A wheat late sowing fertilization method and application thereof

Abstract

The application provides a wheat late sowing fertilization method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of crop planting. The method mainly uses compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer with the same content, and the total fertilization amount is 40-45 kg / mu. For conventional late sowing in dry land, 1 / 4-3 / 4 of the total amount of base fertilizer is used, and the rest is used as topdressing; for super-late sowing in dry land, 0-1 / 4 of the total amount of base fertilizer is used, and the rest is used as topdressing; for conventional late sowing in watered land, 2 / 4-3 / 4 of the total amount of base fertilizer is used, and the rest is used as topdressing; for super-late sowing in watered land, 0-1 / 4 of the total amount of base fertilizer is used, and the rest is used as topdressing. The application moves the fertilizer to the green stage in spring by reducing the base fertilizer amount, which is more in line with the growth law of late-sown wheat, effectively improves the population quantity of late-sown wheat, reduces the yield loss caused by late sowing, and also reduces unnecessary investment before winter, which is of great significance.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of crop planting technology, and in particular relates to a method for late-sowing fertilization of wheat, a method for late-sowing wheat planting, and their applications. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, late sowing of wheat has become increasingly common due to climate and production conditions. In 2021, severe rainfall affected 7.33 million hectares of wheat in five provinces: Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Shandong. 2 Wheat sowing was delayed, with approximately 600,000 mu (about 40,000 hectares) of wheat in Cangzhou City alone experiencing a postponement. In 2023, due to drought and the impact of previous crops, approximately 800,000 mu (about 53,333 hectares) of wheat were not sown until early November.

[0003] Late sowing has a significant negative impact on wheat production. Late sowing prolongs emergence time due to lower temperatures, consuming more endosperm nutrients and resulting in lower emergence rates and weaker seedlings. If a temperature drop follows late sowing, emergence time will be even longer, and seedlings may suffer frost damage, further weakening the seedlings. Secondly, if temperatures remain below 0-3℃ for an extended period after sowing, seeds may fail to germinate, leading to severe gaps in the wheat rows. Furthermore, insufficient accumulated temperature results in low tillering rates before winter, affecting later tillering and ear formation, ultimately leading to insufficient ear numbers and reduced yield. Thirdly, late-sown wheat may result in a later harvest, with a higher risk of hot, dry winds in the mid-to-late stages, and an increased likelihood of lodging. Finally, late sowing shortens the growth period from seedling to overwintering, resulting in shallower root systems. When temperatures drop, seedlings are prone to becoming weak or yellow, and the roots' ability to absorb water and nutrients is reduced, lowering the seedlings' resistance and significantly increasing the risk of frost damage. Therefore, the phenomenon of late wheat sowing cannot be ignored.

[0004] The lack of management methods for late-sown wheat in production means that late-sown wheat is usually managed as wheat of the appropriate sowing period, with a large amount of base fertilizer applied. This does not conform to the production characteristics of late-sown wheat, and will ultimately not only lead to fertilizer waste and increased production costs, but also cause environmental pollution through nitrification, leaching, volatilization and other processes.

[0005] Therefore, it is essential to conduct research on late-sown wheat planting techniques to ensure stable yields of late-sown wheat. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a method for fertilizing late-sown wheat, a method for planting late-sown wheat, and their applications. Based on years of practical experience, this invention finds that in North China, wheat sown after November 1st generally does not tiller before winter (commonly known as "one-needle wheat"), and wheat sown after November 15th fails to emerge before the New Year (commonly known as "covered in the soil"). The endosperm and topsoil nutrients are sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of late-sown wheat before winter, eliminating the need for large amounts of fertilizer. Building upon this, and considering the characteristics of conventional late-sown and ultra-late-sown wheat, as well as dryland and irrigated land, this invention provides a fertilization method specifically for late-sown wheat. This method reduces the amount of base fertilizer used, delaying fertilizer application to the spring greening period for spring promotion, effectively increasing the population size of late-sown wheat, reducing yield losses caused by late sowing, and also reducing unnecessary inputs before winter, which is of great significance.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0008] This invention provides a method for late-sown wheat fertilization, which involves adjusting the application rates of basal fertilizer and topdressing. The late sowing includes conventional late sowing and ultra-late sowing. The fertilization targets include dryland and irrigated land. The basal fertilizer and topdressing include compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or an equivalent nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer, with a total application rate of 40-45 kg / mu. The method specifically includes:

[0009] (1) For conventional late sowing in dryland: apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, and apply the rest as top dressing.

