Stainless steel powder self-developing bone cement and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The present application relates to a kind of stainless steel powder self-developing bone cement and preparation method, bone cement is composed of two parts of powder and liquid, the ratio of powder and liquid is (2-3):1 g / mL;The component and mass percentage of powder are as follows:50-95% of methyl methacrylate polymer, 5-50% of 430 type ferrite-mannitol compound;Methyl methacrylate polymer contains benzoyl peroxide, and the mass percentage of benzoyl peroxide is 1-5%;The component and mass percentage of liquid are as follows:94.90-99.89% of methyl methacrylate monomer, 0.1-5% of N, N dimethyl-p-toluidine, 0.01-0.1% of hydroquinone.The present application can effectively improve the uniformity of bone cement developing and magnetic heat effect, magnetic heat temperature rate is fast, long-term stable development can be realized, and its mechanical strength and bone strength are approximately matched.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of biomedical materials, and particularly relates to a self-illuminating bone cement made of stainless steel powder and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF) are a common orthopedic condition. Treatment for OVCF typically involves minimally invasive vertebroplasty, which involves injecting bone cement into the vertebral body to support the fracture site. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is widely used in percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP), making it the most clinically prevalent type of bone cement. Due to the requirements of minimally invasive procedures, the bone cement must possess good radioactivity; contrast agents are an essential component of bone cement. Furthermore, the spine is a common site for bone metastases, and vertebroplasty has become an important minimally invasive treatment for spinal bone metastases. However, bone cement lacks anti-bone tumor properties and cannot effectively inhibit situ recurrence and distant metastasis of bone tumors.

[0003] Many scholars have modified bone cement with magnetothermal particles to impart anti-tumor functions, such as using magnetic bone repair materials and employing magnetothermal therapy as an adjunct treatment for bone tumors. The most commonly used magnetic material is Fe3O4 magnetic powder. For example, CN115463252A describes the preparation of magnetic bone cement by incorporating Fe3O4 microspheres into calcium magnesium phosphate bone cement. CN102557527A describes the preparation of magnetic bone cement by adding spherical polymethyl methacrylate particles containing benzoyl peroxide to manganese zinc ferrite powder. Furthermore, existing bone cements also use barium sulfate or zirconium oxide contrast agents. Mismatch between particles and bone cement can lead to bone resorption and aseptic loosening, easily causing wear and loosening of artificial joints and shortening their lifespan. The more types of substances added to bone cement, the more uneven the composition, easily leading to inconsistent contrast and magnetothermal effects. The addition of purely inorganic components enhances the strength and stiffness of bone cement, making it stronger than human bone, which has caused fractures of adjacent vertebrae. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention proposes a self-developing stainless steel powder bone cement and its preparation method, which can effectively improve the uniformity of bone cement development and magnetothermal effect, achieve rapid magnetothermal heating rate, enable long-term stable development, and make its mechanical strength approximately match the strength of bone.

[0005] One of the above-mentioned objectives of the present invention is achieved by the following technical solution:

[0006] A stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement is composed of two parts: powder and liquid, with a powder to liquid ratio of (2-3):1g / mL.

[0007] Powder composition and mass percentage: methyl methacrylate polymer 50-95%, 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex 5-50%; the methyl methacrylate polymer contains benzoyl peroxide, and the mass percentage of benzoyl peroxide is 1-5%.

[0008] Liquid components and mass percentages: methyl methacrylate monomer 94.90-99.89%, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine 0.1-5%, hydroquinone 0.01-0.1%.

[0009] Furthermore, the methyl methacrylate polymer powder is a mixture of polymethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymer, with the methyl methacrylate copolymer accounting for 18% to 45% of the mass percentage of the methyl methacrylate polymer powder, and the remainder being polymethyl methacrylate.

[0010] Moreover, in the 430-type ferrite-mannitol composite, the mass percentage of mannitol is 1.23-6.36%, and the remainder is 430-type ferrite steel powder.

[0011] Furthermore, the particle size distribution range of the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex is preferably 5–100 μm.

[0012] The second objective of this invention is achieved through the following technical solution:

[0013] A method for preparing a self-illuminating bone cement made of stainless steel powder includes the following steps:

[0014] Step 1: Add mannitol with a particle size distribution range of 15-60 μm to water and stir to dissolve to prepare a mannitol solution with a mass percentage of 2.5-13.6%.

[0015] Step 2: Add a certain amount of 430 ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate monomer. The mass ratio of 430 ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate is 1:5 to 50. Stir continuously for 10 to 60 minutes, then sieve and filter to obtain moist 430 ferritic steel powder.

