A method and mechanism for repairing Panax notoginseng continuous cropping soil by using edible mushroom rotation

Abstract

The present invention provides a method for repairing the soil continuously cropped with Panax notoginseng by edible mushroom rotation, including the following steps: (1) cultivating Dictyophora indusiata or other fungi, (2) ploughing and covering with film, (3) the second rotation, (4) ploughing and covering with film, (5) the third rotation of Dictyophora indusiata, (6) planting Panax notoginseng, and (7) comparing and analyzing the microbial communities of each soil treatment to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of repairing the soil continuously cropped with Panax notoginseng during different rotation processes. The present invention uses edible mushroom rotation to strongly improve the physical structure, physicochemical environment and microbial community of the soil continuously cropped with Panax notoginseng. Through the film covering treatment during the interval period, the hyphae of the previous crop, other aerobic microorganisms and insect eggs are further killed, promoting the successful progress of subsequent rotations. The present invention uses 2-3 rotations of Dictyophora indusiata and other rotations to repair the soil continuously cropped with Panax notoginseng, obtaining good results, with the success rate of three-year-old Panax notoginseng reaching over 90%. It can solve the problem of continuous cropping obstacle of Panax notoginseng within 2 years and promote the coordinated development of the two industries.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for repairing continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng, and particularly to a method for treating continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng by rotation of edible fungi. Background Art

[0002] Panax notoginseng is a perennial root plant of the genus Panax in the Araliaceae family and is a traditional precious Chinese medicinal material in China. Panax notoginseng is rich in effective components such as notoginsenosides, notoginseng polysaccharides, dencichine, flavonoids, etc., and has the effects of hemostasis, promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, detumescence and alleviating pain, nourishing and strengthening, anti-fatigue, anti-oxygen deficiency, anti-aging, reducing blood lipid, reducing blood sugar, and improving the immune function of the body. It has extremely high economic value. The original production areas of Panax notoginseng are in parts of Wenshan, Yunnan and Tianyang, Guangxi. Other places are not suitable for cultivating Panax notoginseng. Especially for the seedling raising and budding of Panax notoginseng, it must survive under the climate conditions of these two regions. In recent years, the medicinal value and market demand of Panax notoginseng have been increasing year by year, resulting in all the lands suitable for growing Panax notoginseng being developed and cultivated with Panax notoginseng. However, due to the serious continuous cropping obstacle of Panax notoginseng, the land where Panax notoginseng has been planted generally needs to be rotated with plants such as corn, vegetables, and legumes for 25 - 30 years before Panax notoginseng can be planted again, resulting in the rarity of unused land for cultivating Panax notoginseng in the current original production areas. The main causes of the continuous cropping obstacle of Panax notoginseng include nutritional imbalance, accumulation of autotoxic substances, and outbreak of root rot disease, etc. The main manifestation is that the probiotics decrease and the pathogenic microorganisms increase during the continuous cropping of Panax notoginseng, and the disease infection increases, resulting in serious root rot of the replanted Panax notoginseng, leading to a decline in the quality and yield of Panax notoginseng, and even a complete crop failure. Currently, the main treatment methods for the problem of continuous cropping obstacle of Panax notoginseng in the industry are to disinfect and inhibit the pathogenic microorganisms in the soil where Panax notoginseng has been planted, including chemical pesticide soil disinfection method, high-temperature steam soil disinfection method, flame calcination soil disinfection method, probiotic microorganism agent addition method, and chloropicrin soil fumigation disinfection method. However, except that a large amount of probiotics can be applied after chloropicrin disinfection to achieve partial area promotion, the rest of the methods are all in the experimental stage and the methods are single. The survival rate of seedlings in the later stage of Panax notoginseng growth is low, the yield is low, and the pesticide residues and heavy metals of some Panax notoginseng do not meet the standards. According to the methods described, the operation steps are cumbersome and the cost is high, making it difficult to promote on Panax notoginseng. Although the chloropicrin soil fumigation disinfection method can be scaled up in the Panax notoginseng planting industry, its cost is high, and chloropicrin is highly toxic and extremely harmful to humans and livestock. There have even been dangerous situations where Panax notoginseng growers were poisoned and hospitalized during the process of Panax notoginseng planting. Therefore, because it belongs to a highly toxic chemical dangerous product, it has been listed as a prohibited agricultural chemical by the state. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for treating continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng by rotation of edible fungi, so as to solve the problems of deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties, nutritional imbalance, accumulation of autotoxic allelochemicals leading to imbalance of microbial communities, increase of pathogenic microorganisms and soil-borne diseases caused by continuous cropping of Panax notoginseng.

