Phosphate glass having high refractive index and low density

Abstract

The glass composition includes niobium oxide (Nb2O5), phosphorous oxide (P2O5), and titanium oxide (TiO2) as essential components, and can optionally include calcium oxide (CaO), potassium oxide (K2O), barium oxide (BaO), sodium oxide (Na2O), lithium oxide (Li2O), magnesium oxide (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and other components. The glass can be characterized as having a high refractive index at 587.56 nm with a comparable room temperature low density.

Description

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 140,419, filed January 22, 2021, pursuant to 35 U.S. SC §119, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0002] This disclosure generally relates to phosphate glasses with high refractive index and low density. Background Technology

[0003] Glass is used in a variety of optical devices, including augmented reality devices, virtual reality devices, mixed reality devices, and eyeglasses. The properties required for this type of glass typically include a high refractive index and low density. Other desired properties may include high transmittance and / or low optical dispersion in the visible and near-ultraviolet (near-UV) ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Demanding a combination of these desired properties and the ability to form a glass from a composition with good glass-forming ability can be challenging. For example, generally, as the refractive index of glass increases, its density tends to increase as well. Substances such as TiO2 and Nb2O5 are often added to increase the refractive index of the glass without increasing its density. However, these materials typically absorb blue and UV light, which undesirably reduces the light transmittance of the glass in this spectral region. Generally, attempting to increase the refractive index of glass while maintaining low density without reducing transmittance in the blue and UV regions of the spectrum results in a decrease in the glass-forming ability of the material. For example, crystallization and / or liquid-liquid phase separation can occur during the cooling of the glass melt at industrially acceptable cooling rates. Typically, as the amount of certain substances (e.g., ZrO2, Y2O3, Sc2O3, BeO, etc.) increases, the glass forming ability appears to decrease.

[0004] Depending on the glass-forming agent used, low-density, high-refractive-index glasses typically fall into one of two chemical systems: (a) borosilicate or borosilicate glasses, where SiO2 and / or B2O3 are used as the primary glass-forming agent, and (b) phosphate glasses, where P2O5 is used as the primary glass-forming agent. The use of glasses that rely on other oxides as primary glass-forming agents (GeO2, TeO2, Bi2O3, and V2O5) can be challenging due to cost, glass-forming capability, optical properties, and / or production requirements.

[0005] Phosphate glasses can be characterized by high refractive index and low density; however, their production is challenging due to the risk of P2O5 volatilization from the melt and / or incompatibility with platinum. Furthermore, phosphate glasses are typically highly colored and may require additional bleaching steps to provide glass with the desired transmission properties. In addition, phosphate glasses exhibiting high refractive indices tend to have increased optical dispersion, which is unusable for some applications.

[0006] Based on these considerations, there is a demand for phosphate glasses that have a high refractive index and low density, optionally combined with high transmittance in the visible and near-UV ranges and / or are made of compositions that provide good glass-forming capabilities. Summary of the Invention

[0007] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a glass comprising multiple components is disclosed. The glass has the following composition: greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol% P₂O₅, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol% TiO₂, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% K₂O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% MgO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% Al₂O₃, and greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol%. The glass comprises V₂O₅, ≥0.5 mol% and ≤35.0 mol% of CaO + SrO, ≥0.0 mol% and ≤20.0 mol% of TeO₂ + SnO₂ + SnO, ≥0.0 mol% and ≤15.0 mol% of SiO₂ + GeO₂, and may optionally contain one or more components selected from the group consisting of: ≥BaO, Na₂O, Li₂O, WO₃, Bi₂O₃, B₂O₃, ZnO, ZrO₂, PbO, Tl₂O, Ag₂O, CdO, Cs₂O, Ga₂O₃, La₂O₃, MoO₃, and Ta₂O₅, and satisfies the following condition: P n -(1.83+0.04*P d )>0.00, where P n It is the refractive index parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mole percent according to the following equation (I):

[0008] P n=-0.0043794*P2O5+0.0072428*Nb2O5+0.0037304*TiO2-0.00039553*BaO-0.0032012*K2O-0.00 060689*CaO-0.0024218*Na2O-0.0014988*Li2O+0.0028587*WO3+0.0083295*Bi2O3-0.0031637*B 2O3-0.0030702*SiO2-0.00030248*ZnO+0.0020025*ZrO2-0.0018173*MgO-0.0032886*Al2O3+0.0 024221*TeO2+0.0038137*PbO-0.0016392*GeO2+0.0063024*Tl2O+0.0048765*Ag2O+1.81451, (I)

[0009] P d It is the density parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mol% according to the following equation (II):

[0010] P d [g / cm 3 ]=3.98457-0.015773*Al2O3-0.014501*B2O3+0.019328*BaO+0.060758*Bi2O3-0.0012685*CaO+0.023111*CdO+0. 0053184*Cs2O+0.011488*Ga2O3-0.0015416*GeO2-0.013342*K2O+0.058319*La2O3-0.007918*Li2O-0.0021423*M gO-0.0024413*MoO3-0.0082226*Na2O+0.0084961*Nb2O5-0.020501*P2O5+0.038898*PbO-0.012720*SiO2+0.0139 48*SrO+0.047924*Ta2O5+0.011248*TeO2-0.0092491*V2O5+0.028913*WO3+0.0074702*ZnO+0.0096721*ZrO2, (II)

[0011] In the formula, the symbol "*" represents the multiplication sign.

[0012] According to another embodiment of this disclosure, a glass comprising multiple components is disclosed. The glass has the following composition: greater than or equal to 17.0 mol% and less than or equal to 27.0 mol% P₂O₅, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol% TiO₂, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% K₂O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% CaO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% MgO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% Bi₂O₃, and greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% A. The glass contains l2O3, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol% V2O5, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% Li2O, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% RO, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% Alk2O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% of the sum of SiO2 + GeO2, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% of the sum of TeO2 + SnO2 + SnO, and may optionally contain one or more components selected from the group consisting of: greater than or equal to BaO, Na2O, WO3, B2O3, ZnO, ZrO2, PbO, CdO, Cs2O, SrO, Tl2O, Ag2O, Ga2O3, La2O3, MoO3, and Ta2O5, and satisfies the following condition: P n -(1.83+0.04*P d )-(-0.06+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00, where P n It is the refractive index parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mole percent according to the following equation (I):

[0013] P n=-0.0043794*P2O5+0.0072428*Nb2O5+0.0037304*TiO2-0.00039553*BaO-0.0032012*K2O-0.00 060689*CaO-0.0024218*Na2O-0.0014988*Li2O+0.0028587*WO3+0.0083295*Bi2O3-0.0031637*B 2O3-0.0030702*SiO2-0.00030248*ZnO+0.0020025*ZrO2-0.0018173*MgO-0.0032886*Al2O3+0.0 024221*TeO2+0.0038137*PbO-0.0016392*GeO2+0.0063024*Tl2O+0.0048765*Ag2O+1.81451, (I)

[0014] P d It is the density parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mol% according to the following equation (II):

[0015] P d [g / cm 3 ]=3.98457-0.015773*Al2O3-0.014501*B2O3+0.019328*BaO+0.060758*Bi2O3-0.0012685*CaO+0.023111*CdO+0. 0053184*Cs2O+0.011488*Ga2O3-0.0015416*GeO2-0.013342*K2O+0.058319*La2O3-0.007918*Li2O-0.0021423*M gO-0.0024413*MoO3-0.0082226*Na2O+0.0084961*Nb2O5-0.020501*P2O5+0.038898*PbO-0.012720*SiO2+0.0139 48*SrO+0.047924*Ta2O5+0.011248*TeO2-0.0092491*V2O5+0.028913*WO3+0.0074702*ZnO+0.0096721*ZrO2, (II)

[0016] In the formula, RO is the sum of divalent metal oxides, Alk2O is the sum of alkali metal oxides, and the symbol "*" represents the multiplication sign.

[0017] Those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate these and other aspects, objects and features of this disclosure by studying the following description, claims and drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 The refractive index n of some comparative glass and some exemplary glass according to embodiments of this disclosure is shown. d The refractive index parameter P calculated by equation (I) n A diagram showing the relationships between them.

[0019] Figure 2 The density d at room temperature is shown for some comparative glass and some exemplary glass according to embodiments of this disclosure. RT The density parameter P calculated by equation (II) d A diagram showing the relationships between them.

[0020] Figure 3 These are compositional dependencies of the coefficient of thermal expansion of some comparative glass examples.

[0021] Figure 4 The density parameter P of some comparative glass and some exemplary glass according to embodiments of this disclosure is shown. d With refractive index parameter P n A diagram showing the relationships between them.

[0022] Figure 5 The density d at room temperature is shown for some comparative glass and some exemplary glass according to embodiments of this disclosure. RT With refractive index parameter n d A diagram showing the relationships between them.

[0023] Figure 6 The sum of TiO2+Nb2O5 and P of some comparative glass and some exemplary glass according to embodiments of this disclosure are shown. n -(1.83+0.04*P d A diagram showing the relationship between ( ).

[0024] Figure 7 The sum of TiO2+Nb2O5 and n of some comparative glass and some exemplary glass according to embodiments of this disclosure are shown. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT A diagram showing the relationship between ( ). Detailed Implementation

[0025] In the following detailed description, exemplary embodiments illustrating specific details are given for illustrative purposes and not for limitation, in order to provide a full understanding of the various principles of this disclosure. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this disclosure may be practiced in other ways than those detailed herein, upon benefiting from this specification. Furthermore, descriptions of well-known devices, methods, and materials may have been omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various principles of the invention. Finally, wherever applicable, the same reference numerals denote the same elements.

[0026] Unless otherwise stated, it is not intended to interpret any method described herein as requiring its steps to be performed in a specific order. Therefore, when a method claim does not actually state that its steps follow a certain order, or does not specifically indicate in the claims or description that the steps are limited to a specific order, it is not intended to imply any particular order. The same applies to any possible unstated basis for interpretation, including but not limited to: the logic regarding the setup of steps or operational procedures; the general meaning derived from grammatical structure or punctuation; and the number or type of embodiments described in the specification.

[0027] As used herein, the term "and / or" when used to list two or more items means that any one of the listed items may be used alone, or any combination of two or more of the listed items may be used. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and / or C, the composition may contain only A; only B; only C; a combination of A and B; a combination of A and C; a combination of B and C; or a combination of A, B, and C.

[0028] Those skilled in the art, as well as those who utilize and use this disclosure, will make improvements to it. Therefore, it is to be understood that the embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings and described above are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure, which is defined by the appended claims and, in accordance with the principles of patent law, is to include the doctrine of equivalents.

[0029] As used herein, the term "about" indicates that a quantity, size, formulation, parameter, and other variable and characteristic is not, and does not need to be, exact, but may be approximate and / or larger or smaller as required, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding and measurement errors, and other factors known to those skilled in the art. When the term "about" is used to describe a value or endpoint of a range, it should be understood that this disclosure includes the specific value or endpoint referenced. Whether or not the endpoints of a numerical value or range in this specification are stated as "about," the endpoints are intended to include both implementations: one modified with "about" and one not modified with "about." It will also be understood that each endpoint value of a range is meaningful both in relation to and unrelated to another endpoint value.

[0030] The term “formed from…” can indicate one or more of the following: including, substantially composed of, or composed of. For example, a component formed from a particular material may include, substantially composed of, or be composed of that particular material.

[0031] In this document, the terms “free from” and “substantially free from” are used interchangeably, referring to the absence of an amount of a particular component in the glass composition that has not been intentionally added to the glass composition and / or the absence of that particular component. It should be understood that the glass composition may contain trace amounts of a particular constituent component as a contaminant or in an indeterminate amount of less than 0.10 mol%.

[0032] As used herein, when describing a particular constituent component in a glass composition, the term "uncertain" refers to a constituent component that is not intentionally added to the glass composition and is present in an amount of less than 0.05 mol%. Uncertain components may be unintentionally added to the glass composition as impurities in another constituent component and / or through migration of uncertain components into the composition during the processing of the glass composition.

[0033] The term “glass forming agent” is used herein to refer to a component that, when present alone in a glass composition (i.e., in the absence of other components, except in indefinite amounts), is capable of forming glass when the melt is cooled at a rate not exceeding about 200°C / min to about 300°C / min.

[0034] As used herein, the term "modifier" refers to an oxide of a monovalent or divalent metal, namely R₂O or RO, where "R" represents a cation. Modifiers can be added to glass compositions to alter the atomic structure of the melt and the resulting glass. In some embodiments, the modifier can alter the coordination number of cations present in the glass forming agent (e.g., boron in B₂O₃), which can lead to the formation of a more polymeric atomic network and, as a result, provide better glass forming.

