Interoperability methods and systems between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in an ecosystem

Abstract

The present application belongs to the technical field of block chain, discloses an interoperation method and system between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in an ecological system based on block chain, the system develops modular architecture in architecture design, adapts to different block chain networks and untrusted devices, ensures the flexibility and scalability of data exchange process, designs lightweight communication protocol in protocol development, realizes seamless interaction between different block chain systems, pays attention to efficiency, safety and privacy, abstracts smart contract as an independent data module in the aspect of smart contract abstraction, promotes layered access control and enhances privacy protection in data sharing, implements strong security measures in the aspect of security measures, including encryption technology, access control mechanism and identity authentication protocol, to guarantee data integrity and confidentiality, in the aspect of interoperability test, strict test is carried out to verify the interoperability of the designed framework between heterogeneous devices, to ensure reliability, efficiency and compatibility.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of blockchain, but not limited to, and particularly relates to an interoperation method and system between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem. BACKGROUND

[0002] With the rapid development of blockchain projects, Internet of Things applications are also increasingly using blockchain technology, resulting in a multi-chain environment, and numerous different blockchain systems have been formed for different applications or user groups. However, at the present stage, blockchain technology still lacks a completely unified specification, and different Internet of Things applications cannot directly interact in the blockchain system, the reliability of the interaction data is difficult to guarantee, which greatly limits the development of data sharing between Internet of Things applications.

[0003] In view of the above analysis, the technical problems existing in the prior art that need to be solved urgently are:

[0004] Ensuring ACID properties across different blockchains: Due to the differences in underlying architecture and transaction structure, it is a major challenge to ensure the atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID) properties of transactions across heterogeneous blockchain systems. An innovative solution is needed to maintain data integrity and consistency while achieving secure state transitions.

[0005] Complexity of cross-blockchain communication: The complexity of implementing interoperability between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain ecosystem presents a scientific problem. Developing an effective cross-blockchain communication mechanism to ensure seamless data exchange while protecting security and privacy is very important. Overcoming challenges related to different transaction structures and consensus mechanisms is crucial for achieving lightweight interoperability.

[0006] Standardized interoperability solutions: The lack of standardized interoperability solutions tailored for heterogeneous and untrusted devices hinders the seamless exchange of data and value across different blockchain networks. Solving this scientific problem requires the development of a universal protocol or framework to facilitate interoperability while considering the unique characteristics of each blockchain system. In today's interconnected world, understanding the dynamics of complex networks is crucial for various practical applications. A fundamental aspect of complex networks is the identification of key nodes, which play a crucial role in influencing network behavior and functionality. Key node identification can be applied in different fields such as social networks, transportation systems, and biological networks. SUMMARY

[0007] In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides an interoperation method between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem.

[0008] The application is implemented as follows: an interoperability method between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem, which develops a modular architecture in the architectural design, adapts to different blockchain networks and untrusted devices, ensures the flexibility and scalability of the data exchange process; designs a lightweight communication protocol in the protocol development, realizes seamless interaction between different blockchain systems, and focuses on efficiency, security and privacy; in the aspect of smart contract abstraction, abstracts the smart contract as an independent data module to promote hierarchical access control and enhance privacy protection in data sharing; in the aspect of security measures, strong security measures are implemented, including encryption technology, access control mechanism and identity authentication protocol, to ensure data integrity and confidentiality; in the interoperability test aspect, strict tests are carried out to verify the interoperability of the designed framework between heterogeneous devices, to ensure reliability, efficiency and compatibility.

[0009] The blockchain architecture in the system is composed of three main layers: loT layer, private blockchain layer and consortium blockchain layer with n layers.

[0010] Further, the lowest layer of the blockchain is the loT layer, which is composed of devices from different TEs, and the set of loT devices in this layer is represented as D={d ij |1≤j≤n};

[0011] Where d ij is the jth loT device in the jth TE, t is the number of TEs, n is the total number of loT devices in the jth TE, and the device d ij generates data and creates a blockchain transaction for the generated data, which is called loT transaction T x , d ij Each transaction Tx jk is associated with a smart contract C j , Tx jk must comply with the logic mentioned in C j , Tx jk is sent to the upper layer for verification, and if the corresponding transaction Tx jk is verified by the upper layer, the kth data generated by d ij will be stored in the database.

