Uses near ultra-low energy fields for access and communication

Abstract

The use of Near Ultra Low Energy Field (NULEF) communications as a non-radiative way to enter a vehicle when the vehicle owner is close to the vehicle or touching the body of the vehicle avoids the use of problematic radio signals that could be intercepted by thieves. In addition, the NULEF communication system can be used as a high-bandwidth in-car communication system using NULEF‑E or NULEF‑H.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Non-Provisional Application No. 17 / 186,700, filed on February 26, 2021, entitled “ACCESS AND COMMUNICATION USING NEAR ULTRA LOW ENERGY FIELDS,” which is assigned to the assignee of this patent application and the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to access and communication using energy fields, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to access and communication of vehicles using near field communication systems. Background Art

[0004] A near field communication system is a short-range wireless communication system that communicates via a tightly coupled low-power field between devices. As a type of near field communication, near ultra-low energy field (NULEF) communication is similar to short-range communication, such as near field communication (NFC) with short-range and low-power capabilities, and the data communication between the NULEF transmitter and the NULEF receiver is achieved by means of field induction. The typical field induction used is based on the magnetic field of the NULEF communication system previously known as NULEF (near ultra-low energy field). When a magnetic field is used, the communication system is called NULEF-H (the H symbol is for magnetic field strength). However, in a novel method using an electric field, the communication system is called NULEF-E (the E symbol is for electric field strength).

[0005] Near-field magnetic communication devices using magnetic fields, such as NULEF devices or subject-worn devices, have some advantages over radio communications, such as power dissipation and beneficial fading characteristics, and can be used in a variety of applications similar to the use of radios. However, radios are still ubiquitous in a variety of applications today, with their associated disadvantages.

[0006] As an example, it has recently been highlighted that car thefts have an increasing trend, partly due to the development of relatively new methods for unlocking cars using radio access technology. Thieves can record encrypted codes over the air, which they can then replay to gain access to the car. Some methods have been proposed to make this more difficult, but to date, the radio remains at the heart of the proposed methods and therefore remains the main weakness.

[0007] Therefore, there is a need for systems, apparatuses, and methods that overcome the deficiencies of conventional approaches, including the methods, systems, and apparatuses provided herein. Summary of the invention

[0008] A simplified summary of embodiments related to one or more embodiments and / or devices and methods disclosed herein is presented below. Therefore, the following overview should neither be considered a broad overview related to all contemplated embodiments and / or embodiments, nor should the following overview be considered to identify key or important elements related to all contemplated embodiments and / or embodiments or to illustrate the scope associated with any particular embodiment and / or embodiments. Therefore, the sole purpose of the following overview is to present certain concepts related to one or more embodiments and / or embodiments related to the devices and methods disclosed herein in a simplified form prior to the detailed description presented below.

[0009] In one embodiment, a first transceiver may include: a first memory; a first processor coupled to the first memory; a first signal source coupled to the first processor, the first signal source configured to generate a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters; and a first antenna coupled to the first signal source, the first antenna including a portion of a body and configured to generate a first field.

[0010] In another embodiment, a first transceiver may include: a first component for storing data; a first component for processing, the first component for processing being coupled to the first component for storing data; a first component for generating, which is coupled to the first component for processing, the first component for generating is configured to generate a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters; and a first component for radiating, which is coupled to the first component for generating, the first component for radiating including a portion of a body and configured to generate a first field.

[0011] In another embodiment, a method for transmitting and receiving may include the following steps: generating a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters by a first signal source; generating a first field by a first antenna, the first antenna including a portion of a body and coupled to the first signal source; generating first data by a first processor coupled to a first memory; and sending the first data using the first antenna.

[0012] In yet another embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium includes instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method for transceiving, the method comprising the steps of: generating a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters by a first signal source; generating a first field by a first antenna, the first antenna comprising a portion of a body and coupled to the first signal source; generating first data by a first processor coupled to a first memory; and sending the first data using the first antenna.

[0013] In yet another embodiment, a second transceiver may include: a second memory; a second processor coupled to the second memory; a second signal source coupled to the second processor, the second signal source configured to generate a signal having a second wavelength greater than 2 meters; and a second antenna coupled to the second signal source, the second antenna comprising a portion of a vehicle body and configured to generate a second field.

[0014] In yet another embodiment, a second transceiver may include: a second component for storing data; a second component for processing, the second component for processing being coupled to the second component for storing data; a second component for generating, which is coupled to the second component for processing, the second component for generating is configured to generate a signal having a second wavelength greater than 2 meters; and a second component for radiating, which is coupled to the second component for generating, the second component for radiating comprising a portion of a vehicle body and configured to generate a second field.

[0015] In yet another embodiment, a method for transceiving may include the following steps: generating a signal having a second wavelength greater than 2 meters by a second signal source; generating a second field via a second antenna, the second antenna including a portion of a vehicle body and coupled to the second signal source; generating second data by a second processor coupled to a second memory; and sending the second data using the second antenna or receiving the first data using the second antenna.

[0016] In yet another embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium includes instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method for transceiving, comprising the steps of generating a signal having a second wavelength greater than 2 meters by a second signal source; generating a second field via a second antenna, the second antenna comprising a portion of a vehicle body and coupled to the second signal source; generating second data by a second processor coupled to a second memory; and sending the second data using the second antenna or receiving the first data using the second antenna.

