Under-rubber-forest counter-season anti-lodging cultivation method of hainan amorphophallus konjac

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of Hainan bead Amorphophallus konjac in rubber forest under-season anti-lodging cultivation method, including forest land selection, seed selection and seedling treatment, apply base fertilizer, land preparation and ridge, mulching and sowing, post-planting management, harvesting steps.This method makes full use of the characteristics that winter temperature in Hainan tropical region and bead Amorphophallus konjac growth temperature demand are relatively consistent, adopts the strategy of "avoiding", avoids the coincidence of the growth period of bead Amorphophallus konjac planted in conventional season in Hainan region and the typhoon, gale storm and other relatively extreme weather (mainly in August-October) in summer and autumn rain season, carries out anti-season forest cultivation of bead Amorphophallus konjac, prevents the adverse effects of Amorphophallus konjac lodging on Amorphophallus konjac yield, so as to realize the purpose of efficient intercropping Amorphophallus konjac under rubber forest.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application relates to the field of A01G1 / 00, and more particularly to a Hainan gemma amorphophallus konjac cultivation method under rubber trees in off-season anti-lodging. BACKGROUND

[0002] Natural rubber is one of the four strategic materials in China, mainly produced from Hevea brasiliensis, and China mainly plants in Yunnan, Hainan and Guangdong provinces. In recent years, due to the low price of rubber, rubber farmers urgently need to improve the economic benefits per unit area of the rubber garden, and rubber intercropping is one of the main measures to improve the unit area of the rubber garden. For many years, rubber planting has followed the equal row spacing planting method, and intercropping is usually carried out in the first 2-3 years after rubber planting. At this stage, due to the small size of rubber trees, various crops can be intercropped. After 5-6 years of rubber tree planting, due to the growth of rubber trees, the rubber garden is basically closed and causes continuous shade under the trees, and the light is severely insufficient. During the later 20-30 years of rubber growth period, only a few shade-tolerant crops can be grown under the rubber trees. The gemma amorphophallus konjac group originally in the southwest border of China and neighboring countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia has the advantages of strong disease resistance and high yield, and is a typical tropical shade-tolerant crop. The gemma amorphophallus konjac planted with leaves and seeds can obtain the second generation of seeds, and the second generation of seeds can be directly sold after planting.

[0003] CN102257918A discloses a high-quality and efficient cultivation method of gemma amorphophallus konjac intercropped with young rubber trees, and CN113973674A discloses a method of intercropping gemma amorphophallus konjac in rubber trees. The above-mentioned patents are attempts to intercrop gemma amorphophallus konjac in rubber trees in the traditional gemma amorphophallus konjac planting area of Yunnan Province. CN104521530B provides a method of intercropping gemma amorphophallus konjac in a south-north row direction in a full-cycle tapping rubber garden, which is an attempt to intercrop gemma amorphophallus konjac in rubber trees in Hainan, a non-traditional gemma amorphophallus konjac planting area. Gemma amorphophallus konjac is a local gemma amorphophallus konjac variety in Hainan, which can adapt to the local climate and environment and is commonly seen in the tropical rainforest of Hainan. However, the content of glucomannan in gemma amorphophallus konjac is very low, and the commodity value is poor, so it has not been fully recognized in the market.

[0004] In recent years, gemma amorphophallus konjac, which is suitable for cultivation in tropical regions and has high commodity value, has also been tried in rubber gardens in Hainan. However, due to the occurrence of extreme weather such as typhoons, strong winds and heavy rains in the summer and autumn seasons in Hainan, there are serious lodging problems in intercropping in mature rubber gardens. Therefore, it is urgent to optimize and adjust the cultivation of gemma amorphophallus konjac under rubber trees to ensure the yield of gemma amorphophallus konjac and obtain the expected economic benefits. SUMMARY

[0005] In order to solve the above problems, the application discloses a rubber forest undergrowth anti-lodging cultivation method of Hainan Amorphophallus konjac in off-season, which comprises the following steps: forest land selection, seedling selection and seedling treatment, base fertilizer application, land preparation and ridge formation, film mulching and seeding, post-planting management and harvesting.

[0006] Specifically,

[0007] (1) Forest land selection: the row spacing of rubber trees in the rubber forest is 6-9 m; preferably 7-8 m.

[0008] Preferably, the plant spacing of rubber trees in the rubber forest is 2-4 m; more preferably 2-3 m.

[0009] Preferably, the slope of the rubber forest is 0-30°, more preferably 0-20°.