[0016] Step 3: Add the moistened 430 ferritic steel powder to the mannitol solution and stir to obtain 430 ferritic-mannitol paste. The ratio of 430 ferritic steel powder to mannitol solution is 2:1.

[0017] Step 4: Place the 430 type ferrite-mannitol paste in a freezer at -60°C for 24 hours, and then freeze-dry it at -56°C for 72 hours in a freeze dryer.

[0018] Step 5: Grind the dried 430 type ferrite / -mannitol for 20-60 minutes and screen to obtain the desired 430 type ferrite / mannitol composite powder;

[0019] Step 6: Take 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex powder, mix the methyl methacrylate polymer powder and 430 type ferrite / mannitol complex evenly in a mixing device, and mix for 3 to 24 hours.

[0020] Step 7: Take out the well-mixed bone cement powder, weigh out the powder and liquid according to the ratio of bone cement powder to liquid (2-3):1g / mL, add the bone cement liquid to the bone cement powder, stir for 10-60s to obtain bone cement.

[0021] The advantages and positive effects of this invention are as follows:

[0022] 1. This invention changes the powder structure of magnetic bone cement, changing the composition from two inorganic substances, namely methyl methacrylate polymer combined with a contrast agent (barium sulfate or zirconium oxide) and iron oxide, to a powder structure of methyl methacrylate polymer combined with a 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex (inorganic / organic complex), thereby giving the bone cement both radioactivity and magnetism.

[0023] 2. The addition of mannitol to the powder in this invention enhances the fluidity of the steel powder in bone cement and prevents uneven mixing and distribution of powder components in bone cement, which would lead to uneven development and magnetothermal effects of bone cement.

[0024] 3. This invention uses a 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex to replace Fe3O4 magnetic powder and barium sulfate (or zirconium oxide) as a developing agent, thereby changing the composition of bone cement powder, reducing the types and weight of inorganic components, and making the bone cement powder composition more uniform.

[0025] 4. This invention uses a 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex to replace Fe3O4 magnetic powder. Through an alternating magnetic field, the bone cement is heated by magnetic hysteresis, raising the temperature of the bone cement to above 40°C. This kills or eliminates tumor cells and has a high-temperature sterilization effect. Furthermore, the presence of the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex reduces the rapid release of energy during the bone cement polymerization process, reduces the thermal damage to tissues during the polymerization process, and replaces barium sulfate (or zirconium oxide) contrast agent, giving the bone cement a certain degree of radioactivity. At the same time, it enhances the toughness and wear resistance of the bone cement. The presence of mannitol organic matter reduces the stiffness and strength of the steel powder, making its mechanical strength approximately match the strength of bone, thus avoiding the problems of bone resorption and aseptic loosening caused by traditional contrast agents.

[0026] 5. The stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement prepared by this invention has the characteristics of being injectable and having suitable strength, and can be used for fixation of various fractures and filling of bone defects. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 The values ​​are the temperatures of the stainless steel powder after being heated by a magnetic field in the self-illuminating bone cement as tested in Examples 1-3 of this invention; 1a is Example 1, 1b is Example 2, and 1c is Example 2.

[0028] Figure 2 The document describes the self-developing properties of stainless steel powder bone cement as tested in Examples 1-3 of this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The structure of the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be noted that these embodiments are descriptive and not limiting.

[0030] A stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement is composed of two parts: powder and liquid, with a powder to liquid ratio of (2-3):1 (g / mL).

[0031] The powder composition and mass percentage are as follows: 50-95% methyl methacrylate polymer powder and 5-50% 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex powder, wherein the methyl methacrylate polymer powder contains 1-5% benzoyl peroxide by mass.

[0032] The liquid components and their mass percentages are as follows: methyl methacrylate monomer 94.90-99.89%, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine 0.1-5%, and hydroquinone 0.01-0.1%.

[0033] The preferred mass percentage of methyl methacrylate polymer powder is 96-98%, and the preferred content of benzoyl peroxide in the methyl methacrylate polymer powder is 2-4%.

[0034] The methyl methacrylate polymer powder is a mixture of polymethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymer, with the methyl methacrylate copolymer accounting for 18% to 45% of the mass of the methyl methacrylate polymer powder, and the remainder being polymethyl methacrylate.

[0035] The preferred mass percentage of the 430-type ferrite-mannitol composite is 10-40%; furthermore, the preferred mass percentage of the 430-type ferrite steel powder is 20-30%.

[0036] The particle size distribution range of the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex is 5–100 μm; the preferred particle size distribution range of the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex is 10–60 μm; further, the preferred particle size distribution range of the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex is 15–53 μm.