[0017] Other features and advantages associated with the apparatus and methods disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] A more complete understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure and many of its attendant advantages will be readily obtained and better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are presented for purposes of illustration only and not limitation of the present disclosure, wherein:

[0019] Figure 1A and Figure 1B illustrates an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0020] Figure 2A schematic block diagram illustrating a communication system including at least two near field devices communicating with each other according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0021] Figure 3 A schematic block diagram illustrating a near field device including a main body as an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0022] Figure 4 A circuit diagram illustrating an input circuit for a near field device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0023] Figure 5 another circuit diagram illustrating another input circuit for a near field device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0024] Figure 6 another circuit diagram illustrating another input circuit for a near field device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0025] Figure 7 A block diagram illustrating a near field device using different carrier frequencies according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0026] Figure 8 illustrates some methods according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0027] Fig. 9 illustrates a mobile device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0028] Fig.10 Various electronic devices that may be integrated with any of the above-described methods, apparatuses, semiconductor components, integrated circuits, dies, interposers, packages, or package stacks (PoPs) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated.

[0029] As a rule, the features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Therefore, the size of the illustrated features may be arbitrarily enlarged or reduced for clarity. As a rule, some drawings have been simplified for clarity. Therefore, the drawings may not illustrate all elements of a particular device or method. In addition, throughout the specification and drawings, similar reference numerals represent similar features. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] The methods, devices, and systems disclosed herein alleviate the shortcomings of conventional methods, devices, and systems, as well as other previously unidentified needs. In some embodiments herein, when a near-field device (such as a key fob) is close to a car or contacts the body of a car, an intentional non-radiative local electric field (NULEF-E) is used as a means of entering the car. A technical advantage is that no radio signals are radiated, which prevents thieves from storing any useful entry data from the radio signal and entering the car. In other embodiments herein, an intentional non-radiative local field (NULEF-E or NULEF-H) is used as a high-bandwidth in-vehicle communication system. For example, a first transceiver may include: a first memory; a first processor coupled to the first memory; a first signal source coupled to the first processor, the first signal source being configured to generate a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters; and a first antenna coupled to the first signal source, the first antenna including a portion of the body (low-efficiency antenna) and configured to generate a first field (a low-power field that does not propagate farther, especially when using an inefficient antenna). It should be understood that although a 2-meter wavelength is mentioned, the wavelength threshold may be greater than or less than 2 meters depending on environmental conditions. For example, 2 meters is a good threshold for the wavelength of a signal propagating in a vacuum or free space corresponding to a maximum wavelength of 150 MHz. It should also be understood that when an E-field is used, there will be no H-field associated with the E-field (such as when the E-field is a zero energy field or is generated by a direct current (DC) power source with low power dissipation).

[0031] Figure 1A and Figure 1B An antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated. Figure 1A The figure shows a dipole antenna connected to a voltage source V 132, which has some source resistance R 130. The source 132 produces a charge distribution on the dipole surface that will change depending on the frequency of the signal from the voltage source 132. When the voltage source 132 is connected to a human body, the charge will move on the skin surface in a similar manner to a dipole. Since the height of the human body is usually much shorter than the operating wavelength, a more accurate antenna model such as Figure 1B As shown. With respect to the generated E field, the human body behaves like a hollow metal cylinder. A voltage V 132 is generated across the antenna, and the change in charge distribution over time causes a current through the antenna. The charge creates the E field, and the current creates the H field. If the E field is measured at any point on the dipole antenna 130, the E field will be reasonably constant due to the short antenna length relative to the operating wavelength. ( Figure 1A and Figure 1B 130 and 132 are equivalent. )

[0032] An electric field 134 is generated in both types of antennas, which can be modulated to send and receive data similar to a radio signal. When a low frequency (such as 9MHz to 22MHz) is used as the frequency of the voltage 132 and the length of the resistor (such as the human body or part thereof) is less than 2 meters or less than the frequency length, the body becomes a dipole antenna, in other words, it becomes an inefficient radiator. Using very low power levels will result in low power dissipation characteristics, which in turn will leave very low power levels available for radiation. The combination of low available power and inefficient antennas means that possible unintentional radiation levels will likely be lower than the background noise level and therefore cannot be detected remotely. It should be understood that charges will accumulate along the antenna / body according to the voltage of the driving source. The presence of charged particles along the antenna / body therefore generates an electric field (such as the first field) extending from the antenna / body and detectable with a capacitive transducer (such as the second antenna).

[0033] Figure 1B It shows how a voltage source 132 can drive an antenna 130 (a monopole, or a dipole if the antenna length is much shorter than the wavelength of the signal driving source's frequency) with an approximately constant charge density of electrons along the antenna 130 at all times, and produce an associated electric field around the antenna 130, and very similar to the effect used in NULEF-E. Figure 1A The dipole in the way does not require an external ground connection, Figure 1B The voltage source in does not also require the ground connection shown to produce a variable E field on the dipole.

