A pre-anchoring reinforcing device and method for FRP bars in concrete

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of FRP tendon in concrete in prefabricated anchoring reinforcement device and method, belong to building engineering technical field, the anchoring reinforcement device includes barrel inner cavity layer, barrel inner cavity layer includes the upper half portion and lower half portion of opposite arrangement, the upper half portion and lower half portion between there is barrel inner cavity wall gap;Barrel inner cavity layer outer isolation is provided with reinforcement component, the reinforcement component includes barrel rib, curing agent band, first sealing film, epoxy resin layer and second sealing film sequentially arranged from outside to inside;The upper half portion and lower half portion are respectively provided with a plurality of barrel inner cavity wall radial through holes;High-strength fiber cloth band is provided in the curing agent band, and a plurality of protrusions are provided on the inner side of the high-strength fiber cloth band, and the convenient end of the high-strength fiber cloth band extends out of the barrel rib;The upper half portion and lower half portion of the part between adjacent reinforcement components of barrel inner cavity layer are connected by temporary clamping piece.The anchoring reinforcement device and method can increase the anchoring range of FRP tendon in concrete structure.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of building engineering technology, specifically relating to a prefabricated anchoring reinforcement device and method for FRP bars in concrete. Background Technology

[0002] FRP (fiberglass reinforced polymer) bars are rods formed from continuous fibers and resin, offering advantages such as light weight, high strength, and good durability. Furthermore, their excellent corrosion resistance makes FRP bars a common replacement for steel reinforcement in highly corrosive environments. This has led to the increasingly widespread application of FRP bars in engineering projects.

[0003] However, unlike traditional steel bars, FRP bars cannot be bent or welded in actual engineering applications due to their brittle fracture characteristics. Since bending and anchoring of bars is a common feature of reinforced concrete structures, it is necessary to take more effective anchoring measures for FRP bars to meet the needs of engineering applications.

[0004] Existing anchoring methods involve extending FRP bars into structural nodes to achieve the anchoring requirements. However, due to the limitations of the structural nodes themselves, the length of the extension section is limited, and the overall anchoring effect is unstable, making it difficult to meet the actual anchoring requirements of the structure. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention addresses the anchorage problem of FRP bars in concrete structures by providing a prefabricated anchorage reinforcement device and method for FRP bars in concrete, thereby increasing the anchorage range of FRP bars in concrete structures and achieving enhanced anchorage without bending the FRP bars.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0007] A precast anchoring reinforcement device for FRP bars in concrete includes a cylindrical cavity layer, which comprises an upper half and a lower half arranged opposite to each other, with a cavity wall gap between the upper half and the lower half; a reinforcement component is disposed outside the cylindrical cavity layer, the reinforcement component comprising a cylindrical rib, a curing agent strip, a first sealing film, an epoxy resin layer, and a second sealing film arranged sequentially from the outside to the inside; both the upper half and the lower half are provided with a plurality of radial through holes in the cavity wall; a fiber cloth strip is disposed in the curing agent strip, and a plurality of protrusions are provided on the inner side of the fiber cloth strip, with the tensioned end of the fiber cloth strip extending out of the cylindrical rib;

[0008] The upper and lower halves of the portion of the inner cavity layer located between adjacent reinforcing components are connected by temporary clips.

[0009] Furthermore, multiple holes are provided at the tensioning end of the cylindrical rib, which are used to engage with the fiber tape lock to fix the fiber tape.

[0010] Furthermore, the fiber tape buckle includes a rotatable horizontal part that is rotatably connected. The horizontal part is provided with a fixing groove and a fastener groove. The shape and depth of the fixing groove are adapted to the slider. The rotatable part is provided with a sliding groove and a fastener. A slider is provided in the sliding groove. A push-pull button is connected to the slider. When the rotatable part is rotated to the horizontal position, the fastener is inserted into the fastener groove.

