A method of managing kiwifruit trees

Abstract

The present application belongs to the field of kiwi fruit planting, and discloses a management method of kiwi fruit trees. The present application adopts a double-layer reverse U-shaped ring cutting method, which can slow down the downward transportation of photosynthetic products to a large extent and for a long time, effectively improves the yield and quality of kiwi fruit, reduces the risk of tree death, and balances the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of kiwi fruit. In addition, the present application provides a new type of composite control agent for brown spot disease and leafhoppers, which can more efficiently and scientifically control diseases and pests, thereby significantly improving the yield and quality of kiwi fruit.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of kiwifruit cultivation, specifically relating to a management method for kiwifruit trees. Background Technology

[0002] kiwi( Actinidia spp. It belongs to the family Actinidiaceae and the genus Actinopterygium. Actinidia As the origin and distribution center of kiwifruit, my country possesses abundant germplasm resources. According to relevant statistics, the global kiwifruit cultivation area and yield are growing rapidly, with my country consistently ranking first globally in both planting scale and output. Kiwifruit, rich in protein, amino acids, and various essential minerals, is widely loved by consumers, especially for its extremely high vitamin C content, earning it the title of "King of Vitamin C," and making it a mainstream consumer fruit worldwide. In recent years, Jiangxi Province, as one of the main kiwifruit producing areas in China, has experienced rapid industrial development. However, the main cultivated varieties often suffer from an imbalance between vegetative and reproductive growth, resulting in dense canopies, low light penetration, directly reducing yield and fruit quality, and exacerbating pest and disease problems. Currently, production typically employs methods such as single-layer closed girdling, branch twisting, and growth regulators to suppress lateral buds to control kiwifruit vegetative growth, but these methods are labor-intensive, ineffective, and pose food safety risks. To maintain better economic benefits, more scientific and efficient management techniques are needed. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies and provide a management method for kiwifruit trees, specifically employing the following technical solution:

[0004] A management method for kiwifruit trees includes the following steps:

[0005] (1) Double-layer reverse U-shaped ring cutting: When the kiwifruit tree is 20 days after flowering, double-layer reverse U-shaped ring cutting is performed 1 m above the ground on the main trunk of the kiwifruit tree to cut the cambium layer of the kiwifruit tree trunk to the xylem, and a protective agent is sprayed on the wound.

[0006] (2) Disease and pest control: When brown spot disease occurs, spray the first control agent; when leafhopper pest occurs, spray the second control agent; the first control agent is a mixed solution of ethoxysulfuron and pyraclostrobin, and the second control agent is a mixed solution of abamectin B and sorbitol.

[0007] (3) Pruning: From August to early September, remove overgrown branches; in mid to late November, remove back branches, old branches, dead branches, diseased and insect-infested branches, and leave branches;

[0008] (4) Fertilizer management: Apply farmyard manure in mid-to-late November; and apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer in April, June and August.

[0009] The traditional method of girdling involves making a closed ring cut on the main trunk 1 meter above the ground during the peak flowering period of kiwifruit. The width of the cut is 1 / 10 of the trunk diameter, severing the cambium layer and reaching the xylem. However, because kiwifruit is prone to rainy weather during its flowering period, resulting in poor pollination and fertilization and low fruit set, improper girdling during flowering can be counterproductive, leading to poor flower development, reduced fruit set, further exacerbating tree growth imbalances, and even tree death. Furthermore, girdling too early only temporarily prevents the downward transport of photosynthetic products and increases nutrient accumulation in the branches; it has little effect on regulating the overall growth balance throughout the fruit development period.

[0010] This invention is the first to employ a double-layered, reverse U-shaped girdling method, with a width of 1 / 8 to 1 / 6 of the trunk diameter and a 5 cm interval between the two layers. This significantly and for a longer period slows down the downward transport of photosynthetic products, effectively increasing kiwifruit yield and fruit quality while ensuring that flower development and fruit set are not affected. It also reduces the risk of tree death, achieving a balance between vegetative and reproductive growth in kiwifruit. Furthermore, traditional pesticides are relatively weak in controlling brown spot disease and leafhoppers, thus reducing kiwifruit yield and quality. This invention provides a novel compound pesticide targeting brown spot disease and leafhoppers, enabling more efficient and scientific pest and disease control, thereby significantly improving kiwifruit yield and fruit quality.