[0034] Figure 2A schematic block diagram of a communication system including at least two near-field devices communicating with each other according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated. In some embodiments, the communication system may use received (one or more) modulated signals for carrier and / or symbol timing recovery. For example, symbol timing recovery estimates the timing offset and derives timing recovery or correction from the timing offset (such as phase error). A timing offset or phase error signal may be generated from a modulation cluster distribution. In addition, in some current implementations, the carrier frequency of a carrier may not be numerically related to the modulation symbol frequency. The present disclosure is about including an unmodulated carrier component in a signal for communication. In one embodiment, a proposed wireless communication system (such as a NULEF communication system) may use a priori knowledge of the relationship between symbol timing (such as modulation symbol frequency or data clock frequency) and (modulated or unmodulated) carrier frequency, and may recover or extract carrier and symbol timing signals from the unmodulated portion of the received modulated carrier, rather than using a timing offset or phase error signal generated from processing the modulation. In essence, the NULEF communication system can operate similarly to Bluetooth (BT) in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical Radio Band (ISM band) because the two methods have similar interference and degradation issues. NULEF can use binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM), as well as a modem and media access controller (MAC) similar to the BT and BLE protocols. In another embodiment, the process of generating a symbol timing clock from the recovered carrier may produce phase ambiguity. In one embodiment, the phase ambiguity may require a small amount of processing to correct, and the process of resolving the phase ambiguity can be part of the coherent carrier and symbol timing recovery.

[0035] In addition, some current communication systems may use multiplication and / or nonlinear processing to recover the frequency or phase of the received signal. In these systems, the residual carrier frequency offset, that is, the difference between the carrier frequency and the local oscillator (LO) used for carrier reception, can be used for symbol timing recovery. In one implementation, if additional power is sent on the carrier signal, the carrier signal can be suppressed, and this suppression can reduce the error vector magnitude (EVM) and therefore have a lower bit error rate (BER). In addition, intermodulation may impose a limit on the level of the unmodulated carrier, which may not be reduced by filtering. However, such a limitation may not exist because the NULEF communication system discussed in this article may be different from the traditional EM communication system spectrum and may not have any common spectrum limitations.

[0036] refer to Figure 2, the communication system 100 includes at least two NULEF devices 102 and 112. In some embodiments, the NULEF device 102 can communicate with the NULEF device 112 via wireless (such as electrical or magnetic) communications 110 and / or 120. In some embodiments, multiple NULEF devices including the NULEF device 102 can be within E-field or H-field communication coverage with one or more NULEF devices (including the NULEF device 112). In one embodiment, the NULEF device 102 can send and / or receive wireless communications (such as electrical or magnetic communications) to and / or from the NULEF device 112.

[0037] In some embodiments, the NULEF device 102 or 112 may also be referred to by those skilled in the art (and interchangeably herein) as a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communication device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a terminal, a user agent, a mobile service client, a client, or some other suitable term. The NULEF device 102 or 112 may be a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a wireless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (such as an MP3 player), a camera, a game console, a wearable computing device (such as a smart watch, smart glasses, a health or fitness tracker, etc.), an appliance, a sensor, a vehicle communication system, a medical device, a vending machine, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, or any other similarly functional device.

[0038] According to the present embodiment, the NULEF device 102 may include one or more processors 103, a memory 105, and / or a NULEF transceiver 104. In some embodiments, the NULEF transceiver 104 may have some sub-components, including a transmitter (TX) 106, a receiver (RX) 108, a phase-locked loop (PLL) 122, and / or a divider 124 (optional), which are used to operate and / or manage the modulation scheme used in NULEF communication according to one or more embodiments described herein. Similarly, the NULEF device 112 may include one or more processors 113, a memory 115, and / or a NULEF transceiver 114. In some embodiments, the NULEF transceiver 114 may have some sub-components, including a transmitter (TX) 116, a receiver (RX) 118, a phase-locked loop (PLL) 126, and / or a divider 128 (optional), which are used to operate and / or manage the modulation scheme used in NULEF communication according to one or more embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, one or more processors 103 and / or memory 105 in NULEF device 102 may operate in conjunction with NULEF transceiver 104 for operation or management of certain embodiments as described herein. Similarly, one or more processors 113 and / or memory 115 in NULEF device 112 may operate in conjunction with NULEF transceiver 114 for operation or management of certain embodiments as described herein.

[0039] In one embodiment, the term "element" used herein may be one of the parts constituting the system, which may be hardware, firmware and / or software, and may be divided into other elements. In some embodiments, the NULEF transceiver 104 / 114, TX106 / 116, RX 108 / 118, PLL 122 / 126 and / or divider 124 / 128 may be communicatively coupled to one or more additional elements (such as one or more processors 103 / 113 or memory 105 / 115) for sending, receiving and / or processing radio frequency (RF) and / or electrical and magnetic signals.

[0040] In one embodiment, RX 108 / 118 may include hardware, firmware, and / or software code executable by a processor (such as processor 103 / 113) for receiving data, the code including instructions and stored in a memory (such as memory 105 / 115). For example, RX 108 / 118 may be an RF or NULEF receiver.

[0041] In another embodiment, TX 106 / 116 may include hardware, firmware, and / or software code executable by a processor (such as processor 103 / 113) for transmitting data, the code including instructions and stored in a memory (such as a computer-readable medium). For example, transmitter (TX) 106 / 116 may be an RF or NULEF transmitter.

[0042] In one embodiment, the PLL 122 / 126 may include hardware, firmware, and / or software code executable by a processor, such as the processor 103 / 113, to operate in TX mode and execute with the TX 106 / 116, and / or to operate in RX mode and execute with the RX 108 / 118. In one embodiment, when the PLL 122 or 126 is configured to operate in RX mode according to instructions executed by one or more processors 103 / 113, the PLL 122 or 126 may be enabled to perform a multiple division. In one embodiment, for example, as part of the operation of the PLL 122 or 126 enabled in RX mode, the multiple may be identified or determined. In another embodiment, the PLL 122 or 126 may be enabled to perform a multiple multiplication, and similarly, for example, as part of the operation of the PLL 122 or 126 enabled in RX mode, the multiple may be identified or determined. In one embodiment, the multiple may be identified, determined, or indicated via a numerical relationship between the carrier frequency and the data clock frequency according to one or more embodiments discussed herein.