[0037] In the 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex, the mass percentage of mannitol is 1.23-6.36%, and the remainder is 430 type ferrite steel powder.

[0038] The preparation method of the stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement of the present invention is as follows:

[0039] (1) Add mannitol with a particle size distribution range of 15-60 μm to water and stir to dissolve to prepare a mannitol solution with a mass percentage of 2.5-13.6%;

[0040] (2) A certain amount of 430 ferritic steel powder is put into methyl methacrylate monomer. The mass ratio of 430 ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate is 1:5 to 50. Stir continuously for 10 to 60 minutes, and then sieve and filter to obtain moist 430 ferritic steel powder.

[0041] (3) Add the moistened 430 type ferritic steel powder to the mannitol solution and stir to obtain 430 type ferritic-mannitol paste. The ratio of 430 type ferritic steel powder to mannitol solution is 2:1.

[0042] (4) Then put the 430 type ferrite-mannitol paste into a freezer at -60°C for 24 hours, and then freeze dry it at -56°C for 72 hours in a freeze dryer.

[0043] (5) Grind the dried 430 ferrite-mannitol for 20-60 min and screen to obtain the desired 430 ferrite-mannitol complex powder.

[0044] (6) Select 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex powder, mix methyl methacrylate polymer powder and 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex evenly in a mixing device, and mix for 3 to 24 hours;

[0045] (7) Take out the well-mixed bone cement powder, weigh the powder and liquid according to the ratio of bone cement powder to liquid (2-3):1 (g / mL), add the bone cement liquid to the bone cement powder, stir for 10-60s, and obtain bone cement.

[0046] Example 1

[0047] A self-illuminating bone cement made of stainless steel powder, wherein the powder to liquid ratio is 2.5:1 g / mL; the powder consists of 70% methyl methacrylate polymer (containing 3% benzoyl peroxide) and 30% 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex; in the methyl methacrylate polymer, the methyl methacrylate copolymer accounts for 31.5% of the methyl methacrylate polymer powder by mass; the particle size distribution range of the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex is 15-53 μm; in the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex, the mannitol content is 1.23% by mass, and the 430-type ferrite steel powder is 98.77%; the liquid consists of 96.9% methyl methacrylate monomer, 3% N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, and 0.1% hydroquinone;

[0048] The preparation method of stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement is as follows:

[0049] (1) Add mannitol with a particle size distribution range of 15-60 μm to water and stir to dissolve to prepare a mannitol solution with a mass percentage of 2.5%.

[0050] (2) Add 430 type ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate monomer. The mass ratio of 430 type ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate is 1:5. Stir continuously for 60 minutes. Then sieve and filter to obtain moist 430 type ferritic steel powder.

[0051] (3) Add the moistened 430 type ferritic steel powder to the mannitol solution and stir to obtain 430 type ferritic-mannitol paste. The ratio of 430 type ferritic steel powder to mannitol solution is 2:1.

[0052] (4) Then put the 430 type ferrite-mannitol paste into a freezer at -60°C for 24 hours, and then freeze dry it at -56°C for 72 hours in a freeze dryer.

[0053] (5) Grind the dried 430 ferrite-mannitol for 60 min and screen to obtain the desired 430 ferrite-mannitol complex.

[0054] (6) Select 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex powder, mix methyl methacrylate polymer powder and 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex evenly in a mixing device for 3 hours;

[0055] (7) Take out the well-mixed bone cement powder, weigh the powder and liquid according to the ratio of bone cement powder to liquid of 2:1 (g / mL), add the bone cement liquid to the bone cement powder, stir for 60s, and obtain bone cement.

[0056] Depend on Figure 1It can be seen that when the bone cement of Example 1 is subjected to magnetothermal testing under an alternating magnetic field of 50KHZ, the temperature of the stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement can reach 72.3℃ in 1min45s, which meets the requirement that the magnetothermal therapy temperature is greater than 40℃.

[0057] Example 2

[0058] A self-illuminating bone cement made of stainless steel powder, wherein the powder to liquid ratio is 2.5:1 g / mL; the powder consists of 80% methyl methacrylate polymer (containing 4% benzoyl peroxide) and 20% 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex; in the methyl methacrylate polymer, the methyl methacrylate copolymer accounts for 45% of the mass percentage of the methyl methacrylate polymer powder; the particle size distribution range of the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex is 15-53 μm; in the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex, the mass percentage of mannitol is 2.65%, and the mass percentage of 430-type ferrite steel powder is 97.46%; the liquid consists of 97.99% methyl methacrylate monomer, 2% N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, and 0.01% hydroquinone;

[0059] The preparation method of stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement is as follows:

[0060] (1) Add mannitol with a particle size distribution range of 15-60 μm to water and stir to dissolve to prepare a mannitol solution with a mass percentage of 5.45%.

