An experimental animal modeling auxiliary device

Abstract

The application discloses an experimental animal modeling auxiliary device, which comprises a feeding cage, a feeding box is slidably installed on the inner side of the feeding cage, a partition plate is fixedly installed in the feeding box, the partition plate divides the feeding box into a feed cavity and a water cavity, a height adjusting mechanism is arranged below the feeding box, and the height adjusting mechanism is used for adjusting the height of the feeding box; a plurality of threaded grooves are formed in the outer wall of the feeding box, a restraint part is detachably installed in the threaded grooves, and the restraint part is used for fixing the forelimbs of the feeding animal; a pressurizing mechanism is arranged on the top of the feeding cage and is correspondingly arranged with the restraint part, and the pressurizing mechanism is used for increasing the weight of the feeding animal. The application simulates the state of the human knee joint from two aspects of mechanical characteristics and motion characteristics, thereby being closer to the pathogenesis characteristics of human knee osteoarthritis, better researching the pathogenesis and process of knee osteoarthritis, and better assisting the modeling of knee osteoarthritis of rats, so that the modeling is more scientific and reasonable.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of medical device technology, and in particular relates to an auxiliary device for experimental animal modeling. Background Technology

[0002] Animal models are experimental subjects and materials established in biomedical scientific research that exhibit mimicking behaviors of human diseases. The use of animal models is an extremely important experimental method and tool in modern biomedical research, helping to more conveniently and effectively understand the occurrence and development of human diseases and to study prevention and treatment measures.

[0003] Rats are important animal models for studying the pathogenesis, risk factors, and treatment of osteoarthritis due to their small size, high reproductive rate, short lifespan, and the ability to perform gene knockout. Currently, methods for establishing knee osteoarthritis models in rats mainly include spontaneous models and artificially induced models. Because rats are lightweight and their joint mobility is limited due to long-term confinement in cages, it is difficult to effectively simulate the daily joint movement and upright weight-bearing of humans to establish an effective arthritis model. Artificially induced models are mainly established through intra-articular drug injection or surgical methods. However, intra-articular drug injection can damage articular cartilage and other soft tissues, and it is not the primary cause of knee osteoarthritis in humans; while surgical modeling methods involve significant technical difficulties and individual variability.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a device that can more closely simulate the daily weight-bearing and exercise volume of the human knee joint to assist in the modeling of knee osteoarthritis in rats. This is of great significance for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide an auxiliary device for experimental animal modeling to solve the problems existing in the prior art.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides an auxiliary device for experimental animal modeling, comprising a feeding cage, a feeding box slidably mounted on one inner side of the feeding cage, a partition fixedly mounted inside the feeding box, the partition dividing the feeding box into a feed chamber and a water chamber, a height adjustment mechanism provided below the feeding box for adjusting the height of the feeding box; a plurality of threaded grooves are formed on the outer wall of the feeding box, and restraints are detachably mounted in the threaded grooves for fixing the forelimbs of the animal; a pressure boosting mechanism is provided at the top of the feeding cage, corresponding to the restraints, and the pressure boosting mechanism is used to increase the load on the animal.

[0007] Preferably, the height adjustment mechanism includes two parallel horizontal plates, which are fixedly installed on the inner bottom plate of the feeding cage. One end of each horizontal plate is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the feeding cage, and the other end of each horizontal plate is fixedly connected to a connecting plate. A slider is slidably installed between the two horizontal plates. A threaded through hole is provided in the middle of the slider, and a lead screw is threaded into the threaded through hole. One end of the lead screw is rotatably connected to the connecting plate, and the other end of the lead screw passes through the feeding cage and is fixedly connected to a crank handle. A gap is provided between the lead screw and the feeding cage. A foot pedal is provided on the side of the connecting plate away from the horizontal plates, and the foot pedal is detachably connected to the connecting plate. A vertical through hole is provided on the foot pedal, and a horizontal elongated hole is provided on the bottom plate of the feeding cage. The vertical through hole corresponds to the horizontal elongated hole. A support rod is slidably installed in the vertical through hole. A connecting rod is hinged to the top of the slider, and the end of the connecting rod is hinged to the top side wall of the support rod. The top of the support rod contacts and engages with the bottom of the feeding box.