[0043] In another embodiment, divider 124 / 128 may include hardware, firmware, and / or software code executable by a processor (such as processor 103 / 113) to perform multiple (such as integer multiple) division. In one embodiment, the multiple may be identified, determined, or indicated via a numerical relationship between the carrier frequency and the data clock frequency according to one or more embodiments discussed herein. In one embodiment, divider 124 / 128 may be implemented separately from PLL 122 / 126. In another embodiment, divider 124 / 128 may be integrated with PLL 122 / 126.

[0044] In one embodiment, various functions associated with the NULEF transceiver 104 / 114 may be performed by a single processor, while in other embodiments, different functions may be performed by a combination of two or more different processors. In one embodiment, in one embodiment, the one or more processors 103 / 113 may include a modem processor, or a baseband processor, or a digital signal processor (DSP), or a transmit processor, or any one or any combination of transceiver processors associated with the NULEF transceiver 104 / 114. In particular, the one or more processors 103 / 113 may implement the elements included in the NULEF transceiver 104 / 114.

[0045] In another embodiment, one or more processors (such as processor 103 / 113) in a NULEF device (such as NULEF device 102 / 112) may execute or process instructions stored in a memory (such as memory 105 / 115) to assist / support or guide / instruct the operation (one or more) of TX 106 / 116, RX 108 / 118, PLL 122 / 126 and / or divider 124 / 128. In one embodiment, a relationship (such as a numerical relationship or multiple) may be stored in memory 105 / 115 and recognized by processor 103 / 113 to instruct PLL 122 / 126 to perform signal recovery (such as data clock or symbol timing recovery). In one embodiment, the numerical relationship may indicate that the carrier frequency is a multiple (such as an integer multiple) of the data clock frequency. When the PLL 122 / 126 operates in a receive (RX) mode according to instructions being executed by one or more processors 103 / 113, the PLL 122 / 126 may be enabled to perform multiple multiplication or multiple division to obtain the data clock frequency in the order of the PLL 122 / 126. In another embodiment, a specific relationship (such as a numerical relationship) may be pre-programmed or pre-configured on the PLL 122 / 126, and the PLL 122 / 126 may apply, for example, the appropriate multiple to perform conversion and / or perform data clock or symbol timing recovery.

[0046] Figure 3 A schematic block diagram of a near field device including a body as an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated. The following equation describes the theory behind the electric field strength due to charges concentrated at a point, on charge lines (such as in a dipole antenna), and from surfaces:

[0047]

[0048] r is the radius of the cylindrical measuring surface

[0049] For a constant surface charge σ on an infinite surface

[0050] The magnetic field drops off as the cube of the distance, which is advantageous for some applications. The electric field of a point charge drops off only as the square of the distance, and will produce a response at greater distances. The human body is topologically between a line charge and a surface charge, so that the electric field close to the body will be independent of distance (for an infinitely wide surface) and drop off linearly with distance. The electric field of a vehicle body, which is topologically closer to a conducting cylinder than the human body, will also produce electric fields and distances similar to those produced by the human body using NULEF-E.

[0051] Figure 3The implementation of the car access system is shown. The hollow conductive system is topologically identical to a car, where the open ends will represent metal openings in the car, such as windows. The NULEF-E signal source 132 in the key fob (such as the first NULEF device 102) will create a signal path from the NULEF-E transmitter in the key fob to the NULEF-E receiver 138 in the car (such as the second NULEF device 112) when any of the following conditions are met: placed within 20 cm of the car body 136; touching the car body 136; or the car owner holds the key fob in one hand and places the car owner's hand on the car body 136. The paint on the car body 136 can form an insulator and not allow direct metal contact, but NULEF-E also works via capacitive input. In addition, the NULEF-E receiver 138 can directly touch the car body 136 or capacitively. In addition, the car RX 138 can also become a TX, and the car key can also become an RX, allowing further interaction between the car key and the car processor, which allows for some complex interactions that are difficult for thieves to replicate. Another important feature that makes using a car as a NULEF-E more effective is the insulating rubber tires. The insulator prevents any charged particles on the surface of the car from leaking to the ground.

[0052] Figures 4 to 6 A circuit diagram illustrating an input circuit for a near field device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated. Figure 4 , Figure 5 and Figure 6 Various implementations of the input circuitry of a NULEF transceiver are shown and how the NULEF-E and NULEF-H complement each other and can handle either mode of operation, where the circuit elements in the figure can be explicit electronic components on the chip or external to the chip. I0 and R0 can be associated with the NULEF TX driver device (similar to a power amplifier, but called a supplemental amplifier). R0 is used to set the operating bandwidth on the transmit side. R1 is the equivalent series resistance of L1, and C1 is a variable capacitor that can tune the NULEF to different channels from the nominal 10 to 22MHz for NULEF-H and a wider frequency range for NULEF-E. The same applies to L2 and R2 and C2. R3 represents a resistor that acts as the LNA input impedance to set the RF bandwidth on the receive portion. When the NULEF-H is operating, the magnetic coupling operator k is important, as shown in FIG. Figure 4 As shown. Figure 5 and Figure 6 In the NULEF-E is operational. V1 of TX generates an E field on the subject to which it is connected. The subject can be a human body or a car body in the context of the present disclosure. For example, Figure 5TX and RX in can be the key fob or NULEF transceiver in the car, respectively, with a resistive (short circuit) connection 230 or a capacitive 235 connection. Optionally, Figure 5 It can be viewed the other way around, with RX and TX acting as the car's gold key or NULEF transceiver, respectively. Figure 6 As shown, the two ends can be capacitively coupled. The car and the human body are like a wire which is represented as a horizontal wire in these figures.