[0012] Further, the private blockchain layer is the lowest layer of the proposed blockchain, which is located above the loT layer, and this layer contains the private blockchain network (PBCN) of each TE, and the PBCN set can be represented as P={p i |1≤i≤t};

[0013] Where t is the number of TEs, in short, P in p is the i-th PBCN, P owns the distributed ledger block of IoT data for the i-th TE, and the private blockchain layer receives transaction Tx from the IoT layer. ik And perform verification, in order to verify Tx ik This layer is Tx ik A private blockchain layer transaction Tx has been prepared. pc Tx pc It is sent to the upper layer, namely the consortium blockchain layer, for verification. If the transaction T... x If verified by the upper layer, then transaction T x It is stored in the distributed ledger block of PBCN.

[0014] Furthermore, the lowest layer of the n-layer consortium blockchain is denoted as CBCN0, and the layers above CBCN0 are denoted as: CBCN0, CBCN1, CBCN2, CBCN3, ..., CBCN n-1 CBCN0 received transaction Tx from PBCN pc And perform verification, in order to verify Tx pc It is necessary to prepare consortium blockchain layer transactions.

[0015] i and i+1 are the indices of the source CBCN and the target CBCN, respectively, and 0≤l≤n-2. A transaction generated at the lowest CBCN layer (i.e., layer 0) for the next CBCN layer (i.e., layer i) can be named Tx. pc For each CBCN layer between layer 0 and layer (n-2), a generation will be generated. and from CBCN l Send to CBCN l+1 .

[0016] Furthermore, the U unique users in the system can be represented as a set U = {u1, u2, u3, ..., u}. m The system treats IoT device decision-makers and blockchain nodes in a smart city organization as users. Each user generates a key pair using a secure public-key encryption algorithm. The key pair contains a public key and a private key.

[0017] User u i The key pair is represented as in is u i public key, is u i The private key. Shared among all users in the system through a trusted key distribution center, By user u i Confidentiality is maintained within the public key set K of m users in the system. +It can be represented as

[0018] Furthermore, the heterogeneous device transactions specifically refer to the following: Due to the existence of heterogeneous IoT devices and blockchain networks, data sent from one layer to another needs to be formatted. In this system, a transaction defines a set of formatted data from one layer to another, the transaction is signed by a transaction generator, and the transaction uses the transaction generator's private key K. - Encryption is used so that the recipient can use the sender's public key K. + Decrypting the encrypted transactions ensures their authenticity; this system includes three transactions:

[0019] The IoT transaction (Tx) jk Generated by IoT devices, containing a set of user devices d ij of Signed IoT data attributes {a1,a2,a3,...,a w Location and device ID are two examples of IoT data attributes, Tx jk It can be represented as:

[0020]

[0021] The private blockchain layer transaction (Tx) pc This transaction was generated by PBCN and sent to CBCN, T x It contains the genesis hash (GH) of the PBCN distributed ledger root hash (RH) of the current block, the block number (BN) of the current block, and the local transaction signature (LTS). The LTS is the signature from the device d. ij Received Tx jk The above project uses the i-th PBCN. Sign, Tx pc It can be displayed as:

[0022]

[0023] The consortium blockchain layer transaction This transaction is generated by the CBCN at layer l (1≤l≤n-2), and the new transaction... Tx at CBCN0 pcl Generated in all other CBCNs l (1≤l≤n-2) on, By CBCN n-1 Transaction generation (i.e.) ), Includes CBCN lThe distributed ledger uses the genesis hash (GH), the root hash (RH), the block number (BN), and the local transaction signature (LTS). The LTS is equivalent to the CBCN. l Tx at the location pcl Or any other CBCN received from the previous layer The above content uses the i-th CBCN in layer l. Sign up. It can be represented as:

[0024]

[0025] This invention also provides an interoperability system for heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem, comprising:

[0026] Modular architecture: adaptable to different blockchain networks and untrusted devices, ensuring flexibility and scalability in the data exchange process;

[0027] Lightweight communication protocol: Enables seamless interaction between different blockchain systems, emphasizing efficiency, security, and privacy;

[0028] Smart contract abstraction module: Abstracts smart contracts into independent data modules to facilitate layered access control and enhance privacy protection in data sharing;

[0029] Security Measures Module: Implements robust security measures, including encryption technology, access control mechanisms, and authentication protocols, to ensure data integrity and confidentiality;

[0030] Interoperability testing module: Conducts rigorous testing to verify the interoperability of the designed framework across heterogeneous devices, ensuring reliability, efficiency, and compatibility.

[0031] Furthermore, the blockchain architecture of the system consists of three main layers:

[0032] Internet of Things (IoT) layer: This layer includes devices from different TEs (Technical Equipment Manufacturers). These IoT devices generate data and create blockchain transactions for the generated data.