[0035] As used herein, the term "RO" refers to the total content of divalent metal oxides, the term "R2O" refers to the total content of monovalent metal oxides, and the term "Alk2O" refers to the total content of alkali metal oxides. The term R2O encompasses alkali metal oxides (Alk2O) as well as other monovalent metal oxides, such as Ag2O, Tl2O, and Hg2O. As discussed below, in this disclosure, rare earth metal oxides are expressed with their standard formula (RE2O3), wherein the rare earth metal oxide has a redox state of "+3", and therefore are not included in the term RO.

[0036] As used herein, the term "rare earth metal" refers to the metals listed in the lanthanide series of the IUPAC periodic table, plus yttrium and scandium. As used herein, the term "rare earth metal oxide" is used to describe oxides of rare earth metals in different redox states, such as "+3" for lanthanum in La₂O₃, "+4" for cerium in CeO₂, and "+2" for europium in EuO, etc. Generally, the redox state of rare earth metals in oxide glasses can be altered, and specifically, the redox state may change during melting, depending on the batch composition and / or the redox conditions in the furnace where the glass is melted and / or heat-treated (e.g., annealed). Unless otherwise stated, rare earth metal oxides herein are expressed in their standard form, where the rare earth metal oxide has a redox state of "+3". Therefore, when a rare earth metal with a redox state other than "+3" is added to a glass composition batch, the glass composition is recalculated by adding or subtracting some oxygen to maintain the stoichiometry. For example, when CeO2 (cerium in the "+4" redox state) is used as a batch component, the resulting glass composition is recalculated as if 2 moles of CeO2 were equivalent to 1 mole of Ce2O3, and the resulting glass composition exhibits Ce2O3. As used herein, the term "RE" refers to... m O n "RE2O3" is used to refer to the total content of rare earth metal oxides in all redox states, and the term "RE2O3" is used to refer to the total content of rare earth metal oxides in the "+3" redox state.

[0037] The density values ​​of the glass recorded in this article are obtained using measurements with an error of 0.001 g / cm³. 3 The Archimedes method was used to measure the concentration in water at room temperature, with units of g / cm³. 3 As used in this paper, density measurements at room temperature (defined as d) RT Furthermore, the unit used in this article is g / cm³. 3This refers to measurements taken at 20°C or 25°C, and includes measurements obtained at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 25°C. It should be understood that room temperature may vary between about 20°C and about 25°C; however, for the purposes of this disclosure, density changes within the temperature range of 20°C to 25°C are expected to be less than 0.001 g / cm³. 3 The error is negligible and therefore is not expected to affect the room temperature density measurements recorded in this paper.

[0038] As used herein, good glass-forming ability refers to the melt's resistance to devitrification as the material cools. Glass-forming ability can be measured by determining the critical cooling rate of the melt. As used herein, the term "critical cooling rate" or "v" refers to the glass's resistance to devitrification. cr The critical cooling rate refers to the minimum cooling rate at which a melt of a given composition can form glass without visually visible crystals under an optical microscope at magnification of 100x to 500x. The critical cooling rate can be used to measure the glass-forming ability of a composition, that is, the ability of a melt of a given glass composition to form glass upon cooling. Generally speaking, the lower the critical cooling rate, the better the glass-forming ability.

[0039] The term "liquidline temperature" (denoted as "T") liq The liquidus temperature mentioned herein refers to the temperature above which the glass composition is completely liquid without any crystallization of the glass constituent components. The liquidus temperatures recorded herein were obtained by measuring the samples using one of three tests: (1) DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), (2) isothermal holding of the sample wrapped in platinum foil, or (3) gradient boat liquidus method. The tests were cross-checked, and similar results were obtained for each test. For samples measured using DSC, the powdered sample was heated to 1250°C at 10 K / min. The endpoint corresponding to the endothermic event of crystal melting was taken as the liquidus temperature. For samples measured using the isothermal holding method, the glass block (approximately 1 cm²) was heated to 1250°C. 3The glass particles are wrapped in platinum foil (to prevent evaporation) and placed in a furnace at a given temperature for 17 hours, then quickly removed from the furnace and cooled in air. The glass block is then examined using an optical microscope to check for crystal formation within the sample. If sparse surface crystals appear while maintaining a temperature not exceeding the liquidus temperature described above by 30-40°C, they are ignored; otherwise, the test is repeated. For samples measured using the gradient boat liquidus method, the procedure described in standard ASTM C829-81 is followed. This involves placing pulverized glass particles in a platinum boat, placing the boat in a furnace with a gradient temperature zone, heating the boat in the appropriate temperature zone for 24 hours, and determining the highest temperature at which crystals appear inside the glass by microscopic examination. More specifically, the glass sample is removed piecewise from the Pt boat and examined using a polarimetric optical microscope to determine the location and nature of crystals formed near the Pt-air interface and inside the sample. Because the furnace gradient is well known, the temperature-location relationship can be estimated relatively well within 5-10°C. The temperature at which crystals are observed within the sample is considered the liquidus, representing the glass (for the corresponding test time period). Tests are sometimes conducted for longer periods (e.g., 72 hours) to observe more slowly growing phases. The liquidus viscosity, measured in poise, is determined by the liquidus temperature and coefficients of the Fulcher equation.

[0040] Unless otherwise stated, the refractive index values ​​recorded herein were measured at room temperature (approximately 25°C). The refractive index values ​​of the glass samples were measured using a Metricon Model 2010 prism-coupled refractometer with an error of approximately ±0.0002. Using the Metricon, the refractive index of the glass samples was measured at two or more wavelengths, approximately 406 nm, 473 nm, 532 nm, 633 nm, 828 nm, and 1064 nm. The measured correlations characterized the dispersion, which was then fitted using either Cauchy's law equation or the Sellmeier equation to calculate the refractive index of the sample at a given wavelength of interest between the measurement wavelengths. In this document, the term "refractive index n" is used. d "Refractive index n" refers to the refractive index calculated at a wavelength of 587.56 nm as described above, which corresponds to the wavelength of the helium d-line. As used herein, the term "refractive index n" is... C "Refractive index n" refers to the refractive index calculated at a wavelength of 656.3 nm as described above. In this document, the term "refractive index n" is used... F "Refractive index n" refers to the refractive index calculated at a wavelength of 486.1 nm as described above. In this document, the term "refractive index n" is used... g "Refers to the refractive index calculated at a wavelength of 435.8 nm, as mentioned above."

[0041] Unless otherwise stated, as used herein, the term "high refractive index" or "high refractive index" refers to a glass with a refractive index value greater than or equal to at least 1.80. In the cases shown, the term "high refractive index" or "high refractive index" refers to a glass with a refractive index value greater than or equal to at least 1.85, or greater than or equal to 1.90, or greater than or equal to 1.95, or greater than or equal to 2.00.

[0042] The terms "dispersion" and "optical dispersion" are used interchangeably to describe the difference or ratio of refractive indices of a glass sample at a predetermined wavelength. One numerical measurement of optical dispersion documented in this paper is the Abbe number, which can be calculated using the following equation: ν x =(n x –1) / (n F –n C In the formula, "x" in this disclosure refers to one of the commonly used wavelengths (e.g., for ν). d 587.56nm [d-line] or for ν D 589.3nm [D line]), n x It is the refractive index at this wavelength (e.g., n). d Corresponding to ν d , and n D Corresponding to ν D ), and n F and n C These are the refractive indices at wavelengths of 486.1 nm (F line) and 656.3 nm (C line), respectively. d and ν D The numerical differences are very subtle, mostly within ±0.1% to ±0.2%. As documented in this paper, the dispersion of glass samples is determined by the Abbe number (ν). d This indicates that it characterizes the sample according to the following equation ν d =(n d -1) / (n F -n C The relationship between the refractive indices at three different wavelengths, where n d The refractive index is calculated at 587.56 nm (d-line), n F The refractive index is calculated at 486.1 nm (F line), and n C This is the refractive index calculated at 656.3 nm (C-line). A higher Abbe number corresponds to lower optical dispersion.

[0043] The Abbe number corresponding to "high dispersion" or "low dispersion" can vary depending on the refractive index used to calculate the Abbe number. In some cases, the Abbe number corresponding to "low dispersion" for high-refractive-index glass may be lower than the corresponding Abbe number for low-refractive-index glass. In other words, as the calculated refractive index increases, the Abbe number corresponding to low dispersion decreases. The same applies to "high dispersion."

[0044] As used herein, the term "α" or "α" refers to... 20-300 "α" refers to the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of a glass composition over a temperature range from 20°C (room temperature, or RT) to 300°C. This property is measured using a horizontal dilatometer (push-rod dilatometer) according to ASTM E228-11. The numerical measurement of α is the linear average over a specified temperature range (e.g., RT to 300°C), expressed as α = ΔL / L0ΔT, where L0 is the linear dimension of the sample at or near the measurement range, and ΔL is the change in the linear dimension L (ΔL) within the measurement temperature range ΔT.

[0045] Young's modulus E and Poisson's ratio μ were measured using resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy with a Quasar RUSpec 4000 purchased from the Magnaflux Division of ITW Indiana Private Limited.

[0046] The glass transition temperature (Tg) was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 10 K / min after cooling to room temperature in air.

[0047] As used herein, the term "annealing point" refers to the temperature determined according to ASTM C598-93 (2013), at which the glass viscosity of a given glass composition is approximately 10. 13.2 moor.

[0048] When used in any equation in this paper, the symbol "*" represents a multiplication sign.

[0049] The glass composition may contain phosphorus oxide (P2O5). The glass composition in the embodiments described herein contains phosphorus oxide (P2O5) as a primary glass-forming agent. A larger amount of P2O5 increases the melt viscosity at a given temperature, which inhibits crystallization from the melt upon cooling and thus improves the glass-forming ability of the melt (by reducing the critical cooling rate of the melt). However, the addition of P2O5 to the glass composition significantly reduces the refractive index, making it more difficult to achieve high refractive indices. Therefore, the P2O5 content in high refractive index glasses is limited. In the embodiments, the amount of phosphorus oxide (P2O5) contained in the glass can be greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% to less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the amount of P2O5 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 11.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 13.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 17.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.4 mol%, greater than or equal to 21.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 23.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 37.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 38.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 39.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of P2O5 contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, less than or equal to 39.0 mol%, less than or equal to 38.0 mol%, less than or equal to 37.0 mol%, less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, less than or equal to 27.0 mol%, less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, less than or equal to 24.8 mol%, less than or equal to 24.5 mol%, less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 11.0 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of P2O5 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 17.0 mol% and less than or equal to 27.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.4 mol% and less than or equal to 24.8 mol%, greater than or equal to 21.0 mol% and less than or equal to 24.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 22.81 mol% and less than or equal to 24.99 mol%, greater than or equal to Equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 11.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 11.0 mol% and less than or equal to 24.8 mol%, greater than or equal to 11.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 13.0 mol%. % and less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 27.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 24.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 37.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 24.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 24.5 mol% and less than or equal to 37.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 24.5 mol% and less than or equal to 2 7.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 24.8 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 24.8 mol% and less than or equal to 38.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol% and less than or equal to 27.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 22.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 16.0 mol% and less than or equal to 28.0 mol%.

[0050] Glass compositions may contain divalent metal oxides (ROs). Adding divalent metal oxides to glass, such as alkali metal oxides (BeO, MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO), zinc oxide (ZnO), cadmium oxide (CdO), lead oxide (PbO), and others, provides considerably higher refractive indices than most monovalent oxides. Some divalent metal oxides (e.g., CaO, SrO, and ZnO) also provide considerably lower densities, thus increasing the refractive index-density ratio and consequently improving the performance of optical glasses in certain applications. Furthermore, divalent metal oxides can help increase the solubility of high-refractive-index components (e.g., TiO2, Nb2O5, and WO3), which indirectly leads to a further increase in refractive index at comparable densities. Additionally, some divalent metal oxides (e.g., ZnO and MgO) provide considerably lower coefficients of thermal expansion, which reduces thermal stresses formed in glass articles upon cooling and thus improves the quality of the glass articles. However, a large amount of divalent metal oxides may cause refractory minerals to crystallize from the melt or separate into liquid and liquid phases, which may reduce the glass's glass-forming ability. Furthermore, some divalent metal oxides (e.g., PbO and CdO) may cause environmental problems. Therefore, the amount of divalent metal oxides in the glass compositions of this disclosure is limited.

[0051] In some embodiments, the amount of divalent metal oxide (RO) contained in the glass composition may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% or greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%.