[0010] Preferably, the canopy density of the rubber forest is 50-75%.

[0011] Preferably, the rubber forest has deep soil layer and is close to water source.

[0012] (2) Seedling selection and seedling treatment: select the second generation seedlings of Amorphophallus konjac tissue culture seedlings, leaf surface seeds or seed propagation harvested in June-October for planting.

[0013] Preferably, the weight of the seedling is 100-300 g.

[0014] If the seedling does not germinate 1-1.5 months before planting, soak the seedling in a gibberellin (GA3) solution with a concentration of 50-100 mg / L for 30-60 min, then dry it, help break the dormancy of the seedling and promote germination, and place it for 3-4 weeks before planting.

[0015] (3) Base fertilizer application, land preparation and ridge formation: spread the fertilizer in the middle of the rubber tree row, plow and rotary till, the width of the fertilization area is 2.5-3 m, the fertilization path is parallel to the row, and the ridge is formed after airing for 1-2 weeks.

[0016] Preferably, the fertilizer comprises one or more of organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, compound fertilizer and trace element fertilizer.

[0017] Further preferably, the fertilizer is a combination of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer.

[0018] More preferably, 1000-2000 kg of organic fertilizer and 30-50 kg of compound fertilizer per mu (net area).

[0019] Preferably, the compound fertilizer is nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer.

[0020] Further preferably, the nitrogen content in the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 13-18% by mass; the phosphorus content is 10-15% by mass; and the potassium content is 10-15% by mass.

[0021] More preferably, the nitrogen content in the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 15% by mass; the phosphorus content is 15% by mass; and the potassium content is 15% by mass.

[0022] Preferably, the ridge width is 1-1.2 m, the ridge height is 25-30 cm, the furrow width is 20-30 cm, and two ridges are formed.

[0023] Preferably, the ridging is performed about 1 week before planting.

[0024] Preferably, an isolation ditch with a depth of 35-45 cm and a width of 20-30 cm is dug between the ridges and the rubber trees to prevent the root system of the rubber trees from growing into the konjac growth area.

[0025] (4) Film mulching and sowing: In September-November, after the ridges are formed, a sprinkler tape is laid for water and fertilizer integrated irrigation, and film mulching and sowing are performed after the laying is completed.

[0026] Preferably, 1-3 sprinkler tapes are laid per ridge, and the distance between the sprinkler tapes is 50-75 cm; more preferably, 2 sprinkler tapes are laid per ridge, and the distance between the sprinkler tapes is 60-70 cm.

[0027] Preferably, fixed planting holes are punched on the formed ridges at a plant spacing of 50-80 cm, and the planting holes are appropriately adjusted according to the size of the seed tubers so that the planting holes are located outside the sprinkler tapes at a distance of 5-10 cm.

[0028] Preferably, the konjac planting density is 1200-2500 plants per mu.

[0029] Preferably, the holes for film mulching during planting are nearly circular with a diameter of 10-15 cm, and the planting holes have a depth of 8-10 cm and a diameter of 8-10 cm.

[0030] Preferably, 1-3 rows are sown per ridge, and the soil is returned after planting. More preferably, 2 rows are sown per ridge, and the soil is returned after planting.

[0031] (5) Post-planting management: From the seedling stage to the corm swelling stage, the soil moisture and the fertilizer amount are controlled, weeds around the konjac that are exposed to the mulch film are manually removed in a timely manner during planting, and diseases and pests such as moths, soft rot, and root rot are prevented and treated in a timely manner.

[0032] Preferably, the film is sprayed every 8-10 days for 15-20 minutes in the early stage, and then sprayed every 8-10 days for 12-15 minutes in the later stage, and the soil moisture is controlled between 70-80% in the early stage and between 55-65% in the later stage, so as to facilitate the swelling of the corms.

[0033] Preferably, 10-20 kg of urea, 40-50 kg of superphosphate and 10-20 kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu after the konjak seedlings are completed; more preferably, 15 kg of urea, 45 kg of superphosphate and 15 kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu after the konjak seedlings are completed.

[0034] Preferably, 10-20 kg of urea and 15-30 kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu after the konjak seedling leaves are fully expanded, and more preferably, 15 kg of urea and 20 kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu after the konjak seedling leaves are fully expanded, and the application of fertilizer is beneficial to the swelling of the corms.

[0035] Preferably, the fertilizers are dissolved in water first, combined with film mulching, and applied in two equal portions, with 50% of the fertilizer used each time.

