Processing equipment and processing method for end face grooves

Abstract

This invention discloses a machining apparatus and method for end face grooves. The machining apparatus for end face grooves includes a cutter head, multiple cutting tools, and multiple tool holders. The cutter head is configured to rotate about its axis. The multiple cutting tools are spaced apart in the circumferential direction of the cutter head. The multiple tool holders are correspondingly connected to the multiple cutting tools and the cutter head. The tool holders include an axial segment and a radial segment. The axial segment extends along the axis of the cutter head, and a first end of the axial segment is connected to the cutter head. A second end of the axial segment is connected to a radial segment, which extends radially along the cutter head and is perpendicular to the axial segment. The axis of the cutter head is configured to be in the same plane as the axis of the workpiece and is inclined relative to the axis of the workpiece. The end face groove machining apparatus of this invention improves the machining accuracy of the end face groove of the workpiece by configuring the axis of the cutter head in the same plane as the axis of the workpiece and the axis of the cutter head inclined relative to the axis of the workpiece.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a processing apparatus and a processing method for end face grooves. Background Technology

[0002] The evenly distributed grooves on the end face are an important surface feature of clutch and brake drums used in industries such as construction machinery and automobiles. Their machining accuracy directly affects the operability and safety of the main product. Currently, the machining method for this part mainly relies on intermittent indexing milling. This method has poor indexing accuracy and low machining efficiency, severely limiting the manufacturing level of evenly distributed grooves on the end face of clutch and brake drums.

[0003] It should be noted that the statements in this background section only provide background information related to the present invention and do not necessarily constitute prior art. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention provides a processing apparatus and method for end face grooves to improve processing accuracy.

[0005] The first aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus for machining end face grooves, used for machining grooves on a workpiece, comprising:

[0006] The cutter head is configured to rotate about its axis.

[0007] Multiple cutting tools are spaced apart in the circumferential direction of the cutter head;

[0008] Multiple tool holders are connected to multiple cutting tools and cutter heads. The tool holders include axial segments and radial segments. The axial segments extend along the axis of the cutter head, and the first end of the axial segments is connected to the cutter head. The second end of the axial segments is connected to the radial segments, which extend along the radial direction of the cutter head and are perpendicular to the axial segments.

[0009] The cutter head axis is configured to be in the same plane as the workpiece axis and to be inclined relative to the workpiece axis.

[0010] In some embodiments, the axial angle between the cutter head axis and the workpiece axis ranges from 50° to 80°.

[0011] In some embodiments, the workpiece is configured to rotate about its axis, and the speed ratio between the workpiece's rotational speed and the cutter head's rotational speed is 0.5 to 1.

[0012] In some embodiments, a feeding device is also included, which is configured to move the workpiece in the direction of extension of the workpiece axis.

[0013] In some embodiments, the cutting tool includes a triangular blade.

[0014] In some embodiments, the processing apparatus further includes a controller configured to determine the axial angle between the cutter head axis and the workpiece axis, the speed ratio between the workpiece rotation speed and the cutter head rotation speed, and the cutting tool rotation radius based on the principle of curve approximation of a straight line.

[0015] A second aspect of the present invention provides a method for processing an end face groove based on the above-described processing apparatus, comprising the following steps:

[0016] The cutter head and the workpiece are set coaxially according to the set axial spacing;

[0017] Control the cutter head and the workpiece to rotate according to the set speed ratio;

[0018] The angle between the workpiece and the set axis of rotation relative to the cutter head; and

[0019] Control the workpiece to feed along its axis.

[0020] In some embodiments, the axial angle between the cutter head axis and the workpiece axis, the speed ratio between the workpiece rotation speed and the cutter head rotation speed, and the cutting tool rotation radius are determined based on the principle of curve approximation of straight line.