[0011] Furthermore, the fiber tape passes through the fiber tape through-hole in the outer connector of the cylinder and exits the anchoring reinforcement device; the fiber tape through-hole is threadedly connected to the outer connector of the cylinder with a screw cap.

[0012] Furthermore, the inner cavity layer of the cylinder is made of epoxy resin or other resins.

[0013] Furthermore, both the upper and lower halves are provided with card slots for inserting temporary cards.

[0014] Furthermore, a high-strength fiber tape buckle is provided at the closed loop of the fiber tape. The high-strength fiber tape buckle has an upper through hole and a lower through hole. One end of the fiber tape is fixed in the lower through hole, and the tensioned end passes through the upper through hole.

[0015] Furthermore, the temporary card is C-shaped.

[0016] A method for prefabricated anchorage reinforcement of FRP bars in concrete, based on the aforementioned prefabricated anchorage reinforcement device, includes the following steps:

[0017] Step 1: Insert the FRP reinforcement into the predetermined position inside the cylinder cavity and remove the temporary clamps;

[0018] Step 2: Pull the fiber tape to the predetermined stress level, causing the upper and lower halves to close under pressure. Then fix the fiber tape. At room temperature, the protrusions on the fiber tape pierce the first and second sealing membranes, allowing the curing agent to enter the epoxy resin layer and mix with the epoxy resin to form a structural adhesive. The bonding effect of the structural adhesive after curing makes the FRP bar and the anchoring reinforcement device form a whole, expanding the end cross-section of the FRP bar. When the FRP bar is inserted into the concrete structure, it expands the anchorage range of the FRP bar. At the same time, the presence of the cylindrical rib increases the mechanical interlocking between the FRP bar and the concrete structure, thus strengthening the anchorage of the FRP bar.

[0019] Furthermore, in step 2, the fiber tape is secured by a fiber tape buckle.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has at least the following beneficial technical effects:

[0021] The prefabricated anchoring reinforcement device provided by this invention enables FRP bars to achieve anchoring reinforcement without bending. This device expands the end area of ​​the FRP bars, increasing their anchoring range within the concrete structure. Simultaneously, the prefabricated anchoring reinforcement device incorporates cylindrical ribs, increasing the mechanical interlocking strength between the FRP bars and the concrete, thus enhancing the anchoring effect. This anchoring device replaces the original unstable anchoring method, improving the safety performance of concrete structures.

[0022] This invention is a prefabricated structure that can be mass-produced in a factory. During on-site construction, it is simple, convenient, quick, and efficient to operate. The operation can be completed simply by pulling the end of the high-strength fiber cloth.

[0023] Furthermore, the fiber tape passes through the fiber tape through-hole on the outer platform of the cylinder to exit the anchoring reinforcement device; the fiber tape through-hole is threadedly connected to the threaded cap on the outer platform of the cylinder; when the anchoring reinforcement device is in storage, the cap on the outer platform of the cylinder is kept closed to prevent dust from entering; when in use, the cap on the outer platform of the cylinder is opened, the pull-out end of the fiber tape is taken out, and the pull-out operation is performed.

[0024] Furthermore, the inner cavity layer of the cylinder is made of epoxy resin or other resins. Compared with steel materials, the use of resin materials can reduce damage to the reinforcing bars during operation and use. At the same time, the use of resin materials with similar composition to FRP bars, with the same elastic modulus, provides better cooperative stress performance.

[0025] The anchoring method provided by this invention utilizes the aforementioned prefabricated anchoring reinforcement device. By pulling the fiber cloth tape, protrusions pierce the first and second sealing membranes, allowing the curing agent to enter the epoxy resin layer. The curing agent mixes with the epoxy resin to form a structural adhesive, which is injected into the inner cavity of the cylinder and cured. The structural adhesive impregnating the fiber cloth transforms the fiber cloth into FRP material, providing inward constraint to the FRP reinforcement. Simultaneously, the structural adhesive entering the inner cavity bonds the semi-cylinder and the FRP reinforcement into a single unit, expanding the anchoring range of the FRP reinforcement in the concrete and achieving anchoring reinforcement. In use, only the fiber cloth tape needs to be pulled, making operation convenient and production efficiency high. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the prefabricated anchoring reinforcement device of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2a This is a schematic cross-sectional view of the anchoring reinforcement device 1-1 of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 2b yes Figure 2a A magnified view of a section at point B in the middle;