[0033] Private Blockchain Layer: Located above the IoT layer, it contains a private blockchain network for each TE and is responsible for receiving and verifying transactions from the IoT layer;

[0034] Consortium Blockchain Layer: This layer has an n-layer structure and is used for further verification and storage of transactions from the private blockchain layer.

[0035] Furthermore, the IoT layer includes a collection of devices from different TEs. The devices generate data and create IoT transactions. Each transaction is associated with a smart contract and must conform to predetermined logical rules. It is then sent to a private blockchain layer for verification. If the transaction is verified, the data is stored in the database.

[0036] Furthermore, the private blockchain layer receives and verifies transactions from the IoT layer. This layer contains the private blockchain network of each TE, which is responsible for preparing private blockchain layer transactions and sending them to the consortium blockchain layer for verification. If the transaction is verified by the upper layer, the transaction is stored in the distributed ledger block of the TE.

[0037] Based on the above technical solutions and the technical problems solved, the advantages and positive effects of the technical solution to be protected by this invention are as follows:

[0038] First, this invention proposes a technology for interoperability between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain ecosystem, with the following specific technical advantages:

[0039] Architecture Design: Develop a modular architecture to adapt to different blockchain networks and untrusted devices, ensuring flexibility and scalability in the data exchange process.

[0040] Protocol Development: Design a lightweight communication protocol to enable seamless interaction between different blockchain systems, with a focus on efficiency, security, and privacy.

[0041] Smart contract abstraction: Abstracting smart contracts into independent data modules to facilitate layered access control and enhance privacy protection in data sharing.

[0042] Security measures: Implement robust security measures, including encryption, access control mechanisms, and authentication protocols, to ensure data integrity and confidentiality.

[0043] Interoperability testing: Conduct rigorous testing to verify the interoperability of the designed framework across heterogeneous devices, ensuring reliability, efficiency, and compatibility.

[0044] Second, the technical solution of this invention fills a technical gap in the industry both domestically and internationally: the lightweight interoperability system designed for heterogeneous and untrusted devices in the blockchain ecosystem promotes secure data exchange and collaboration across different networks.

[0045] Develop a modular architecture to adapt to different blockchain networks and untrusted devices, ensuring flexibility and scalability in the data exchange process; design lightweight communication protocols to achieve seamless interaction between different blockchain systems, focusing on efficiency, security, and privacy; abstract smart contracts into independent data modules to facilitate layered access control and enhance privacy protection in data sharing; implement robust security measures, including encryption technologies, access control mechanisms, and authentication protocols, to ensure data integrity and confidentiality; conduct rigorous testing to verify the interoperability of the designed framework across heterogeneous devices, ensuring reliability, efficiency, and compatibility.

[0046] Third, this invention addresses the shortcomings of existing technologies in interoperability between heterogeneous and untrusted devices. Traditional systems often lack flexibility and scalability when facing different blockchain networks and diverse IoT devices, making it difficult to achieve efficient and secure data exchange. By developing a modular architecture, this invention can adapt to different blockchain networks and devices, ensuring flexibility and scalability in data exchange. Simultaneously, the designed lightweight communication protocol improves the interaction efficiency between different blockchain systems and emphasizes security and privacy protection, making the system more reliable when processing sensitive data.

[0047] This invention represents a significant advancement in the abstraction of smart contracts. By abstracting smart contracts into independent data modules, layered access control is implemented, enhancing privacy protection during data sharing. This design not only improves system security and privacy but also facilitates data interaction and sharing at different levels, making communication between layers more efficient and secure. Furthermore, by implementing robust security measures, including encryption technologies, access control mechanisms, and authentication protocols, data integrity and confidentiality are ensured, further enhancing the overall security level of the system.

[0048] In terms of blockchain architecture design, this invention proposes a three-layer structure, including an IoT layer, a private blockchain layer, and a consortium blockchain layer. The IoT layer is responsible for generating data and creating blockchain transactions; the private blockchain layer verifies transactions and stores them in a distributed ledger; and the consortium blockchain layer further verifies transactions and ensures the security and reliability of the entire system. Through this layered structure, the system can efficiently process data from different devices, ensuring that transactions at each layer are rigorously verified, thus enhancing data reliability and consistency.

[0049] The significant technological advancement of this invention is also reflected in the handling of transactions between heterogeneous devices. Due to the existence of data in different formats and blockchain networks, this system designs a standardized data format, enabling data sent from one layer to another to be correctly understood and processed. The transaction generator uses a private key to sign the transaction, and the recipient uses the sender's public key to decrypt it, ensuring the authenticity and security of the transaction. In this way, this system can effectively handle transactions between heterogeneous devices and networks, ensuring the authenticity and reliability of data exchange, and improving the overall system's compatibility and operability.