[0008] Preferably, a dovetail groove is fixedly provided on the inner wall of the feeding cage along the vertical direction, and the feeding cage is slidably installed in the dovetail groove.

[0009] Preferably, positioning plates are fixedly connected to both sides of the connecting plate, and the foot pedal is disposed between the two positioning plates; a positioning through hole is provided on the positioning plate, and a positioning groove is provided on the foot pedal, with the positioning through hole and the positioning groove corresponding to each other; a positioning rod is slidably connected in the positioning through hole, the positioning rod has a T-shaped structure, a tension spring is sleeved on the positioning rod, and the two ends of the tension spring are fixedly connected to the positioning plate and the positioning rod, respectively.

[0010] Preferably, the pressurization mechanism includes an air outlet pipe fixedly installed on the top of the feeding cage, the air outlet pipe being located directly above the restraint member, and the bottom end of the air outlet pipe having a plurality of air outlets, the air outlets having a V-shaped structure; one end of the air outlet pipe is closed, and the other end of the air outlet pipe is connected to a blower and a humidifier respectively through two branch pipes, and a one-way valve is installed on each of the two branch pipes.

[0011] Preferably, the restraint component includes a threaded rod threadedly connected to the threaded groove, a restraint rope fixedly connected to one end of the threaded rod, an mounting plate threadedly fitted onto the threaded rod, a connecting sleeve fixedly connected to the side of the mounting plate near the restraint rope, the connecting sleeve being fitted onto the outside of the threaded rod, a tightening plate fixedly connected to the end of the connecting sleeve, the threaded rod and the tightening plate being clearance-fitted, a through hole being provided on the tightening plate, and the restraint rope passing through the through hole.

[0012] Preferably, the rearing cage is equipped with a running mechanism, and a baffle is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the rearing cage. The running mechanism is located within the area enclosed by the baffle. The running mechanism includes a support frame fixedly installed on the bottom plate of the rearing cage. Several rotating rollers are rotatably connected to the support frame in the horizontal direction. A running conveyor belt is fitted on the several rotating rollers. A motor is fixedly connected to the support frame. Any rotating roller located at the end of the support frame is driven by the output shaft of the motor.

[0013] Preferably, a storage box is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the feeding cage, and the storage box is used to hold the restraints.

[0014] Preferably, the bottom of the breeding cage is provided with a support table, and the tabletop of the support table is hollowed out.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and technical effects:

[0016] The experimental animal modeling aid device provided by this invention allows for flexible adjustment of the feeding box height through a height adjustment mechanism, enabling rats to remain upright while eating or drinking, thus simulating human biomechanics. The restraint and pressurization mechanisms force rats into an upright position, further simulating the biomechanical requirements of the human body when standing and bearing weight. The running mechanism, controlled by a motor, allows for control of the speed and duration of the running conveyor belt, thereby controlling the amount of exercise for the rats. This invention simulates the human knee joint from both biomechanical and kinematic perspectives, thus more closely approximating the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis. This enables better research into the pathogenesis and progression of knee osteoarthritis, thereby better assisting in the modeling of knee osteoarthritis in rats and making the modeling process more scientific and reasonable. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the experimental animal modeling auxiliary device of the present invention;

[0019] Figure 2 This is a front view of the height adjustment mechanism of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 3 This is a top view of the height adjustment mechanism of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 4This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the restraint component of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the running motion mechanism of the present invention;

[0023] The components include: 1. Feeding cage; 2. Feeding box; 3. Partition; 4. Threaded groove; 5. Horizontal plate; 6. Connecting plate; 7. Slider; 8. Lead screw; 9. Crank handle; 10. Foot pedal; 11. Horizontal elongated hole; 12. Support rod; 13. Connecting rod; 14. Dovetail groove; 15. Positioning plate; 16. Positioning rod; 17. Tension spring; 18. Air outlet pipe; 19. Air outlet; 20. Threaded rod; 21. Restraint rope; 22. Mounting plate; 23. Connecting sleeve; 24. Tightening plate; 25. Baffle; 26. Support frame; 27. Rotating roller; 28. Running conveyor belt; 29. ​​Motor; 30. Support table; 31. Storage box. Detailed Implementation