[0061] (2) Add 430 type ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate monomer. The mass ratio of 430 type ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate is 1:5. Stir continuously for 30 minutes. Then sieve and filter to obtain moist 430 type ferritic steel powder.

[0062] (3) Add the moistened 430 type ferritic steel powder to the mannitol solution and stir to obtain 430 type ferritic-mannitol paste. The ratio of 430 type ferritic steel powder to mannitol solution is 2:1.

[0063] (4) Then put the 430 type ferrite-mannitol paste into a freezer at -60°C for 24 hours, and then freeze dry it at -56°C for 72 hours in a freeze dryer.

[0064] (5) Grind the dried 430 ferrite-mannitol for 60 min and screen to obtain the desired 430 ferrite-mannitol complex.

[0065] (6) Select 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex powder, mix methyl methacrylate polymer powder and 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex evenly in a mixing device for 12 hours;

[0066] (7) Take out the well-mixed bone cement powder, weigh the powder and liquid according to the ratio of bone cement powder to liquid of 2:1 g / mL, add the bone cement liquid to the bone cement powder, stir for 30s, and obtain bone cement.

[0067] Depend on Figure 1 It can be seen that when the bone cement of Example 2 is subjected to magnetothermal testing under an alternating magnetic field of 50KHZ, the temperature of the stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement can reach 53.4℃ in 1min45s, which meets the requirement that the magnetothermal therapy temperature is greater than 40℃.

[0068] Example 3

[0069] A self-illuminating stainless steel powder bone cement has a powder-to-liquid ratio of 2:1 g / mL. The powder consists of 90% methyl methacrylate polymer (containing 2% benzoyl peroxide) and 10% 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex. In the methyl methacrylate polymer, the methyl methacrylate copolymer accounts for 18% of the methyl methacrylate polymer powder by mass. The 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex has a particle size distribution range of 15–53 μm. In the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex, the mannitol content is 6.36% by mass, and the 430-type ferrite steel powder is 97.46%. The liquid contains 98.95% methyl methacrylate monomer, 1% N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, and 0.05% hydroquinone by mass.

[0070] The preparation method of stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement is as follows:

[0071] (1) Add mannitol with a particle size distribution range of 15-60 μm to water and stir to dissolve to prepare a mannitol solution with a mass percentage of 13.6%.

[0072] (2) Add 430 type ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate monomer. The mass ratio of 430 type ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate is 1:5. Stir continuously for 30 minutes. Then sieve and filter to obtain moist 430 type ferritic steel powder.

[0073] (3) Add the moistened 430 type ferritic steel powder to the mannitol solution and stir to obtain 430 type ferritic-mannitol paste. The ratio of 430 type ferritic steel powder to mannitol solution is 2:1.

[0074] (4) Then place the 430 type ferrite-mannitol paste into a freezer at -60°C for 24 hours, and then freeze dry it at -56°C for 72 hours in a freeze dryer.

[0075] (5) Grind the dried 430 ferrite-mannitol for 60 min and screen to obtain the desired 430 ferrite-mannitol complex.

[0076] (6) Select 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex powder, mix methyl methacrylate polymer powder and 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex evenly in a mixing device for 24 hours;

[0077] (7) Take out the well-mixed bone cement powder, weigh the powder and liquid according to the ratio of bone cement powder to liquid of 2:1 (g / mL), add the bone cement liquid to the bone cement powder, stir for 10s, and obtain bone cement.

[0078] Depend on Figure 1 It can be seen that when the bone cement of Example 3 is subjected to magnetothermal testing under an alternating magnetic field of 50KHZ, the temperature of the stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement can reach 42.4℃ in 1min45s, which meets the requirement that the magnetothermal therapy temperature is greater than 40℃.

[0079] Depend on Figure 2 As can be seen, compared with conventional 10% barium sulfate and 30% barium sulfate contrast agents, the stainless steel powder autoradiographic bone cement of Examples 1-3 is clearly visible under X-ray, meeting the requirement of YY 0459-2003 standard that bone cement is clearly visible under X-ray.