[0029] Figure 2c Yes, yes Figure 2a A magnified view of a section at point C;

[0030] Figure 3 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of the anchoring reinforcement device 2-2 of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 4a This is a cross-sectional view of the outer platform of the cylinder of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 4b This is a top view of the outer platform of the cylinder of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the temporary card of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the fiber tape lock of the present invention.

[0035] In the diagram: 1. High-strength fiber tape; 2. Outer platform of the cylinder; 3. Outer cavity layer of the cylinder; 4. Curing agent tape; 5. Protrusion; 6. Epoxy resin layer; 7. Inner cavity layer of the cylinder; 8. Fiber tape buckle; 9. Temporary clip; 10. FRP rib; 11. Radial through hole in the inner cavity wall of the cylinder; 12. Fiber tape through hole; 13. Void in the inner cavity wall of the cylinder; 14. Pin; 15. Screw cap on the outer platform of the cylinder; 161. First sealing membrane; 162. Second sealing membrane; 17. Push-pull button; 18. Slider; 19. Buckle; 20. Fixing groove; 21. Card slot; 22. Buckle groove; 23. Limiting block; 24. Sensor; 25. Fiber gathering buckle; 26. Cylinder rib; 261. Upper semi-cylinder; 262. Lower semi-cylinder; 27. High-strength fiber tape buckle. Detailed Implementation

[0036] To make the objectives and technical solutions of this invention clearer and easier to understand, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. The specific embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0037] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicating orientation or positional relationships based on the orientation or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, are only for the convenience of describing the invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined with "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more. In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0038] like Figure 1 As shown, a precast anchoring reinforcement device for FRP bars in concrete is a semi-enclosed precast anchoring reinforcement device, which includes an outer cavity layer 3, and the outer cavity layer 3 includes an upper semi-cylinder and a lower semi-cylinder arranged opposite to each other.

[0039] Cylindrical ribs 26 are spaced apart on the outer cavity layer 3 of the cylinder. Therefore, the prefabricated anchoring reinforcement device has two types of cross sections. The first type of cross section 1-1 is a cross section without cylindrical ribs 26, and the second type of cross section 2-2 is a cross section with cylindrical ribs 26. The outer walls of the upper and lower semi-cylindrical cylinders are provided with slots 21, and the upper and lower semi-cylindrical cylinders are connected by temporary fasteners 9 through the slots 21.