[0053] like Figure 4 As shown, the NULEF H-field single-ended TRX circuit 200 may include a first transceiver 210 (such as the NULEF device 102 ) coupled to a second transceiver 220 (such as the NULEF device 112 ) via a magnetic field 215 . Figure 5 It is illustrated that the NULEF E-field circuit 230 may include a first transceiver 210 capacitively coupled to a second transceiver 220 via an electric field 235 . Figure 6 A NULEF E-field circuit 240 is shown which may include a first transceiver 210 capacitively coupled to a second transceiver 220 via an electric field 247 of the second transceiver by an electric field 245. As previously described, there may be capacitive connections from the key fob to the human body, from the human body to the body of the car, and possibly from the body of the car to the NULEF transceiver in the car. Although only one or two series capacitors are shown, there may be three series capacitors and an ohmic connection may also be used, as shown by the connecting lines. Alternatively, an ohmic or short circuit may be used all the way from the NULEF in the car to the key fob, depending on design preference.

[0054] Figure 7 A block diagram of a near-field device using different channel frequencies is illustrated in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Standard EM theory suggests that for a charged hollow conductive sphere, all of the charge effectively resides outside the car, and therefore the electric field will extend outward from the surface of the sphere. Openings in the car, such as windows, will allow the electric field to leak inside the car, allowing the car occupants to communicate using NULEF-E. In addition, for example, a large coil antenna (not shown) that can be placed in one or more car pads may also allow the car occupants to communicate using NULEF-H. However, there is potential for field interference when multiple vehicles are using NULEF communications in close proximity. Figure 7The figure shows how cars can cause interference when they are close together, and the frequency division multiplexing capability of NULEF will allow different systems to use different channels or frequencies. As shown in the figure, some vehicles will operate on the first channel frequency 1, some vehicles will operate on the second channel frequency 4, and some vehicles will operate on the third channel frequency 7. If two systems using the same frequency are close, this can be detected and different channel frequencies can then be selected to avoid interference. This situation is shown in the figure by the adjacent cars with different channel frequencies.

[0055] Figure 8 The diagram illustrates some methods according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 8 As shown, a portion of method 800 may begin at block 802, where a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters is generated by a first signal source. The portion of method 800 may continue at block 804, where a first field is generated by a first antenna, the first antenna comprising a portion of a body and coupled to the first signal source. The portion of method 800 may continue at block 806, where first data is generated by a first processor coupled to a first memory. The portion of method 800 may end at block 808, where the first data is sent using the first antenna.

[0056] Optionally, part of method 800 may include wherein: the first field is an electric field based on a first wavelength, and the first processor is configured to send first data using a first signal source and a first antenna; the first field is a modulated electric field based on the first wavelength and is configured to send an access code; the first processor is also configured to receive second data using the first antenna; the first processor is also configured to receive second data from the second field using the first antenna; or wherein the first signal source is incorporated into a device selected from the group consisting of: a music player, a video player, an entertainment unit, a navigation device, a communication device, a mobile device, a mobile phone, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant, a fixed location terminal, a tablet computer, a computer, a wearable device, a laptop computer, and a server.

[0057] Fig. 9 FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a mobile device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig. 9, a block diagram of a mobile device configured in accordance with an embodiment is illustrated and designated as 900 in its entirety. In some embodiments, the mobile device 900 may be configured as a wireless communication device. As shown, the mobile device 900 includes a processor 901, which may be configured to implement the methods described in some embodiments herein. The processor 901 is shown to include an instruction pipeline 912, a buffer processing unit (BPU) 908, a branch instruction queue (BIQ) 911, and a throttle 910 as are known in the art. For clarity, other well-known details of these blocks (such as counters, entries, confidence fields, weighted sums, comparators, etc.) are omitted from this view of the processor 901.

[0058] The processor 901 may be communicatively coupled to the memory 932 via a link, which may be a die-to-die or chip-to-chip link. The mobile device 900 also includes a display 928 and a display controller 926 , wherein the display controller 926 is coupled to the processor 901 and the display 928 .

[0059] In some embodiments, Fig. 9 It may include a coder / decoder (CODEC) 934 (such as an audio and / or voice CODEC) coupled to the processor 901; a speaker 936 and a microphone 938 coupled to the CODEC 934; and a wireless controller 940 (which may include a modem) coupled to a wireless antenna 942 and the processor 901.

[0060] In certain embodiments where one or more of the foregoing blocks are present, the processor 901, display controller 926, memory 932, CODEC 934, and wireless controller 940 may be included in a system-in-a-package or system-on-chip device 922. An input device 930 (such as a physical or virtual keyboard), a power source 944 (such as a battery), the display 928, the input device 930, the speaker 936, the microphone 938, the wireless antenna 942, and the power source 944 may be external to the system-on-chip device 922 and may be coupled to an element of the system-on-chip device 922, such as an interface or controller.

[0061] It should be noted that although Fig. 9 A mobile device is illustrated, but the processor 901 and memory 932 may also be integrated into a set-top box, music player, video player, entertainment unit, navigation device, personal digital assistant (PDA), fixed location data unit, computer, laptop computer, tablet computer, communication device, mobile phone, or other similar device.