[0004] To solve the above technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions to carry out rotation treatment on the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng and verify its repair effect in production. At the same time, the internal mechanism of its soil improvement is studied:

[0005] A method for repairing continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng by rotation of edible fungi, comprising the following steps:

[0006] (1) Cultivate edible fungi such as Dictyophora indusiata in the continuous cropping land where Panax notoginseng has been dug, and carry out the first round of rotation treatment. The specific method is as follows: Uncover the shed and plow the soil where Panax notoginseng has been dug, and then sun it. Then dig ridges to cultivate Dictyophora indusiata (or rotate to cultivate other edible fungi according to the season). The culture medium is 50 - 80% sawdust and 50 - 20% corncob, and the materials are piled and fermented for 7 days. Dig the ridges 20 cm deep and 60 cm wide, fill the materials and sow the seeds of Dictyophora indusiata or other edible fungi. Cover the soil, water it, and cover it with grass to keep moisture. According to the temperature conditions, build a sunshade shed later to shade and produce mushrooms. (When cultivating different edible fungi, the formula and material treatment method need to be adjusted).

[0007] (2) The specific method of plowing and film covering treatment is as follows: Plow the soil where Dictyophora indusiata and other edible fungi have been cultivated and the mushroom production has been completed, sprinkle water, cover it with a thick transparent plastic film, and compact and seal the edges, so that the soil in the continuous cropping land is in an anaerobic environment, so that the incompletely decomposed culture medium continues to decompose, and at the same time, the Dictyophora indusiata hyphae and other aerobic pathogens and insect eggs further die.

[0008] (3) Continue to rotate and cultivate edible fungi such as Stropharia rugosoannulata. The specific method is as follows: Uncover the film of the soil covered for more than 1 month to ventilate, dig ridges, spread the materials, and sow the seeds of Stropharia rugosoannulata or other edible fungi. After sowing, cover the soil, water it, and cover it with grass to keep moisture to make the hyphae grow. The culture medium is 50 - 80% sawdust and 50 - 20% corncob, and the materials are piled and fermented for 7 - 10 days. After spreading the materials, build a sunshade shed in time according to the season and temperature conditions and wait for mushroom production. (When cultivating different edible fungi, the formula and material treatment method need to be adjusted).

[0009] (4) Plow and cover the film again. The specific method is as follows: After harvesting Stropharia rugosoannulata and other edible fungi, plow the land, water it, and cover the film for more than 1 month, so that the incompletely decomposed culture medium continues to decompose under anaerobic conditions, and at the same time, the Stropharia rugosoannulata hyphae, aerobic pathogens and insect eggs die.

[0010] (5) Continue to rotate the cultivation of bamboo fungus or other edible fungi varieties. The specific method is: remove the film from the soil covered for more than one month to ventilate, dig the ridge, spread the material, and sow bamboo fungus or other edible fungi in the third round. After sowing, cover the soil, water, and cover with grass to keep moisture, so that the mycelium grows. The culture medium is 0-80% sawdust, bamboo chips, etc., 80-20% corn cobs, straw, etc., and other culture materials in a certain proportion. The pile ferments for 2-10 days. After spreading the material and sowing, build a sunshade in time according to the mycelium growth and temperature conditions to wait for mushrooms to grow (the formula and material processing method need to be adjusted for cultivating different edible fungi).

[0011] (6) Plowing and mulching again. The specific method is: after harvesting the cultivated edible fungi, plow the land, water and cover with film for more than one month, so that the incompletely decomposed culture medium can continue to decompose under anaerobic conditions, and at the same time, the mycelium of edible fungi, aerobic pathogens and eggs of Panax notoginseng root-knot nematodes can be further killed.

[0012] The specific method is to remove the film for ventilation after the film fermentation is completed, so that the soil microorganisms can reach a new balance. Wait for the opportunity to cultivate Panax notoginseng again.

[0013] The soil microbial communities before and after different edible fungus rotations were detected and analyzed. The specific method was: high-throughput sequencing was used to compare the soil microbial communities before and after rotation and non-rotation, and different rotation treatments, and the intrinsic mechanism of the edible fungus rotation on soil remediation was preliminarily studied.

[0014] A further technical solution is that the continuous cropping land in step (1) is plowed about 30 cm, air-dried for 7 to 10 days, dug into a 20 cm deep furrow with a filling thickness of 20 to 30 cm, and the amount of culture medium is about 5 tons / mu. After sowing bamboo fungus or other edible fungi species, the thickness of the soil covering the bamboo fungus cultivation when treating the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng is increased from the normal cultivation soil covering thickness of 5 cm to the soil covering thickness of 8 to 10 cm, so as to promote the growth of bamboo fungus hyphae into the soil, increase the close contact between the hyphae and the soil, and enhance the treatment effect.

[0015] A further technical solution is that in step (2), the tillage depth is 40 cm, and the method is to use a large tiller for deep tillage, and then use a rotary tiller to break up and fully mix the 20 cm of soil that has been tilled; before covering with plastic, water is sprinkled on the soil to remove the air in the soil gap, the film thickness is 0.5 mm, and it is not damaged or airtight, and the edges are sealed with soil.

[0016] A further technical solution is that the soil layer for cultivating the Stropharia in step (3) is 8-10 cm, which is more than twice as thick as the 3-5 cm soil layer for ordinary cultivation of Stropharia. The purpose is to increase the mycelium of the Stropharia so that it grows in large quantities in the soil layer, thereby increasing the close contact between the mycelium and the soil and enhancing the treatment effect.