[0024] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this invention can be combined with each other. The described embodiments are merely some, not all, of the embodiments of this invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of this invention. The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0025] This invention provides an auxiliary device for experimental animal modeling, including a feeding cage 1. A dovetail groove 14 is fixedly provided on the upper inner side of the feeding cage 1 along the vertical direction. A feeding box 2 is slidably installed in the dovetail groove 14. A partition 3 is fixedly installed in the feeding box 2, dividing the feeding box 2 into a feed chamber and a water chamber. A height adjustment mechanism is provided below the feeding box 2 for adjusting the height of the feeding box 2. Several threaded grooves 4 are provided on the outer wall of the feeding box 2. Restraints are detachably installed in the threaded grooves 4 for fixing the forelimbs of the animal. A pressure boosting mechanism is provided at the top of the feeding cage 1, corresponding to the restraints, for increasing the load on the animal.

[0026] According to the different body lengths of rats of different ages, the height of the feeding box 2 can be flexibly adjusted so that the rats can remain upright when eating or drinking, thus simulating the requirements of human biomechanics. The threaded groove 4 can provide a force point for the rat's forelimbs, making it easier for the rat to remain upright. At the same time, the restraint and pressure-increasing mechanisms can force the rat to remain upright, thereby simulating the biomechanical requirements of the human body when standing and bearing weight, making the model more scientific and reasonable.

[0027] Furthermore, to facilitate height adjustment of the feeding box 2, the height adjustment mechanism includes two parallel horizontal plates 5. The horizontal plates 5 are fixedly installed on the inner bottom plate of the feeding cage 1, with one end of the horizontal plate 5 fixedly connected to the inner wall of the feeding cage 1, and the other end of the horizontal plate 5 fixedly connected to a connecting plate 6. A slider 7 is slidably installed between the two horizontal plates 5, and a threaded through hole is opened in the middle of the slider 7. A lead screw 8 is threadedly connected to the threaded through hole. One end of the lead screw 8 is rotatably connected to the connecting plate 6, and the other end of the lead screw 8 passes through the feeding cage 1 and is fixedly connected to a crank 9. A gap is provided between the lead screw 8 and the feeding cage 1; a foot pedal 10 is provided on the side of the connecting plate 6 away from the horizontal plate 5, and the foot pedal 10 is detachably connected to the connecting plate 6; a vertical through hole is provided on the foot pedal 10, and a horizontal elongated hole 11 is provided on the bottom plate of the feeding cage 1, with the vertical through hole and the horizontal elongated hole 11 corresponding to each other; a support rod 12 is slidably installed in the vertical through hole, and a connecting rod 13 is hinged to the top of the slider 7, with the end of the connecting rod 13 hinged to the top side wall of the support rod 12, and the top of the support rod 12 contacting and engaging with the bottom of the feeding box 2.

[0028] In use, by turning the crank handle 9, the screw 8 is rotated, causing the slider 7 to slide horizontally under the action of the screw 8. Through the setting of the connecting rod 13, when the slider 7 moves towards the support rod 12, the support rod 12 can be moved upward, thereby using the support rod 12 to lift the feeding box 2. Conversely, when the slider 7 moves away from the support rod 12, the feeding box 2 descends. In addition, when it is not necessary to adjust the height of the feeding box 2, the connection between the foot pedal 10 and the connecting plate 6 can be disconnected, allowing the foot pedal 10 to slide along the direction of the horizontal elongated hole 11. At this time, the support rod 12 can act as a limit to ensure that the foot pedal 10 does not rotate. At this time, the feeding box 2 contacts the top of the slide plate, thereby forming a step between the foot pedal 10, the support rod 12, and the feeding box 2, allowing the rat to simulate the mechanical requirements of the human body when climbing stairs.