[0011] In addition, the selection of kiwifruit orchard sites is crucial for the success of kiwifruit orchard establishment, taking into account factors such as climate, soil, water resources, and transportation. Adaptable, resistant, high-yielding varieties should be selected based on the local climate. Orchards should be established on sheltered, sunny or semi-sunny slopes with a soil depth of at least 40 cm and a slope not exceeding 15°. Slightly acidic to neutral (pH 5.5-7.0) sandy loam soil is ideal, with ample water supply and good drainage and irrigation. The orchard should be located as close as possible to a road or have roads planned in advance to facilitate the timely transportation of production materials and fruit.

[0012] Kiwifruit planting: The general spacing is 3 m × 4 m, with approximately 55 plants per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares), and a male-to-female plant ratio of 8:1. The entire orchard should be plowed in advance (to a depth of at least 80 cm), with sufficient base fertilizer (20 m³ / mu). Ridges should be made 30-40 cm wide, with a top width of approximately 40 cm and a bottom width of approximately 1 m. Planting holes of 40 cm × 50 cm should be dug on the ridges according to the predetermined spacing. The bottom of the holes should be flat, with a fish-scale pattern around the edges, and a diameter larger than the root system. Before planting, damaged and diseased roots should be pruned to ensure the roots extend downwards, exposing the root neck (or grafting point). Planting can be done from late autumn to early spring, with late autumn being preferable.

[0013] During the seedling stage of kiwifruit trees, it is necessary to promptly remove buds other than basal suckers and terminal buds. When the terminal bud is close to the trellis, prune the shoot 20-30 cm away from the trellis to produce two branches that will become the two main branches in the future. Pruning vigorous shoots in August to early September can not only reduce the consumption of nutrients by the tree, but also increase ventilation and light penetration, and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. After leaf fall, prune back branches, old branches, dead branches, and diseased branches. Assess the tree's growth, estimate next year's yield, and use methods such as shortening, heading back, or allowing the branches to grow long to retain branches reasonably.

[0014] Preferably, in step (1), the width of the double-layer reverse U-shaped girdling is 1 / 8 to 1 / 6 of the diameter of the kiwifruit trunk, with a spacing of 3 cm to 5 cm between the two layers. This is wider than the traditional girdling width, which can improve the girdling effect without causing tree death due to excessive girdling. If the spacing between the two reverse girdling layers is too small, it will aggravate the impact on the tree, resulting in slow wound healing and a narrow or closed nutrient transport pathway. On the other hand, if the spacing between the two layers is too large, it will expand the nutrient transport pathway and weaken the effect of the reverse double-layer girdling. More preferably, the width is 1 / 8 of the diameter of the kiwifruit trunk, with a spacing of 4 cm between the two layers.

[0015] Preferably, in step (1), the protectant is thiamethoxam or copper hydroxide. Both protectants are effective against a variety of bacteria and fungi.

[0016] Preferably, after step (1), the following step is also included: when the kiwifruit tree is 80-90 days after flowering, step (1) is repeated 10 cm above the first double-layer reverse U-shaped girdling treatment. When the kiwifruit fruit enters the second expansion period, the wound from the first girdling has healed. At this time, repeating step (1) 10 cm above the first double-layer reverse U-shaped girdling treatment can effectively slow down the downward transport of photosynthetic products from the leaves, promote fruit expansion and nutrient accumulation.

[0017] Preferably, in step (2), the mass ratio of allicin to azoxystrobin is (2-3):1. More preferably, the mass ratio of allicin to azoxystrobin is 2:1.

[0018] Preferably, in step (2), the mass ratio of avermectin B to sorbitol is (3-4):1. More preferably, the mass ratio of avermectin B to sorbitol is 3:1.

[0019] Preferably, in step (3), the method of retaining branches is to shorten, prune back, or leave them long. Retaining branches by shortening, pruning back, or leaving them long can promote the early ripening of kiwifruit; shortening can cause the lateral buds below the cut to sprout and promote branching; pruning back can promote branching, thereby reducing the height or shrinking the canopy; leaving them long means leaving them slowly or letting them grow, which means not pruning some of the one-year-old branches and allowing them to continue to grow, which can rejuvenate the tree and adjust the branch structure to make the branches balanced and compact.

[0020] Preferably, in step (4), the amount of farmyard manure applied is 18 kg / tree - 25 kg / tree. Generally, the required base fertilizer for the whole year is applied in October or November. For young fruit trees under 4 years old, apply 15 kg - 18 kg of farmyard manure and 0.3 - 0.5 kg of bio-organic fertilizer per tree. For mature trees over 5 years old, apply 25 kg - 28 kg of farmyard manure and 0.8 kg - 1.0 kg of bio-organic fertilizer per tree. Fertilizer for strengthening trees and fruit should be applied through soil topdressing and foliar topdressing, with the timing, amount, and frequency determined based on tree vigor, orchard soil fertility, and daily management.