[0062] Fig.10Various electronic devices that can be integrated with any of the above-described integrated devices, semiconductor components, integrated circuits, dies, interposers, packages, or package stacks (PoP) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated. In one embodiment, a mobile phone device 1002, a laptop device 1004, and a fixed location terminal device 1006 may include an integrated device 1000 as described herein. The integrated device 1000 may be, for example, any integrated circuit, die, integrated device, integrated device package, integrated circuit component, device package, integrated circuit (IC) package, package stack device described herein. Fig.10 Devices 1002, 1004, 1006 are shown for illustration only. Other electronic devices may also be present that incorporate features of device 1000, including but not limited to a group of devices (such as electronic devices) including mobile devices, handheld personal communication system (PCS) units, portable data units such as personal digital assistants, devices supporting global positioning systems (GPS), navigation devices, set-top boxes, music players, video players, entertainment units, fixed location data units such as meter reading devices, communication devices, smart phones, tablet computers, computers, wearable devices, servers, routers, electronic devices implemented in motor vehicles (such as autonomous vehicles), or any other device that stores or retrieves data or computer instructions, or any combination thereof.

[0063] It should be understood that the various embodiments disclosed herein may be described as functional equivalents of structures, materials and / or devices described and / or recognized by those skilled in the art. It should also be noted that the methods, systems and apparatus disclosed in the specification or claims may be implemented by a device including components for performing the corresponding actions of the method. For example, in one embodiment, a first transceiver may include: a first component for storing data (such as a first memory); a first component for processing (such as a first processor), the first component for processing being coupled to the first component for storing data; a first component for generating (such as a first signal source) coupled to the first component for processing, the first component for generating being configured to generate a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters; and a first component for radiating (such as a first antenna) coupled to the first component for generating, the first component for radiating including a portion of a body and configured to generate a first field. In another embodiment, the second transceiver may include: a second component for storing data (such as a second memory); a second component for processing (such as a second processor), the second component for processing being coupled to the second component for storing data; a second component for generating (such as a second signal source) coupled to the second component for processing, the second component for generating being configured to generate a signal having a second wavelength greater than 2 meters; and a second component for radiating (such as a second antenna) coupled to the second component for generating, the second component for radiating comprising a portion of the body and being configured to generate a second field.

[0064] Figure 1A-Figure 10 One or more of the elements, procedures, features, and / or functions illustrated in the drawings may be rearranged and / or combined into a single element, procedure, feature, or function, or incorporated into several elements, procedures, or functions. Additional elements, components, procedures, and / or functions may also be added without departing from the present disclosure. It should also be noted that Figures 1A to 10 and its corresponding description in this disclosure are not limited to die and / or IC. In some implementations, Figures 1A to 10 and corresponding descriptions thereof may be used to manufacture, establish, provide and / or produce an integrated device. In some implementations, a device may include a die, an integrated device, a die package, an integrated circuit (IC), a device package, an integrated circuit (IC) package, a wafer, a semiconductor component, a package-on-package (PoP) device, and / or an interposer. The active side of a device (such as a die) is a portion of a device that contains an active component of the device (such as a transistor, resistor, capacitor, inductor, etc.) that performs an operation or function of the device. The back side of a device is the side of the device opposite the active side. As used herein, a metallization structure may include a metal layer, a via, a pad, or a trace with a dielectric therebetween, such as a redistribution layer or RDL.

[0065] As used herein, the terms "user equipment (equipment)" (or "UE"), "user equipment (device)", "user terminal", "client device", "communication device", "wireless device", "wireless communication device", "handheld device", "mobile device", "mobile terminal", "mobile station", "handset", "access terminal", "subscriber equipment", "subscriber terminal", "subscriber station", "terminal" and their variations can interchangeably represent any suitable mobile or fixed device that can receive wireless communication and / or navigation signals. These terms include, but are not limited to, music players, video players, entertainment units, navigation devices, communication devices, smart phones, personal digital assistants, fixed location terminals, tablet computers, computers, wearable devices, laptop computers, servers, mobile devices in motor vehicles and / or other types of portable electronic devices that are typically carried by people and / or have communication capabilities (such as wireless, cellular, infrared, short-range radio, etc.). These terms are also intended to include devices that communicate with other devices that can receive wireless communication and / or navigation signals, such as via short-range wireless, infrared, wired connections or other connections, regardless of whether satellite signal reception, assistance data reception and / or location-related processing occurs on the device or other devices. In addition, these terms are intended to include all devices capable of communicating with the core network via a radio access network (RAN), including wireless and wired communication devices, and the UE can be connected to external networks such as the Internet and other UEs via the core network. Of course, the UE can also use other mechanisms to connect to the core network and / or the Internet, such as via a wired access network, a wireless area network (WLAN) (such as based on IEEE 802.11, etc.), etc. The UE can be embodied by any of a variety of types of devices, including but not limited to a printed circuit (PC) card, a compact flash memory device, an external or internal modem, a wireless or wired phone, a smart phone, a tablet computer, a tracking device, an asset tag, etc. The communication link via which the UE sends a signal to the RAN is called an uplink channel (such as a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). The communication link via which the RAN can send a signal to the UE is called a downlink or forward link channel (such as a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0066] Wireless communication between electronic devices can be based on different technologies, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), W-CDMA, time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDM), global system for mobile communications (GSM), 3GPP long term evolution (LTE), Bluetooth (BT), Bluetooth low energy (BLE), IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) and IEEE802.15.4 (Zigbee / Thread) or other protocols that can be used in wireless communication networks or data communication networks. Bluetooth low energy (also known as Bluetooth LE, BLE and Bluetooth Smart) is a wireless personal area network technology designed and marketed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which aims to provide significant power consumption and cost reduction while maintaining similar communication distances. BLE was merged into the main Bluetooth standard in 2010, which adopted the Bluetooth Core Specification Version 4.0 and was updated in Bluetooth 5 (both of which are expressly incorporated herein in their entirety).