[0017] A further technical solution is as follows: In step (4), plow to a depth of 30 cm for deep plowing; before covering with plastic, sprinkle water on the soil to expel the air in the soil gaps. The thickness of the film is 0.5 cm, and it is not damaged and airtight. Seal the edges with soil all around.

[0018] A further technical solution is as follows: In steps (1), (3), and (5), cultivate Dictyophora indusiata or other edible fungi. The culture medium is adjusted according to the requirements of the strain. For example, the culture medium for Dictyophora indusiata is sawdust, bamboo chips 50 - 100%, and corncob 50 - 0%, and the compost is fermented for 5 - 10 days; the culture medium for Volvariella volvacea is rice straw and corncob, and the compost is fermented for 3 - 5 days; and so on.

[0019] A further technical solution is as follows: In step (6), plow and cover with film again. The specific method is: The plowing depth this time is 30 cm, and the film is uncovered for ventilation 1 month after covering.

[0020] A further technical solution is as follows: In step (7), uncover the film for ventilation. The specific method is: Conduct the last plowing treatment on the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng after rotation treatment. After restoring the natural microbial ecology of the soil again, ridge according to the standard procedure of Panax notoginseng cultivation and then transplant the seedlings of Panax notoginseng. The plowing depth this time is 20 - 30 cm.

[0021] A further technical solution is as follows: In step (8), comparative analysis of soil microbial communities. The specific method is: Set double controls of untreated and only film - covered treatments during the process of treating the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng; sample the treated soil, untreated soil, film - covered soil, and non - film - covered soil simultaneously. Total DNA is extracted from all soil samples, and gene amplification, library construction, and high - throughput sequencing analysis are carried out on the microbial communities such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in them using different microbial - specific primers. The structure and ecological effects of the microbial communities in the rotated and non - rotated soils are clarified through comparative analysis of microbial communities. For the soil sampling method, adopt the S - shaped sampling method. Take 3 samples from each treated plot, and mix 5 sampling points along the S - shaped curve into 1 sample for each sample. Take the soil from the soil layer of 5 - 20 cm at each sampling point. The steps for analyzing the microbial communities of soil samples include: Take 2 g of soil samples, extract the total DNA in them, amplify and construct a library for the 16S gene fragment of prokaryotes such as bacteria and actinomycetes in them, and adopt the method of the third - generation high - throughput sequencing to analyze the diversity and abundance of prokaryotic microorganisms; amplify and construct a library for the ITS sequence of fungal DNA in the soil samples, and also adopt the method of the third - generation high - throughput sequencing to analyze the diversity and abundance of soil fungi. To study the changes in the structure of the soil micro - community before and after the rotation treatment with edible fungi and analyze its ecological effects.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0023] By using edible mushroom rotation, the soil nutrient components and physical and chemical environment are strongly improved; through the growth of edible mushroom mycelia in the substrate and the upper and lower layers of soil, anaerobic and acid-producing conditions are created and bactericidal substances are released to kill pathogenic microorganisms and eggs therein; through the omnipresent growth of edible mushroom mycelia in the soil, the soil compaction state is improved to form a loose and breathable soil structure. By supplementing with soil film mulching treatment, anaerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria contained in the soil itself are utilized to decompose the incompletely decomposed substrate therein and further create an anaerobic environment, while causing the further death of Dictyophora indusiata mycelia and aerobic pathogens. By using edible mushroom rotation, a large amount of organic matter such as straw and wood chips is applied to the soil, and a large amount of nutrient components are left in the soil after these organic matters are decomposed, regulating the nutrient balance and physical and chemical state of the soil. The present invention uses the method of natural rotation to ecologically repair the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng, so that the two-year survival rate of Panax notoginseng seed strips reaches more than 90%. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] Figure 1 is the main dominant community of soil bacteria. Among them, S1 is the sample after cultivating Stropharia rugosoannulata and then conducting film mulching treatment; S2 is the soil sample after cultivating Dictyophora indusiata and then conducting film mulching treatment; S3 is the sample with only film mulching treatment without rotation; S4 is the sample without any treatment after cultivating Panax notoginseng.

[0025] Figure 2 is the soil fungal community structure. Among them, S1 is the sample after cultivating Stropharia rugosoannulata and then conducting film mulching treatment; S2 is the soil sample after cultivating Dictyophora indusiata and then conducting film mulching treatment; S3 is the sample with only film mulching treatment without rotation; S4 is the soil sample without any treatment after cultivating Panax notoginseng. DETAILED IMPLEMENTATION METHOD

[0026] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer and more understandable, the following further details the invention in conjunction with embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention. Example 1

[0027] In June 2018, at the Yanshan Experimental Base 1 of the Panax notoginseng Research Institute of Wenshan University, a method for repairing the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng by using edible mushroom rotation was started, including the following steps:

[0028] 1. Select 60 m 2 in the continuous cropping land where Panax notoginseng has been dug and cultivate Dictyophora indusiata as the experimental area, and select 60 m 2 in the same shed as the control area (where control area 1 is 30 m 2 ; control area 2 is 30 m 2). The specific method is as follows: In June 2018, the continuous cropping soils in the experimental area and the control area where Panax notoginseng had been dug were uncovered and deeply plowed, and after being sun-dried for half a month, ridges were dug in the experimental area for cultivating Dictyophora rubrovolvata, while the two control areas were left vacant. Among them, the culture medium for cultivating Dictyophora rubrovolvata consisted of 70% sawdust and 30% bamboo chips and shavings. During cultivation, the ridges were dug 15 cm deep and 60 cm wide, filled with materials 20 cm thick, and the Dictyophora rubrovolvata strains were sown at 1 bag per square meter. After that, the cultivated materials were covered with 4 cm of soil, watered, and covered with pine needles to keep moist. Subsequent cultivation management referred to the standard method of Dictyophora rubrovolvata, including building a sunshade shed for shading and fruiting. The fruiting and harvesting were completed in April 2019.