[0050] Fourth, this invention solves several technical problems existing in the prior art by introducing key parameters, advanced algorithms, and mathematical models, and achieves significant technological progress. Firstly, regarding parameter selection, this invention utilizes key parameters such as data attributes generated by IoT devices, the root hash of blockchain transactions, and the genesis hash. These parameters not only improve the accuracy of data verification but also enhance the overall performance of the system. Through precise configuration of these parameters, the system can efficiently transmit and process data between different levels, solving the problems of low data transmission efficiency and insufficient accuracy in traditional systems.

[0051] In terms of algorithm design, this invention employs a lightweight communication protocol and a smart contract abstraction algorithm. These algorithms prioritize efficiency, security, and privacy, ensuring seamless interaction between different blockchain systems. The lightweight communication protocol simplifies the data exchange process, reduces computational and communication overhead, and improves system operating speed. The smart contract abstraction algorithm enhances privacy protection in data sharing through layered access control, making the system more flexible and secure when processing complex data. Compared to traditional algorithms, the algorithm design of this invention significantly improves the system's interaction efficiency and security.

[0052] This invention optimizes transaction verification and data storage using advanced mathematical models. A distributed ledger model is employed in both the private and consortium blockchain layers to rigorously verify each transaction, storing verified transactions in the distributed ledger. This mathematical model ensures the authenticity and integrity of each transaction, preventing data tampering and fraud. Furthermore, the calculation and comparative analysis of binding energies using mathematical models improve the accuracy and reliability of molecular docking and kinetic simulations, providing a solid foundation for screening and verifying optimal compounds.

[0053] Finally, this invention achieves significant technological advancements in interoperability between heterogeneous devices. By defining a standardized data format and employing public-key encryption algorithms, this system can effectively handle transactions between different devices and blockchain networks, ensuring the authenticity and reliability of data exchange. The application of transaction generator signing and public-key decryption mechanisms enhances the system's security and trustworthiness. Compared to traditional systems, this invention significantly improves compatibility and operability in heterogeneous environments, providing strong technical support for applications in smart cities, healthcare, and other fields. Attached Figure Description

[0054] Figure 1 This is a general overview diagram of a private blockchain implementation based on Hyperledger Fabric provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0055] Figure 2 This is a framework diagram of communication between different private blockchains provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0056] Figure 3 The results show that as the number of query requests increases, the time to complete the query increases linearly, without exponential growth. Detailed Implementation

[0057] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention.

[0058] The following are two specific application examples demonstrating the application of this invention in real-world scenarios:

[0059] Example 1: Intelligent Traffic Management System in Smart Cities

[0060] In the intelligent traffic management system of smart cities, the blockchain ecosystem of this invention is used to connect and manage data from various traffic devices. These devices include intelligent traffic lights, vehicle-mounted sensors, and roadside monitoring equipment. Specific applications are as follows:

[0061] 1. Data Acquisition and Transaction Generation:

[0062] Traffic equipment (such as smart traffic lights and onboard sensors) generates real-time traffic data, including traffic flow, speed, location, and traffic events. This data is formatted into IoT transactions and sent through the IoT layer to a private blockchain layer for initial verification.

[0063] 2. Private blockchain layer verification:

[0064] The private blockchain layer receives transactions from the IoT layer and verifies their authenticity and integrity. Verified transactions are recorded in the distributed ledger, and a private blockchain layer transaction is generated, ready to be sent to the consortium blockchain layer.

[0065] 3. Integration and Verification of the Consortium Blockchain Layer:

[0066] The consortium blockchain layer receives and further verifies transactions from the private blockchain layer. This layer includes traffic management departments in different areas of the smart city, ensuring global consistency and reliability of data through the sharing and integration of citywide traffic data via distributed ledgers.

[0067] 4. Smart Contracts and Data Sharing:

[0068] Smart contracts are used to automate traffic management decisions, such as dynamically adjusting traffic light timings, publishing real-time traffic information, and providing route optimization suggestions. These smart contracts are independent of specific traffic equipment, facilitating layered access control and privacy protection.

[0069] Example 2: Patient Data Management in Healthcare Systems

[0070] In the healthcare system, the blockchain ecosystem of this invention is used to manage and protect patient medical data, ensuring data security and privacy, while promoting data sharing among healthcare institutions. Specific applications are as follows:

[0071] 1. Data Acquisition and Transaction Generation:

[0072] Medical devices (such as bedside monitors and wearable health devices) generate real-time health data for patients, including heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. This data is formatted as IoT transactions and sent through the IoT layer to a private blockchain layer for initial verification.