[0067] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any detail described herein as "exemplary" should not be construed as preferred over other embodiments. Likewise, the term "embodiment" does not mean that all embodiments include the discussed features, advantages, or modes of operation. Furthermore, particular features and / or structures may be combined with one or more other features and / or structures. Furthermore, at least a portion of the apparatus described herein may be configured to perform at least a portion of the methods described herein.

[0068] The terms used herein are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises", "comprising", "includes", and / or "including", when used herein, specify the presence of the features, integers, actions, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, actions, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0069] It should be noted that the terms “connected”, “coupled” or any variations thereof mean any direct or indirect connection or coupling between elements, and may include the presence of intermediate elements between two elements, which are “connected” or “coupled” together via the intermediate elements.

[0070] Any reference to an element using names such as "first," "second," etc. herein does not limit the number and / or order of these elements. Instead, these names are used as a convenient method of distinguishing two or more elements and / or examples of an element. In addition, unless otherwise specified, a collection of elements may include one or more elements.

[0071] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any of a variety of different technologies and techniques may be used to represent information and signals. In one embodiment, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0072] The various illustrative logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or executed using a general purpose processor, digital signal processor (DSP), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, individual gate or transistor logic, individual hardware elements, or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in an alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in combination with a DSP core, or other such configurations). In addition, the sequences of actions described herein may be considered to be fully incorporated into any form of (temporary and non-temporary) computer-readable storage medium, which has a set of corresponding computer instructions stored therein, which, after execution, will cause the associated processor to perform the functions described herein. Therefore, the various embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated in a variety of different forms, all of which are considered to be within the scope of the subject matter claimed for protection. In addition, for each embodiment described herein, the corresponding form of any such embodiment may be described herein as, for example, "logic" that is "configured to" perform the described actions.

[0073] Nothing described or illustrated in this disclosure is intended to confer any element, act, feature, benefit, advantage, or equivalent to the public, regardless of whether the element, act, feature, benefit, advantage, or equivalent is recited in the claims.

[0074] In addition, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the various illustrative logic blocks, modules, circuits and algorithmic actions described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software or a combination of the two. In order to clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative elements, frames, modules, circuits and actions have been described above generally according to their functions. Whether this function is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art can implement the described functions in different ways for each specific application, but this implementation decision should not be interpreted as causing a deviation from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0075] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein may be incorporated directly into hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. The software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disks, removable disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of storage medium known in the art, including non-transitory types of memory or storage media. The storage medium is coupled to the processor so that the processor can read information from the storage medium and write information to the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be integrated into the processor.

[0076] Although some embodiments have been described in conjunction with devices, it goes without saying that these embodiments also constitute a description of the corresponding methods, and therefore the frames or elements of the devices should also be understood as corresponding method actions or as features of method actions. Similarly, the embodiments described in conjunction with method actions or as method actions also constitute a description of corresponding frames or details or features of the corresponding devices. Some or all method actions can be performed by hardware devices (or using hardware devices), such as, for example, microprocessors, programmable computers or electronic circuits. In some embodiments, some or more of the most important method actions can be performed by such devices.

[0077] As can be seen in the detailed description above, different features are classified together in the embodiments. This disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the claimed embodiments have more features than those explicitly mentioned in the corresponding claims. Instead, the present disclosure may include less than all the features of the disclosed single embodiment. Therefore, the attached claims should be deemed to be incorporated into the specification, wherein each claim itself can be a separate embodiment. Although each claim itself can be a separate embodiment, it should be noted that although the dependent claim can be cited in the claim with a specific combination of one or more claims, other embodiments can also cover or include the combination of the dependent claim with the subject matter of any other dependent claim, or any feature with other dependent and independent claims. This combination is proposed herein unless it is explicitly expressed that a specific combination is not intended to be used. In addition, it is also intended that the features of the claim can be included in any other independent claim, even if the claim is not directly attached to the independent claim.

[0078] In addition, in some embodiments, a single action can be subdivided into multiple sub-actions or include multiple sub-actions. This seed action can be included in the disclosure of the single action and is part of the disclosure of the single action.

[0079] Although the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the attached claims. The functions and / or actions of the method claims according to the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. In addition, well-known elements will not be described in detail or may be omitted to avoid confusion with the embodiments disclosed herein and the relevant details of the embodiments. In addition, although the elements of the present disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural form may be envisioned unless it is explicitly stated to be limited to the singular form.

Claims

1. A first transceiver, comprising: a first memory; a first processor coupled to the first memory; a first signal source coupled to the first processor, the first signal source configured to generate a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters; as well as a first antenna coupled to the first signal source, the first antenna comprising a portion of the body and configured to generate a first field, wherein the first field is a modulated electric field based on the first wavelength and is configured to transmit an access code; and Wherein, the first transceiver is configured to send the access code to the receiver via direct contact with the receiver or capacitive contact with the receiver. 2 . The first transceiver according to claim 1 , wherein the first processor is further configured to receive second data using the first antenna. 3 . The first transceiver of claim 1 , wherein the first processor is further configured to receive second data from a second field using the first antenna.