[0052] Glass compositions may contain calcium oxide (CaO). Among known monovalent and divalent metal oxides, calcium oxide provides the highest refractive index-density ratio for glasses. Furthermore, in some embodiments, CaO can help increase the solubility of Nb₂O₅ and TiO₂, which contributes to an increased refractive index at relatively low densities. However, if the amount of CaO in the glass is too high, it may cause refractory materials (e.g., calcium titanate (CaTiO₃, CaTi₂O₅, etc.), calcium niobate (CaNb₂O₆), calcium metasilicate (CaSiO₃), and others) to crystallize, which may lower the viscosity at the liquidus temperature and thus increase the critical cooling rate, potentially causing the glass-forming melt to crystallize upon cooling. This is the reason why the amount of CaO in the glass disclosed herein is limited. In embodiments, the amount of calcium oxide (CaO) contained in the glass may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between these values. In some embodiments, the amount of CaO contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 32.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 33.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 34.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of CaO contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, less than or equal to 34.0 mol%, less than or equal to 33.0 mol%, less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, less than or equal to 17.0 mol%, less than or equal to 15.5 mol%, less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, less than or equal to 2.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 1.0 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of CaO contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 17.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.81 mol% and less than or equal to 14.63 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%. Or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol%. 20.0 mol% or less, 15.5 mol% or more and 33.0 mol% or more, 30.0 mol% or more, 20.0 mol% or more, 7.0 mol% or more and 20.0 mol% or more, 4.0 mol% or more and 20.0 mol% or more, or 5.0 mol% or more and 26.0 mol% or more.

[0053] The glass composition may contain strontium oxide (SrO). In high-refractive-index phosphate glasses, SrO, similar to CaO, can improve the solubility of the high-refractive-index component. However, SrO is generally less effective than CaO in improving solubility. Furthermore, at comparable refractive indices, SrO provides a slightly higher density than CaO. Therefore, the amount of SrO in the glass of this disclosure is limited, or the glass may be substantially free of SrO. In embodiments, the amount of strontium oxide (SrO) contained in the glass may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between these values. In some embodiments, the amount of SrO contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 32.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 33.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 34.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of SrO contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, less than or equal to 34.0 mol%, less than or equal to 33.0 mol%, less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, less than or equal to 2.7 mol%, less than or equal to 2.4 mol%, less than or equal to 2.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 1.0 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of SrO contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.7 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.4 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.03 mol% and less than or equal to 2.11 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.4 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.4 mol% and less than or equal to 2.4 mol%. 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.7 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.7 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.7 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 14.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 28.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 8.0 mol% and less than or equal to 28.0 mol%.

[0054] The glass composition may contain barium oxide (BaO). Barium oxide can increase the solubility of high refractive index components (e.g., TiO2 and Nb2O5) more than other divalent metal oxides, which can indirectly lead to a further increase in refractive index at relatively low densities. However, barium is a heavy element, and if added in large quantities, it may increase the glass density. Furthermore, at high concentrations, it may cause the crystallization of barium titanate (BaTiO3), barium niobate (BaNb2O6), barium orthophosphate (Ba3P2O8), and other such minerals, which may cause the glass-forming melt to crystallize upon cooling. Therefore, the amount of BaO in the glass of this disclosure is limited, or the glass may be substantially free of BaO. In embodiments, the amount of barium oxide (BaO) contained in the glass may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 20.1 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the amount of BaO contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 15.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of BaO contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 20.1 mol%, less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 13.5 mol%, less than or equal to 12.3 mol%, less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 5.0 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of BaO contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.49 mol% and less than or equal to 12.27 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%. Equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 12.3 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 12 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 12.3 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.3 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.3 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.3 mol% and less than or equal to 13.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 11.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%.

[0055] Glass compositions may contain magnesium oxide (MgO). Magnesium oxide is not commonly used in high-refractive-index optical glasses. Magnesium oxide lowers the coefficient of thermal expansion, which can be useful for reducing thermal stress formed in glass articles when they are cooled. However, compared to other divalent metal oxides (e.g., BaO, SrO, CaO, and ZnO), magnesium oxide provides a lower refractive index and a lower increase in the solubility of high-refractive-index components. Furthermore, in phosphate glasses, the addition of MgO may lead to the crystallization of magnesium phosphate Mg3P2O8, which may reduce the glass's glass-forming ability. Therefore, the amount of MgO in the glass of this disclosure is limited, or the glass may be substantially free of MgO. In embodiments, the amount of magnesium oxide (MgO) contained in the glass composition may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the amount of MgO contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 13.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 14.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of MgO contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 14.0 mol%, less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, less than or equal to 6.25 mol%, less than or equal to 5.5 mol%, less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, less than or equal to 2.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 1.0 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of MgO contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 6.25 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.52 mol% and less than or equal to 4.73 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 6.25 mol%, and greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%. And less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 6.25 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.5 mol% and less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.5 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.5 mol% and less than or equal to 6.25 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.9 mol% and less than or equal to 8.1 mol%, greater than or equal to 8.9 mol% and less than or equal to 14.2 mol%, or greater than or equal to 2.1 mol% and less than or equal to 8.0 mol%.

[0056] The glass composition may contain zinc oxide (ZnO). Zinc oxide provides a fairly good refractive index-density ratio and can sometimes increase the solubility of titanium oxide, which indirectly increases the refractive index of the glass. However, it has been found in some embodiments that, at high concentrations of ZnO, the glass-forming ability of the melt decreases and the melt may tend to crystallize during cooling. This is why the amount of ZnO in the glass disclosed herein is limited or the glass may be substantially ZnO-free. In embodiments, the amount of zinc oxide (ZnO) contained in the glass may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the amount of ZnO contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 7.5 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of ZnO contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 4.6 mol%, less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 2.5 mol%. In some more embodiments, the amount of ZnO contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.6 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.4 mol% and less than or equal to 3.66 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 4.6 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol%. % and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.6 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.6 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.6 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.6 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 8.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 6.8 mol% and less than or equal to 9.6 mol%, or greater than or equal to 3.3 mol% and less than or equal to 6.0 mol%.

[0057] Glass compositions may contain alkali metal oxides (Alk2O). Alkali metal oxides (Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Rb2O, and Cs2O) can help improve the solubility of high refractive index components (e.g., TiO2, Nb2O5, or WO3) in the glass structure, which can lead to an increase in refractive index at acceptable low densities. Most commonly, Li2O, Na2O, and / or K2O are used for this purpose. Generally, of these three oxides, K2O provides the greatest effect on the solubility of high refractive index components; however, adding K2O itself may decrease the refractive index, which reduces the mentioned effect. Conversely, of these three oxides, Li2O generally provides the largest refractive index-density ratio, but has the least impact on the solubility of high refractive index components. Oxides (Na2O) generally produce a moderate effect between Li2O and K2O. However, the exact effect of these oxides on glass formability is difficult to predict, and the desired ratios of these oxides may differ in different embodiments. Specifically, in some embodiments, it is desirable to add all three oxides (Li₂O, Na₂O, and K₂O), or two of them together. Furthermore, in some embodiments, using both monovalent metal oxides (R₂O) and divalent metal oxides (RO) improves the glass-forming ability of the glass and enables higher refractive indices at comparable densities.

[0058] In some embodiments, the amount of alkali metal oxide contained in the glass composition may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% or greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%.

[0059] Glass compositions may contain potassium oxide (K₂O). Potassium oxide can increase the solubility of high refractive index components (e.g., TiO₂ and Nb₂O₅) beyond other monovalent and divalent metal oxides, which can indirectly increase the refractive index at relatively low densities. However, among the aforementioned oxides, potassium oxide itself provides the lowest refractive index. Therefore, it may be difficult to achieve a high refractive index at high concentrations of K₂O. Consequently, the amount of K₂O in the glass of this disclosure is limited, or the glass may be substantially K₂O-free. In embodiments, the amount of potassium oxide (K₂O) contained in the glass may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the amount of K2O contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 32.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 33.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 34.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of K2O contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, less than or equal to 34.0 mol%, less than or equal to 33.0 mol%, less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, less than or equal to 18.0 mol%, less than or equal to 16.0 mol%, less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, less than or equal to 2.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 1.0 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of K2O contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 18.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.5 mol% and less than or equal to 16.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 9.98 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 16.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 18.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 18.0 mol% and less than or equal to 33.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 18.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 18.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 14.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 14.0 mol% and less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 13.0 mol% and less than or equal to 29.0 mol%.

[0060] The glass composition may contain sodium oxide (Na₂O). In high-refractive-index glasses, Na₂O acts similarly to K₂O, improving the solubility of high-refractive-index components (e.g., TiO₂, Nb₂O₅, WO₃, and others), but simultaneously reducing the refractive index of the glass. In most cases, the effect of Na₂O on high-refractive-index components is found to be slightly less than the corresponding effect of K₂O. However, Na₂O provides a lower coefficient of thermal expansion compared to K₂O, which can reduce the thermal stress formed when the glass article is cooled, thereby improving the quality of the glass article. In embodiments, the amount of sodium oxide (Na₂O) contained in the glass composition may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the amount of Na₂O contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of Na₂O contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, less than or equal to 11.5 mol%, less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 7.1 mol%, or less than or equal to 5.0 mol%. In some more embodiments, the amount of Na₂O contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 11.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.02 mol% and less than or equal to 7.13 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.1 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 11.5 mol%. %, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.1 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.1 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.1 mol% and less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.1 mol% and less than or equal to 11.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.1 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.5 mol% and less than or equal to 11.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.5 mol% and less than or equal to 13.7 mol%, or greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 11.5 mol%.

[0061] The glass composition may contain lithium oxide (Li₂O). Among known monovalent metal oxides, lithium oxide provides the highest refractive index-density ratio for glass. Furthermore, in some embodiments, Li₂O can help increase the solubility of Nb₂O₅ and TiO₂, which additionally increases the refractive index at relatively low densities. Additionally, lithium oxide can facilitate the bleaching process of glass. However, empirically, it has been found that in some embodiments, even in small amounts, the addition of Li₂O may reduce the glass's formability due to crystallization of the glass-forming melt or liquid-liquid phase separation during cooling. Therefore, the amount of Li₂O in the glass of this disclosure is limited. However, it is difficult to predict the undesirable effects of the mentioned Li₂O; for this reason, the exact boundaries of Li₂O in embodiments may be very difficult to determine. Specifically, in some embodiments, the glass may be substantially free of Li₂O. In embodiments, the amount of lithium oxide (Li₂O) contained in the glass can be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between these values. In some embodiments, the amount of Li2O contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 8.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 9.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 9.5 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of Li2O contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 9.5 mol%, less than or equal to 9.0 mol%, less than or equal to 8.5 mol%, less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, less than or equal to 2.5 mol%, less than or equal to 1.5 mol%, less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 0.5 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of Li₂O contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 8.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.28 mol% and less than or equal to 4.1 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 8.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 8.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.5 mol%. 1% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 9.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 9.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 9.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 8.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.4 mol% and less than or equal to 9.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.5 mol% and less than or equal to 7.4 mol%, or greater than or equal to 5.6 mol% and less than or equal to 8.7 mol%.

[0062] The glass composition may contain alumina (Al2O3). Alumina can increase the viscosity of the glass-forming melt at high temperatures, which can reduce the critical cooling rate and improve glass forming ability. However, in high-refractive-index phosphate glasses, the addition of Al2O3 may cause refractory minerals in the glass-forming melt (e.g., aluminum phosphate (AlPO4), aluminum titanate (Al2TiO5), aluminum niobate (AlNbO4), and others) to crystallize upon cooling. Therefore, the amount of Al2O3 in the glass of this disclosure is limited, or the glass may be substantially free of Al2O3. In embodiments, the amount of alumina (Al2O3) contained in the glass composition may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the amount of Al2O3 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 8.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 9.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 9.5 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of Al2O3 contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 9.5 mol%, less than or equal to 9.0 mol%, less than or equal to 8.5 mol%, less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 2.5 mol%, less than or equal to 1.5 mol%, less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 0.5 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of Al2O3 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 0.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 8.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 2.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 9.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, and greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.5 mol%. 1.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.5 mol% and less than or equal to 9.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.5 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.5 mol% and less than or equal to 2.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 8.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.5 mol% and less than or equal to 9.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.5 mol% and less than or equal to 8.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.9 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.4 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 6.0 mol% and less than or equal to 9.5 mol%.