[0073] 2. Private blockchain layer verification:

[0074] The private blockchain layer receives and verifies transactions from the IoT layer, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of the data. Verified transactions are recorded in the distributed ledger, and a private blockchain layer transaction is generated, ready to be sent to the consortium blockchain layer.

[0075] 3. Integration and Verification of the Consortium Blockchain Layer:

[0076] The consortium blockchain layer receives and further verifies transactions from the private blockchain layer. This layer comprises multiple healthcare institutions that share patient data through a distributed ledger, enabling cross-institutional data integration and sharing.

[0077] 4. Smart Contracts and Data Sharing:

[0078] Smart contracts are used to manage access permissions for patient data, ensuring that only authorized medical personnel can access specific data. These smart contracts are independent of specific medical devices, promoting tiered access control and privacy protection, and ensuring that data is not misused or leaked during sharing.

[0079] These two application examples demonstrate the wide application of the present invention in intelligent traffic management and healthcare data management, leveraging blockchain technology to improve the security, reliability, and interoperability of the system.

[0080] As attached Figures 1-2 As shown, this system employs a modular architecture to adapt to different blockchain networks and untrusted devices, ensuring flexibility and scalability in data exchange. In terms of protocol development, a lightweight communication protocol is designed to achieve seamless interaction between different blockchain systems, emphasizing efficiency, security, and privacy. Regarding smart contract abstraction, smart contracts are abstracted into independent data modules to promote layered access control and enhance privacy protection in data sharing. In terms of security measures, robust security measures are implemented, including encryption technology, access control mechanisms, and authentication protocols, to ensure data integrity and confidentiality. For interoperability testing, rigorous testing is conducted to verify the interoperability of the designed framework across heterogeneous devices, ensuring reliability, efficiency, and compatibility.

[0081] The blockchain architecture in this system consists of three main layers: the IoT layer, the private blockchain layer, and the consortium blockchain layer with n layers.

[0082] The lowest layer of a blockchain is the IoT layer, which consists of devices from different TEs. The set of IoT devices in this layer is represented as set D = {d ij |1≤j≤n};

[0083] Where, d ij Let t be the j-th IoT device in the j-th TE, t be the number of TEs, n be the total number of IoT devices in the j-th TE, and d be the number of devices. ij Data is generated, and blockchain transactions are created for the generated data; these transactions are called IoT transactions (T). x d ij Each transaction Tx generated jk All are associated with a smart contract C j Related, Tx jk Must meet C j The logic mentioned in Tx jk It is sent to the upper layer for verification, if the corresponding transaction Tx jk If verified by the upper layer, then d ij The kth data point generated will be stored in the database.

[0084] The Private Blockchain Layer is the lowest layer of the proposed blockchain, situated above the IoT Layer. This layer contains a Private Blockchain Network (PBCN) for each TE, and the set of PBCNs can be represented as P = {p i |1≤i≤t};

[0085] Where t is the number of TEs, in short, P in p is the i-th PBCN, P owns the distributed ledger block of IoT data for the i-th TE, and the private blockchain layer receives transaction Tx from the IoT layer. ik And perform verification, in order to verify Tx ik This layer is Tx ik A private blockchain layer transaction Tx has been prepared. pc Tx pc It is sent to the upper layer, namely the consortium blockchain layer, for verification. If the transaction T... x If verified by the upper layer, then transaction T x It is stored in the distributed ledger block of PBCN.

[0086] The lowest layer of an n-layer consortium blockchain is denoted as CBCN0, and the layers above CBCN0 are denoted as: CBCN0, CBCN1, CBCN2, CBCN3, ..., CBCN n-1 CBCN0 received transaction Tx from PBCN pc And perform verification, in order to verify Tx pc It is necessary to prepare consortium blockchain layer transactions.

[0087] i and i+1 are the indices of the source CBCN and the target CBCN, respectively, and 0≤l≤n-2. A transaction generated at the lowest CBCN layer (i.e., layer 0) for the next CBCN layer (i.e., layer i) can be named Tx. pc For each CBCN layer between layer 0 and layer (n-2), a generation will be generated. and from CBCN l Send to CBCN l+1 .

[0088] The system has U unique users, which can be represented as a set U = {u1, u2, u3, ..., u}. m The system treats IoT device decision-makers and blockchain nodes in a smart city organization as users. Each user generates a key pair using a secure public-key encryption algorithm. The key pair contains a public key and a private key.