[0029] 2. Deep plowing and film covering treatment. The specific method is as follows: The soil where Dictyophora rubrovolvata had been cultivated and fruiting was deeply plowed by 40 cm, the air in the soil gaps was removed by sprinkling water with a sprinkler irrigation, the soil was covered with a thick transparent plastic film, and the boundaries were compacted and sealed for 1 month to make the soil in the continuous cropping field in a micro-anaerobic environment, so that the incompletely decomposed culture medium continued to decompose, and at the same time, the mycelia of Stropharia rugosoannulata died. The control area was also plowed, and the "control area 1" was selected for film covering treatment.

[0030] 3. In May 2019, Ecologically improved Dictyophora indusiata was continuously cropped and cultivated in the experimental area. The specific method is as follows: The plastic films covering the "experimental area" and "control area 1" for more than 1 month were uncovered to allow the soil to breathe, then ridges were dug, materials were spread, and Dictyophora indusiata strains were sown in the "experimental area". After that, the soil was covered, watered, and covered with grass to keep moist to allow the mycelia to grow. Among them, the culture medium for cultivation consisted of 60% sawdust and 40% corncobs, and the materials were piled and fermented for 7 - 10 days; the ridges were dug 20 cm deep and 60 cm wide. After spreading the materials for cultivation, a sunshade shed was timely built according to the season, temperature conditions and the growth of mycelia to wait for Dictyophora indusiata to fruit. Generally, fruiting starts in August - September, and a small arch shed was added in October to promote the fruiting completion of Ecologically improved Dictyophora indusiata. Control area 1 and control area 2 were left vacant.

[0031] 4. Deep plowing and film covering. The specific method is as follows: After harvesting Dictyophora indusiata, the land was plowed by 30 cm in November 2019, watered and covered with a film for more than 1 month to allow the incompletely decomposed culture medium to continue to decompose under anaerobic conditions, and at the same time, the Dictyophora indusiata mycelia and the remaining aerobic pathogenic bacteria and eggs further died. Among them, "control area 1" was plowed together and covered with a film again, while "control area 2" was left vacant.

[0032] 5. Uncovering the film and deep plowing. The specific method is as follows: After the fermentation of film covering ended, the film was uncovered and the soil was plowed by 20 cm to allow the soil to reach a new ecological balance by breathing. Wait for the opportunity to cultivate Panax notoginseng again.

[0033] 6. Collect soil samples after the completion of Dictyophora echinovolvata cultivation and film mulching treatment according to the standard method, denoted as soil samples S2-1, S2-2, S2-3; at the same time, take soil samples from control 1 and control area 2, labeled as S3-1, S3-2, S3-3 and S4-1, S4-2, S4-3 respectively. After removing debris from each sample, take 5-10 g and dissolve it in the sampler, and send it to the Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences at room temperature for high-throughput sequencing analysis.

[0034] 8. Transplant Panax notoginseng seedlings in January 2020 (for subsequent Panax notoginseng cultivation management methods, refer to patent CN201811269860.X). Before transplantation, ridge formation is carried out according to the standard method, and then the same batch of one-year-old Panax notoginseng is transplanted simultaneously in the experimental area and the control area, with 130 plants transplanted per hole. During the water and fertilizer management process after the transplantation of Panax notoginseng, all water-soluble fertilizers are used, and while watering, the water-soluble fertilizers are evenly dripped into the soil layer with the help of a sprinkler irrigation device. The water-soluble fertilizers applied are organic fertilizers, compound fertilizers, and diammonium phosphate; the sum of the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, and potassium oxide in the organic fertilizer accounts for 12.0%, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio in the compound fertilizer is 15:15:30, and the nitrogen-to-phosphorus pentoxide ratio in the diammonium phosphate is 18:46. The specific dosage and time of watering and fertilization are as follows: For one-year-old Panax notoginseng, water is applied three times in the first month after transplantation, with a water consumption of 6 m 3 / mu each time; water is applied twice in the second month after transplantation, with a water consumption of 6 m 3 / mu each time;

[0035] For one-year-old Panax notoginseng, water is applied three times in the third month after transplantation, with water consumption of 6 m 3 / mu, 5 m 3 / mu, and 5 m 3 / mu respectively. Water is applied three times in the fourth month after transplantation, with a water consumption of 5 m 3 / mu each time.