4. The first transceiver of claim 1, wherein the first transceiver is incorporated into a device selected from the group consisting of: a music player, a video player, an entertainment unit, and a communication device.

5. The first transceiver of claim 4, wherein the communication device comprises one of the following: Navigation devices, mobile devices, smartphones, personal digital assistants, fixed location terminals, computers, wearable devices, and servers.

6. A first transceiver, comprising: a first component for storing data; a first means for processing, the first means for processing being coupled to the first means for storing data; first means for generating, coupled to the first means for processing, the first means for generating being configured to generate a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters; as well as a first means for radiating coupled to the first means for generating, the first means for radiating comprising a portion of a body and configured to generate a first field, wherein the first field is a modulated electric field based on the first wavelength and is configured to transmit an access code; and Wherein, the first transceiver is configured to send the access code to the receiver via direct contact with the receiver or capacitive contact with the receiver. 7 . The first transceiver of claim 6 , wherein the first means for processing is further configured to receive second data using the first means for radiating.

8. The first transceiver of claim 6, wherein the first means for processing is further configured to receive second data from a second field using the first means for radiating.

9. The first transceiver of claim 6, wherein the first transceiver is incorporated into a device selected from the group consisting of: a music player, a video player, an entertainment unit, and a communication device.

10. The first transceiver of claim 9, wherein the communication device comprises one of the following: Navigation devices, mobile devices, smartphones, personal digital assistants, fixed location terminals, computers, wearable devices, and servers.

11. A method for transmitting and receiving, comprising the following steps: Generating a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters by a first signal source; generating a first field by a first antenna, the first antenna comprising a portion of the body and coupled to the first signal source; generating, by a first processor coupled to a first memory, first data; as well as sending the first data to the receiver using the first antenna via direct contact with the receiver or capacitive contact with the receiver; wherein the first field is a modulated electric field based on the first wavelength and wherein the first data is an access code. 12 . The method of claim 11 , further comprising receiving second data using the first antenna.

13. The method of claim 11, further comprising receiving second data from a second field using the first antenna.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein the first signal source is incorporated into a device selected from the group consisting of: a music player, a video player, an entertainment unit, and a communication device.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the communication device comprises one of: Navigation devices, mobile devices, smartphones, personal digital assistants, fixed location terminals, computers, wearable devices, and servers.

16. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method for transceiving, the method comprising the steps of: Generating a signal having a first wavelength greater than 2 meters by a first signal source; generating a first field by a first antenna, the first antenna comprising a portion of the body and coupled to the first signal source; generating, by a first processor coupled to a first memory, first data; as well as sending the first data to the receiver using the first antenna via direct contact with the receiver or capacitive contact with the receiver; wherein the first field is a modulated electric field based on the first wavelength and wherein the first data is an access code. 17 . The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16 , the method further comprising receiving second data using the first antenna.

18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, the method further comprising receiving second data from a second field using the first antenna.

19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the first signal source is incorporated into a device selected from the group consisting of: a music player, a video player, an entertainment unit, and a communication device.

20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the communication device comprises one of: Navigation devices, mobile devices, smartphones, personal digital assistants, fixed location terminals, computers, wearable devices, and servers.

21. A second transceiver, comprising: A second memory; a second processor coupled to the second memory; a second signal source, coupled to the second processor, the second signal source configured to generate a signal having a second wavelength greater than 2 meters; as well as a second antenna coupled to the second signal source, the second antenna comprising a portion of the vehicle body and configured to generate a second field, wherein the second field is a modulated electric field based on the second wavelength and is configured to transmit an access code; and Wherein, the second transceiver is configured to send the access code to the receiver via direct contact with the receiver or capacitive contact with the receiver.

22. A second transceiver, comprising: a second component for storing data; a second means for processing, the second means for processing being coupled to the second means for storing data; second means for generating, coupled to the second means for processing, the second means for generating being configured to generate a signal having a second wavelength greater than 2 meters; as well as a second means for radiating coupled to the second means for generating, the second means for radiating comprising a portion of the vehicle body and configured to generate a second field, wherein the second field is a modulated electric field based on the second wavelength and is configured to transmit an access code; and Wherein, the second transceiver is configured to send the access code to the receiver via direct contact with the receiver or capacitive contact with the receiver.

23. A method for transmitting and receiving, the method comprising the following steps: generating, by a second signal source, a signal having a second wavelength greater than 2 meters; generating a second field by a second antenna, the second antenna comprising a portion of a vehicle body and coupled to the second signal source; generating second data by a second processor coupled to the second memory; as well as transmitting the second data to the receiver using the second antenna via direct contact with a receiver or a transmitter or capacitive contact with a receiver or a transmitter or receiving the first data as a first field from the transmitter using the second antenna; Wherein, the first field and the second field are modulated electric fields based on a first wavelength and wherein the first data is an access code.

24. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method for transceiving, the method comprising the steps of: generating, by a second signal source, a signal having a second wavelength greater than 2 meters; generating a second field by a second antenna, the second antenna comprising a portion of a vehicle body and coupled to the second signal source; generating second data by a second processor coupled to the second memory; as well as transmitting the second data to the receiver using the second antenna via direct contact with a receiver or a transmitter or capacitive contact with a receiver or a transmitter or receiving the first data as a first field from the transmitter using the second antenna; Wherein, the first field and the second field are modulated electric fields based on a first wavelength and wherein the first data is an access code.

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