[0036] During planting, the weeds around the konjak that expose the mulch are manually removed 1-2 times. 90% of the insecticide is sprayed at a concentration of 800 times, or 25% of the wettable powder of carbaryl is sprayed at a concentration of 400 times, to control insect pests; after 70% of the konjak seedlings have emerged, 1000 times of agricultural streptomycin is used in combination with 1500 times of methylthioban to spray the leaves, the base of the plants and the surrounding soil, and the plants are sprayed 3 times during the growth period of the konjak.

[0037] After the konjak is planted, a sunshade net is set up in the rubber tree defoliation period from early February to early March of the following year to avoid sun exposure during the rubber tree defoliation period, which would cause sunburn and affect the growth of the konjak. If the selected rubber garden is a conventional rubber garden of medium and young age (4-6 years old) with a planting distance of 7-8 m, and there is no special extreme weather before January, the amount of defoliation of the rubber tree is usually less than half (the defoliation characteristics of medium and young rubber gardens are relatively not obvious), and the shading degree of the rubber garden at this stage can still meet the growth of the konjak, so the sunshade net can not be set up.

[0038] (6) Harvesting: in April-May of the planting year, after the konjak naturally falls 20-30 days, harvesting is carried out on sunny days.

[0039] In the prior art, attempts have been made to interplant konjak under rubber trees in Hainan, a non-traditional konjak planting area. As a local konjak variety in Hainan, warty konjak is more suitable for the local climate and environment, and is more common in Hainan tropical rainforests. However, the content of glucomannan in warty konjak is very low, and its commercial value is poor, so it has not been fully recognized in the market.

[0040] For planting Amorphophallus konjac in Hainan area, the prior art also attempts to mainly cut the rubber trees in the mature rubber forest by interval, taking 27 trees per mu of the remaining number of trees and 3.3 cubic meters per mu of the volume of the trees as the benchmark, cutting 50% of the trees (13.5 trees on average) and re-planting, using the relatively low-cost tree heads and roots, logs and leaves to transform and cultivate the high-value log ganoderma in the forest section, increasing the income, and the canopy density of the forest section after cutting is reduced from about 0.8 to about 0.5, which provides better conditions for the higher yield and benefit of the undergrowth Amorphophallus konjac. However, in Hainan area, there are more extreme weather such as typhoon, gale and storm in summer and autumn, mainly concentrated in August to October. When the second-generation Amorphophallus konjac is used to produce commodity Amorphophallus konjac, due to the large plant type, there is a serious problem of lodging in the intercropping in the mature rubber forest. For example, in the article "Different Rubber Forest Types Intercropping Amorphophallus konjac Planting Density" published by Li Jian et al. in Tropical Biology, the lodging rate of the second-generation Amorphophallus konjac intercropped in the conventional rubber forest is 35.6-62.2%, and the yield is between 246.1-506.7 kg per mu. In the article "Dehong Sheltered Farm Environment-friendly Ecological Rubber Forest Construction Status and Benefit Analysis" published by Zhou Yong et al. in Tropical Agricultural Science, it is recorded that the intercropping of the second-generation Amorphophallus konjac in the conventional rubber forest in Yunnan can reach 2100 kg per mu, which is obviously lower than the normal level, seriously hindering the growth and yield of Amorphophallus konjac, and affecting the economic benefit of Amorphophallus konjac cultivation in rubber forest. Therefore, it is urgent to optimize and adjust the Amorphophallus konjac cultivation in rubber forest to ensure the yield of Amorphophallus konjac and obtain the economic benefit.

[0041] The applicant finds that by selecting a suitable rubber forest, optimizing the planting time, planting method, and fertilization time, fully utilizing the characteristics that the winter temperature in Hainan tropical area is relatively consistent with the growth temperature requirement of Amorphophallus konjac, adopting the "avoiding" strategy to avoid the coincidence of the growth period of Amorphophallus konjac planted in the conventional season in Hainan area and the typhoon, gale and storm in summer and autumn (mainly in August to October), and carrying out counter-season cultivation of Amorphophallus konjac in rubber forest, the adverse effects of Amorphophallus konjac lodging on the yield of Amorphophallus konjac can be prevented, so as to achieve the purpose of high-efficiency intercropping of Amorphophallus konjac in rubber forest.

