacitor 2 without electrically connecting the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device 1, the intracardiac defibrillation catheter, and the electrocardiogram, it is possible to prevent accidental application to the human body during the inspection.

[0115] Furthermore, the processes of charging the capacitor 2, discharging the capacitor 2, obtaining the voltage of the capacitor 2, and calculating the discharge energy can be performed while the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device 1 is electrically connected to the electrocardiogram (ECG) and not electrically connected to the intracardiac defibrillation catheter. Since the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device 1 is not electrically connected to the defibrillation catheter, it is possible to prevent accidental application to the human body during examination.

[0116] This application claims a benefit based on priority of Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-99536, filed on June 8, 2020. The entire contents of the description of Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-99536, filed on June 8, 2020, are incorporated herein by reference.

[0117] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures

[0118] 1…Intracardiac defibrillation electrical device (electrical device); 2…Capacitor; 3…Measurement unit; 4…Arithmetic processing and control unit; 5…Inference unit; 6…Control unit; 8…Power supply unit; 9…Input receiving unit; 10…Waveform generation unit; 11…Patient connection unit; 12…ECG waveform input unit; 13…Warning unit; 14…Recording unit; 15…Display unit; 20…Catheter; 21…First electrode; 22…Second electrode; 23…Third electrode; 24…Surface electrode; 25…Tip blade; 26…Operating unit; 31…First lead; 32…Second lead; 33…Third lead; 35…Electroscope; 40…Intracardiac defibrillation catheter system; C…Electrostatic capacitance; E0…Set energy; E1…Reference energy; E r …the discharge energy of the capacitor after discharging relative to the load resistor and discharge resistor for the third specified time; E s …the discharge energy of the capacitor relative to the analog resistor after discharging for the first specified time; R a …simulated resistance; R b …load resistance; R c …discharge resistance; r…loss resistance; T a …the first specified time; T a1 …the time when the discharge of the simulated resistor is completed; T b …the second specified time; T b1 …the moment when the discharge of the load resistor is completed; T c …the third specified time; T c1 …the moment the discharge of the discharge resistor is completed; V0…the voltage across the capacitor before the discharge of the capacitor relative to the load resistor begins; V a …the imaginary voltage of the capacitor at the moment when the discharge of the simulated resistor is complete; V b …the voltage of the capacitor at the moment when the discharge of the load resistor is complete; V c…the voltage of the capacitor at the moment when the discharge resistor completes its discharge; V ab …The voltage of the capacitor after the first specified time has elapsed since the capacitor began discharging.

Claims

1. An electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, characterized in that, have: A capacitor that stores electrical charge; Load resistance R b The load resistor R b The load resistor R is electrically connected to the capacitor to allow the discharge current from the capacitor to flow through it. b The resistance value is higher than 50Ω; The measuring unit is electrically connected to the capacitor to obtain the capacitance relative to the load resistance R. b The voltage V0 of the capacitor before the discharge begins, and the first predetermined time T elapsed from the start of the discharge of the capacitor. a The voltage V of the capacitor afterwards ab ;as well as The inference unit uses the voltages V0 and V of the capacitor. ab and the first specified time T a The value of is used to calculate the discharge energy E as follows. s The discharge energy E s It is a capacitor that has accumulated a specified charge relative to a specified analog resistance R. a The specified analog resistance R generated during discharge a The resistance value is configured to be lower than the load resistance R. b It also simulates the human heart.

2. The electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The inference unit calculates the electrostatic capacitance C of the capacitor according to the following formula (1), and calculates the capacitance C of the capacitor relative to the analog resistance R according to the following formula (2). a The discharge begins after the first predetermined time T. a The voltage V of the capacitor afterwards a The capacitor is calculated relative to the analog resistance R according to the following formula (3). a The first predetermined time T was discharged. a The discharge energy E at that time s , 【Formula 1】 【Formula 2】 【Formula 3】 In equations (1) to (3) above, r is the load resistance R. b The loss resistance existing outside the defibrillation electrical device within the said cardiac chamber, e is Napier's constant.