[0063] The glass composition may contain vanadium oxide (V₂O₅). Of all oxides, vanadium oxide offers the highest refractive index-density ratio. However, vanadium oxide can cause undesirable dark or even black discoloration and may also raise environmental concerns. For these reasons, the vanadium oxide content in the glass of this disclosure is limited, or the glass composition may be substantially V₂O₅-free. In embodiments, the amount of vanadium oxide (V₂O₅) contained in the glass may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the amount of V₂O₅ contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.05 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.10 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.15 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.25 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.75 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.85 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.9 mol%, or greater than or equal to 0.95 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of V2O5 contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, less than or equal to 0.95 mol%, less than or equal to 0.9 mol%, less than or equal to 0.85 mol%, less than or equal to 0.75 mol%, less than or equal to 0.5 mol%, less than or equal to 0.25 mol%, less than or equal to 0.15 mol%, less than or equal to 0.10 mol%, or less than or equal to 0.05 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of V₂O₅ contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.05 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.05 mol% and less than or equal to 0.85 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.10 mol% and less than or equal to 0.9 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.10 mol% and less than or equal to 0.75 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.10 mol% and less than or equal to 0.25 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.15 mol% and less than or equal to 0.9 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.15 mol% and less than or equal to 0.75 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.15 mol% and less than or equal to 0.25 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.25 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.25 mol%. And less than or equal to 0.9 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.25 mol% and less than or equal to 0.75 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 0.95 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 0.9 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 0.85 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 0.75 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.75 mol% and less than or equal to 0.95 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.75 mol% and less than or equal to 0.85 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.26 mol% and less than or equal to 0.86 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.14 mol% and less than or equal to 0.99 mol%, or greater than or equal to 0.42 mol% and less than or equal to 0.73 mol%.

[0064] The glass composition may contain tungsten oxide (WO3). WO3 provides a high refractive index without significantly increasing density or causing undesirable coloration. However, at high concentrations of WO3 (e.g., greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 20.0 mol%, or similar), the liquidus temperature tends to increase, and the viscosity at the liquidus temperature decreases, making it difficult to avoid crystallization of the melt upon cooling and / or difficult to obtain high-quality optical glass. Therefore, the WO3 content should be limited, or the glass composition may be WO3-free. In embodiments, the amount of tungsten oxide (WO3) contained in the glass may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the amount of WO3 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 7.5 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of WO3 contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 2.5 mol%. In some more embodiments, the amount of WO3 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%. %, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 3.2 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.5 mol% and less than or equal to 7.6 mol%, or greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 5.6 mol%.

[0065] The glass composition may contain tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅). Tantalum oxide increases the refractive index while maintaining acceptable density without reducing blue light transmittance. However, when added to the glass composition (sometimes even in small amounts), Ta₂O₅ can cause the crystallization of refractory minerals, which may increase the liquidus temperature and thus reduce glass formability. Therefore, the tantalum oxide content should be limited, or the glass composition may be Ta₂O₅-free. In embodiments, the amount of tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅) contained in the glass can be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the amount of Ta₂O₅ contained in the glass composition can be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.03 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 4.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of Ta2O5 contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, less than or equal to 2.0 mol%, less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 0.04 mol%. In some further embodiments, the amount of Ta₂O₅ contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.03 mol% and less than or equal to 0.04 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.04 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.04 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.04 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.04 mol% and less than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.04 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%.

[0066] Glass compositions may contain bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃). Bi₂O₃ provides a very high refractive index, higher than any other component considered herein, but results in increased density. Sometimes, it may provide undesirable coloration. Furthermore, it may reduce melt viscosity at high temperatures, which could cause the melt to crystallize upon cooling. This effect is particularly pronounced at high concentrations of Bi₂O₃, e.g., greater than 20.0 mol% or greater than 26.0 mol% or higher. Therefore, the bismuth oxide content should be limited, or the glass composition may be Bi₂O₃-free. In embodiments, the amount of bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) contained in the glass may be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between these values. In some embodiments, the amount of Bi2O3 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 13.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 14.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of Bi2O3 contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 23.0 mol%, less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 14.0 mol%, less than or equal to 13.0 mol%, less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, less than or equal to 2.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 1.0 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of Bi2O3 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 23.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 14.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 14.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%. And less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.5 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.8 mol% and less than or equal to 8.1 mol%, or greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 8.0 mol%.

[0067] The glass composition may contain titanium dioxide (TiO2). High-refractive-index glasses typically contain materials that absorb at least a portion of optical light (e.g., TiO2 and Nb2O5), particularly in the blue and near-UV regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. In embodiments of this disclosure, the transmittance of the glass can be characterized by different wavelengths in the range of about 300 nm to about 2300 nm. In some applications, high transmittance in the visible and near-UV ranges (blue light region) is particularly desirable. Achieving high transmittance in blue light in high-refractive-index glasses can be challenging. High levels of TiO2 and / or Nb2O5 typically used in glasses to increase the refractive index tend to reduce transmittance in the near-UV region and shift the UV cutoff to higher wavelengths. Therefore, the amount of TiO2 in the glass composition of this disclosure is limited. In embodiments, the amount of titanium dioxide (TiO2) contained in the glass can be greater than or equal to 0.3 mol% to less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between these values. In some embodiments, the amount of TiO2 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.3 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 11.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 14.9 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 37.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 38.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 39.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of TiO2 contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, less than or equal to 39.0 mol%, less than or equal to 38.0 mol%, less than or equal to 37.0 mol%, less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, less than or equal to 22.2 mol%, less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, less than or equal to 3.0 mol%, less than or equal to 2.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 1.0 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of TiO2 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.3 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 11.0 mol% and less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 14.94 mol% and less than or equal to 22.17 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.3 mol% and less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.3 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.3 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 32.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 22.2 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 22.2 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2 2.2 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 37.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 37.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%. 22.2 mol% and less than or equal to 38.0 mol%, 25.0 mol% and less than or equal to 38.0 mol%, 25.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, 25.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, 8.0 mol% and less than or equal to 19.0 mol%, 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 33.0 mol%, or 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 37.0 mol%.

[0068] Glass compositions may contain niobium oxide (Nb₂O₅). Similar to titanium oxide, niobium oxide can be used in some aspects of this disclosure to increase the refractive index of the glass while maintaining a low density. However, niobium oxide introduces a yellow tint into the glass that cannot be bleached in the same way as titanium oxide, leading to a loss of transmittance (particularly in the blue and UV ranges). Similar to titanium oxide, niobium oxide can cause crystallization and / or phase separation in the melt. In some cases, niobium oxide can provide glass with high optical dispersion, which is significantly higher than that induced when titanium oxide and some other high-refractive-index components are included in similar concentrations. The effects of niobium oxide can be influenced by other components of the glass, and therefore determining the exact limits for niobium oxide can be challenging. In some embodiments, the glass may be substantially free of Nb₂O₅; in this case, its function is performed by other substances (e.g., TiO₂). In embodiments, the amount of niobium oxide (Nb₂O₅) contained in the glass can be greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% to less than or equal to 50.0 mol%, and all ranges and subranges between these values. In some embodiments, the amount of Nb2O5 contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 6.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 27.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 28.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 40.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 44.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 46.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 48.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the amount of Nb2O5 contained in the glass composition may be: less than or equal to 50.0 mol%, less than or equal to 48.0 mol%, less than or equal to 46.0 mol%, less than or equal to 44.0 mol%, less than or equal to 42.0 mol%, less than or equal to 40.0 mol%, less than or equal to 39.0 mol%, less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, less than or equal to 6.0 mol%, less than or equal to 4.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 2.0 mol%.In some further embodiments, the amount of Nb₂O₅ contained in the glass composition may be: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol% and less than or equal to 44.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 27.5 mol% and less than or equal to 42.0 mol%, and greater than or equal to 27.99 mol% and less than or equal to 38. 99 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 42.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 42.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 44.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 39.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%. Greater than or equal to 6.0 mol% and less than or equal to 44.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 6.0 mol% and less than or equal to 39.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 6.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 39.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 46.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 42.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 30.0 mol% and less than or equal to 46.0 mol%, greater than Or equal to 30.0 mol% and less than or equal to 39.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 39.0 mol% and less than or equal to 42.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 40.0 mol% and less than or equal to 48.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 40.0 mol% and less than or equal to 42.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 8.0 mol% and less than or equal to 38.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 14.0 mol% and less than or equal to 46.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 36.0 mol%.

[0069] In some embodiments, the glass composition may have a total CaO + SrO content of: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 30.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the glass composition may have a total CaO + SrO content of: less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, or less than or equal to 5.0 mol%. In some further embodiments, the glass composition may have the following sum of CaO and SrO: greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than Or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 11.0 mol% and less than or equal to 23.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 24.0 mol% and less than or equal to 34.0 mol%.

[0070] In some embodiments, the glass composition may have a total SiO2 + GeO2 content of 0.0 mol%, 5.0 mol%, or 10.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the glass composition may have a total SiO2 + GeO2 content of 15.0 mol%, 10.0 mol%, or 5.0 mol%. In some further embodiments, the glass composition may have the following sum of SiO2 and GeO2: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.5 mol% and less than or equal to 11.5 mol%, greater than or equal to 3.5 mol% and less than or equal to 10.5 mol%, or greater than or equal to 6.7 mol% and less than or equal to 13.5 mol%.

[0071] In some embodiments, the glass composition may have a total TeO2 + SnO2 + SnO content of 0.0 mol%, 5.0 mol%, 10.0 mol%, or 15.0 mol%. In some other embodiments, the glass composition may have a total TeO2 + SnO2 + SnO content of 20.0 mol%, 15.0 mol%, 10.0 mol%, or 5.0 mol%. In some further embodiments, the glass composition may have the following sum of TeO2 + SnO2 + SnO: greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 9.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 14.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 17.0 mol%.

[0072] In some embodiments, the glass has a density d RT It can be greater than or equal to 3.40 g / cm³3 To less than or equal to 5.00 g / cm³ 3 And all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the glass composition has a density d RT It can be: greater than or equal to 3.40 g / cm³ 3 ≥3.50 g / cm³ 3 ≥3.60 g / cm³ 3 ≥3.68 g / cm³ 3 ≥3.70 g / cm³ 3 ≥3.75g / cm 3 ≥4.25 g / cm³ 3 ≥4.70 g / cm³ 3 ≥4.75g / cm 3 ≥4.80 g / cm³ 3 or greater than or equal to 4.90 g / cm³ 3 In some other embodiments, the glass composition has a density d RT It can be: less than or equal to 5.00 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 4.90 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 4.80 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 4.75 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 4.70 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 4.30 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 4.25 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 4.20 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 4.00 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 3.87 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 3.75 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 3.70 g / cm³ 3 Less than or equal to 3.60 g / cm³ 3 or less than or equal to 3.50 g / cm³ 3 In some further embodiments, the glass composition has a density d RT It can be: greater than or equal to 3.40 g / cm³ 3 Up to 5.00 g / cm 3 ≥3.40 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.70 g / cm 3 ≥3.50 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.70 g / cm 3≥3.50 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.00 g / cm 3 ≥3.60 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.70 g / cm 3 ≥3.60 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.00 g / cm 3 ≥3.70 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.75 g / cm 3 ≥3.70 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.25 g / cm 3 ≥3.75g / cm 3 Up to 5.00 g / cm 3 ≥3.75g / cm 3 Up to 4.25 g / cm 3 ≥3.87 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.75 g / cm 3 ≥4.00 g / cm³ 3 Up to 5.00 g / cm 3 ≥4.00 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.70 g / cm 3 ≥3.62 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.50 g / cm 3 ≥4.15 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.65 g / cm 3 or greater than or equal to 3.98 g / cm³ 3 Up to 4.81 g / cm 3 .

[0073] In some embodiments, the glass has a refractive index n d It can be greater than or equal to 1.80 to less than or equal to 2.03, and all ranges and subranges between the above values. In some embodiments, the glass composition has a refractive index n d It can be: greater than or equal to 1.80, greater than or equal to 1.82, greater than or equal to 1.84, greater than or equal to 1.85, greater than or equal to 1.90, greater than or equal to 1.95, greater than or equal to 1.97, greater than or equal to 1.98, greater than or equal to 1.99, greater than or equal to 2.00, or greater than or equal to 2.01. In some other embodiments, the glass composition has a refractive index n. dIt can be: less than or equal to 2.03, less than or equal to 2.01, less than or equal to 2.00, less than or equal to 1.99, less than or equal to 1.97, less than or equal to 1.90, less than or equal to 1.84, or less than or equal to 1.82. In some further embodiments, the glass composition has a refractive index n. d It can be: greater than or equal to 1.80 to 2.03, greater than or equal to 1.80 to 2.00, greater than or equal to 1.82 to 2.03, greater than or equal to 1.82 to 2.00, greater than or equal to 1.82 to 1.97, greater than or equal to 1.84 to 2.03, greater than or equal to 1.84 to 2.00, greater than or equal to 1.84 to 1.97, greater than or equal to 1.90 to 2.03, greater than or equal to 1.90 to 2.01, greater than or equal to 1.90 to 2.00, greater than or equal to 1.90 to 1.99, greater than or equal to 1.90 to 1.97, greater than or equal to 1.99 to 2.03, greater than or equal to 1.88 to 1.99, greater than or equal to 1.85 to 1.91, or greater than or equal to 1.95 to 2.02.