[0040] As shown in Figure 2, the structure without the cylindrical rib 26 mainly includes, from the outside to the inside, an outer cavity layer 3, a curing agent strip 4, a first sealing membrane 161, an epoxy resin layer 6, a sensor 24, a second sealing membrane 162, and an inner cavity layer 7. The upper and lower semi-cylinders are each uniformly provided with three radial through holes 11 in the inner cavity wall. A fiber cloth strip, specifically a high-strength fiber cloth strip 1, is provided within the curing agent strip 4. The high-strength fiber cloth strip 1 includes an annular portion and a tension end. By pulling the tension end, the size of the annular portion can be adjusted. The annular portion of the high-strength fiber cloth strip 1 is provided with multiple fiber gathering buckles 25. The inner side of each fiber gathering buckle 25 has a sharp protrusion. The fiber gathering buckles 25 ensure that the fibers in the high-strength fiber cloth strip 1 are in the same direction while providing several protrusions 5 on the inner side of the high-strength fiber cloth strip 1. Simultaneously, a high-strength fiber cloth strip locking buckle 27 is provided at the closed loop of the high-strength fiber cloth strip 1, and the high-strength fiber cloth strip locking buckle 27 has an upper through hole and a lower through hole. One end of the high-strength fiber tape 1 is bonded to the lower through-hole with epoxy resin, while the tensioned end passes through the upper through-hole, achieving a closed-loop effect. Simultaneously, the high-strength fiber tape 1 can contract as the pulling force increases. The tensioned end of the high-strength fiber tape 1 passes through the fiber tape exit hole 12 above the pipe and exits the outer cavity layer 3 of the cylinder. Multiple holes are opened at the tensioned end of the high-strength fiber tape 1. Fiber tape locking buckles 8 are installed on the outside of the outer platform 2 of the cylinder, securing the high-strength fiber tape 1 after tensioning using the fiber tape locking buckles 8. Two sensors 24 are installed on the outside of the inner cavity layer 7 of the cylinder. Sensors 24 are resistive thin-film pressure sensors: IMS-C04A. The monitoring principle is that when the tensioned end of the high-strength fiber tape 1 is pulled, the high-strength fiber tape 1 contracts inward, compressing the sensors 24 on the outside of the inner cavity layer. The sensors 24 measure the pressure value borne by the inner cavity layer. After the high-strength fiber cloth tape 1 outside the outer cavity layer 3 reaches the preset pressure, it is locked by the fiber cloth tape buckle 8 outside the through hole. On the one hand, when the high-strength fiber cloth tape 1 is stretched, it contracts inward, and the resulting circumferential extrusion force closes the gap 13 in the inner cavity wall between the upper and lower semi-cylinders; on the other hand, the protrusion 5 on the inner side of the high-strength fiber cloth tape pierces the first sealing film 161 between the curing agent tape 4 and the epoxy resin layer 6, and the second sealing film 162 between the epoxy resin layer 6 and the inner cavity layer, so that the curing agent and epoxy resin mix to form structural adhesive. The structural adhesive enters the inner cavity through the radial through hole 11 in the inner cavity wall and hardens at room temperature, bonding the FRP reinforcement 10 to the inner cavity layer 7 as a whole. After the structural adhesive cures at room temperature, the structural adhesive impregnated in the high-strength fiber cloth tape 1 transforms the high-strength fiber cloth tape 1 into an FRP reinforcement material, strengthening the constraint effect on the inner cavity layer 7.

[0041] Figure 3The second type of cross section is shown. In the second type of cross section, neither the upper half-cylinder 261 nor the lower half-cylinder 262 of the cylindrical rib 26 has radial through holes 11 in the inner cavity wall. The upper half-cylinder 261 and the lower half-cylinder 262 are provided with slots 21, which facilitate the insertion of FRP ribs through the support of temporary fasteners 9.

[0042] Reference Figure 4a and Figure 4b The outer platform 2 of the cylinder has a through-hole 12 for the high-strength fiber cloth 1, which passes through the fiber cloth through-hole 12 in the outer platform 2 to exit the anchoring reinforcement device. At the same time, the fiber cloth through-hole 12 is threadedly connected to the threaded cap 15 of the outer platform. When the anchoring reinforcement device is in storage, the cap 15 of the outer platform is kept closed to prevent dust from entering. When in use, the cap 15 of the outer platform is opened and the pull-out end of the high-strength fiber cloth 1 is taken out for pulling.

[0043] Reference Figure 5 Temporary card 9 is C-shaped.

[0044] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the fiber tape lock 8. The fiber tape lock 8 consists of two parts: a horizontal part and a rotatable part. The two parts are rotatably connected by a pin 14. The horizontal part has a fixing groove 20 and a pin groove 22. A limit block 23 is provided above the fixing groove 20. The shape and depth of the fixing groove 20 are adapted to the slider 18. A sliding groove is provided in the rotating part, and a pin 19 is fixed in the rotating part. The pin 19 is located outside the sliding groove. The pin 19 is fixed in the corresponding position of the rotating part so that when the fiber tape lock 8 is closed, the pin 19 can extend into the pin groove 22 in the horizontal part. The slider 18 is slidably arranged in the sliding groove. A push-pull button 17 is fixedly connected to the slider 18. When the push-pull button 17 is pushed, the slider 18 slides.