[0042] Beneficial effects

[0043] The method fully utilizes the characteristics that the winter temperature in Hainan tropical area is relatively consistent with the growth temperature requirement of Amorphophallus konjac, adopts the "avoiding" strategy to avoid the coincidence of the growth period of Amorphophallus konjac planted in the conventional season in Hainan area and the typhoon, gale and storm in summer and autumn (mainly in August to October), and carries out counter-season cultivation of Amorphophallus konjac in rubber forest, so as to prevent the adverse effects of Amorphophallus konjac lodging on the yield of Amorphophallus konjac, and achieve the purpose of high-efficiency intercropping of Amorphophallus konjac in rubber forest. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044] Example 1 young rubber estate

[0045] (1) Forest land selection: Selecting the rubber tree variety of Reyan 7-33-97 planted in flat land, 5 years old, about 65% of the canopy, deep soil layer, irrigation conditions, rubber tree spacing 3m x 7m.

[0046] (2) Selection and treatment of seed tubers: Selecting the second generation seed tubers of the tissue culture seedlings of the detoxified konjac harvested in late August for planting, the size of the seed tubers being between 100-150g. After the seed tubers are dried for 7 days, they are soaked in a gibberellin (GA3) solution with a concentration of 60mg / L for 30min, then dried, and placed in a cool place until germination after 4 weeks.

[0047] (3) Application of base fertilizer, land preparation and ridging: In mid-September, fertilizers are applied in the middle of the rubber tree rows, followed by plowing and rotary tillage, the fertilized area being 3m wide, the fertilization path being parallel to the rows, 1.5 tons of organic fertilizer and 40kg of compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15) being applied per mu (pure area), followed by plowing and rotary tillage, and drying for 1 week before ridging, the ridges being 1m wide, 25cm high, and 20cm wide, with a total of 2 ridges. Between the ridges and the rubber trees, about 2m away from the rubber trees, a 40cm deep and 20cm wide isolation trench is dug.

[0048] (4) Sowing: In late September, irrigation belts are laid on the prepared ridges, 2 irrigation belts being laid per ridge, with a distance of 60cm between the irrigation belts. On the prepared ridges, planting holes are punched at a row spacing of 70cm and a plant spacing of 50cm, the holes being nearly circular with a diameter of about 10cm, and the planting holes being about 10cm deep and 10cm in diameter. Two rows of seed tubers are sown per ridge, and after planting, the soil is returned and sufficient water is applied for root fixation using sprinkler irrigation.

[0049] (5) Water management: From the seedling emergence period to the corm swelling period, every 8 days, the film is sprayed for 15 minutes, and in the later period, the film is sprayed once every 8 days for 12 minutes. After the konjac seedlings have emerged, 13kg of urea, 45kg of superphosphoric acid calcium, and 15kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu; when the konjac leaves have fully expanded, 13kg of urea and 18kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu. The fertilizers are dissolved in water, and then applied in two equal portions, with 50% of the fertilizer being applied each time. During the planting period, the weeds around the konjac that protrude from the mulch film are manually removed twice. 25% carbaryl wettable powder at 400 times the concentration is sprayed to control pests; after 70% of the konjac has emerged, agricultural streptomycin at 1000 times the concentration is combined with 70% methylthiophanate at 1500 times the concentration to spray the plant leaves, the plant base, and the surrounding soil, and the pesticide is applied once during the konjac growth period.

[0050] Because the rubber tree in the next year February to March, only the young top has more obvious defoliation, the lower layer defoliation is not obvious, the shading effect of the row is better, the canopy density is between 45-50%, so no shading net is set up.

[0051] (6) Harvest: In the middle of February of the next year of planting, the lodging rate of konjac is only 1.5% by counting the lodging situation. In the middle of April, after 4 weeks of natural konjac seedling, the yield is 1.44 tons per mu is measured in sunny weather.

[0052] Example 2 young rubber estate

[0053] (1) Forest land selection: Choose to plant in flat land, forest age is 15 years, rubber tree variety is Reyan 7-33-97, canopy density is about 65% of the rubber garden, soil is relatively deep, has irrigation conditions, rubber tree spacing is 3m x 7m.

[0054] (2) Selection and treatment of seed tubers: Choose the second generation seed planted in late February, the second generation seed tuber of konjac tissue culture seedling harvested in early October is planted, the size of the seed tuber is 205g on average. After drying the seed for a week, soak the seed in gibberellin (GA3) solution with a concentration of 100mg / L for 45min, then dry and place in a cool place. After 4 weeks of germination, it is ready for use.