[0074] In some embodiments, the glass composition may have a value n greater than or equal to 0.00. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT ).

[0075] In some embodiments, the glass composition may have a value n greater than or equal to 0.00. d -(1.85+0.04*d RT ).

[0076] In some embodiments, the glass composition may have a value n greater than or equal to 0.00. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT )-(-0.06+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5)).

[0077] In some embodiments, the glass composition may have a value n greater than or equal to 0.00. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT )-(-0.05+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5)).

[0078] Refractive index n d and density d RT Glass properties can be predicted from the glass composition. Linear regression analysis was performed on exemplary glasses of this disclosure in the Examples section below, as well as other glass compositions documented in the literature, to determine an equation that can predict the compositional dependence of the refractive index at 587.56 nm on room temperature density.

[0079] A training dataset of glass compositions that meet the criteria specified in Table 1 below and have measured values ​​of the properties of interest are randomly selected from publicly available literature data in the SciGlass Information System database and from exemplary glasses of the embodiments presented herein (each property (n) d and d RT (Approximately 100 glass compositions were used). Linear regression analysis was performed on the dataset specified above to determine the equations, eliminating irrelevant variables and outliers. Table 2 below presents the resulting equations. Another subset of glass compositions meeting the same criteria was used as a validation set to evaluate the ability to interpolate within predetermined compositional limits, corresponding to the standard deviations specified in Table 2. An external dataset of existing glass compositions (also randomly selected from the SciGlass Information System database) was used to evaluate the ability to predict properties falling outside the specified compositional limits with reasonable accuracy. This process was iterated multiple times to determine the optimal variables for each property, corresponding to the regression equations specified in Table 2 above.

[0080] Data on the composition of comparative glass used in linear regression modeling (including training, validation, and external datasets) were obtained from the publicly available SciGlass information system database. Equations (I) and (II) were derived from the linear regression analysis and used to predict the refractive index n of the glass. d and density d RT :

[0081] P n =-0.0043794*P2O5+0.0072428*Nb2O5+0.0037304*TiO2-0.00039553*BaO-0.0032012*K2O-0.00 060689*CaO-0.0024218*Na2O-0.0014988*Li2O+0.0028587*WO3+0.0083295*Bi2O3-0.0031637*B 2O3-0.0030702*SiO2-0.00030248*ZnO+0.0020025*ZrO2-0.0018173*MgO-0.0032886*Al2O3+0.0 024221*TeO2+0.0038137*PbO-0.0016392*GeO2+0.0063024*Tl2O+0.0048765*Ag2O+1.81451, (I)

[0082] P d [g / cm 3]=3.98457-0.015773*Al2O3-0.014501*B2O3+0.019328*BaO+0.060758*Bi2O3-0.0012685*CaO+0.023111*CdO+0. 0053184*Cs2O+0.011488*Ga2O3-0.0015416*GeO2-0.013342*K2O+0.058319*La2O3-0.007918*Li2O-0.0021423*M gO-0.0024413*MoO3-0.0082226*Na2O+0.0084961*Nb2O5-0.020501*P2O5+0.038898*PbO-0.012720*SiO2+0.0139 48*SrO+0.047924*Ta2O5+0.011248*TeO2-0.0092491*V2O5+0.028913*WO3+0.0074702*ZnO+0.0096721*ZrO2, (II)

[0083] In equations (I) and (II) and in Tables 1 and 2, the refractive index parameter P n The effect of component concentration (in mol%) on refractive index n of the glass composition. d The parameters used for prediction; and the density parameter P. d The density d is determined by the component concentration (in mol%) of the glass composition. RT Parameters for prediction. In equations (I) and (II), each component of the glass composition is listed in its chemical formula form, where the chemical formula refers to the concentration of the component (in mol%). For example, for the purposes of equations (I) and (II), P2O5 refers to the concentration of P2O5 in the glass composition (expressed in mol%). It is to be understood that not all components listed in equations (I) and (II) are necessarily present in a particular glass composition, and equations (I) and (II) are equally applicable to glass compositions containing fewer than all the components listed in the equations. It is also to be understood that equations (I) and (II) also apply to glass compositions within the scope of this disclosure and the claims containing components other than those listed in the equations. If a component listed in equations (I) and (II) is not present in a particular glass composition, the concentration of that component in the glass composition is 0 mol% and the contribution of that component to the value calculated from the equations is zero. In Table 1, R m O n It is the sum of all oxides.

[0084] Table 1: Composition space used for modeling

[0085]

[0086]

[0087] Table 2: Property Prediction Model

[0088] nature abbreviation unit Prediction parameters Regression equation Standard error 587.56nm refractive index <![CDATA[n d ]]> <![CDATA[P n ]]> Equation (I) 0.016 room temperature density <![CDATA[d RT ]]> <![CDATA[P d ]]> Equation (II) 0.20

[0089] Figure 1 The parameters P are those of some literature glasses (“comparative example glasses”) and some exemplary glasses (“example glasses”) calculated by equation (I). n The measured refractive index n d A graph showing the functional relationship. For example... Figure 1 The data shows that for most types of glass, parameter P... n The composition dependence has a measured n of ±0.016 units. d The error is within the range that corresponds to the standard error listed in Table 2.

[0090] Figure 2 The parameter P is calculated by equation (II) for some literature glass (“comparative example glass”) and some exemplary glass (“example glass”). d With the measured density d RT A graph showing the functional relationship. For example... Figure 2 The data shows that for most types of glass, parameter P... d The composition dependence has ±0.20 units of measured d RT The error is within the range that corresponds to the standard error listed in Table 2.

[0091] Table 3 identifies the combinations of components and their respective amounts according to some embodiments of this disclosure. The exemplary glass A in Table 3 may contain additional components according to any aspect of this disclosure described herein.

[0092] Table 3: Exemplary Glass A

[0093] composition Quantity (mol%) <![CDATA[P2O5]]> 10.0 to 40.0 mol% <![CDATA[TiO2]]> 1.0 to 40.0 mol% <![CDATA[K2O]]> 0.5 to 35.0 mol% <![CDATA[Nb2O5]]> 0.0 to 50.0 mol% MgO 0.0 to 15.0 mol% <![CDATA[Al2O3]]> 0.0 to 10.0 mol% The sum of (CaO + SrO) 0.5 to 35.0 mol% <![CDATA[(Sum of TeO2 + SnO2 + SnO)]]> 0.0 to 20.0 mol% <![CDATA[(Sum of SiO2 + GeO2)]]> 0.0 to 15.0 mol%

[0094] Exemplary glass A according to embodiments of this disclosure may have a concentration of less than or equal to 5 g / cm³. 3 room temperature density d RT .

[0095] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, exemplary glass A may have a refractive index n greater than or equal to 1.9. d .

[0096] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, exemplary glass A may also satisfy the following equation:

[0097] n d -(1.83+0.04*d RT )>0.00,

[0098] In the formula, n d It is the refractive index at 587.56 nm, and d RT This is the density at room temperature, expressed in g / cm³. 3 According to some embodiments of this disclosure, exemplary glass A may also satisfy the following equation:

[0099] n d -(1.85+0.04*d RT )>0.00,

[0100] In the formula, n d It is the refractive index at 587.56 nm, and d RT This is the density at room temperature, expressed in g / cm³. 3 .

[0101] Table 4 identifies the combinations of components and their respective amounts according to some embodiments of this disclosure. The exemplary glass B in Table 4 may contain additional components according to any aspect of this disclosure described herein.

[0102] Table 4: Exemplary Glass B

[0103] composition Quantity (mol%) <![CDATA[P2O5]]> 17.0 to 27.0 mol% <![CDATA[Nb2O5]]> 1.0 to 50.0 mol% <![CDATA[TiO2]]> 1.0 to 40.0 mol% <![CDATA[K2O]]> 0.0 to 35.0 mol% CaO 0.0 to 35.0 mol% MgO 0.0 to 15.0 mol% <![CDATA[Bi2O3]]> 0.0 to 15.0 mol% <![CDATA[Al2O3]]> 0.0 to 10.0 mol% The total of divalent metal oxides RO ≥5.0 mol% <![CDATA[Total Alkali Metal Oxide, Alk2O]]> ≥5.0 mol% <![CDATA[(Sum of SiO2 + GeO2)]]> 0.0 to 15.0 mol% <![CDATA[(Sum of (TeO2 + SnO2 + SnO))]]> 0.0 to 10.0 mol%

[0104] The exemplary glass B according to the embodiments of this disclosure can satisfy the following equation:

[0105] n d -(1.83+0.04*d RT )-(-0.06+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00,

[0106] In the formula, n d This refers to the refractive index at 587.56 nm. TiO2 refers to the concentration of TiO2 (expressed in mol%), Nb2O5 refers to the concentration of Nb2O5 (expressed in mol%), and d... RT It is the density at room temperature (expressed in g / cm³). 3 ).

[0107] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, exemplary glass B may also satisfy the following equation:

[0108] n d -(1.83+0.04*d RT)-(-0.05+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00,

[0109] In the formula, n d This refers to the refractive index at 587.56 nm. TiO2 refers to the concentration of TiO2 (expressed in mol%), Nb2O5 refers to the concentration of Nb2O5 (expressed in mol%), and d... RT It is the density at room temperature (expressed in g / cm³). 3 ).

[0110] Example

[0111] The following examples illustrate the various features and advantages provided by this disclosure, and they do not in any way constitute a limitation of the invention or the appended claims.

[0112] To prepare glass samples of some exemplary glasses of this disclosure, approximately 15 grams of each sample (target substance content greater than 99.99% by weight) was melted from a batch of raw materials at a temperature of approximately 1300°C in a platinum or platinum-rhodium crucible (Pt:Rh = 80:20) for 1 hour. Two controlled cooling conditions were applied. Under the first condition (referred to as the “15-minute test” or “15-minute devitrification test”), the sample remained in the furnace after melting and the furnace was closed to allow the sample to cool slowly in air. Under these conditions, the sample cooled from 1100°C to 500°C in approximately 15 minutes. Under the second condition (referred to as the “2.5-minute test” or “2.5-minute devitrification test”), the furnace was closed, and the sample was removed from the furnace at 1100°C and allowed to cool naturally in room temperature air. Under these conditions, the sample cooled from 1100°C to 500°C in approximately 2.5 minutes. Temperature readings were obtained either by direct reading of the furnace temperature or by reading from an IR camera with a calibrated scale. The first condition (15-minute test) approximately corresponds to a cooling rate of up to 300°C / minute at a temperature of 1000°C, and the second test approximately corresponds to a cooling rate of up to 600°C / minute at a temperature of 1000°C (closer to this temperature, the cooling rate is close to its maximum). The cooling rate decreases significantly as the temperature decreases. Figure 3 The diagram shows typical configurations for the first and second cooling methods. For these samples, observations referred to as the "15-minute devitrification test" and the "2.5-minute devitrification test" are specified in Table 5 below; an observation result "1" indicates that the glass composition passed the devitrification test, wherein the composition is considered to have passed the devitrification test if the volume proportion of the glassy portion of the sample exceeds that of the crystalline portion. An observation result "0" indicates that the volume proportion of the crystalline portion exceeds that of the glassy portion.

[0113] Unless otherwise stated, for the preparation of other glass samples of the exemplary glass of this disclosure, a 1 kg batch is prepared in a pure platinum crucible. The crucible is placed in a furnace set at 1250°C, then the furnace temperature is increased to 1300°C and held at 1300°C for 2 hours. The furnace temperature is then reduced to 1250°C, and the glass is allowed to cool naturally at this temperature to equilibrium for 1 hour, after which it is poured onto a steel stand and annealed at Tg for 1 hour. For some compositions, the temperature and time are slightly adjusted to ensure complete melting. For example, for some compositions, a melting temperature of 1350°C or 1400°C and / or a holding time of up to 4 hours are used.