[0036] For one-year-old Panax notoginseng, water is applied twice in the fifth month after transplantation, with a water consumption of 5 m 3 / mu each time, the dosage of diammonium phosphate is 5 kg / mu once and the dosage of compound fertilizer is 5 kg / mu once; solid compound fertilizer is applied in the seventh month after transplantation, with a dosage of 5 kg / mu; water is applied once in the ninth month after transplantation, with a water consumption of 4.5 m 3 / mu, and 5 kg / mu of diammonium phosphate is applied once with the sprinkler irrigation device; water is applied once in the tenth month after transplantation, with a water consumption of 4.5 m 3 / mu, and 5 kg / mu of compound fertilizer is applied once with the sprinkler irrigation device.

[0037] For one-year-old Panax notoginseng, water is applied once in the eleventh month after transplantation, with a water consumption of 5 m 3 / mu, and 20 kg / mu of compound microbial fertilizer is applied once with the sprinkler irrigation device; water is applied once in the twelfth month after transplantation, with a water consumption of 5 m 3per mu, and apply a compound microbial fertilizer and a compound fertilizer once each with the drip irrigation device, with the application rates being 25 kg / mu and 5 kg / mu respectively.

[0038] For annual pseudo-ginseng, water three times in the 13th month after transplanting, with the water consumption per time being 5 m 3 / mu, and apply a compound microbial fertilizer at 15 kg / mu once with the sprinkler irrigation device; water twice in the 14th month after transplanting, with the water consumption per time being 6 m 3 / mu, and apply a compound microbial fertilizer at 15 kg / mu once with the sprinkler irrigation device.

[0039] For annual pseudo-ginseng seedlings, water three times in the 15th month after transplanting, with the water consumption being 6 m 3 / mu, 5 m 3 / mu, 5 m 3 / mu, and apply a compound microbial fertilizer at 10 kg / mu once with the sprinkler irrigation device; water three times in the 16th month after transplanting, with the water consumption per time being 5 m 3 / mu, and apply a compound microbial fertilizer at 15 kg / mu once with the sprinkler irrigation device;

[0040] For annual pseudo-ginseng, water twice in the 17th month after transplanting, with the water consumption per time being 5 m 3 / mu, and apply the compound microbial fertilizer twice with the application rate of 15 kg / mu each time, apply diammonium phosphate at 5 kg / mu once and apply compound fertilizer at 5 kg / mu once with the sprinkler irrigation device; apply solid compound fertilizer at 5 kg / mu in the 19th month after transplanting; water once in the 21st month after transplanting, with the water consumption being 4 m 3 / mu, and apply a compound microbial fertilizer and diammonium phosphate at 15 kg / mu and 5 kg / mu respectively once with the sprinkler irrigation device; water once in the 22nd month after transplanting, with the water consumption being 4 m 3 / mu, and apply a compound microbial fertilizer and a compound fertilizer at 15 kg / mu and 5 kg / mu respectively once with the sprinkler irrigation device.

[0041] For annual pseudo-ginseng, water once in the 23rd month after transplanting, with the water consumption being 4 m 3 / mu, and apply a compound microbial fertilizer at 20 kg / mu once with the sprinkler irrigation device.

[0042] According to the above planting method, collect relevant experimental data from 4 months to 22 months after transplanting, including emergence rate, survival rate, biomass and incidence of root rot. See Table 1 and Table 2 for the relevant data. Example 2

[0043] In May 2018, at the Yanshan Experimental Base 2 of the Pseudo-ginseng Research Institute of Wenshan University, start a method for repairing continuous cropping soil of pseudo-ginseng by using edible mushroom rotation, including the following steps:

[0044] 1. Select a 60m2 2 As the experimental area 2, Dictyophora spinulosa was cultivated. 60m 2 For the control area (of which the control area 1, 30m 2 ; Control area 2, 30m 2 ). The specific method is: in April 2018, the continuous cropping soil where Panax notoginseng was dug was uncovered and plowed, and after drying for 1 month, the experimental area was dug to cultivate Dictyophora spinulosa, and the two control areas were left vacant. Among them, the cultivation medium for Dictyophora spinulosa was 60% sawdust and 40% corn cobs, and the pile was fermented for 10 days. During cultivation, the ridges were dug 20 cm deep and 60 cm wide, and the fillings were sown with Stropharia capensis spawn, 1 bag of spawn per square meter. Afterwards, the sown culture medium was covered with soil, watered, and covered with pine needles to keep it moist. According to the temperature conditions, a sunshade was built after the Spring Festival to shade the mushrooms. The mushrooms were harvested in September-October 2018.

[0045] 2. Ploughing and film covering treatment. The specific method is: plough the soil where Dictyophora spinulosa has been cultivated and the mushrooms have been produced, use sprinkler irrigation to remove the air in the soil gaps, cover the soil with thick transparent plastic film, and compact and seal the border for 1 month, so that the soil in the continuous cropping field is in a micro-anaerobic environment, so that the incompletely decomposed culture matrix continues to decompose, and the Dictyophora mycelium and the remaining aerobic pathogens and eggs are further killed. The control area is also ploughed, and the "control area 1" is selected for film covering treatment.