[0089] User u i The key pair is represented as in is u i public key, is u iThe private key. K is shared among all users in the system through a trusted key distribution center. i - By user u i Confidentiality is maintained within the public key set K of m users in the system. + It can be represented as

[0090] Transactions between heterogeneous devices specifically involve the following: Due to the existence of heterogeneous IoT devices and blockchain networks, data sent from one layer to another needs to be formatted. In this system, a transaction defines the formatted data set from one layer to another, and the transaction is signed by a transaction generator using the transaction generator's private key K. - Encryption is used so that the recipient can use the sender's public key K. + Decrypting the encrypted transactions ensures their authenticity; this system includes three transactions:

[0091] The IoT transaction (Tx) jk Generated by IoT devices, containing a set of user devices d ij of Signed IoT data attributes {a1,a2,a3,...,a w Location and device ID are two examples of IoT data attributes, Tx jk It can be represented as:

[0092]

[0093] The private blockchain layer transaction (Tx) pc This transaction was generated by PBCN and sent to CBCN, T x It contains the genesis hash (GH) of the PBCN distributed ledger root hash (RH) of the current block, the block number (BN) of the current block, and the local transaction signature (LTS). The LTS is the signature from the device d. ij Received Tx jk The above project uses the i-th PBCN. Sign, Tx pc It can be displayed as:

[0094]

[0095] The consortium blockchain layer transaction This transaction is generated by the CBCN at layer l (1≤l≤n-2), and the new transaction... Tx at CBCN0 pcl Generated in all other CBCNs l (1≤l≤n-2) on, By CBCN n-1Transaction generation (i.e.) ), Includes CBCN l The distributed ledger uses the genesis hash (GH), the root hash (RH), the block number (BN), and the local transaction signature (LTS). The LTS is equivalent to the CBCN. l Tx at the location pcl Or any other CBCN received from the previous layer The above content uses the i-th CBCN in layer l. Sign up. It can be represented as:

[0096]

[0097] The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is making the world increasingly interconnected, facilitating seamless communication and data exchange between devices and systems. However, this interconnectivity also presents challenges, particularly in ensuring interoperability between heterogeneous and untrusted devices. This project aims to address these challenges by exploring and enhancing interoperability within IoT-integrated blockchain systems. Blockchain technology has become a transformative force, providing decentralized, transparent, and secure data management solutions. However, integrating heterogeneous and untrusted devices within a blockchain-based ecosystem presents significant challenges. Current research in this field primarily focuses on developing blockchain protocols and applications for specific use cases, often neglecting the complexities of interoperability between different devices and systems. Existing solutions typically rely on centralized intermediaries or proprietary standards, which limit scalability, flexibility, and security.

[0098] This invention addresses the critical need for interoperability methods between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in blockchain-based ecosystems. By enabling seamless communication and data exchange between different devices, this project aims to unlock the full potential of blockchain technology in diverse fields such as supply chain management, healthcare, finance, and smart cities. Achieving interoperability can improve efficiency, transparency, and trust within these ecosystems, ultimately driving innovation and socio-economic development. Furthermore, ensuring interoperability between heterogeneous devices is crucial for fostering collaboration and synergy among different stakeholders, including manufacturers, service providers, and end-users. By developing an open and standardized interoperability framework, this project aims to promote interoperability as a fundamental principle of blockchain-based ecosystems, fostering greater inclusivity, accessibility, and participation. The proposed research holds promise for advancing both academic research and practical applications of blockchain technology. From an academic perspective, this project aims to contribute to state-of-the-art technology by developing innovative interoperability solutions and protocols. Through rigorous empirical evaluation and case studies, this invention aims to provide valuable insights and best practices for designing and implementing interoperable blockchain-based systems.

[0099] This invention discloses an interoperability method between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem, belonging to the field of blockchain technology. In terms of architecture design, this system develops a modular architecture to adapt to different blockchain networks and untrusted devices, ensuring flexibility and scalability in the data exchange process. In terms of protocol development, it designs a lightweight communication protocol to achieve seamless interaction between different blockchain systems, emphasizing efficiency, security, and privacy. Regarding smart contract abstraction, smart contracts are abstracted into independent data modules to promote layered access control and enhance privacy protection in data sharing. In terms of security measures, it implements robust security measures, including encryption technology, access control mechanisms, and authentication protocols, to ensure data integrity and confidentiality. In terms of interoperability testing, it conducts rigorous testing to verify the interoperability of the designed framework between heterogeneous devices, ensuring reliability, efficiency, and compatibility.