[0114] Some sample melts were also melted in a one-liter platinum crucible heated by the Joule effect. Approximately 3700g of raw material was used in this process. The crucible was filled at 1250°C over 1.5 hours. The temperature was then raised to 1300°C and held for 1 hour. During this step, the glass was continuously stirred at 60 rpm. The temperature was then lowered to 1200°C, where natural equilibrium was maintained for 30 minutes, and the stirring speed was reduced to 20 rpm. The transfer tube was heated to 1225°C, and the glass was poured onto a cooled graphite stage. The glass was formed into rods approximately 25mm thick, 50mm wide, and 90cm long. The prepared rods were examined under an optical microscope to check for crystallinity, and all were found to be free of crystals. The glass quality observed under the optical microscope was good; the rods were free of striae and bubbles. The glass was then placed in a toughening furnace oven at a specific temperature (Tg) for 1 hour for rough annealing. The bar was then placed in a static furnace at Tg for 1 hour, and then the temperature was decreased at 1°C / min.

[0115] No chemical analysis was performed on the test samples because similar samples prepared in independently melted batches were chemically analyzed by XRF (X-ray fluorescence, for all oxides except B2O3 and Li2O), ICP (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, for B2O3), and FES (flame emission spectroscopy, for Li2O). These analyses yielded deviations of major components (e.g., Nb2O5) relative to the feed composition within ±2.0 wt%, which corresponds to less than approximately 1 mol%.

[0116] Bleaching kinetics were evaluated by holding a 10 mm thick sample at a given temperature for the time required to become transparent (so that the sample appearance remained unchanged to the naked eye during a further 8-12 hours at this temperature after this time). The bleaching temperature was chosen to be between 550°C and 700°C for this test. Bleaching processes took longer when performed below 550°C; and decreased when performed above 700°C. Furthermore, if the crystallization initiation temperature T...x If the bleaching temperature is below the specified temperature, the glass sample may crystallize during the bleaching step; therefore, the bleaching step should be performed at a temperature designed to prevent crystallization. Table 5 below presents the bleaching time (t) for the samples undergoing bleaching tests. 漂白 The observation situation ([hours]).

[0117] In Tables 5 and 6, n 632.8 nm and n 531.9 nm These refer to the refractive indices at wavelengths of 632.8 nm and 531.9 nm, respectively.

[0118] Table 5: Exemplary Glass Compositions

[0119]

[0120]

[0121]

[0122] Table 5 (continued)

[0123]

[0124]

[0125]

[0126] Table 5 (continued)

[0127]

[0128]

[0129] Table 5 (continued)

[0130]

[0131]

[0132]

[0133] Table 5 (continued)

[0134]

[0135]

[0136]

[0137] Table 5 (continued)

[0138]

[0139]

[0140]

[0141] Table 5 (continued)

[0142]

[0143]

[0144]

[0145] Table 5 (continued)

[0146]

[0147]

[0148]

[0149] Table 5 (continued)

[0150]

[0151]

[0152]

[0153]

[0154] Table 5 (continued)

[0155]

[0156]

[0157]

[0158] Table 5 (continued)

[0159]

[0160]

[0161]

[0162] Table 5 (continued)

[0163]

[0164]

[0165]

[0166] Table 5 (continued)

[0167]

[0168]

[0169]

[0170] Table 5 (continued)

[0171]

[0172]

[0173]

[0174] Table 5 (continued)

[0175]

[0176]

[0177] Table 5 (continued)

[0178]

[0179]

[0180] Table 6 below lists the glass composition and properties of comparative glass examples 1-24.

[0181] Table 6: Composition and properties of comparative glass

[0182]

[0183]

[0184]

[0185] Table 6 (continued)

[0186]

[0187]

[0188]

[0189] Table 6 (continued)

[0190]

[0191]

[0192]

[0193]

[0194] The reference keys for each comparative glass listed in Table 6 are as follows: [1] JP2010083701A (HOYA Company); [2] JP2011057509A (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.); [3] JPH06345481 (OHARA Company); [4] JPH08104537A (HOYA Company); [5] US2019063958A1 (Corning Company); [6] US7531474B2 ( [7] US7603876B2 (HOYA Company); [8] US7638448B2 (Schott Company); [9] US9834465B2 (HOYA Company);

[10] WO2011086855A1 (OHARA Company);

[11] JP2007015904A (Konica Minolta Optical Co., Ltd.);

[12] US8389428B2 (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.).

[0195] Figure 4 The density parameter P of some exemplary glasses and some comparative glasses is shown. d With refractive index parameter P n The relationship diagram is shown. Exemplary glasses (solid circles) are Examples 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 16 to 18, 20 to 33, 35 to 39, 42, 46 to 50, 59 to 63, 66 to 71, 73 to 79, 81, 82, and 97 to 125 from Table 5. Comparative example glasses (hollow circles) are Examples C1 to C10 from Table 6. The density parameter P for predicting room temperature density is determined according to Equation (II). d The refractive index n is determined according to equation (I). d The refractive index parameter P is used for prediction. n . Figure 4 All exemplary and comparative glass examples shown have the characteristics specified in Table 7. In Table 7, "no limitation" is explained as meaning that it is not considered a limitation when selecting the composition. Figure 4 In this context, some of the compositions mentioned above may be marked for better visibility, some may not, and some more glass may not be shown, but this does not affect further conclusions.

[0196] Table 7: Figure 4 and 5 Limitations of the glass composition shown

[0197]

[0198]

[0199] The comparative glass examples listed above were selected from known glasses that have the characteristics specified in Table 7, and have a comparable density parameter P. d The highest refractive index parameter P is obtained in the numerical case. n .

[0200] Figure 4 The line shown corresponding to the equation y = 1.83 + 0.04*x provides a visual representation of the differences between comparative example glass with the properties specified in Table 7 and exemplary glasses 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 16 to 18, 20 to 33, 35 to 39, 42, 46 to 50, 59 to 63, 66 to 71, 73 to 79, 81, 82 and 97 to 125 according to this disclosure. Figure 4 It can be seen that, Figure 4 The exemplary glass (solid circle) mentioned in the text falls above the line y = 1.83 + 0.04*x, and there is no comparative example glass (hollow circle) falling above the line y = 1.83 + 0.04*x, where y corresponds to the refractive index parameter P. n And x corresponds to the density parameter P. d In other words, Figure 4 Some of the exemplary glasses presented satisfy the following equation (III)(a), and there is no comparative glass that satisfies the following equation (III)(a):

[0201] P n -(1.83+0.04*P d >0.00(III)(a)

[0202] from Figure 4 It can also be seen that, Figure 4 Some of the exemplary glass examples presented fall above the line y = 1.85 + 0.04 * x, and there is no comparative example glass falling above the line y = 1.85 + 0.04 * x, where y corresponds to the refractive index parameter P. n And x corresponds to the density parameter P. d In other words, Figure 4 Some of the exemplary glasses presented satisfy the following equation (III)(b), and no comparative glass satisfies the following equation (III)(b):

[0203] P n -(1.85+0.04*P d >0.00(III)(b)

[0204] This means that, under the conditions specified in Table 7 above, some exemplary glasses have a relatively high P dIn numerical terms, it has a higher P value compared to the best comparative glass that meets the same conditions. n Numerical value. In other words, for the purpose of prediction, these exemplary glasses in the glass have a considerable density d. RT In numerical cases, it has a higher refractive index n d Numerical values, that is, by way of prediction, they have superior d values ​​compared to the best known comparative glass with the characteristics specified in Table 7. RT With n d The combination of .

[0205] Figure 5 The density d of some exemplary glass and some comparative glass are shown. RT With refractive index n d The relationship diagram is shown. Exemplary glass (solid circles) are examples 45, 47, 59 to 63, 66 to 71, 73, 78, 80, 82 and 95 from Table 5. Comparative glass (hollow circles) are examples C2, C3 and C11 to C18 from Table 6. Figure 5 All exemplary and comparative glass examples shown have the characteristics specified in Table 7. Figure 5 In this context, some of the compositions mentioned above may be marked for better visibility, some may not, and some more glass may not be shown, but this does not affect further conclusions.

[0206] The above-listed Figure 5 The comparative example glass was selected from known glasses having the characteristics specified in Table 7, and having a comparable density d. RT The highest measured refractive index n is obtained in the numerical case. d Numerical value.

[0207] Figure 5 The line shown corresponding to the equation y = 1.83 + 0.04*x provides a visual representation of the differences between the comparative example glass with the properties specified in Table 7 and the exemplary glasses 45, 47, 59 to 63, 66 to 71, 73, 78, 80, 82 and 95 according to this disclosure. Figure 5 It can be seen that, Figure 5 The exemplary glass (solid circle) mentioned in the text falls above the line y = 1.83 + 0.04 * x, and there is no comparative example glass (hollow circle) falling above the line y = 1.83 + 0.04 * x, where y corresponds to n. d And x corresponds to d RT In other words, Figure 5 Some of the exemplary glasses presented satisfy the following equation (IV)(a), and there is no comparative glass that satisfies the following equation (IV)(a):

[0208] n d -(1.83+0.04*d RT >0.00(IV)(a)

[0209] from Figure 5 It can also be seen that, Figure 5 Some of the exemplary glass examples presented are placed above the line y = 1.85 + 0.04 * x, and there is no comparative example where the glass is placed above the line y = 1.85 + 0.04 * x, where y corresponds to n. d And x corresponds to d RT In other words, Figure 5 Some of the exemplary glasses presented satisfy the following equation (IV)(b), and no comparative glass satisfies the following equation (IV)(b):

[0210] n d -(1.85+0.04*d RT >0.00(IV)(b)

[0211] This means that, under the conditions specified in Table 7 above, some exemplary glasses have a comparable measured density d. RT In numerical terms, it has a higher measured refractive index n compared to the best comparative glass that meets the same conditions. d Numerical value. This can be interpreted as, based on measurements, these exemplary glasses in the glass have a considerable d RT In numerical cases, n has a higher value. d Numerical values, that is, according to measurements, they have superior d values ​​compared to known comparative glass with the characteristics specified in Table 7. RT With n d The combination of .

[0212] Table 8 below presents Figure 4 and 5 Table 7 shows the comparative example glasses C1 to C18, along with numerical values ​​for all properties specified in equations (III)(a), (III)(b), (IV)(a), and (IV)(b). Table 6 presents the complete composition of the comparative example glasses. Table 5 presents the complete composition of exemplary glasses derived from this disclosure, along with the properties mentioned above.

[0213] Table 8: Comparative Examples of Glasses Possessing the Properties Specified in Table 7

[0214]

[0215]

[0216] Table 8 (continued)

[0217]

[0218]

[0219]

[0220] Table 8 (continued)

[0221]

[0222]

[0223] based on Figure 4 and 5 Both predicted and measured property data confirm that some exemplary glasses from this disclosure have a better density d compared to the best comparative glass with the properties specified in Table 7. RT and refractive index n d The combination of .

[0224] Figure 6 The sum of TiO2+Nb2O5 and the value P of some exemplary glasses and some comparative glasses are shown. n -(1.83+0.04*P d The relationship between the two is shown in the diagram. Exemplary glasses (solid circles) are Examples 1 to 10, 12 to 37, 46 to 48, 63, 69, 70, 79, 83, 84, 102, and 125 from Table 5. Comparative glasses (hollow circles) are Examples C19 to C24 from Table 6. The relationship between the refractive index n and the glass is determined according to Equation (I). d The refractive index parameter P is used for prediction. n Determine the value of density d according to equation (II). RT Density parameter P for prediction d . Figure 6 All exemplary and comparative glass examples shown have the characteristics specified in Table 9. In Table 9, "no limitation" is explained as meaning that it is not considered a limitation when selecting the composition. Figure 6 In this context, some of the compositions mentioned above may be marked for better visibility, some may not, and some more glass may not be shown, but this does not affect further conclusions.

[0225] Table 9: Figure 6 and 7 Limitations of the glass composition shown

[0226]

[0227]

[0228] The comparative glass listed above was selected as having the highest value P among known glasses with the characteristics specified in Table 9, while having a comparable sum of TiO2 + Nb2O5. n -(1.83+0.04*P d The value of ).