[0080] The physical properties of the bone cement prepared in Examples 1-3 were tested, and the test results are shown in Table 1:

[0081] Table 1

[0082] Test number Compressive strength (MPa) Flexural strength (MPa) Flexural modulus (MPa) Example 1 90.58±6.63 66.51±5.25 3141.73±260.34 Example 2 89.94±4.32 64.15±4.25 3013.23±276.09 Example 3 85.51±4.05 63.04±3.34 2843.00±201.00

[0083] As can be seen from Table 1, the mechanical properties of the stainless steel powder self-developing bone cement prepared in Examples 1-3 of this invention after curing meet the requirements of compressive strength ≥70MPa, flexural strength ≥50MPa, and flexural modulus ≥1800MPa.

[0084] The 430-type ferritic steel powder in this invention is made from conventional 430-type stainless steel. 430-type ferritic steel powder is commonly used in flame spraying and plasma spraying to prepare wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings and thick coatings, as well as for 3D printing. It exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and durability. The addition of mannitol reduces the stiffness of the 430-type ferritic steel powder, making its mechanical strength approximately match that of bone, thus avoiding the problems of bone resorption and aseptic loosening caused by traditional contrast agents.

[0085] The above-described specific embodiments are merely specific examples of the present invention. The patent protection scope of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, the product form and style of the above-described specific embodiments. Any appropriate changes or modifications made by a person skilled in the art that conform to the claims of the present invention should fall within the patent protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement, composed of two parts: powder and liquid, characterized in that: The ratio of powder to liquid is (2-3):1g / mL; Powder composition and mass percentage: methyl methacrylate polymer 50-95%, 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex 5-50%; the methyl methacrylate polymer contains benzoyl peroxide, with a mass percentage of benzoyl peroxide of 1-5%; Liquid components and mass percentages: methyl methacrylate monomer 94.90-99.89%, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine 0.1-5%, hydroquinone 0.01-0.1%; The preparation method of the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex includes the following steps: Step 1: Add mannitol with a particle size distribution range of 15~60μm to water and stir to dissolve to prepare a mannitol solution with a mass percentage of 2.5~13.6%; Step 2: Add a certain amount of 430 ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate monomer. The mass ratio of 430 ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate is 1:5~50. Stir continuously for 10~60 minutes, then sieve and filter to obtain moist 430 ferritic steel powder. Step 3: Add the moistened 430 ferritic steel powder to the mannitol solution and stir to obtain 430 ferritic-mannitol paste. The ratio of 430 ferritic steel powder to mannitol solution is 2:

1. Step 4: Place the 430 type ferrite-mannitol paste in a freezer at -60°C for 24 hours, and then freeze-dry it at -56°C for 72 hours in a freeze dryer. Step 5: Grind the dried 430 type ferrite-mannitol for 20~60 minutes and screen to obtain the required 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex powder.

2. The stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement according to claim 1, characterized in that: The methyl methacrylate polymer powder is a mixture of polymethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymer, with the methyl methacrylate copolymer accounting for 18% to 45% of the mass of the methyl methacrylate polymer powder, and the remainder being polymethyl methacrylate.

3. The stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the 430-type ferrite-mannitol composite, the mass percentage of mannitol is 1.23~6.36%, and the remainder is 430-type ferrite steel powder.

4. The stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement according to claim 1, characterized in that: The particle size distribution of the 430-type ferrite-mannitol complex ranges from 5 to 100 μm.

5. A method for preparing stainless steel powder self-illuminating bone cement as described in any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: Step 1: Add mannitol with a particle size distribution range of 15~60μm to water and stir to dissolve to prepare a mannitol solution with a mass percentage of 2.5~13.6%; Step 2: Add a certain amount of 430 ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate monomer. The mass ratio of 430 ferritic steel powder to methyl methacrylate is 1:5~50. Stir continuously for 10~60 minutes, then sieve and filter to obtain moist 430 ferritic steel powder. Step 3: Add the moistened 430 ferritic steel powder to the mannitol solution and stir to obtain 430 ferritic-mannitol paste. The ratio of 430 ferritic steel powder to mannitol solution is 2:

1. Step 4: Place the 430 type ferrite-mannitol paste in a freezer at -60°C for 24 hours, and then freeze-dry it at -56°C for 72 hours in a freeze dryer. Step 5: Grind the dried 430 type ferrite-mannitol for 20~60 min and screen to obtain the desired 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex powder; Step 6: Take 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex powder, mix the methyl methacrylate polymer powder and 430 type ferrite-mannitol complex evenly in a mixing device, and mix for 3~24h. Step 7: Take out the well-mixed bone cement powder, weigh out the powder and liquid according to the ratio of bone cement powder to liquid (2~3):1g / mL, add the bone cement liquid to the bone cement powder, stir for 10~60s to obtain bone cement.

Images