[0045] After the high-strength fiber tape 1 is stretched to the preset position, the high-strength fiber tape 1 is fixed by passing the buckle 19 through the hole at the pull end of the high-strength fiber tape 1. At the same time, the push and pull button 17 is pushed to make the slider 18 slide, ensuring that the slider 18 does not interfere with the limit block 23. After the high-strength fiber tape 1 is fixed, the push and pull button 17 pushes the slider 18 out into the fixing groove 20. One end of the slider 18 is located below the limit block 23, so that the fiber tape buckle 8 is locked.

[0046] When the anchoring reinforcement device is in storage, the temporary clip 9 is engaged. The supporting force of the temporary clip 9 maintains a gap between the upper and lower semi-cylinders of the inner cavity layer 7, i.e., the gap 13 in the inner cavity wall, which facilitates the insertion of the FRP reinforcement. When the anchoring reinforcement device is in use, after inserting the FRP reinforcement into the anchoring reinforcement device, the temporary clip 9 is removed, the preset opening of the outer platform 2 of the cylinder is opened, and the pull-out end of the high-strength fiber cloth 1 is pulled out for pulling operation.

[0047] Furthermore, the inner cavity layer 7 of the cylinder may be made of epoxy resin or other resins.

[0048] The working principle of the precast anchoring and reinforcing device for FRP bars in concrete is as follows:

[0049] By pulling the high-strength fiber cloth tape, the inner cavities of the upper and lower semi-cylinders are compressed and closed. At the same time, the protrusions 5 on the inner side of the multiple fiber knots 25 of the fiber cloth tape 1 pierce the first sealing membrane 161 and the second sealing membrane 162, allowing the curing agent in the curing agent tape 4 to enter the epoxy resin layer and mix with the epoxy resin to form structural adhesive. The structural adhesive is injected into the inner cavity layer 7 of the cylinder through the radial through holes. The structural adhesive cures at room temperature. The structural adhesive impregnated in the fiber cloth transforms the fiber cloth into FRP material, which generates inward restraint on the FRP reinforcement. At the same time, the structural adhesive entering the inner cavity bonds the semi-cylinder and the FRP reinforcement into a whole, expanding the anchorage range of the FRP reinforcement in the concrete and achieving the purpose of enhancing anchorage.

[0050] A method for anchoring FRP bars using the aforementioned prefabricated anchoring reinforcement device in concrete includes the following steps:

[0051] Step 1: Insert the FRP reinforcement into the predetermined position of the inner cavity layer 7 of the cylinder and remove the temporary clamp 9.

[0052] Step 2: Open the outer cap 15 of the sealing layer on the surface of the fiber cloth tape 1, pull out the pull end of the fiber cloth tape 1, and pull the fiber cloth to the predetermined pressure level so that the two semi-cylinders are closed by pressure. Then, fix the high-strength fiber cloth tape with the fiber cloth tape buckle 8. At room temperature, the inner side of the multiple fiber gathering buckles 25 on the high-strength fiber cloth tape 1 has sharp protrusions 5 that pierce the first sealing membrane 161 and the second sealing membrane 162, so that the curing agent enters the epoxy resin layer 6 and mixes with the epoxy resin in the epoxy resin layer 6 to form a structural adhesive. The bonding effect of the structural adhesive after curing makes the FRP bar and the anchoring reinforcement device form a whole, expanding the cross section of the FRP bar end. When the FRP bar is inserted into the concrete structure, the anchoring range of the FRP bar is expanded. At the same time, the presence of the cylinder rib increases the mechanical interlocking between the FRP bar and the concrete structure, so that the anchoring of the FRP bar is enhanced.

[0053] The above content is only for illustrating the technical concept of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications made to the technical solution based on the technical concept proposed in this invention shall fall within the scope of protection of the claims of this invention.