[0010] (2) For late sowing in dryland: Apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, and apply the rest as top dressing.

[0011] (3) For conventional late sowing in irrigated land: apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the equivalent nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, and apply the rest as top dressing.

[0012] (4) For late sowing on irrigated land: apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, and apply the rest as top dressing.

[0013] Preferably, the wheat variety is a wheat variety suitable for planting in coastal plain areas.

[0014] Preferably, the method further includes the step of applying well-rotted organic fertilizer before sowing: 1000-1500 kg per mu, once every 2 years.

[0015] Preferably, the regular late broadcast period is from October 15th to October 31st; the extra late broadcast period is after November 1st.

[0016] Preferably, the dry land is not irrigated during its entire growth period; the irrigated land is thoroughly moistened and irrigated once each during the greening and grain-filling stages.

[0017] Preferably, the topdressing also includes urea, with an application rate of 7-10 kg / mu.

[0018] More preferably, the total application rate of the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or equivalent nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer is 40 kg / mu, and the application rate of urea is 7 kg / mu. The method specifically includes:

[0019] (1) For conventional late sowing in dryland: Apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 20 kg / mu as base fertilizer, and apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 20 kg / mu + urea at 7 kg / mu as top dressing.

[0020] (2) For late sowing in dryland: Apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 10 kg / mu as base fertilizer, and apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 30 kg / mu + urea at 7 kg / mu as top dressing.

[0021] (3) For conventional late sowing in irrigated land: Apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 20 kg / mu as base fertilizer, and apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 20 kg / mu + urea at 7 kg / mu as top dressing.

[0022] (4) For late sowing on irrigated land: all of the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer with the same content shall be applied as top dressing, and 7 kg / mu of urea shall be applied at the same time.

[0023] The present invention also provides a method for late-sown wheat planting, including the method for late-sown wheat fertilization.

[0024] The present invention also provides the application of the wheat late-sowing fertilization method and / or the wheat late-sowing planting method in wheat cultivation.

[0025] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following technical effects:

[0026] Based on years of practical experience, this invention reveals that in North China, wheat sown after November 1st generally does not tiller before winter, and wheat sown after November 15th fails to emerge before the New Year. The endosperm and topsoil nutrients are sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of late-sown wheat before winter, eliminating the need for large amounts of fertilizer. Building upon this, and considering the characteristics of conventional late-sown and ultra-late-sown wheat, as well as dryland and irrigated land, this invention provides a fertilization method specifically for late-sown wheat: Primarily using compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or equivalent NPK fertilizer, with a total application rate of 40-45 kg / mu. Specifically, for conventional late-sown dryland wheat, 1 / 4 to 3 / 4 of the total fertilizer is applied as basal fertilizer, with the remainder as topdressing; for ultra-late-sown dryland wheat, 0-1 / 4 of the total basal fertilizer is applied, with the remainder as topdressing; for conventional late-sown irrigated land, 2 / 4 to 3 / 4 of the total basal fertilizer is applied, with the remainder as topdressing; and for ultra-late-sown irrigated land, 0-1 / 4 of the total basal fertilizer is applied, with the remainder as topdressing. This invention significantly increases the population size of late-sown wheat by reducing the amount of base fertilizer used and delaying fertilizer application to the spring growth period during the greening stage. This reduces yield losses caused by late sowing and also reduces unnecessary inputs before winter, making it of great significance. Detailed Implementation

[0027] The following embodiments are used to illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Any modifications or substitutions made to the methods, steps, or conditions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and essence of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise specified, the products and equipment used in the following embodiments are commercially available, and the methods used are consistent with conventional methods unless otherwise specified.

[0028] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments.