[0055] (3) Application of base fertilizer, land preparation and ridging: In early November, spread fertilizer in the middle of the rubber tree row, plow and rotary tillage, the width of the fertilization area is 3m, the fertilization path is parallel to the row, spread 2 tons of organic fertilizer and 40kg of compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15) per mu (net area), plow and rotary tillage, dry for a week, then ridge, the ridge width is 1.2m, the ridge height is 30cm, the ridge ditch width is 30cm, a total of 2 ridges. Between the ridge and the rubber tree, about 2m away from the rubber tree, dig a isolation ditch about 40cm deep and about 20cm wide.

[0056] (4) Sowing: In the middle of November, lay sprinkler tape on the ridges, 2 strips of sprinkler tape per ridge, the distance between the sprinkler tapes is 70cm. On the ridges, plant at a row spacing of 80cm and a plant spacing of 50cm, the hole of the film is nearly circular with a diameter of about 10cm, the depth of the hole is about 10cm, and the diameter is about 10cm. Sow 2 rows per ridge, and irrigate with sprinkler irrigation after backfilling to ensure root water.

[0057] (5) Water management: from the emergence of the corms to the swelling period, every 10 days, 20 minutes of film irrigation, the late control every 10 days, 15 minutes of film irrigation. Among them, after the completion of the emergence of the konjac, every mu of urea 13 kg, superphosphate 45 kg and potassium sulfate 15 kg; when the konjac leaves fully developed, every mu of urea 15 kg and potassium sulfate 20 kg. Fertilizer is dissolved in water, combined with film irrigation, divided into two times, each time the amount of fertilizer is 50%. During the planting period, artificial removal of the konjac around the exposed film of weeds 2 times. With 90% of the enemy 800 times of the liquid, control pests; according to the 70% of the konjac after the emergence, the use of agricultural streptomycin 1000 times liquid with 70% of the methyl tobo note 1500 times liquid spray plant leaves, plant base and surrounding soil, in the konjac growing season 3 times.

[0058] In the early February of the next year, the rubber tree branch and the construction of the sunshade net (50% transmittance) to avoid the rubber tree defoliation period of sunlight exposure caused by sunburn, in the early March of the rubber tree when the removal of the leaf.

[0059] (6) Harvest: in the middle of March of the next year, the statistics of the konjac lodging situation, the lodging rate is only 2.4%. In the middle of May, after 4 weeks of natural konjac, choose a sunny day to harvest, the yield is 1.79 tons per mu.

Claims

1. A method for anti-lodging cultivation of Amorphophallus hainanensis under rubber trees in off-season, characterized in that, The steps include rubber forest selection, seedling selection and seedling treatment, base fertilizer application, land preparation and ridging, film covering and seeding, post-planting management, and harvesting steps. The seedling selection and seedling treatment specifically refer to selecting the second-generation seedlings of konjac tissue culture seedlings, leaf surface seed or seed propagation harvested in June-October for planting. The film covering and seeding specifically refer to laying a sprinkler tape for water and fertilizer integrated irrigation after ridging in September-November, and then performing film covering and seeding. The harvesting step specifically refers to harvesting in April-May of the year after planting, 20-30 days after konjac natural seedling.

2. The counter-season lodging-preventing cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized by The rubber trees in the rubber forest have a row spacing of 6-9 m.

3. The counter-season lodging-preventing cultivation method according to claim 2, characterized by The rubber forest has a slope of 0-30°.

4. The counter-season lodging-preventing cultivation method according to claim 3, characterized by The rubber forest has a canopy density of 50-75%.

5. The counter-season anti-lodging cultivation method according to claim 4, characterized by, The base fertilizer application, land preparation and ridging specifically refer to applying fertilizer in the middle of the rubber tree row, and then performing plowing and rotary tillage, with the fertilizer application area having a width of 2.5-3 m, the fertilizer application path being parallel to the row, and the land being left to dry for 1-2 weeks before ridging.

6. The out-of-season anti-lodging cultivation method according to claim 5, characterized by The post-planting management specifically refers to controlling soil moisture and fertilizer amount during the seedling emergence period to the corm swelling period, timely manually removing weeds around the konjac that expose the mulch, and timely preventing and treating diseases and pests.

7. The counter-season anti-lodging cultivation method according to claim 6, characterized by After the konjac seedlings emerge, the fertilizer amount is 10-20 kg of urea, 40-50 kg of superphosphate and 10-20 kg of potassium sulfate per mu.

8. The counter-season anti-lodging cultivation method according to claim 7, characterized by After the konjac seedling leaves fully develop, the fertilizer amount is 10-20 kg of urea and 15-30 kg of potassium sulfate per mu.

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