[0229] Figure 6 The line shown corresponding to the equation y = -0.06 + 0.0013*x provides a visual representation of the differences between comparative example glasses with the properties specified in Table 9 and exemplary glasses 1 to 10, 12 to 37, 46 to 48, 63, 69, 70, 79, 83, 84, 102, and 125 according to this disclosure. Figure 6 It can be seen that, Figure 6 The exemplary glass (solid circle) mentioned in the text falls above the line y = -0.06 + 0.0013*x, and there is no comparative example glass (hollow circle) falling above the line y = -0.06 + 0.0013*x, where y corresponds to the magnitude P. n -(1.83+0.04*P d And x corresponds to the sum of TiO2 + Nb2O5. In other words, Figure 6 Some of the exemplary glasses presented satisfy the following equation (V)(a), and there is no comparative glass that satisfies the following equation (V)(a):

[0230] P n -(1.83+0.04*P d )-(-0.06+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00(V)(a)

[0231] from Figure 6 It can also be seen that, Figure 6 Some of the exemplary glass examples presented above the line y = -0.05 - 0.0013 * x, and there is no comparative example glass above the line y = -0.05 - 0.0013 * x, where y corresponds to the magnitude P. n -(1.83+0.04*P d And x corresponds to the sum of TiO2 + Nb2O5. In other words, Figure 6 Some of the exemplary glasses presented satisfy the following equation (V)(b), and there are no comparative example glasses that satisfy the following equation (V)(b):

[0232] P n -(1.83+0.04*P d )-(-0.05+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00(V)(b)

[0233] This means that, under the conditions specified in Table 9 above, some exemplary glasses from this disclosure, having comparable TiO2+Nb2O5 values, exhibit higher P values ​​compared to the best comparative glass meeting the same conditions. n -(1.83+0.04*P d The numerical value. In other words, for the purposes of prediction, these exemplary glasses in the glass have a higher value of n when they have a comparable sum of TiO2 + Nb2O5. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT The values ​​of TiO2+Nb2O5 and n, that is, by way of prediction, they have superior TiO2+Nb2O5 and n compared to the best known glass with the characteristics specified in Table 9. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT () combination.

[0234] Figure 7 The sum of TiO2 + Nb2O5 and the value n are shown for some exemplary glasses and some comparative glasses. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT The relationship diagram is shown below. Exemplary glass (solid circles) are Examples 59 to 63, 66 to 71, 78, 82 and 95 from Table 5. Comparative glass (hollow circles) are Examples C3 and C12 to C16 from Table 6. Figure 7 All exemplary and comparative glass examples shown have the characteristics specified in Table 9. Figure 7 In this context, some of the compositions mentioned above may be marked for better visibility, some may not, and some more glass may not be shown, but this does not affect further conclusions.

[0235] The comparative glass listed above was selected from known glasses having the characteristics specified in Table 9, and possessing the highest measured value of n with comparable TiO2+Nb2O5 values. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT The value of ).

[0236] Figure 7 The line shown, corresponding to the equation y = -0.06 + 0.0013*x, provides a visual representation of the differences between the comparative example glass with the characteristics specified in Table 9 and the exemplary glasses 59 to 63, 66 to 71, 78, 82, and 95. Figure 7 It can be seen that, Figure 7The exemplary glass (solid circle) mentioned in the text falls above the line y = -0.06 + 0.0013*x, and there is no comparative example glass (hollow circle) falling above the line y = -0.06 + 0.0013*x, where y corresponds to n. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT And x corresponds to TiO2+Nb2O5. In other words, Figure 7 Some of the exemplary glasses presented satisfy the following equation (VI)(a), and there is no comparative glass that satisfies the following equation (VI)(a):

[0237] n d -(1.83+0.04*d RT )-(-0.06+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00(VI)(a)

[0238] from Figure 7 It can also be seen that, Figure 7 Some of the exemplary glass examples presented are above the line y = -0.05 - 0.0013 * x, and there is no comparative example of glass above the line y = -0.05 - 0.0013 * x, where y corresponds to the magnitude n. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT And x corresponds to the sum of TiO2 + Nb2O5. In other words, Figure 7 Some of the exemplary glasses presented satisfy the following equation (VI)(b), and there are no comparative example glasses that satisfy the following equation (VI)(b):

[0239] n d -(1.83+0.04*d RT )-(-0.05+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00(VI)(b)

[0240] This means that, under the conditions specified in Table 9 above, some exemplary glasses of this disclosure, having comparable measured sum values ​​of TiO2 + Nb2O5, have a higher measured value of n compared to the best comparative glass meeting the same conditions. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT The value of ). This can be interpreted as, according to measurements, these exemplary glasses in the glass have a higher value of n while having a comparable sum of TiO2 + Nb2O5. d -(1.83+0.04*d RT The values ​​of TiO2+Nb2O5 and n, that is, according to measurements, are superior to the sum of the best known glasses with the characteristics specified in Table 9.d -(1.83+0.04*d RT () combination.

[0241] Table 10 below presents Figure 6 and 7 Table 9 shows the comparative example glasses C3, C12 to C16, and C19 to C24, along with the numerical values ​​of all properties specified in equations (V)(a), (V)(b), (VI)(a), and (VI)(b). Table 6 presents the complete composition of the comparative example glasses. Table 5 presents the complete composition of the exemplary glasses and the properties mentioned above.

[0242] Table 10: Comparative Examples of Glass Properties with Characteristics Specified in Table 9

[0243]

[0244]

[0245]

[0246]

[0247] Table 10 (continued)

[0248]

[0249]

[0250]

[0251] based on Figure 6 and 7 Both predicted and measured property data confirm that some exemplary glasses from this disclosure have a better refractive index n compared to the best comparative glass with the properties specified in Table 9. d Density d RT A combination of TiO2 and / or the sum of TiO2 and Nb2O5.

[0252] This disclosure includes the following non-limiting aspects. To the extent not described, any feature of aspects 1 through 36 may be combined, in whole or in part, with any one or more features of other aspects of this disclosure to form additional aspects, even if such combinations are not described.

[0253] According to the first aspect, the glass comprises multiple components and has the following composition: greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol% P₂O₅, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol% TiO₂, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% K₂O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% MgO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% Al₂O₃, and greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol% V₂. O5, the sum of CaO + SrO greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%, the sum of TeO2 + SnO2 + SnO greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%, the sum of SiO2 + GeO2 greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, and optionally containing one or more components selected from the group consisting of BaO, Na2O, Li2O, WO3, Bi2O3, B2O3, ZnO, ZrO2, PbO, Tl2O, Ag2O, CdO, Cs2O, Ga2O3, La2O3, MoO3, and Ta2O5, wherein the glass satisfies the following condition: P n -(1.83+0.04*P d )>0.00, where P n It is the refractive index parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mole percent according to the following equation (I):

[0254] P n =-0.0043794*P2O5+0.0072428*Nb2O5+0.0037304*TiO2-0.00039553*BaO-0.0032012*K2O-0.00 060689*CaO-0.0024218*Na2O-0.0014988*Li2O+0.0028587*WO3+0.0083295*Bi2O3-0.0031637*B 2O3-0.0030702*SiO2-0.00030248*ZnO+0.0020025*ZrO2-0.0018173*MgO-0.0032886*Al2O3+0.0 024221*TeO2+0.0038137*PbO-0.0016392*GeO2+0.0063024*Tl2O+0.0048765*Ag2O+1.81451, (I)

[0255] P dIt is the density parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mol% according to the following equation (II):

[0256] P d [g / cm 3 ]=3.98457-0.015773*Al2O3-0.014501*B2O3+0.019328*BaO+0.060758*Bi2O3-0.0012685*CaO+0.023111*CdO+0. 0053184*Cs2O+0.011488*Ga2O3-0.0015416*GeO2-0.013342*K2O+0.058319*La2O3-0.007918*Li2O-0.0021423*M gO-0.0024413*MoO3-0.0082226*Na2O+0.0084961*Nb2O5-0.020501*P2O5+0.038898*PbO-0.012720*SiO2+0.0139 48*SrO+0.047924*Ta2O5+0.011248*TeO2-0.0092491*V2O5+0.028913*WO3+0.0074702*ZnO+0.0096721*ZrO2, (II)

[0257] In the formula, the symbol "*" represents the multiplication sign.

[0258] According to the second aspect, the glass of the first aspect, wherein the glass has a density of less than or equal to 5.0 g / cm³. 3 room temperature density d RT and a refractive index n greater than or equal to 1.9 at 587.56 nm. d And among them, glass also satisfies the following condition: n d -(1.83+0.04*d RT )>0.00 and n d -(1.85+0.04*d RT )>0.00.

[0259] According to the third aspect, the glass of the first aspect 1, wherein the glass has a density of less than or equal to 5.0 g / cm³. 3 room temperature density d RT .

[0260] According to aspect 4, the glass of any one of aspects 1-3, wherein P d <5.0g / cm 3 .

[0261] According to aspect 5, the glass in any of aspects 1-4 satisfies the following condition: nd -(1.85+0.04*d RT )>0.00, where n d It is the refractive index at 587.56 nm, d RT [g / cm 3 [ ] is the density at room temperature.

[0262] According to aspect 6, the glass in any of aspects 1-5 satisfies the following condition: P n -(1.85+0.04*P d )>0.00.

[0263] According to aspect 7, a glass of any one of aspects 1-6, wherein the glass has a refractive index n greater than or equal to 1.9 at 587.56 nm. d .

[0264] According to aspect 8, the glass in any of aspects 1-7 satisfies the following condition: P n >1.9.

[0265] According to aspect 9, the glass in any of aspects 1-8 satisfies the following condition: P n >1.85.

[0266] According to aspect 10, a glass of any one of aspects 1-9, wherein the glass has a refractive index n greater than or equal to 1.85 at 587.56 nm. d .

[0267] According to aspect 11, the glass of aspect 10, wherein the refractive index n at 587.56 nm d Greater than or equal to 1.95.

[0268] According to aspect 12, glass from any of aspects 1-11, wherein the glass satisfies the following condition: P d <4.3g / cm 3 .

[0269] According to aspect 13, the glass of any one of aspects 1-12, wherein the glass has a room temperature density d less than or equal to 4.3. RT .

[0270] According to aspect 14, in aspect 10 regarding glass, the room temperature density d RT It is less than or equal to 3.7.

[0271] According to aspect 15, a glass of any one of aspects 1-14, wherein the composition of the component contains more than or equal to 17.0 mol% to less than or equal to 27.0 mol% P2O5.

[0272] According to aspect 16, a glass of any one of aspects 1-15, wherein when cooled in air from 1100°C to 500°C in 2.5 minutes, the glass does not crystallize.

[0273] According to aspect 17, the glass of any one of aspects 1-16, wherein the composition comprises: greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol% P₂O₅, greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% K₂O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol% Bi₂O₃, and greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%. 0.0 mol% BaO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% CaO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% Na2O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% Li2O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% MgO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol% ZnO, and greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol% SrO.

[0274] According to aspect 18, a glass of any one of aspects 1-17, wherein the composition comprises: greater than or equal to 25.0 mol% and less than or equal to 44.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, greater than or equal to 20.4 mol% and less than or equal to 24.8 mol% P₂O₅, greater than or equal to 7.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% TiO₂, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 18.0 mol% K₂O, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.5 mol% BaO, and greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%. The following amounts are present in mol% and less than or equal to 23.0 mol% Bi₂O₃, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 17.0 mol% CaO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.0 mol% Na₂O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 8.5 mol% Li₂O, greater than or equal to 0 mol% and less than or equal to 6.25 mol% MgO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.6 mol% ZnO, and greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.7 mol% SrO.

[0275] According to aspect 19, a glass of any one of aspects 1-18, wherein the composition comprises: greater than or equal to 27.5 mol% and less than or equal to 42.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, greater than or equal to 21.0 mol% and less than or equal to 24.5 mol% P₂O₅, greater than or equal to 11.0 mol% and less than or equal to 32.0 mol% TiO₂, greater than or equal to 3.5 mol% and less than or equal to 16.0 mol% K₂O, greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol% BaO, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol%... The following concentrations are present in mol% and less than or equal to 15.5 mol% CaO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% Bi2O3, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 11.5 mol% Na2O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol% Li2O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.5 mol% MgO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol% ZnO, and greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.4 mol% SrO.

[0276] According to aspect 20, a method for manufacturing an optical element, the method comprising processing glass according to any one of aspects 1-19.

[0277] According to aspect 21, a glass of any one of aspects 1-16, wherein the composition of the component comprises more than or equal to 17.0 mol% to less than or equal to 27.0 mol% P2O5.