[0029] Example 1: Effects of late sowing on wheat population size and yield in different ecological zones

[0030] The optimal sowing period for wheat is October 1st to 15th, with conventional late sowing from October 15th to 31st. Sowing after November is considered extra-late sowing. Apply well-rotted organic fertilizer before sowing at a rate of 1000-1500 kg per mu (approximately 667 square meters), once every two years. When fertilizing, use deep plowing and rotary tillage, deep plowing every 2-3 years to a depth of at least 30 cm. Before sowing, combine fertilization with rotary tillage to a depth of at least 15 cm. Well-rotted organic fertilizer can be fermented and desalinated chicken manure, with a nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content ≥5% and an organic matter content ≥40%, sold by Hebei Hengwang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. Choose wheat varieties suitable for planting in coastal plain areas, approved by the National or Hebei Provincial Variety Approval Committee. Furthermore, prioritize varieties with short growth periods and use highly effective, low-toxicity pesticides for seed coating or treatment against major local underground pests and soil-borne diseases. For late sowing, if sowing is on October 15th, the sowing rate is 16 kg per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares). For each day of delay, the sowing rate increases by 0.5 kg per mu, with a maximum sowing rate not exceeding 25 kg per mu. Sowing is possible when the relative moisture content of the topsoil layer (0cm-20cm) is 65%-75%. Row sowing should be used, with a row spacing of 15cm-20cm and a sowing depth of 3cm-5cm, ensuring consistent depth. For spring management of winter wheat, i.e., topdressing, if soil moisture is sufficient, utilize soil saturation and apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compound fertilizer using a sawtooth disc topdressing machine. If soil moisture is insufficient, dissolve water-soluble nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer in 1-2 ml of water. 3 For water-based applications, use a water-soluble fertilizer applicator. Pay special attention to wheat fields where seedlings haven't emerged before winter; promptly perform shallow hoeing and gentle tilling to ensure safe emergence of young shoots. Apply fertilizer promptly after seedling emergence. During the mid-to-late stages of management, spray foliar fertilizer, specifically 0.3%–0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and other nutrients every 10 days from the wheat's jointing to grain-filling stage. Depending on pest and disease occurrences and climatic conditions, combine foliar fertilizer with appropriate insecticides, fungicides, and plant growth regulators. Prepare pesticides and use them immediately; do not apply pesticides within 20 days before wheat harvest. Finally, harvest wheat promptly from the late waxy ripening stage to full maturity.

[0031] 1 Experimental Design

[0032] This experiment was conducted in Lizizha Village, Huanghua City and Tian'er Village, Botou City in 2022 and 2023, with the following five fertilizer treatments:

[0033] Treatment 1: Base fertilizer 40 kg / mu (22-17-10), top dressing 7 kg / mu urea;

[0034] Treatment 2: Base fertilizer 30 kg / mu (22-17-10), topdressing 10 kg / mu (22-17-10) + 7 kg / mu urea;

[0035] Treatment 3: Base fertilizer 20 kg / mu (22-17-10), topdressing 20 kg / mu (22-17-10) + 7 kg urea;

[0036] Treatment 4: Base fertilizer 10 kg / mu (22-17-10), topdressing 30 kg / mu (22-17-10) + 7 kg urea;

[0037] Treatment 5: No base fertilizer applied, top dressing of 40 kg / mu (22-17-10) + 7 kg / mu urea.

[0038] Two sowing dates were set up: October 20th and November 12th. Sowing was carried out on October 20th at a seeding rate of 17 kg / mu, and on November 12th at a seeding rate of 25 kg / mu. Each treatment was replicated three times.

[0039] The base fertilizer (22-17-10) can be prepared using any conventional method in this field. It can be adjusted and selected according to the actual situation, as long as the weight ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 22:17:10.

[0040] Lizizha Village adopts a completely dryland farming method, with no irrigation throughout the entire growth period, and the selected variety is Jiemai 19; Tian'er Village adopts irrigated land, with sufficient soil moisture, and irrigation once each during the greening and grain-filling stages, and topdressing in conjunction with irrigation during the greening stage, and the selected variety is Malan 1.