[0021] Preferably, in step (4), the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer applied is 2 kg / plant to 3 kg / plant.

[0022] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: The double-layer reverse U-shaped girdling method adopted in this invention has a better effect on balancing the vegetative and reproductive growth of kiwifruit, which can significantly improve kiwifruit yield and fruit quality; while the pest and disease control method adopted in this invention can effectively reduce the number of leaf spot fungi and leafhoppers, truly playing a role in pest and disease prevention. Therefore, the kiwifruit tree management method adopted in this invention is more efficient, safe, scientific, and economical compared with traditional methods. Detailed Implementation

[0023] The following will provide a clear and complete description of the concept and technical effects of the present invention in conjunction with embodiments, so as to fully understand the purpose, solution and effects of the present invention. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of this application can be combined with each other.

[0024] Example 1

[0025] A management method for kiwifruit trees includes the following steps:

[0026] (1) Double-layer reverse U-shaped ringing: 20 days after flowering, make a double-layer reverse U-shaped ringing at 1 m above the ground on the main trunk of the kiwifruit. The width is 1 / 8 of the trunk diameter, and the two layers are 5 cm apart. Cut the cambium to the xylem. Spray the wound with thiamethoxam or copper hydroxide as a protective agent. Repeat the above operation 10 cm above the first ringing treatment 90 days after flowering.

[0027] (2) Pest and disease control: When brown spot disease occurs, spray the first control agent; when leafhopper pest occurs, spray the second control agent; the first control agent is obtained by dissolving ethoxysulfuron and pyraclostrobin in 100 times the mass of water at a mass ratio of 2:1, and the second control agent is obtained by dissolving abamectin B and sorbitol in 50 times the mass of water at a mass ratio of 3:1.

[0028] (3) Pruning: From August to early September, remove vigorous branches. This can not only reduce the consumption of nutrients in the tree, but also increase the ventilation and light penetration of the tree and reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests. In winter (after leaf fall), remove back branches, old branches, dead branches, and diseased branches. Identify the growth of the tree, estimate the yield for the coming year, and use methods such as shortening, heading back, and letting go to retain branches reasonably.

[0029] (4) Fertilizer management: In mid-to-late November, apply farmyard manure at a rate of 20 kg / plant, and apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer at a rate of 1 kg / plant in several applications during the budding and fruit enlargement stages.

[0030] Example 2

[0031] In this embodiment, the main kiwifruit variety 'Jinyan' cultivated in Jiangxi Province was selected as the experimental subject. Experimental groups A, B, C, D, E, F and a control group were set up to measure the growth indicators of the kiwifruit obtained from the cultivation.

[0032] Experimental Group A: 20 days after flowering, double-layer reverse U-shaped ring cuts were made on the trunk of the kiwifruit tree 1 m above the ground. The width was 1 / 8 of the trunk diameter, the two layers were 5 cm apart, the cambium was cut, and the depth reached the xylem. Thiamethoxam or copper hydroxide was sprayed on the wound as a protective agent.

[0033] Experimental Group B: 20 ​​days after flowering, a double-layer reverse U-shaped ring cut was made on the trunk of the kiwifruit tree 1 m above the ground. The width was 1 / 8 of the trunk diameter, and the two layers were 5 cm apart. The cambium was cut and the depth reached the xylem. The wound was sprayed with thiamethoxam or copper hydroxide as a protective agent. The above operation was repeated 90 days after flowering at a position 10 cm above the first ring cut.

[0034] Experimental group C: 20 days after flowering, double-layer reverse U-shaped girdling was performed on the trunk of the kiwifruit tree 1 m above the ground, with a width of 1 / 8 of the trunk diameter and a 5 cm interval between the two layers;

[0035] Experimental group D: 20 days after flowering, double-layer reverse U-shaped girdling was performed on the trunk of the kiwifruit tree 1 m above the ground. The width was 1 / 8 of the trunk diameter and the two layers were 5 cm apart. The above operation was repeated 90 days after flowering, 10 cm above the first girdling treatment.

[0036] Experimental group E: 20 days after flowering, double-layer reverse U-shaped girdling was performed on the trunk of the kiwifruit tree at a height of 1 m above the ground. The width of the girdling was 1 / 6 of the trunk diameter, and the two layers were 5 cm apart.