[0046] 3. In November 2018, the rotation cultivation of Stropharia in the experimental area continued. The specific method was as follows: the plastic film covering the "experimental area" and "control area 1" for more than 1 month was uncovered to allow the soil to ventilate. Dig ridges in the experimental area to cultivate Stropharia. Among them, the culture medium for cultivating Stropharia is 70% sawdust and 30% corn cobs, and the pile is fermented for 14 days. During cultivation, the ridges are dug 20 cm deep and 60 cm wide, and the Stropharia spawn is sown in the filler, with 1 bag of spawn per square meter. After that, cover the sown culture medium with soil, water, and cover with pine needles to keep it moist. According to the temperature conditions, build a sunshade after the Spring Festival to shade the mushrooms. The mushroom harvest was completed in March and April 2019.

[0047] 3. Ploughing and film covering: After harvesting the Stropharia, plow the land, water and cover with film for more than one month, so that the incompletely decomposed culture material continues to decompose under anaerobic conditions, and the Stropharia hyphae and the remaining aerobic pathogens and eggs are further killed. The "control area 1" is plowed and film covered again, and the "control area 2" is left vacant.

[0048] 4. In May 2019, Dictyophora echinovolvata was cultivated again by rotation in the experimental area. The specific method was as follows: Uncover the plastic films covering the "experimental area" and "control area 1" for more than 1 month to ventilate the soil. Dig ridges in the experimental area to cultivate Dictyophora echinovolvata, and leave the two control areas vacant. Among them, the cultivation material for Dictyophora echinovolvata was 60% sawdust and 40% corncob, and the material was composted and fermented for 10 days. During cultivation, dig ridges 20 cm deep and 60 cm wide, fill the material and sow the strain of Stropharia rugosoannulata, 1 bag of strain per square meter. Then, cover the soil, water, and cover with pine needles to keep moisture on the sown cultivation material. According to the temperature conditions, build a sunshade after the Spring Festival to shade for fruiting. The fruiting and harvesting were completed from September to October 2019.

[0049] 5. Plow and cover with film. The specific method was as follows: After harvesting Dictyophora echinovolvata, plow the land 30 cm deep, water and cover with film for more than 1 month, so that the incompletely decomposed cultivation material continued to decompose under anaerobic conditions, and at the same time, the hyphae of Dictyophora echinovolvata and the remaining aerobic pathogenic bacteria and eggs further died. Among them, "control area 1" was plowed and covered with film again together, and "control area 2" was left vacant.

[0050] 6. Uncover the film and plow. The specific method was as follows: After the fermentation of covering with film ended, uncover the film and plow to ventilate, so that the soil reached the natural ecological balance again. Wait for the opportunity to cultivate Panax notoginseng again.

[0051] 7. Transplant the seedlings of Panax notoginseng in January 2020 (for the subsequent cultivation and management methods of Panax notoginseng, refer to Patent CN201811269860.X). Before transplantation, ridge the land according to the standard method, and then transplant the same batch of one-year-old Panax notoginseng in the experimental area and the control area at the same time, with 130 plants transplanted per empty space, and the subsequent management methods were the same as those in Example 1.

[0052] According to the above planting method, relevant test data were collected 4 to 22 months after transplantation, including the emergence rate, survival rate, biomass, and incidence of root rot. The relevant data are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Example 3

[0053] In September 2018, at the Yanshan Experimental Base 3 of the Panax notoginseng Research Institute of Wenshan University, a method for repairing the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng by rotation of edible fungi was started, including the following steps:

[0054] 1. Select 60 m in the continuous cropping land where Panax notoginseng has been dug 2 , and select 60 m in the same shed 2 as the control area (among them, control area 1, 30 m 2 ; control area 2, 30 m 2 ). The specific method was as follows: In April 2018, uncover the shed and plow the continuous cropping soil where Panax notoginseng has been dug, and the experimental area and the control area were simultaneously sun-dried until September 2018.

[0055] 2. In September 2018, Stropharia rugoso-annulata was cultivated by rotation in the experimental area. The specific method was as follows: The experimental area was dug into beds for cultivating Stropharia rugoso-annulata. Among them, the cultivation medium for Stropharia rugoso-annulata was 70% sawdust and 30% corncob, and it was composted and fermented for 14 days. During cultivation, the beds were dug 20 cm deep and 60 cm wide, filled with 25 cm of material, and inoculated with Stropharia rugoso-annulata strains at a rate of 1 bag per square meter. After that, the inoculated cultivation medium was covered with soil, watered, and covered with pine needles to maintain moisture. According to the temperature conditions, a sunshade shed was built before the Spring Festival to provide shade for fruiting. The fruiting and harvesting were completed from March to April 2019. Control area 1 and control area 2 were left vacant.

[0056] Plowing and mulching, the specific method was as follows: After harvesting Stropharia rugoso-annulata, the land was plowed, watered, and mulched for more than 1 month, so that the incompletely decomposed cultivation medium continued to decompose under anaerobic conditions, and at the same time, the mycelia of Stropharia rugoso-annulata and the remaining aerobic pathogens and eggs further died. Among them, "control area 1" was plowed and mulched together, and "control area 2" was left vacant.