[0021] Based on the technical solution provided by this invention, an end-face groove machining apparatus is used to machine end-face grooves on a workpiece. The end-face groove machining apparatus includes a cutter head, multiple cutting tools, and multiple tool holders. The cutter head is configured to rotate about its axis. Multiple cutting tools are spaced apart in the circumferential direction of the cutter head. Multiple tool holders are correspondingly connected to the multiple cutting tools and the cutter head. Each tool holder includes an axial segment and a radial segment. The axial segment extends along the axis of the cutter head, and its first end is connected to the cutter head. The second end of the axial segment is connected to a radial segment, which extends radially along the radial direction of the cutter head and is perpendicular to the axial segment. The cutter head axis is configured to be in the same plane as the workpiece axis and inclined relative to the workpiece axis. In this embodiment of the invention, the end-face groove machining apparatus configures the cutter head axis to be in the same plane as the workpiece axis and inclined relative to the workpiece axis, thereby controlling the rotation of the cutter head and the workpiece, and thus improving the machining accuracy of the end-face groove on the workpiece.

[0022] Other features and advantages of the invention will become clear from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0023] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and form part of this application, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and, together with their description, serve to explain the invention and do not constitute an undue limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0024] Figure 1This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a processing device for end face grooves according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 2 for Figure 1 The diagram shows a cross-sectional structure of the workpiece.

[0026] Figure 3 for Figure 1 The top view of the workpiece shown.

[0027] Figure 4 This is the coordinate system of the processing device for the end face groove in this embodiment of the invention.

[0028] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the control of the tool tip trajectory using the principle of approximating a straight line with a curve.

[0029] Figure 6 for Figure 5 A partially enlarged view of the schematic diagram is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative and is in no way intended to limit the present invention or its application or use. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0031] Unless otherwise specifically stated, the relative arrangement, numerical expressions, and values ​​of the components and steps set forth in these embodiments do not limit the scope of the invention. It should also be understood that, for ease of description, the dimensions of the various parts shown in the drawings are not drawn to actual scale. Techniques, methods, and devices known to those skilled in the art may not be discussed in detail, but where appropriate, such techniques, methods, and devices should be considered part of the specification. In all examples shown and discussed herein, any specific values ​​should be interpreted as merely exemplary and not as limitations. Therefore, other examples of exemplary embodiments may have different values. It should be noted that similar reference numerals and letters in the following drawings denote similar items; therefore, once an item is defined in one drawing, it need not be further discussed in subsequent drawings.

[0032] For ease of description, spatial relative terms such as "above," "over," "on the upper surface of," "above," etc., are used herein to describe the spatial positional relationship of a device or feature as shown in the figures to other devices or features. It should be understood that spatial relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations in use or operation beyond the orientation of the device as described in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures were inverted, a device described as "above" or "above" other devices or structures would subsequently be positioned as "below" or "under" other devices or structures. Thus, the exemplary term "above" can include both "above" and "below." The device may also be positioned in other different ways, and the spatial relative descriptions used herein will be interpreted accordingly.

[0033] like Figure 1 As shown, this embodiment of the invention provides a machining apparatus for end face grooves, used to machine end face grooves on a workpiece 1. The machining apparatus for end face grooves includes a cutter head 4, a plurality of cutting blades 2, and a plurality of tool holders 3. The cutter head 4 is configured to rotate about its axis. The plurality of cutting blades 2 are spaced apart in the circumferential direction of the cutter head 4. The plurality of tool holders 3 are correspondingly connected to the plurality of cutting blades 2 and the cutter head 4. The tool holders 3 include an axial segment and a radial segment. The axial segment extends along the axis of the cutter head. The first end of the axial segment is connected to the cutter head 4. The second end of the axial segment is connected to the radial segment, which extends in the radial direction of the cutter head 4 and is perpendicular to the axial segment. The axis of the cutter head is configured to be in the same plane as the axis of the workpiece and to be inclined relative to the axis of the workpiece.

[0034] The end face groove processing device of this invention configures the cutter head axis to be in the same plane as the workpiece axis and the cutter head axis to be inclined relative to the workpiece axis. This controls the rotation of the cutter head and the rotation of the workpiece, thereby improving the processing accuracy of the end face groove of the workpiece.

[0035] In some embodiments, the axial angle between the cutter head axis and the workpiece axis ranges from 50° to 80°.

[0036] In some embodiments, the workpiece is configured to rotate about its axis, and the speed ratio between the workpiece's rotational speed and the cutter head's rotational speed is 0.5 to 1.