[0037] Experimental group F: 20 days after flowering, double-layer reverse U-shaped girdling was performed on the trunk of the kiwifruit tree 1 m above the ground. The width was 1 / 6 of the trunk diameter and the two layers were 5 cm apart. The above operation was repeated 90 days after flowering, 10 cm above the first girdling treatment.

[0038] Control group: The traditional girdling method for kiwifruit was used as a control, which involved making a single-layer closed girdling at a height of 1 m above the ground on the trunk of the kiwifruit tree during the full bloom period. The width of the girdling was 1 / 8 of the trunk diameter, cutting through the cambium and reaching the xylem. The wound was then sprayed with thiamethoxam or copper hydroxide as a protective agent.

[0039] Table 1

[0040] Experimental Groups Yield per plant / kg Single fruit weight / g Soluble solids content / g Dry matter / % Soluble sugars / % Titrateable acid / % AsA mg·100g-1 Experimental Group A 37.33±0.97e 91.21±3.42b 13.41±0.21c 13.93±0.27b 8.58±0.27e 1.07±0.02b 62.87±1.27c Experimental Group B 38.67±1.03e 91.92±3.87b 13.97±0.18b 15.66±0.18a 9.38±0.11d 1.14±0.03b 64.66±1.19b Experimental group C 41.67±0.62d 94.26±2.18b 14.15±0.35b 13.78±0.55b 10.08±0.36c 1.13±0.06a 66.05±1.46b Experimental group D 49.50±0.94a 104.18±3.85a 15.35±0.22a 15.57±0.56a 12.08±0.16a 1.07±0.02b 79.33±1.41a Experimental group E 46.17±0.85b 97.26±2.39b 14.94±0.29a 14.57±0.37b 11.08±0.14b 1.18±0.05a 69.33±1.26b Experimental group F 43.83±1.01c 92.36±3.57b 13.35±0.16c 13.81±0.44b 9.38±0.12d 1.07±0.01b 68.17±1.33b Comparison 37.17±0.85e 81.29±2.61c 12.42±0.39d 13.34±0.85b 8.57±0.39e 1.18±0.03a 62.24±1.09 c

[0041] After the fruit matured, the yield and fruit quality of each treatment were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1. As can be seen from Table 1, the double-layer reverse U-shaped secondary girdling method of the present invention, compared with the traditional girdling method, and with the width of 1 / 8 of the trunk diameter being the most suitable, has a better effect on balancing the vegetative and reproductive growth of kiwifruit, and can significantly improve the yield and fruit quality of kiwifruit.

[0042] Example 3

[0043] Since kiwifruit brown spot disease is a disease that occurs on kiwifruit leaves caused by leaf spot fungus, this embodiment conducted a control experiment on leaf spot fungus.

[0044] Experimental Group 1: The first control agent in Example 1 was used (obtained by dissolving ethoxysulfuron and azoxystrobin in 100 times their weight of water at a mass ratio of 2:1).

[0045] Control group 1: 60% pyraclostrobin·mancozeb water-dispersible granules were dissolved in 100 times their weight of water to obtain the control agent;

[0046] Control group 2: 10% difenoconazole was dissolved in 100 times its weight of water to obtain the control agent;

[0047] Control group 3: 10% polyoxin B was dissolved in 100 times its weight of water to obtain the control agent;

[0048] Control group 4: The control agent was prepared by dissolving 80% mancozeb wettable powder in 100 times its weight of water.

[0049] The solute masses in the five agents were all equal. 2 mL of *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* bacterial suspension (containing approximately 600 bacteria) was added to each of the experimental group 1, control group 1, control group 2, control group 3, and control group 4, respectively. The mixture was thoroughly stirred and left at room temperature for 3 days for observation. *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* bacteria were counted at the end of each day, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0050] Table 2

[0051] Experimental Groups Day 1 the next day Day 3 Experimental group 1 386.33±8.83c 185.19±8.29d Not detected Comparison Group 1 417.67±6.65b 224.48±5.77c 59.35±3.12b Comparison Group 2 490.67±9.71a 311.54±8.94a 92.64±6.87a Comparison Group 3 481.27±9.64b 271.42±6.67b 97.66±7.11a Comparison Group 4 474.56±7.26b 283.27±7.12b 84.24±6.38a

[0052] As shown in Table 2, the first control agent of the present invention can control leaf spot mold more effectively than traditional control agents.