[0057] Uncovering the film for ventilation. In May 2019, beds were dug again in the experimental area to cultivate Dictyophora echinovolvata, and the two control areas were left vacant. Among them, the cultivation medium for Dictyophora echinovolvata was 60% sawdust and 40% corncob, and it was composted and fermented for 10 days. During cultivation, the beds were dug 20 cm deep and 60 cm wide, filled with material and inoculated with Dictyophora echinovolvata strains at a rate of 1 bag per square meter. After that, the inoculated cultivation medium was covered with soil, watered, and covered with pine needles to maintain moisture. According to the mycelial growth and temperature conditions, a sunshade shed was built after the Spring Festival to provide shade for fruiting. The fruiting and harvesting were completed from July to August 2019.

[0058] Plowing and mulching, the specific method was as follows: After harvesting Dictyophora echinovolvata, the land was plowed, watered, and mulched for more than 1 month, so that the incompletely decomposed cultivation medium continued to decompose under anaerobic conditions, and at the same time, the mycelia of Dictyophora echinovolvata and the remaining aerobic pathogens and eggs further died. Among them, "control area 1" was plowed and mulched together, and "control area 2" was left vacant.

[0059] The specific method was as follows: The experimental area and control area 1 were plowed, watered, and mulched for 1 month. After the mulching fermentation was completed, the film was uncovered for ventilation to make the soil reach a natural ecological balance again. Wait for the opportunity to cultivate Panax notoginseng again.

[0060] 6. According to the standard sampling method, the soil after the cultivation of Stropharia rugoso-annulata and the mulching treatment was sampled and sent to the Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for microbial community analysis. The soil sample numbers were S1-1, S1-2, and S1-3.

[0061] 7. Transplant the Panax notoginseng seedlings (for subsequent Panax notoginseng cultivation and management methods, refer to Patent CN201811269860.X). The specific method is as follows: In January 2020, before transplantation, ridges are formed according to the standard method. Then, the same batch of one-year-old Panax notoginseng is transplanted simultaneously in the experimental area and the control area, with 130 plants transplanted per hole. After the transplantation of Panax notoginseng, the water and fertilizer management refer to Example 1.

[0062] According to the above planting method, relevant experimental data are collected from 4 months to 22 months after transplantation, including the emergence rate, survival rate, biomass, and incidence of root rot disease. The relevant data are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.

[0063] Table 1 Average emergence rate, survival rate, and biomass of different treatments

[0064]

[0065] Table 2 Incidence of root rot disease during the growth of Panax notoginseng

[0066]

[0067] As can be seen from Table 1, compared with no treatment (positive control), after the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng is treated by the rotation of edible fungi in the methods of Example 1, Example 2, and Example 3, and then Panax notoginseng is cultivated again, the incidence of diseases is greatly reduced, and the average emergence rate, survival rate, and biomass of Panax notoginseng are improved. At the same time, it also shows that compared with the positive control and the treatment without cultivating edible fungi by rotation, the treatment of only watering and covering with film (Control 1) can partially extend the survival time of Panax notoginseng and reduce the incidence of root rot disease to a small extent, and has no obvious effect on solving the problem of continuous cropping of Panax notoginseng.

[0068] As can be seen from Table 2, the average incidence rates of Panax notoginseng cultivated in the treatment plots of Experimental Example 1, Experimental Example 2, and Experimental Example 3 at different times are much lower than their respective controls. The controls 2 and 1 of the three plots suffered a large number of diseases in the rainy seasons of the first and second years, namely, in July - August every year, and the survival rate was less than 5% in September after the rainy season. However, in the rainy seasons of each year in Example 1, Example 2, and Example 3, there was no large number of diseases, the survival rate was good in autumn and winter, and the survival rate was still above 85% at the harvesting stage. Moreover, starting from the second-year Panax notoginseng, red seeds can be normally produced every autumn. It can be shown that a method for improving the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng by the rotation of edible fungi provided by the present invention greatly reduces the occurrence of root rot disease during the growth of Panax notoginseng, significantly improves the survival rate of Panax notoginseng, and is beneficial to solving the problem of continuous cropping obstacle of Panax notoginseng.

[0069] Previously, the method of natural dry farming rotation generally took 25 years of dry farming to slowly alleviate soil-borne diseases and finally return to the normal level. Some studies carried out paddy-upland rotation, using rice and other dry crops alternately for soil restoration, but still had little effect within 15 years. In the present invention, obvious effects can be seen after 2-3 rounds of rotation treatment with edible fungi such as Dictyophora indusiata. During this process, we carried out a follow-up study and comparative analysis on the microecological changes in the soil during the treatment of different rotation varieties. The results are as Figure 1 , Figure 2 shown.

[0070] It can be Figure 1 seen that there are significant differences in the soil bacteria after cultivating Dictyophora indusiata by rotation compared with cultivating Stropharia rugoso-annulata and various controls. After cultivating Dictyophora indusiata, Sphingomonas ( Sphingomonas sp, cra20; Sphingomonas sp.FARSPH) and Brevibacterium flavescens ( Ralstonia pickettii ) accounted for an absolute advantage, and their abundances exceeded 80% of the total soil microorganisms. This is consistent with the results reported in the relevant literature on the health of plant cultivation soil, indicating that such microorganisms have a protective effect on plants. Some literature studies have shown that the abundances of Sphingomonas ( Sphingomonas ), Flavobacterium ( Flavobacterium ), Paenibacillus ( Paenibacillus ), Actinoplanes ( Actinoplanes ) and other groups in low-disease soils are significantly higher than those in high-disease soils.