[0100] This invention presents a lightweight interoperability system designed for heterogeneous, untrusted devices within a blockchain ecosystem, facilitating secure data exchange and collaboration across different networks. Specifically, it involves developing a modular architecture adaptable to various blockchain networks and untrusted devices, ensuring flexibility and scalability in the data exchange process; designing a lightweight communication protocol to achieve seamless interaction between different blockchain systems, emphasizing efficiency, security, and privacy; abstracting smart contracts into independent data modules to promote layered access control and enhance privacy protection in data sharing; implementing robust security measures, including encryption technologies, access control mechanisms, and authentication protocols, to guarantee data integrity and confidentiality; and conducting rigorous testing to verify the interoperability of the designed framework across heterogeneous devices, ensuring reliability, efficiency, and compatibility.

[0101] like Figure 3 As shown, the query completion time increases linearly with the number of query requests, without exponential growth. Furthermore, we compared the query request times of three single-chain systems with our proposed system. We first sent query requests to the three single chains, retrieving 20 records from blockchain A, then sequentially retrieving 20 records from blockchain B, and finally 20 records from blockchain C. We statistically analyzed the times for the three queries and calculated the total time, then compared it with the statistical query time of our proposed model for these 60 records. The number of query requests increased exponentially, reaching 1920. Experimental results show that the query time required by our proposed model increases with the number of queried records, but is less than the sum of the query times of the three single-chain systems.

[0102] It should be noted that embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both. The hardware portion can be implemented using dedicated logic; the software portion can be stored in memory and executed by a suitable instruction execution system, such as a microprocessor or dedicated-design hardware. Those skilled in the art will understand that the above-described devices and methods can be implemented using computer-executable instructions and / or included in processor control code, for example, such code provided on a carrier medium such as a disk, CD, or DVD-ROM, a programmable memory such as read-only memory (firmware), or a data carrier such as an optical or electronic signal carrier. The devices and modules of the present invention can be implemented by hardware circuitry such as very large-scale integrated circuits or gate arrays, semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or programmable hardware devices such as field-programmable gate arrays, programmable logic devices, etc., or by software executed by various types of processors, or by a combination of the above-described hardware circuitry and software, such as firmware.

[0103] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention, and within the spirit and principles of the present invention, should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for interoperability between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Data acquisition: Real-time acquisition of 3D data and image data from different TE devices using multi-sensor equipment, and transmission of this data to the data processing center; Data preprocessing: The acquired 3D data and image data are preprocessed to generate high-quality 3D point clouds and panoramic images; Feature extraction: Deep learning algorithms are used to extract features from the preprocessed data, identify the features of urban landscape elements, and generate feature vectors; Element identification: Using a trained deep neural network model to classify and identify feature vectors, the category and location of different urban landscape elements are determined; Smart contract processing: The data generated by each device is created as a blockchain transaction, which is associated with a smart contract and conforms to predetermined logical rules; Transaction verification: Verify transactions from the IoT layer at the private blockchain layer, and send verified transactions to the consortium blockchain layer for further verification; Data storage: Transactions verified by the consortium blockchain layer are stored in the corresponding distributed ledger; VR Display and Data Analysis: Embedding the recognition results into the VR environment for display, and analyzing the data to generate statistical reports and trend analysis for decision support; Transactions between heterogeneous devices specifically involve the following: Due to the existence of heterogeneous IoT devices and blockchain networks, data sent from one layer to another needs to be formatted. In this system, a transaction defines the formatted data set from one layer to another, and the transaction is signed by a transaction generator using the transaction generator's private key K. - Encryption is used so that the recipient can use the sender's public key K. + Decrypting the encrypted transactions ensures their authenticity; this system includes three transactions: IoT transactions (Tx) jk Generated by IoT devices, containing a set of user devices d ij of Signed IoT data attributes {a1,a2,a3,...,a w Location and device ID are two examples of IoT data attributes, Tx jk It can be represented as: Private blockchain layer transactions (Tx) pc This transaction was generated by PBCN and sent to CBCN, T x It contains the genesis hash (GH) of the PBCN distributed ledger root hash (RH) of the current block, the block number (BN) of the current block, and the local transaction signature (LTS). The LTS is the signature from the device d. ij Received Tx jk Using the i-th PBCN Sign, Tx pc It can be displayed as: Consortium blockchain layer transactions This transaction is generated by the CBCN at layer l (1≤l≤n-2), and the new transaction... Tx at CBCN0 pcl Generated in all other CBCNs l (1≤l≤n-2) on, By CBCN n-1 Transaction generation (i.e.) ), Includes CBCN l The distributed ledger uses the genesis hash (GH), the root hash (RH), the block number (BN), and the local transaction signature (LTS). The LTS is equivalent to the CBCN. l Tx at the location pcl Or any other CBCN received from the previous layer Use the i-th CBCN in layer l Sign up. It can be represented as:

2. The interoperability method between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, The lowest layer of the blockchain is the IoT layer, which consists of devices from different TEs. The set of IoT devices in this layer is represented as set D = {d}. ij |1≤j≤n}; Where, d ij Let t be the j-th IoT device in the j-th TE, t be the number of TEs, n be the total number of IoT devices in the j-th TE, and d be the number of devices. ij Data is generated, and blockchain transactions are created for the generated data; these transactions are called IoT transactions (T). x d ij Each transaction Tx generated jk All are associated with a smart contract C j Related, Tx jk Must meet C j The logic mentioned in Tx jk It is sent to the upper layer for verification, if the corresponding transaction Tx jk If verified by the upper layer, then d ij The kth data point generated will be stored in the database.

3. The interoperability method between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, The private blockchain layer is the lowest layer of the proposed blockchain, located above the IoT layer. This layer contains a private blockchain network (PBCN) for each TE, and the set of PBCNs can be represented as P = {p i |1≤i≤t}; Where t is the number of TEs, in short, P in p is the i-th PBCN, P owns the distributed ledger block of IoT data for the i-th TE, and the private blockchain layer receives transaction Tx from the IoT layer. ik And perform verification, in order to verify Tx ik This layer is Tx ik A private blockchain layer transaction Tx has been prepared. pc Tx pc It is sent to the upper layer, namely the consortium blockchain layer, for verification. If the transaction T... x If verified by the upper layer, then transaction T x It is stored in the distributed ledger block of PBCN.

4. The interoperability method between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, The lowest layer of an n-layer consortium blockchain is denoted as CBCN0, and the layers above CBCN0 are denoted as: CBCN1, CBCN2, CBCN3, ..., CBCN n-1 CBCN0 received transaction Tx from PBCN pc And perform verification, in order to verify Tx pc It is necessary to prepare consortium blockchain layer transactions. i and i+1 are the indices of the source CBCN and the target CBCN, respectively, and 0≤l≤n-2. A transaction generated at the lowest CBCN layer (i.e., layer 0) for the next CBCN layer (i.e., layer i) can be named Tx. pc For each CBCN layer between layer 0 and layer (n-2), a generation will be generated. and from CBCN l Send to CBCN l+1 .

5. The interoperability method between heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system has U unique users, which can be represented as a set U = {u1, u2, u3, ..., u}. m The system treats IoT device decision-makers and blockchain nodes in a smart city organization as users. Each user generates a key pair using a secure public-key encryption algorithm. The key pair contains a public key and a private key. User u i The key pair is represented as in is u i public key, is u i The private key; Shared among all users in the system through a trusted key distribution center, By user u i Confidentiality is maintained within the public key set K of m users in the system. + It can be represented as 6. An interoperability system for heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem, applying the interoperability method for heterogeneous and untrusted devices in a blockchain-based ecosystem as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, include: Modular architecture: adaptable to different blockchain networks and untrusted devices, ensuring flexibility and scalability in the data exchange process; Lightweight communication protocol: Enables seamless interaction between different blockchain systems, emphasizing efficiency, security, and privacy; Smart contract abstraction module: Abstracts smart contracts into independent data modules to facilitate layered access control and enhance privacy protection in data sharing; Security Measures Module: Implements robust security measures, including encryption technology, access control mechanisms, and authentication protocols, to ensure data integrity and confidentiality; Interoperability testing module: Conducts rigorous testing to verify the interoperability of the designed framework across heterogeneous devices, ensuring reliability, efficiency, and compatibility.

7. The system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The blockchain architecture of the system consists of three main layers: Internet of Things (IoT) layer: This layer includes devices from different TEs (Technical Equipment Manufacturers). These IoT devices generate data and create blockchain transactions for the generated data. Private Blockchain Layer: Located above the IoT layer, it contains a private blockchain network for each TE and is responsible for receiving and verifying transactions from the IoT layer; Consortium Blockchain Layer: This layer has an n-layer structure and is used for further verification and storage of transactions from the private blockchain layer.

8. The system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The IoT layer includes a collection of devices from different TEs. The devices generate data and create IoT transactions. Each transaction is associated with a smart contract and must conform to predetermined logical rules. It is sent to a private blockchain layer for verification. If the transaction is verified, the data is stored in the database.

9. The system according to claim 7, characterized in that, The private blockchain layer receives and verifies transactions from the IoT layer. This layer contains the private blockchain network of each TE and is responsible for preparing private blockchain layer transactions and sending them to the consortium blockchain layer for verification. If a transaction is verified by the upper layer, the transaction is stored in the distributed ledger block of the TE.

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