[0041] 2 Results and Analysis

[0042] 2.1 Effects of different fertilizer treatments on the population size of late-sown wheat in dryland areas

[0043] Table 1 Population size of late-sown wheat in dryland under different fertilizer treatments

[0044]

[0045]

[0046] Based on the above data, we can conclude that:

[0047] In dryland conventional late-sown crops, the number of tillers before winter was 1.27-1.56. Analysis of the pre-winter population size revealed that the population size gradually decreased with decreasing basal fertilizer application. There was no significant difference in the number of tillers between 20-40 kg of basal fertilizer applied before winter, but treatments 1, 2, and 3 showed significantly higher numbers than other treatments. After topdressing during the greening stage, treatments 3 and 4 showed a significant increase in the number of tillers at the jointing stage, ultimately exhibiting better panicle numbers at maturity.

[0048] Late-sown dryland plants overwintered by covering the soil with fertilizer. They sprouted at the end of February during the greening period. The amount of base fertilizer applied before winter had no significant effect on the basic seedlings. After topdressing during the greening period, the number of seedlings increased significantly with the increase of topdressing amount. The number of seedlings during the jointing period increased significantly in treatments 4 and 5, and the number of ears at the final maturity stage was better.

[0049] In conclusion, regardless of whether it is regular late sowing or ultra-late sowing, with the total amount of fertilizer remaining unchanged, reducing the application of base fertilizer before winter for late-sown wheat is conducive to building a good population structure.

[0050] 2.2 Effects of different fertilizer treatments on the yield of late-sown wheat in dryland areas

[0051] Table 2 Yield performance of late-sown wheat in dryland under different fertilizer treatments

[0052]

[0053]

[0054] Based on the above data, we can conclude that:

[0055] Treatment 3 showed the best yield performance in conventional late sowing in dryland, significantly higher than other treatments, with yield increases ranging from 6.7% to 25.7%. Treatment 2 was the second best, with no significant difference between the two.

[0056] The late-sowing treatment 4 in dryland areas showed the best yield, significantly higher than other treatments.

[0057] In summary, under the condition of unchanged total fertilizer application, appropriately reducing the amount of basal fertilizer in late-sown treatments in dryland areas can significantly increase yield. However, the responses of conventional late-sown treatments and ultra-late-sown treatments to basal fertilizer application differ. It is generally believed that in conventional late-sown treatments, although growth is slow before winter, the average number of tillers before winter is approximately 1.27-1.56, considering the population size. The lack of basal fertilizer application before winter affects seedling vigor and population development. However, in ultra-late-sown treatments, treatments 4 and 5 showed better yield performance. Analysis suggests that ultra-late-sown treatments overwinter by "covering the soil" and only sprout in spring, resulting in low fertilizer requirements before winter. Significantly reducing the amount of fertilizer applied before winter can significantly increase yield.

[0058] 2.3 Effects of different fertilizer treatments on the population size of late-sown wheat in irrigated fields

[0059] Table 3 Population size of late-sown wheat in irrigated fields under different fertilizer treatments

[0060]

[0061]

[0062] Based on the above data, we can conclude that:

[0063] In irrigated fields, conventional late-sown treatments resulted in 1.48-1.74 tillers before winter. Analysis revealed that reducing the application of basal fertilizer before winter led to a decrease in the pre-winter tiller population. While there was no significant difference in the amount of basal fertilizer applied between 20-40 kg, treatments 1, 2, and 3 showed significantly higher tillers than other treatments, consistent with the performance in dryland fields. After topdressing during the greening-up stage, treatment 3 showed a rapid increase in tiller population at the jointing stage, significantly higher than other treatments.

[0064] The overwintering methods for late-sown wheat in irrigated fields and late-sown wheat in dryland fields are the same, both using the "covering in the soil" method to overwinter. Germination occurs at the end of February. There is no significant difference in population size during the greening period among the treatments. After topdressing, the population size during the jointing period increases with the amount of topdressing. The population size during the jointing period in treatment 5 is significantly higher than that in other treatments.

[0065] The low population density in the later stages of growth of late-sown wheat is the main reason for the reduced yield due to insufficient accumulated temperature before winter. The above experimental studies have found that, regardless of whether it is conventional late-sown or ultra-late-sown, with the total amount of fertilizer remaining unchanged, reducing the application of base fertilizer before winter and increasing the amount of fertilizer in spring can effectively reduce the population density loss in the later stages caused by insufficient population density before winter.

[0066] 2.4 Effects of different fertilizer treatments on the population size of late-sown wheat in irrigated fields

[0067] Table 4. Yield performance of late-sown wheat in irrigated fields under different fertilizer treatments.