[0037] In some embodiments, a feeding device is also included, which is configured to move the workpiece in the direction of extension of the workpiece axis.

[0038] In some embodiments, the cutting tool 2 includes a triangular blade.

[0039] In some embodiments, the machining apparatus further includes a controller. The controller is configured to determine, based on the principle of approximating a straight line with a spatial curve, the axial angle between the cutter head axis and the workpiece axis, the speed ratio between the workpiece rotation speed and the cutter head rotation speed, the cutting tool rotation radius, the number of tool teeth, the target axial position of the workpiece, and the axial distance between the workpiece and the cutter head.

[0040] Specifically, the controller is based on the motion trajectory equation of the tool tip relative to the brake hub (workpiece) as follows:

[0041] R1=T1T2T3T4T5R2 (1)

[0042] In the formula,

[0043] R1 = [x1 y1 z1 1] T

[0044] R2=[ecosβesinβ0 1] T

[0045] β=0

[0046]

[0047]

[0048]

[0049]

[0050]

[0051]

[0052] During the calculation process, the controller continuously adjusts the above parameters and obtains the motion trajectory of the tool tip, making the projection of the motion trajectory of the tool tip tend to a straight line. The obtained parameters are the target parameters.

[0053] This invention also provides a method for processing end face grooves based on the above-described processing device, comprising the following steps:

[0054] Set the cutter head 4 and the workpiece coaxially according to the set axial spacing;

[0055] Control the cutter head 4 to rotate with the workpiece according to the set speed ratio;

[0056] Control the angle between the workpiece and the set axis relative to the cutter head 4; and

[0057] Control the workpiece to feed along its axis.

[0058] The end face groove processing method of this invention is based on the principle of approximating a straight line with a spatial curve to process uniformly distributed grooves on the end face. When processing uniformly distributed grooves on the end face using the processing device of this invention, the spatial arrangement of the cutter head 4 and the workpiece is such that the axis of the cutter head and the axis of the workpiece are on the same horizontal plane and tilted at an angle to each other, called the axis angle. The cutter head and the workpiece rotate at high speed according to a certain ratio to complete the processing.

[0059] Before machining, the axis angle, speed ratio, tool tip gyration radius, and end-face distance when the tool and workpiece are coaxial are determined based on workpiece parameters and the accuracy of curve approximation to a straight line. The axis angle is selected between 50° and 80°; the speed ratio is selected between 0.5 and 1. The tool tip gyration radius and end-face distance are determined based on curve approximation to a straight line. During machining, the spatial layout of the tool head and workpiece is determined based on the above four parameters. The rotational motion of the workpiece and the tool is controlled so that the spatial curve swept by the tool tip relative to the workpiece approximates a straight line, and the cutting edge can then machine evenly distributed grooves on the end face. The specific machining process is as follows: 1) According to the end-face distance, the tool and workpiece move to a coaxial position to ensure that the tool has the correct initial position relative to the workpiece during machining; 2) The tool and workpiece rotate at high speed around their own axes according to the speed ratio; 3) According to the axis angle, the workpiece swings at an angle relative to the tool; 4) The workpiece is fed relative to its own axis to continuously bring it into the cutting state; 5) When the workpiece reaches the end position, it retracts along its own axis to complete the machining of the end-face grooves.

[0060] The machining device includes inserts, a tool holder, and a cutter head. The inserts are conventional triangular inserts, offering good versatility and ease of implementation. The tool holder is L-shaped, divided into two parts: one along the cutter head axis and the other along the cutter head radial direction. The part along the cutter head axis extends the insert a certain distance, ensuring that the entire length of the evenly distributed grooves on the end face is machined without interference. The part along the cutter head radial direction is used to mount the insert. Furthermore, based on machining parameter simulation, the inclination angle of the insert plane relative to the cutter head axis and radial direction is determined to ensure that the tool tip trajectory meets machining accuracy requirements while preventing insert interference and ensuring the cutting edge has a cutting angle.