[0029] Furthermore, to facilitate the connection and disassembly of the pedal 10, positioning plates 15 are fixedly connected to both sides of the connecting plate 6, and the pedal 10 is positioned between the two positioning plates 15; positioning through holes are provided on the positioning plates 15, and positioning grooves are provided on the pedal 10, with the positioning through holes and positioning grooves corresponding to each other; a positioning rod 16 is slidably connected in the positioning through holes, the positioning rod 16 has a T-shaped structure, and a tension spring 17 is sleeved on the positioning rod 16, with both ends of the tension spring 17 fixedly connected to the positioning plate 15 and the positioning rod 16 respectively.

[0030] Furthermore, the pressurization mechanism includes an air outlet pipe 18 fixedly installed on the top of the feeding cage 1. The air outlet pipe 18 is located directly above the restraints. Several air outlets 19 are opened at the bottom end of the air outlet pipe 18. The air outlets 19 have a V-shaped structure. One end of the air outlet pipe 18 is closed, and the other end of the air outlet pipe 18 is connected to a blower and a humidifier respectively through two branch pipes. One-way valves are installed on both branch pipes.

[0031] When in use, the pressure applied to the rat can be adjusted by controlling the size of the air blown out of the air outlet 19. The humidity of the blown air can also be controlled. The one-way valve can prevent mutual interference between the blower and the humidifier, thus better assisting in the modeling of knee osteoarthritis in rats.

[0032] Furthermore, to facilitate the fixation of the forelimbs of rats of different sizes, the restraint includes a threaded rod 20 threaded into a threaded groove 4. One end of the threaded rod 20 is fixedly connected to a restraint rope 21. An installation plate 22 is threaded onto the threaded rod 20. A connecting sleeve 23 is fixedly connected to the side of the installation plate 22 near the restraint rope 21. The connecting sleeve 23 is fitted onto the outside of the threaded rod 20. A tightening plate 24 is fixedly connected to the end of the connecting sleeve 23. The threaded rod 20 and the tightening plate 24 are clearance-fitted. A through hole is opened on the tightening plate 24, and the restraint rope 21 passes through the through hole.

[0033] In use, first install the two threaded rods 20 onto the feeding box 2, then put the two restraint ropes 21 onto the rat's forelimbs respectively. Then, by rotating the mounting plate 22, the mounting plate 22 and the tightening plate 24 are moved toward the rat. The tightening plate 24 is used to tighten the restraint ropes 21, thereby fixing the rat.

[0034] Furthermore, in order to simulate the human walking process and better control the walking volume, and to study the protective effect and mechanism of different exercise preconditioning models on exercise-induced myocardial injury, a running exercise mechanism is set in the breeding cage 1. A baffle 25 is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the breeding cage 1, and the running exercise mechanism is set in the area surrounded by the baffle 25. The running exercise mechanism includes a support frame 26 fixedly installed on the bottom plate of the breeding cage 1. Several rollers 27 are rotatably connected to the support frame 26 in the horizontal direction. A running conveyor belt 28 is sleeved on the rollers 27. A motor 29 is fixedly connected to the support frame 26. Any roller 27 located at the end of the support frame 26 is driven by the output shaft of the motor 29.

[0035] Using a treadmill exercise apparatus, rat treadmill exercise preconditioning models of varying intensities can be established, including models with different durations, different exercise cycles, exhaustive exercise after preconditioning, and isolated cardiac ischemia-reperfusion models after preconditioning. The preconditioning regimen was designed based on the speed-maximum oxygen consumption percentage relationship. With fixed preconditioning time and cycles, and using different training speeds (velocity, V) as the grouping criteria for exercise intensity, rats were divided into a control group, an exhaustive group, and a V10 group (V10 m / min, 5°, 52.9 ± 3.1% VO2). max V15 group (V15 m / min, 5°, 64.0 ± 4.5% VOC) 2max V20 group (V20 m / min, 5°, 70% VO2) max ), V26 group (V26m / min, 5°, 74.3±2.9%VO 2max V30 group (V30m / min, 10°, exhaustion).