[0068]

[0069]

[0070] Based on the above data analysis, we can conclude that:

[0071] Treatments 2 and 3, which were conventional late-sown treatments for irrigated land, showed the best yields, significantly higher than other treatments.

[0072] In the irrigated fields, the late sowing treatment 5 showed the best yield performance, with significant differences compared to other treatments. The analysis suggests that for wheat fields that have been covered with fertilizer before winter, applying the base fertilizer in the spring and combining it with irrigation can effectively increase yield, which is different from the results of the dryland experiment.

[0073] Based on the results of all the above experiments, it can be concluded thatWhether in irrigated or dryland, delaying fertilizer application for late-sown wheat can effectively increase yield. However, in dryland, fertilizer is typically dissolved by spring irrigation water, affecting fertilizer utilization efficiency. Large amounts of fertilizer applied under water-scarce conditions cannot be efficiently utilized by plants. Therefore, for ultra-late sowing, the treatment of not applying basal fertilizer before winter in irrigated land yields the best results. Analysis of yield components reveals that delaying fertilizer application for late-sown wheat in irrigated land can appropriately increase the number of grains per ear, especially in ultra-late sowing. The greening period is a critical time for wheat spike differentiation; appropriate water and fertilizer input can effectively improve spike differentiation efficiency and increase the number of grains per ear. Therefore, the method in this invention not only effectively increases the population size of late-sown wheat and reduces yield loss caused by late sowing, but also reduces unnecessary pre-winter input, avoids fertilizer waste, and significantly saves production costs. Furthermore, it avoids environmental pollution caused by fertilizer nitrification, leaching, and volatilization.

[0074] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for late-sown wheat fertilization, characterized in that, The application of base fertilizer and topdressing is adjusted; the late sowing includes conventional late sowing and ultra-late sowing; the fertilization targets include dry land and irrigated land; the base fertilizer and topdressing include compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or equivalent nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, with a total application rate of 40-45 kg / mu; the method specifically includes: (1) For conventional late sowing in dryland: apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, and apply the remainder as top dressing. (2) For late sowing in dryland: apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, and apply the rest as top dressing; (3) For conventional late sowing in irrigated land: apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, and apply the remainder as top dressing; (4) For super late sowing on irrigated land: apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, and apply the rest as top dressing; The regular late broadcast period is from October 15th to October 31st; the extra late broadcast period is after November 1st.

2. The method for late-sowing fertilization of wheat according to claim 1, characterized in that, The wheat variety mentioned is one that is suitable for planting in coastal plains.

3. The method for late-sowing fertilization of wheat according to claim 2, characterized in that, The method also includes the step of applying well-rotted organic fertilizer before sowing: 1000-1500 kg per mu, once every 2 years.

4. The method for late-sowing fertilization of wheat according to claim 3, characterized in that, The dry land does not require irrigation throughout its entire growth period; the irrigated land is thoroughly moistened and then irrigated once each during the greening and grain-filling stages.

5. The method for late-sowing fertilization of wheat according to claim 4, characterized in that, The top dressing also includes urea, with an application rate of 7-10 kg / mu.

6. The method for late-sowing fertilization of wheat according to claim 5, characterized in that, The total application rate of the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or equivalent nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer is 40 kg / mu, and the application rate of urea is 7 kg / mu. The method specifically includes: (1) For conventional late sowing in dryland: Apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 20 kg / mu as base fertilizer, and apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 20 kg / mu + urea at 7 kg / mu as top dressing. (2) For late sowing in dryland: Apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 10 kg / mu as base fertilizer, and apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 30 kg / mu + urea at 7 kg / mu as top dressing. (3) For conventional late sowing on irrigated land: apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 20 kg / mu as base fertilizer, and apply the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or the same content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at 20 kg / mu + urea at 7 kg / mu as top dressing. (4) For late sowing on irrigated land: all of the compound fertilizer 22-17-10 or fertilizer with equivalent nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content shall be applied as top dressing, and 7 kg / mu of urea shall be applied at the same time.

7. An application of a method for late-sown fertilization of wheat, characterized in that, This includes the method of late-sowing fertilization of wheat as described in any one of claims 1 to 6.

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