[0061] Brake drum end face groove, such as Figure 2 As shown. For convenience, the portion between adjacent end face grooves is called the end face tooth, and its two tooth surfaces are parallel planes. The main parameters of the corresponding end face groove include the number of teeth z and the groove top circle diameter d. a , groove root circle diameter d fThe end face groove has a groove length L1 and a groove spacing L3. The machining quality of the end face groove is characterized by the straightness P1 of the two tooth surfaces and the positional accuracy P2 of the end face teeth. Furthermore, for brake hubs with a protrusion of diameter d2 and height L2 inside the end face groove, interference between the protrusion and the cutting tool must be avoided during machining. In this specific embodiment, the main parameters of the end face groove are: number of teeth 8, groove top circle diameter 64mm, groove root circle diameter 59mm, groove length 19.3mm, groove spacing 10mm, protrusion diameter 37mm, and protrusion height 4.65mm. The accuracy requirements for this end face groove are a straightness of 0.08mm and a positional accuracy of 0.1mm for the two tooth surfaces.

[0062] The machining of the brake drum end face groove using this invention is as follows: Figure 1 As shown. The spatial arrangement of the cutter head and brake hub is such that the axes of the cutter head and brake hub are on the same horizontal plane and inclined at an angle to each other, called the axial angle. The cutter and brake hub rotate at high speed according to a certain ratio, and the brake hub completes the machining by a small feed along its own axis. This invention achieves cutting and indexing through the rotation of the cutter and brake hub, which can achieve high machining efficiency and indexing accuracy. In addition, the end face uniformly distributed groove turning machining tool includes insert 2, tool holder 3, and cutter head 4. The insert 2 is a triangular insert, which has good versatility. The tool holder 3 is L-shaped and divided into two parts: one along the axis of the cutter head 4 and the other along the radial direction of the cutter head 4. The part along the axis of the cutter head 4 is used to extend the insert 2 a certain distance to ensure that the machining reaches the full length of the end face uniformly distributed groove without interference. The part along the radial direction of the cutter head 4 is used to install the insert.

[0063] This invention is based on the principle of curves approximating straight lines for machining the end face groove of an automotive clutch and brake drum. The positional accuracy of the end face groove is ensured by controlling the precision of the machine tool's rotary axis, while the straightness requirement is ensured by the movement trajectory of the tool tip P0.

[0064] Here is a brief explanation of the "curve approximation of a straight line principle." During the machining of the end face groove on a workpiece, workpiece 1 is configured to feed along its axial direction to achieve machining in the depth direction of the end face groove. During machining, the trajectory of the tool tip is as follows: Figure 5 As shown by curve C. To ensure the straightness of the tooth surface of the end face groove meets the requirements, the projection of the part of the tool tip trajectory that coincides with the workpiece end face (i.e., the part of the workpiece being machined) onto a projection plane perpendicular to the workpiece axis must be a straight line. Therefore, the "curve approximating a straight line" here refers to the projection of the tool tip trajectory, specifically the projection of that trajectory onto a projection plane perpendicular to the workpiece axis.

[0065] The controller obtains the motion trajectory of the tool tip according to the formula R1 = T1T2T3T4T5R2, and adjusts the parameters to make the projection of the tool tip's motion trajectory approach a straight line to obtain the target parameters. The target parameters include the axial angle between the tool head axis and the workpiece axis, the speed ratio between the workpiece's rotational speed and the tool head's rotational speed, and the cutting tool's rotation radius.

[0066] Before machining, based on workpiece parameters and the accuracy of the curve approximation to a straight line, the shaft intersection angle, speed ratio, tool tip rotation radius, and end face distance when the tool and workpiece are coaxial are determined. Therefore, based on the machining diagram of the end face groove, a machining coordinate system is established as follows: Figure 4 As shown. Coordinate systems S0(x0,y0,z0), S(x,y,z), S3(x3,y3,z3), and S4(x4,y4,z4) are fixed spatial coordinate systems, while S1(x1,y1,z1) and S2(x2,y2,z2) are coordinate systems fixed to the brake hub (workpiece) and the cutter head, respectively. In coordinate system S1, the plane x1O1y1 coincides with the front end face of the end groove, and the z1 axis coincides with the brake hub axis, pointing away from the brake hub entity. In coordinate system S2, the plane x2O2y2 coincides with the cross section where the tool tip point P0 is located, and the z2 axis coincides with the cutter head axis, pointing towards the tool entity. Initially, φ1 and φ2 are both zero. Therefore, the motion trajectory equation of the tool tip point relative to the brake hub (workpiece) in S1 is:

[0067] R1=T1T2T3T4T5R2 (1)

[0068] In the formula,

[0069] R1 = [x1 y1 z1 1] T

[0070] R2 = [ecosβ esinβ 0 1] T

[0071] β=0

[0072]

[0073]

[0074]

[0075]

[0076]

[0077]

[0078] e—Tool tip rotation radius. The tool tip rotation radius is determined by the position of the tool tip, and is therefore fixed at the time of machining. Changing the tool tip rotation radius requires changing the machining equipment.

[0079] l—Axial position of the workpiece when machining is completed;

[0080] θ—Intersection angle between axes;

[0081] D—the distance between the end faces of the tool and the workpiece when they are coaxial;

[0082] k — number of tool teeth; the number of tool teeth is also a fixed parameter.

[0083] t — processing time.

[0084] The main parameters mentioned above are determined based on the following principles: the shaft angle is selected between 50° and 80°; the speed ratio is selected between 0.5 and 1; and the tool tip rotation radius and end face distance are determined based on the curve shape approximating a straight line. According to the above parameter determination rules, for this embodiment, the following parameters are determined: shaft angle 80°, number of teeth spanned 4, tool tip rotation radius 46.150 mm, end face distance when the tool and workpiece are coaxial 26.450 mm, and axial position of the workpiece after machining 44.28 mm. (Appendix) Figure 4 , 5 The case where the spatial curve approximates a straight line for this set of parameters is given.

[0085] The above parameters are used to adjust the cutting tool and machine tool, and the machining is performed according to the following steps: 1) According to the end face distance, the cutting tool and workpiece are moved to a coaxial position to ensure that the cutting tool has the correct initial position relative to the workpiece during machining; 2) The cutting tool and workpiece rotate at high speed around their own axes at a speed ratio; 3) According to the axis angle, the workpiece swings relative to the cutting tool by an angle; 4) The workpiece is fed relative to its own axis to continuously bring it into the cutting state; 5) When the workpiece reaches the end position, it is retracted along its own axis to complete the machining of the end face groove. The straightness of the tooth surface of the machined workpiece, measured by a profilometer, is 0.06mm. This test result fully meets the accuracy requirements of the brake drum end face groove, indicating that the present invention can achieve high-precision and high-efficiency machining of the brake drum end face groove.

[0086] The machining method also includes: after obtaining the shaft intersection angle, the rotational speed ratio between the workpiece and the cutting head, and the cutting tool rotation radius, machining the end face groove using the above target parameters, and checking the straightness of the tooth surface of the end face groove. If the straightness of the tooth surface meets the requirements, machining is carried out according to the above parameters; if the straightness of the tooth surface does not meet the requirements, the above target parameters are adjusted according to the principle of curve approximation of straight line.

[0087] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the specific implementation of the present invention or equivalent substitutions can be made to some technical features without departing from the spirit of the technical solutions of the present invention, and all such modifications and substitutions should be covered within the scope of the technical solutions claimed in the present invention.