[0036] Different duration exercise preconditioning models: The optimized exercise speed was used as the fixed exercise intensity, and the exercise preconditioning period was also fixed. The duration of a single exercise preconditioning session was used as the grouping criterion. Rats undergoing exercise preconditioning were divided into four groups: 20-minute exercise preconditioning group, 40-minute exercise preconditioning group, 60-minute exercise preconditioning group, and 80-minute exercise preconditioning group.

[0037] Exercise preconditioning models with different exercise cycles: The optimized exercise speed and duration were fixed, and the exercise preconditioning cycle was used as the grouping criterion. Exercise-preconditioned rats were divided into four groups: a 3-day exercise preconditioning group, a 1-week exercise preconditioning group, a 3-week exercise preconditioning group, and a 6-week exercise preconditioning group.

[0038] Exhaustion exercise model after exercise preconditioning: Rats were divided into three groups: immediate exercise preconditioning group, 3 hours after exercise preconditioning group, 6 hours after exercise preconditioning group, and 12 hours after exercise preconditioning group.

[0039] Rat model of exhaustive exercise after exercise preconditioning: After exercise preconditioning, rats were subjected to exhaustive exercise (V 26 m / min, slope 10°, exhaustion). Exhaustion was defined as rats remaining in the latter part of the track for more than 5 consecutive times without response to photoelectric and acoustic stimulation.

[0040] The various animal models of exercise preconditioning provided offer research subjects, which helps to explore the protective effects and mechanisms of different exercise preconditioning models against exercise-induced myocardial injury.

[0041] Furthermore, a storage box 31 is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the breeding cage 1. The storage box 31 is used to hold the restraints.

[0042] Furthermore, a support table 30 is provided at the bottom of the breeding cage 1, and the tabletop of the support table 30 is hollowed out.

[0043] The experimental animal modeling aid device provided by this invention, through the setting of a height adjustment mechanism, can flexibly adjust the height of the feeding box 2, so that the rats can remain upright when eating or drinking, thus simulating the requirements of human biomechanics; through the setting of restraints and pressure-increasing mechanisms, the rats can be forced to remain upright, thereby simulating the biomechanical requirements of the human body when standing and bearing weight; through the setting of a running movement mechanism, the moving speed and movement duration of the running conveyor belt 28 can be controlled by the motor 29, thereby controlling the amount of exercise for the rats; this invention simulates the state of the human knee joint from both biomechanical and movement characteristics, thus more closely approximating the pathogenesis characteristics of human knee osteoarthritis, enabling better research on the pathogenesis and process of knee osteoarthritis, and thus better assisting rats in modeling knee osteoarthritis, making the modeling more scientific and reasonable.

[0044] The above are merely preferred embodiments of this application, but the scope of protection of this application is not limited thereto. Any variations or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in this application should be included within the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. An auxiliary device for experimental animal modeling, characterized in that, The utility model provides a height adjustable and weight increasing feeding cage, including rearing cage (1), the inside of rearing cage (1) is slidably installed with rearing box (2), the inside fixed mounting of rearing box (2) has the baffle (3), the baffle (3) divides the rearing box (2) into feed chamber, water chamber, the lower portion of rearing box (2) is provided with height adjusting mechanism, and the height adjusting mechanism is used for adjusting the height of rearing box (2);A plurality of threaded grooves (4) are formed in the outer wall of the rearing box (2), and a restraint member is detachably installed in the threaded groove (4), the restraint member is used for fixing the forelimb of the rearing animal;The top of the rearing cage (1) is provided with a pressure increasing mechanism, the pressure increasing mechanism is correspondingly arranged with the restraint member, and the pressure increasing mechanism is used to increase the weight of the rearing animal; The restraint member includes a threaded rod (20) threadedly connected in the threaded groove (4), one end of the threaded rod (20) is fixedly connected with a restraint lanyard (21), a mounting plate (22) is threadedly sleeved on the threaded rod (20), the mounting plate (22) is fixedly connected with a connecting sleeve (23) on the side close to the restraint lanyard (21), the connecting sleeve (23) is sleeved on the outer side of the threaded rod (20), the connecting sleeve (23) is fixedly connected with a tightening plate (24) at the end, the threaded rod (20) is in clearance fit with the tightening plate (24), a through hole is formed in the tightening plate (24), and the restraint lanyard (21) is arranged in the through hole; The pressure increasing mechanism includes an air outlet pipe (18) fixedly installed on the top of the rearing cage (1), the air outlet pipe (18) is located directly above the restraint member, a plurality of air outlets (19) are formed in the bottom end of the air outlet pipe (18), and the air outlets (19) are V-shaped structures;One end of the air outlet pipe (18) is closed, and the other end of the air outlet pipe (18) is connected with a blower and a humidifier through two branch pipes respectively, and a one-way valve is installed on each of the two branch pipes.