[0278] According to aspect 22, the glass comprises multiple components having the following composition: greater than or equal to 17.0 mol% and less than or equal to 27.0 mol% P₂O₅, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol% TiO₂, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% K₂O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% CaO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% MgO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% Bi₂O₃, and greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% Al₂O₃. 3. The glass contains 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol% V₂O₅, 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 0.0 mol% Li₂O, 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol% RO, 5.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol% Al₂O, 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% of the sum of SiO₂ and GeO₂, 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% of the sum of TeO₂ and SnO₂ and SnO, and may optionally contain one or more components selected from the group consisting of BaO, Na₂O, WO₃, B₂O₃, ZnO, ZrO₂, PbO, CdO, Cs₂O, SrO, Tl₂O, Ag₂O, Ga₂O₃, La₂O₃, MoO₃ and Ta₂O₅, and satisfies the following condition: P n -(1.83+0.04*P d )-(-0.06+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00, where P n It is the refractive index parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mole percent according to the following equation (I):

[0279] P n=-0.0043794*P2O5+0.0072428*Nb2O5+0.0037304*TiO2-0.00039553*BaO-0.0032012*K2O-0.00 060689*CaO-0.0024218*Na2O-0.0014988*Li2O+0.0028587*WO3+0.0083295*Bi2O3-0.0031637*B 2O3-0.0030702*SiO2-0.00030248*ZnO+0.0020025*ZrO2-0.0018173*MgO-0.0032886*Al2O3+0.0 024221*TeO2+0.0038137*PbO-0.0016392*GeO2+0.0063024*Tl2O+0.0048765*Ag2O+1.81451, (I)

[0280] P d It is the density parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mol% according to the following equation (II):

[0281] P d [g / cm 3 ]=3.98457-0.015773*Al2O3-0.014501*B2O3+0.019328*BaO+0.060758*Bi2O3-0.0012685*CaO+0.023111*CdO+0. 0053184*Cs2O+0.011488*Ga2O3-0.0015416*GeO2-0.013342*K2O+0.058319*La2O3-0.007918*Li2O-0.0021423*M gO-0.0024413*MoO3-0.0082226*Na2O+0.0084961*Nb2O5-0.020501*P2O5+0.038898*PbO-0.012720*SiO2+0.0139 48*SrO+0.047924*Ta2O5+0.011248*TeO2-0.0092491*V2O5+0.028913*WO3+0.0074702*ZnO+0.0096721*ZrO2, (II)

[0282] In the formula, RO is the sum of divalent metal oxides, Alk2O is the sum of alkali metal oxides, and the symbol "*" represents the multiplication sign.

[0283] According to aspect 23, glass in aspect 22, wherein the glass satisfies the following condition: n d -(1.83+0.04*dRT )-(-0.06+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00, where n d It is the refractive index at 587.56 nm, and d RT [g / cm 3 [ ] is the density at room temperature.

[0284] According to aspect 24, the glass in any of aspects 22-23 satisfies the following condition: n d -(1.83+0.04*d RT )-(-0.05+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00, where n d It is the refractive index at 587.56 nm, and d RT [g / cm 3 [ ] is the density at room temperature.

[0285] According to aspect 25, the glass in any of aspects 22-24 satisfies the following condition: P n -(1.83+0.04*P d )-(-0.05+0.0013*(TiO2+Nb2O5))>0.00.

[0286] According to aspect 26, the glass of any one of aspects 22-25, wherein the glass satisfies the following condition: P n >1.85.

[0287] According to aspect 27, a glass of any one of aspects 22-26, wherein the glass has a refractive index n greater than or equal to 1.85 at 587.56 nm. d .

[0288] According to aspect 28, in aspect 27 of the glass, the refractive index n at 587.56 nm is... d Greater than or equal to 1.95.

[0289] According to aspect 29, the glass of any one of aspects 22-28, wherein the glass satisfies the following condition: P d <4.3g / cm 3 .

[0290] According to aspect 30, the glass of any one of aspects 22-29, wherein the glass has a room temperature density d less than or equal to 4.3. RT .

[0291] According to aspect 31, in aspect 30 of glass, the room temperature density d RT It is less than or equal to 3.7.

[0292] According to aspect 32, a glass of any one of aspects 22-31, wherein when cooled in air from 1100°C to 500°C in 2.5 minutes, the glass does not crystallize.

[0293] According to aspect 333, a glass of any one of aspects 22-32, wherein the composition comprises: greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol% P₂O₅, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% BaO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% CaO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol%... 20.0 mol% K2O, 0.0 mol% Na2O, 0.0 mol% Li2O, 0.0 mol% MgO, 0.0 mol% ZnO, and 0.0 mol% SrO.

[0294] According to aspect 34, the glass of any one of aspects 22-33, wherein the composition comprises: greater than or equal to 25.0 mol% and less than or equal to 44.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, greater than or equal to 20.4 mol% and less than or equal to 24.8 mol% P₂O₅, greater than or equal to 7.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% TiO₂, greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 18.0 mol% K₂O, and greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.5 mol%. The following are the percentages of BaO (greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 17.0 mol%), CaO (greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 13.0 mol%), Na2O (greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 8.5 mol%), Li2O (greater than or equal to 0 mol% and less than or equal to 6.25 mol%), MgO (greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.6 mol%), ZnO (greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.7 mol%), and SrO (greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.7 mol%).

[0295] According to aspect 35, a glass of any one of aspects 22-34, wherein the composition comprises: greater than or equal to 27.5 mol% and less than or equal to 42.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, greater than or equal to 21.0 mol% and less than or equal to 24.5 mol% P₂O₅, greater than or equal to 11.0 mol% and less than or equal to 32.0 mol% TiO₂, greater than or equal to 3.5 mol% and less than or equal to 16.0 mol% K₂O, and greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol%. The following concentrations are present: mol% BaO, greater than or equal to 2.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.5 mol% CaO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 11.5 mol% Na2O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol% Li2O, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.5 mol% MgO, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 4.0 mol% ZnO, and greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 2.4 mol% SrO.

[0296] According to aspect 36, a method for manufacturing an optical element, the method comprising processing the glass of any one of aspects 22-35.

[0297] Many changes and modifications can be made to the embodiments described above in this disclosure without significantly departing from the spirit and principles of this disclosure. All such changes and modifications are intended to be included herein, fall within the scope of this disclosure, and are protected by the appended claims.

[0298] Within the scope not yet described, different features of various aspects of this disclosure may be combined and used as needed. A particular feature not explicitly shown or described in any aspect of this disclosure is not to be construed as being impermissible, but rather as being done for the sake of brevity and conciseness of description. Thus, various features of different aspects may be mixed and matched as needed to form new aspects, whether or not the new aspects are explicitly disclosed.

Claims

1. A glass comprising multiple components, the glass having a composition comprising: Greater than or equal to 10.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol% of P2O5, Greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol% TiO2, Greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% K2O, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, MgO with a content greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%. Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% Al2O3, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol% of V₂O₅, The sum of CaO + SrO, which is greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol%. The sum of TeO2 + SnO2 + SnO greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol%. The sum of SiO2 + GeO2 greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%, and Optionally includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of: BaO, Na2O, Li2O, WO3, Bi2O3, B2O3, ZnO, ZrO2, PbO, Tl2O, Ag2O, CdO, Cs2O, Ga2O3, La2O3, MoO3, and Ta2O5. in, Glass must meet the following conditions: P n - (1.83 + 0.04 P d ) > 0.00, In the formula, P n It is the refractive index parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mole percent according to the following equation (I): P n = -0.0043794 P2O5 + 0.0072428 Nb2O5 + 0.0037304 TiO2 - 0.00039553 BaO - 0.0032012 K2O - 0.00060689 CaO - 0.0024218 Na2O - 0.0014988 Li2O + 0.0028587 WO3 + 0.0083295 Bi2O3 - 0.0031637 B2O3 - 0.0030702 SiO2 - 0.00030248 ZnO + 0.0020025 ZrO2 - 0.0018173 MgO - 0.0032886 Al2O3 + 0.0024221 TeO2 + 0.0038137 PbO - 0.0016392 GeO2 + 0.0063024 Tl2O + 0.0048765 Ag2O + 1.81451, (I) P d It is the density parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mol% according to the following equation (II): P d [g / cm 3 ] = 3.98457 - 0.015773 Al2O3 - 0.014501 B2O3 + 0.019328 BaO+ 0.060758 Bi2O3 - 0.0012685 CaO + 0.023111 CdO + 0.0053184 Cs2O +0.011488 Ga2O3 - 0.0015416 GeO2 - 0.013342 K2O + 0.058319 La2O3 -0.007918 Li2O - 0.0021423 MgO - 0.0024413 MoO3 - 0.0082226 Na2O +0.0084961 Nb2O5 - 0.020501 P2O5 + 0.038898 PbO - 0.012720 SiO2 +0.013948 SrO + 0.047924 Ta2O5 + 0.011248 TeO2 - 0.0092491 V2O5 +0.028913 WO3 + 0.0074702 ZnO + 0.0096721 ZrO2, (II) In the formula, the symbol " " indicates a multiplication sign.

2. The glass as claimed in claim 1, wherein: P d < 5.0 g / cm 3 。 3. The glass as claimed in claim 1, wherein, Glass must meet the following conditions: P n > 1.9。 4. The glass as claimed in claim 1, wherein, Glass must meet the following conditions: P d < 4.3 g / cm 3 。 5. The glass as claimed in claim 1, wherein, The composition of the components includes: Greater than or equal to 17.0 mol% and less than or equal to 27.0 mol% P2O5.

6. The glass as claimed in claim 1, wherein, The composition of the components includes: Greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, Greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol% of P2O5, Greater than or equal to 0.5 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% K2O, Bi₂O₃, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 30.0 mol%, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% BaO, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% CaO, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% Na2O, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% Li₂O, MgO with a content greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%. Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol% ZnO, and Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol% SrO.

7. A glass comprising multiple components, the glass having a composition comprising: Greater than or equal to 17.0 mol% and less than or equal to 27.0 mol% of P2O5, Greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, Greater than or equal to 1.0 mol% and less than or equal to 40.0 mol% TiO2, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% K2O, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 35.0 mol% CaO, MgO with a content greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%. Bi₂O₃, greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 12.0 mol%, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol% Al2O3, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 1.0 mol% of V₂O₅, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 7.5 mol% Li₂O, Greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% RO Greater than or equal to 5.0 mol% Alk2O The sum of SiO2 + GeO2 that is greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol%. The sum of TeO2 + SnO2 + SnO greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%, and Optionally includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of: BaO, Na2O, WO3, B2O3, ZnO, ZrO2, PbO, CdO, Cs2O, SrO, Tl2O, Ag2O, Ga2O3, La2O3, MoO3, and Ta2O5. in, Glass must meet the following conditions: P n - (1.83 + 0.04 P d ) - ( - 0.06 + 0.0013 (TiO2 + Nb2O5)) > 0.00, In the formula, P n It is the refractive index parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mole percent according to the following equation (I): P n = -0.0043794 P2O5 + 0.0072428 Nb2O5 + 0.0037304 TiO2 - 0.00039553 BaO - 0.0032012 K2O - 0.00060689 CaO - 0.0024218 Na2O - 0.0014988 Li2O + 0.0028587 WO3 + 0.0083295 Bi2O3 - 0.0031637 B2O3 - 0.0030702 SiO2 - 0.00030248 ZnO + 0.0020025 ZrO2 - 0.0018173 MgO - 0.0032886 Al2O3 + 0.0024221 TeO2 + 0.0038137 PbO - 0.0016392 GeO2 + 0.0063024 Tl2O + 0.0048765 Ag2O + 1.81451, (I) P d It is the density parameter, which is calculated from the glass composition in mol% according to the following equation (II): P d [g / cm 3 ] = 3.98457 - 0.015773 Al2O3 - 0.014501 B2O3 + 0.019328 BaO+ 0.060758 Bi2O3 - 0.0012685 CaO + 0.023111 CdO + 0.0053184 Cs2O +0.011488 Ga2O3 - 0.0015416 GeO2 - 0.013342 K2O + 0.058319 La2O3 -0.007918 Li2O - 0.0021423 MgO - 0.0024413 MoO3 - 0.0082226 Na2O +0.0084961 Nb2O5 - 0.020501 P2O5 + 0.038898 PbO - 0.012720 SiO2 +0.013948 SrO + 0.047924 Ta2O5 + 0.011248 TeO2 - 0.0092491 V2O5 +0.028913 WO3 + 0.0074702 ZnO + 0.0096721 ZrO2, (II) In the formula, RO is the sum of divalent metal oxides, Alk2O is the sum of alkali metal oxides, and the symbol " " indicates a multiplication sign.

8. The glass as claimed in claim 7, wherein, Glass must meet the following conditions: P n > 1.85。 9. The glass as claimed in claim 7, wherein, Glass must meet the following conditions: P d < 4.3 g / cm 3 。 10. The glass of claim 7, wherein, The composition of the components includes: Greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 50.0 mol% Nb₂O₅, Greater than or equal to 20.0 mol% and less than or equal to 25.0 mol% of P2O5, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% BaO, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% CaO, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 20.0 mol% K2O, Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 15.0 mol% Na2O, MgO with a content greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 10.0 mol%. Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 5.0 mol% ZnO, and Greater than or equal to 0.0 mol% and less than or equal to 3.0 mol% SrO.

Images