3. The electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The inference unit calculates the electrostatic capacitance C of the capacitor according to the following formula (1), and calculates the discharge energy E according to the following formula (4). s , 【Formula 4】 【Formula 5】 In equations (1) and (4) above, r is the load resistance R. b The loss resistance existing outside the defibrillation electrical device within the said cardiac chamber, e is Napier's constant.

4. The electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, Further features: A control unit is connected to the capacitor and the measuring unit to control the charging and discharging of the capacitor. An input receiving unit, connected to the control unit, receives input from the user for input applied to the load resistor R. b The input operation is performed to set the energy E0; as well as Warning unit, the warning unit issues a warning to the user. The control unit sets the reference energy E1 and the discharge energy E within a specified range. s The reference energy E1 within the specified range is determined based on the set energy E0 input to the input receiving unit. The warning unit is at the discharge energy E s A warning is issued when the energy level falls below the reference energy E1.

5. The electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, Further features: A power supply unit, connected to the capacitor, generates an applied voltage; and Discharge resistor R c The discharge resistor R c In comparison to the load resistance R b The capacitor is connected to the power supply side, and the load resistor R is applied. b The remaining energy of the capacitor is then discharged.

6. The electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to claim 5, characterized in that, The measuring unit measures the capacitance relative to the load resistance R. b and the discharge resistor R c The discharge begins after the third specified time T. c The voltage V of the capacitor afterwards c , The inference unit calculates the capacitor relative to the load resistance R according to the following formula (5). b and the discharge resistor R c The discharge lasted for the third specified time T. c Discharge energy E at time r The discharge energy E s With the discharge energy E r Comparison, 【Formula 6】 。 7. The electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to claim 5, characterized in that, The measuring unit measures the capacitance relative to the load resistance R. b and the discharge resistor R c The discharge begins after the third specified time T. c The voltage V of the capacitor afterwards c , The inference unit calculates the capacitor relative to the load resistance R according to the following formula (6). b and the discharge resistor R c The discharge lasted for the third specified time T. c Discharge energy E at time r The discharge energy E s With the discharge energy E r Comparison, 【Formula 7】 。 8. The electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to claim 5, characterized in that, The discharge resistor R c The resistance value is the analog resistance R. a The resistance value is above that.

9. The electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to claim 5, characterized in that, The load resistor R b The resistance value and the discharge resistor R c The resistance values ​​are equal.

10. The electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, The discharge energy E s The calculation is performed automatically within 30 minutes after the main power supply to the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device is turned on.

11. An intracardiac defibrillation catheter system, characterized in that, have: A catheter, inserted into a heart chamber, having a distal end and a proximal end, with multiple electrodes disposed on the distal side of the catheter; and The intracardiac defibrillation electrical device according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device applies a voltage to the plurality of electrodes.

12. A method for inspecting an electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation, characterized in that, Before defibrillation is performed on the patient, the following procedures are performed in sequence: Charge the capacitor; Relative to the load resistor R that is electrically connected to the capacitor and has a resistance value greater than 50Ω. b Discharge; Obtain the capacitor relative to the load resistance R b The voltage V0 of the capacitor before the discharge begins, and the first predetermined time T elapsed from the start of the discharge of the capacitor. a The voltage V of the capacitor afterwards ab ;as well as Based on the obtained voltages V0 and V of the capacitor ab and the first specified time T a The discharge energy is calculated based on the capacitor's discharge energy relative to a specified analog resistance R. a The specified analog resistance R generated during discharge a The resistance value is configured to be lower than the load resistance R. b It also simulates the human heart.

13. The method for inspecting the electrical device for intracardiac defibrillation according to claim 12, characterized in that, Without electrically connecting the intracardiac defibrillation electrical device, intracardiac defibrillation catheter, and electrocardiogram, the steps of charging the capacitor, discharging the capacitor, and obtaining the voltage V0 and V of the capacitor are performed. ab The process of calculating the discharge energy.

Images