2. The experimental animal modeling assistance device according to Claim 1, wherein The height adjusting mechanism comprises two horizontally arranged cross plates (5) which are fixedly installed on the inner bottom plate of the breeding cage (1) and have one end fixedly connected with the inner wall of the breeding cage (1) and the other end fixedly connected with a connecting plate (6); a sliding block (7) is limitingly and slidably installed between the two cross plates (5), a threaded hole is formed in the middle of the sliding block (7), a screw rod (8) is threadedly connected in the threaded hole, one end of the screw rod (8) is rotatably connected with the connecting plate (6), the other end of the screw rod (8) penetrates through the breeding cage (1) and is fixedly connected with a crank (9), and a gap is formed between the screw rod (8) and the breeding cage (1); a stepping plate (10) is arranged on the side of the connecting plate (6) away from the cross plate (5) and detachably connected with the connecting plate (6); a vertical through hole is formed in the stepping plate (10), a horizontal long hole (11) is formed in the bottom plate of the breeding cage (1), and the vertical through hole and the horizontal long hole (11) are correspondingly arranged; a supporting rod (12) is slidably installed in the vertical through hole, a connecting rod (13) is hingedly connected to the top end of the sliding block (7), the end of the connecting rod (13) is hingedly connected with the top side wall of the supporting rod (12), and the top end of the supporting rod (12) is in contact with the bottom end of the breeding box (2).

3. The experimental animal modeling assistance device according to claim 2, wherein A dovetail groove (14) is fixedly arranged on the inner wall of the breeding cage (1) in the vertical direction, and the breeding cage (1) is limitingly and slidably installed in the dovetail groove (14).

4. The experimental animal modeling assistance apparatus according to claim 2, wherein Positioning plates (15) are fixedly connected to the two sides of the connecting plate (6), and the stepping plate (10) is arranged between the two positioning plates (15); a positioning through hole is formed in the positioning plate (15), a positioning recess is formed in the stepping plate (10), and the positioning through hole and the positioning recess are correspondingly arranged; a positioning rod (16) is slidably connected in the positioning through hole, the positioning rod (16) is T-shaped, a tension spring (17) is sleeved on the positioning rod (16), and the two ends of the tension spring (17) are fixedly connected with the positioning plate (15) and the positioning rod (16) respectively.

5. The experimental animal modeling assistance device according to Claim 1, wherein A running mechanism is arranged in the breeding cage (1), a baffle (25) is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the breeding cage (1), and the running mechanism is arranged in the area surrounded by the baffle (25); the running mechanism comprises a support frame (26) fixedly installed on the bottom plate of the breeding cage (1), a plurality of rotating rollers (27) rotatably connected to the support frame (26) in the horizontal direction, a running conveyor belt (28) sleeved on the rotating rollers (27), a motor (29) fixedly connected to the support frame (26), and the rotating roller (27) at the end of the support frame (26) in transmission cooperation with the output shaft of the motor (29).

6. The experimental animal modeling assistance apparatus according to claim 1, wherein A storage box (31) is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the breeding cage (1), and the storage box (31) is used for containing the restraint member.

7. The experimental animal modeling assistance apparatus according to claim 1, wherein The bottom of the feeding cage (1) is provided with a support table (30), and the tabletop of the support table (30) is hollowed out.

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