[0053] Example 4

[0054] In this embodiment, the 'Jinyan' kiwifruit was selected as the experimental subject, and experimental group 1, control group 1, control group 2, and control group 3 were set up to test the effect of controlling leafhoppers.

[0055] Experimental group 1: Spray 10 mL of the second control agent (prepared in Example 1) on each plant every other day;

[0056] Control group 1: Spray each plant with 10 mL of garlic essential oil (garlic essential oil diluted 100 times) every other day.

[0057] Control group 2 was sprayed with 10 mL of lemongrass essential oil (a 100-fold diluted solution of lemongrass essential oil) per plant every other day.

[0058] Control group 3 was sprayed with 10 mL of 2.5% deltamethrin wettable powder (2.5% deltamethrin wettable powder diluted 50 times) per plant every other day.

[0059] Five trees were planted in each group, and the same number of leafhoppers (100) were released into each group. This was repeated three times. The number of remaining leafhoppers was counted on the third, fifth, and seventh days (before the day the pesticide was sprayed). The results are shown in Table 3.

[0060] Table 3

[0061] Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Experimental group 1 72.14%±3.44%b 43.33%±3.30%c No remainder Comparison Group 1 87.49%±3.50%a 57.29%±2.99%b 19.41%±4.36%b Comparison Group 2 85.67%±2.94%a 63.48%±4.34%a 29.95%±2.71%a Comparison Group 3 89.15%±4.11%a 66.00%±3.56%a 22.67%±2.56%b

[0062] As shown in Table 3, the second control agent of the present invention can control leafhoppers more effectively than traditional control agents.

[0063] In summary, the double-layer reverse U-shaped girdling method employed in this invention achieves a better balance between vegetative and reproductive growth in kiwifruit, significantly improving yield and fruit quality. Furthermore, the pest and disease control method used in this invention effectively reduces the number of leaf spot fungi and leafhoppers, truly playing a role in pest and disease prevention. Therefore, the kiwifruit tree management method employed in this invention is more efficient, safer, more scientific, and more economical compared to traditional methods.

[0064] Although the description of the invention has been quite detailed and particularly of several described embodiments, it is not intended to limit it to any of these details or embodiments or any particular embodiment, but should be considered as providing a broad possible interpretation of the claims by referring to the appended claims and taking into account the prior art, thereby effectively covering the intended scope of the invention. Furthermore, the invention has been described above with respect to embodiments foreseeable by the inventors in order to provide a useful description, and non-substantial modifications to the invention that have not yet been foreseen may still represent equivalent modifications.

Claims

1. A management method for kiwifruit trees, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Double-layer reverse U-shaped ring cutting: When the kiwifruit tree is 20 days after flowering, double-layer reverse U-shaped ring cutting is performed 1 m above the ground on the main trunk of the kiwifruit tree to cut the cambium layer of the main trunk of the kiwifruit tree to the xylem, and a protective agent is sprayed on the wound. (2) Disease and pest control: When brown spot disease occurs, spray the first control agent; when leafhopper pest occurs, spray the second control agent; the first control agent is a mixed solution of ethoxysulfuron and pyraclostrobin, and the second control agent is a mixed solution of abamectin B and sorbitol. (3) Pruning: From August to early September, remove overgrown branches; in mid to late November, remove back branches, old branches, dead branches, diseased and insect-infested branches, and leave branches; (4) Fertilizer management: Apply farmyard manure in mid-to-late November; and apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer in April, June and August; In step (1), the width of the double-layer reverse U-shaped ring cut is 1 / 8 to 1 / 6 of the diameter of the trunk of the kiwifruit tree, and the two layers are spaced 3 cm to 5 cm apart. Step (1) is followed by the following steps: when the kiwifruit tree is 80-90 days after flowering, step (1) is repeated 10 cm above the first double-layer reverse U-shaped girdling treatment.

2. The management method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The width is 1 / 8 of the diameter of the kiwi tree trunk, with a 4 cm interval between the two layers.

3. The management method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the protective agent is thiamethoxam or copper hydroxide.

4. The management method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the mass ratio of allicin to pyraclostrobin is (2-3):

1.

5. The management method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the mass ratio of avermectin B to sorbitol is (3-4):

1.

6. The management method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the method of retaining branches is to shorten, retract, or extend them.

7. The management method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (4), the amount of farmyard manure applied is 18 kg / plant to 25 kg / plant.

8. The management method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (4), the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer applied is 2 kg / plant to 3 kg / plant.