Claims

1. A prefabricated anchoring reinforcement device for FRP bars in concrete, characterized in that, The device includes an inner cavity layer (7), which comprises an upper half and a lower half arranged opposite to each other, with a cavity wall gap (13) between the upper half and the lower half; an inner cavity layer (7) is provided with a reinforcing component outside the inner cavity layer (7), which includes a cylinder rib (3), a curing agent strip (4), a first sealing film (161), an epoxy resin layer (6), and a second sealing film (162) arranged sequentially from the outside to the inside; the upper half and the lower half are each provided with a plurality of radial through holes (11) in the inner cavity wall; the curing agent strip (4) is provided with a fiber cloth strip, and a plurality of ribs (5) are provided on the inner side of the fiber cloth strip, with the tensioned end of the fiber cloth strip extending out of the cylinder rib (3). The upper and lower halves of the inner cavity layer (7) located between adjacent reinforcing components are connected by temporary clips (9); The tensioning end of the cylindrical rib (3) has multiple holes, which are used to cooperate with the fiber cloth belt buckle (8) to fix the fiber cloth belt. The fiber tape buckle (8) includes a horizontal rotatable part that is rotatably connected. The horizontal part is provided with a fixing groove (20) and a fastener groove (22). The shape and depth of the fixing groove (20) are adapted to the slider (18). The rotatable part is provided with a sliding groove and a fastener (19). The sliding groove is provided with a slider (18). A push-pull button (17) is connected to the slider (18). When the rotatable part is rotated to the horizontal position, the fastener (19) is inserted into the fastener groove (22).

2. The prefabricated anchorage reinforcement device for FRP bars in concrete according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fiber tape passes through the fiber tape through hole (12) opened in the outer connector (2) to the anchoring reinforcement device; the fiber tape through hole (12) is threadedly connected to the screw cap (15) of the outer connector.

3. The prefabricated anchorage reinforcement device for FRP bars in concrete according to claim 1, characterized in that, The inner cavity layer (7) of the cylinder is made of epoxy resin or other resin.

4. The prefabricated anchorage reinforcement device for FRP bars in concrete according to claim 1, characterized in that, Both the upper and lower halves are provided with card slots (21), which are used to insert temporary cards (9).

5. The prefabricated anchorage reinforcement device for FRP bars in concrete according to claim 1, characterized in that, A high-strength fiber cloth belt buckle (27) is provided at the closed loop of the fiber cloth belt. The high-strength fiber cloth belt buckle (27) has an upper through hole and a lower through hole. One end of the fiber cloth belt is fixed in the lower through hole, and the tensioned end passes through the upper through hole.

6. The prefabricated anchorage reinforcement device for FRP bars in concrete according to claim 1, characterized in that, The temporary card (9) is C-shaped.

7. A method for prefabricated anchorage reinforcement of FRP bars in concrete, based on the prefabricated anchorage reinforcement device according to claim 1, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Insert the FRP reinforcement into the predetermined position of the inner cavity layer (7) of the cylinder and remove the temporary clip (9); Step 2: Pull the fiber cloth tape to the predetermined stress level so that the upper and lower halves are compressed and closed. Then fix the fiber cloth tape. At room temperature, the protrusions (5) on the fiber cloth tape pierce the first sealing membrane (161) and the second sealing membrane (162), allowing the curing agent to enter the epoxy resin layer (6) and mix with the epoxy resin to form structural adhesive. The bonding effect of the structural adhesive after curing makes the FRP bar and the anchoring reinforcement device form a whole, expanding the end section of the FRP bar. When the FRP bar is inserted into the concrete structure, the anchoring range of the FRP bar is expanded. At the same time, the presence of the tube rib increases the mechanical interlocking between the FRP bar and the concrete structure, thus strengthening the anchoring of the FRP bar.

8. A method for prefabricated anchorage reinforcement of FRP bars in concrete according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step 2, the fiber tape is fixed by the fiber tape buckle (8).

Images