[0071] Previously, some studies reported that using the method of cultivating Morchella esculenta to treat the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng had little effect. This study also found that only using Stropharia rugoso-annulata to repair the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng was not obvious. This study found that cultivating Dictyophora indusiata had a unique effect on repairing the continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng. Among them, Figure 1 Page shows one of its internal mechanisms.

[0072] Figure 2 It shows that after rotating Dictyophora indusiata in the continuous cropping land where Panax notoginseng has been cultivated, the pathogenic Aspergillus microorganisms ( Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus fumigatus; Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus oryzae) in the soil were significantly reduced; a pathogen causing grape rot ( Talaromyces rugulosus ) was reduced; Thermothelomyces thermophilus was somewhat reduced. A kind of amine-converting fungus (Sugiyamaella lignohabitans) increased significantly, improving the soil amine-converting ability; a kind of nematode-eating fungus (Pochonia chlamydosporia) increased significantly, which could significantly improve the phagocytosis ability of soil root-knot nematodes and their eggs; an unknown microorganism (Homo sapiens) increased.

Claims

1. A method for repairing continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng by using edible mushroom rotation, characterized in that It includes the following steps: (1) Cultivate Dictyophora indusiata in the continuous cropping plot where Panax notoginseng has been dug. The specific method is as follows: Uncover the shed and plow the soil where Panax notoginseng has been dug, and then sun it. After that, dig a ridge for cultivating Dictyophora indusiata. The ridge is 20 cm deep and 60 cm wide. Fill the ridge with materials and sow Dictyophora indusiata, cover the soil, water it, and cover it with grass to keep it moist. According to the temperature conditions, build a sunshade shed later to provide shade for fruiting; (2) After harvesting Dictyophora indusiata, carry out plowing and film covering treatment. The specific method is as follows: Plow and sprinkle water on the soil where Dictyophora indusiata has been cultivated and fruited, cover it with a thick transparent plastic film, and compact and seal the edges to make the soil in the continuous cropping plot in an anaerobic environment, so that the incompletely decomposed culture medium undergoes anaerobic fermentation and continues to decompose. At the same time, make the Dictyophora indusiata mycelium and other aerobic pathogens and insect eggs further die under anaerobic conditions; (3) Cultivate Stropharia rugosoannulata after uncovering the film for ventilation. The specific method is as follows: Uncover the film of the soil covered for more than 1 month for ventilation, dig a ridge, spread the materials, and sow Stropharia rugosoannulata. After sowing, cover the soil, water it, and cover it with grass to keep it moist to make the mycelium grow. The culture material is 50 - 80% sawdust and 50 - 20% corncob. Pile and ferment the materials for 7 - 10 days. After spreading the materials and sowing, build a sunshade shed in time according to the mycelium growth situation and climate conditions and wait for fruiting; (4) Carry out plowing and film covering treatment again after harvesting Stropharia rugosoannulata; (5) After uncovering the film for ventilation, change to another variety of Dictyophora indusiata and carry out another round of rotation of Dictyophora indusiata cultivation; (6) Carry out plowing and film covering treatment again; (7) Uncover the film for ventilation and wait for the opportunity to cultivate Panax notoginseng again.

2. The method for repairing Panax notoginseng continuous cropping soil by using edible mushroom rotation according to claim 1, wherein: For the plowing and film covering treatment carried out again in step (4), the specific method is as follows: After harvesting Stropharia rugosoannulata, plow the land, water it, and cover it with a film for more than 1 month to make the incompletely decomposed culture material continue to decompose under anaerobic conditions. At the same time, make the Stropharia rugosoannulata mycelium, aerobic pathogens, and remaining insect eggs die.

3. The method for repairing the soil continuously cropped with Panax notoginseng by using edible fungi rotation according to claim 1, wherein: For step (5), the specific method is as follows: Uncover the film of the soil covered for more than 1 month for ventilation, dig a ridge, spread the materials, and sow another variety of Dictyophora indusiata. After sowing, cover the soil, water it, and cover it with grass to keep it moist to make the mycelium grow. After spreading the materials and sowing, build a sunshade shed in time according to the mycelium growth situation and temperature conditions and wait for fruiting.

4. A method for repairing continuous cropping soil of Panax notoginseng by using edible mushroom rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that: For step (6), the specific method is as follows: After harvesting the edible fungus, plow the land, water it, and cover it with a film for more than 1 month to make the incompletely decomposed culture material continue to decompose under anaerobic conditions. At the same time, make the edible fungus mycelium, aerobic pathogens, and remaining root-knot nematode eggs further die.

5. A method for repairing Panax notoginseng continuous cropping soil by using edible mushroom rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that: For step (7), the specific method is as follows: After the film covering fermentation is over, uncover the film for ventilation and wait for cultivating Panax notoginseng again.

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