Claims

1. A processing apparatus for end face grooves, used for processing grooves on workpieces, characterized in that, include: The cutter head (4) is configured to rotate about the axis of the cutter head; Multiple cutting blades (2) are spaced apart in the circumferential direction of the cutter head (4); Multiple tool holders (3) are correspondingly connected to the multiple cutting tools (2) and the cutter head (4). Each tool holder (3) includes an axial rod segment and a radial rod segment. The axial rod segment extends along the axis of the cutter head, and the first end of the axial rod segment is connected to the cutter head (4). The second end of the axial rod segment is connected to the radial rod segment, and the radial rod segment extends along the radial direction of the cutter head and is perpendicular to the axial rod segment. The cutter head axis is configured to be in the same plane as the workpiece axis and the cutter head axis is inclined relative to the workpiece axis; The processing device also includes a controller configured to determine target parameters based on the principle of curve approximation of a straight line. The target parameters include the axial angle between the axis of the cutter head and the axis of the workpiece, the speed ratio between the rotational speed of the workpiece and the rotational speed of the cutter head, and the turning radius of the cutting tool. The principle of curve approximation of a straight line refers to making the projection of the part of the trajectory of the tool tip that coincides with the end face of the workpiece on a projection plane perpendicular to the axis of the workpiece approach a straight line. The controller is based on the formula The motion trajectory of the tool tip is obtained, and the target parameters are obtained by adjusting the parameters so that the projection of the motion trajectory of the tool tip approaches a straight line. The target parameters include the axial angle between the axis of the cutter head and the axis of the workpiece, the speed ratio between the rotational speed of the workpiece and the rotational speed of the cutter head, and the turning radius of the cutting tool. In the formula, Where e is the tool tip rotation radius; l is the axial position of the workpiece when machining is completed; θ is the axis angle; D is the end face distance when the tool and the workpiece are coaxial; k is the number of tool teeth; S1 (x1, y1, z1) is the coordinate system fixed to the workpiece; ω1 is the rotation speed of the workpiece; ω2 is the rotation speed of the tool disc (4); φ1 is the angle through which the workpiece rotates after time t; φ2 is the angle through which the tool disc rotates after time t; and z is the number of teeth of the end face groove.

2. The processing apparatus for end face grooves according to claim 1, characterized in that, The axial angle between the cutter head axis and the workpiece axis ranges from 50° to 80°.

3. The processing apparatus for end face grooves according to claim 1, characterized in that, The workpiece is configured to rotate about its axis, and the speed ratio between the workpiece's rotational speed and the cutter head's rotational speed is 0.5 to 1.

4. The processing apparatus for end face grooves according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes a feeding device configured to move the workpiece in the direction of extension of the workpiece axis.

5. The processing apparatus for end face grooves according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cutting tool (2) includes a triangular blade.

6. A method for machining an end face groove based on the machining apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: The cutter head (4) and the workpiece are coaxially arranged according to a set axial distance; Control the cutter head (4) and the workpiece to rotate at a set speed ratio; Control the workpiece to rotate relative to the cutter head (4) at a set axial angle; and Control the workpiece to feed along its axis; The axial angle between the axis of the cutter head and the axis of the workpiece, the speed ratio between the rotational speed of the workpiece and the rotational speed of the cutter head, and the turning radius of the cutting tool are determined based on the principle of curve approximation of straight line. The principle of curve approximation to straight line refers to making the projection of the part of the tool tip's trajectory that coincides with the workpiece end face onto a projection plane perpendicular to the workpiece axis approach a straight line. The controller is based on the formula The motion trajectory of the tool tip is obtained, and the target parameters are obtained by adjusting the parameters so that the projection of the motion trajectory of the tool tip approaches a straight line. The target parameters include the axial angle between the axis of the cutter head and the axis of the workpiece, the speed ratio between the rotational speed of the workpiece and the rotational speed of the cutter head, and the turning radius of the cutting tool. In the formula, Where e is the tool tip rotation radius; l is the axial position of the workpiece when machining is completed; θ is the axis angle; D is the end face distance when the tool and the workpiece are coaxial; k is the number of tool teeth; S1 (x1, y1, z1) is the coordinate system fixed to the workpiece; ω1 is the rotation speed of the workpiece; ω2 is the rotation speed of the tool disc (4); φ1 is the angle through which the workpiece rotates after time t; φ2 is the angle through which the tool disc rotates after time t; and z is the number of teeth of the end face groove.

7. The method for processing the end face groove of the processing device according to claim 6, characterized in that, The processing method further includes: after obtaining the shaft intersection angle, the rotational speed ratio between the workpiece and the cutting head, and the cutting tool rotation radius, processing the end face groove using the above target parameters, and detecting the straightness of the tooth surface of the end face groove. If the straightness of the tooth surface meets the requirements, processing is carried out according to the above target parameters; if the straightness of the tooth surface does not meet the requirements, the above target parameters are adjusted according to the principle of curve approximation of straight line.

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