Artificial ecosystems for enhancing wetland biodiversity and methods of constructing the same

Abstract

The application discloses an artificial ecosystem for improving wetland biodiversity and a construction method thereof, and the artificial ecosystem comprises a first-stage water system, a second-stage water-land system and a third-stage diversity ecosystem. The construction method of the artificial ecosystem is as follows: water area construction, enclosed water area construction; crop planting, block planting of crops in the water area; fishway construction, fish pool construction and seed pool construction, the seed pool is constructed near the water inlet of the water area; fruit forest construction, local flowering and fruiting trees are planted on the embankment around the water area; installation of insect luring lamps and release of aquatic organisms. The artificial ecosystem with high productivity and capable of recycling is constructed, a complete and stable food chain is constructed for the restored or built wetland, and the problem that the biodiversity of the restored or built wetland is difficult to improve and maintain after improvement is solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration, specifically to an artificial ecosystem for improving wetland biodiversity and its construction method. Background Technology

[0002] Wetland ecosystems possess rich aquatic and terrestrial habitats and biological resources, forming a vast gene pool and diverse habitats unmatched by any other single ecosystem. This gives them irreplaceable ecological value for species conservation and biodiversity maintenance. However, under the dual pressures of population growth and rapid economic development, wetland ecosystem protection faces unprecedented challenges. Large-scale urban development continuously encroaches on and fragments wetland land and water areas, resulting in habitat reduction, quality decline, and fragmentation. This threatens the survival of wetland organisms, leading to the endangerment or extinction of a range of species. It severely damages the integrity of the original wetland food web, greatly reduces the stability and self-recovery capacity of wetland ecosystems, and ultimately causes a decline in wetland biodiversity that is difficult to restore.

[0003] To address the aforementioned issues, existing technologies in wetland restoration and wetland park construction often focus on waterbirds—indicator groups of wetland wildlife—directly creating habitats to provide them with more space for foraging, roosting, and breeding, thereby enhancing wetland biodiversity. However, many wetland restoration or construction projects fail to establish complete food webs, resulting in low ecosystem stability, weak self-recovery capacity, and ultimately limited biodiversity gains. These gains are often confined to a few common waterbirds, and the diversity is difficult to maintain. Therefore, how to achieve high-quality and sustainable enhancement of wetland biodiversity has become a major challenge in wetland restoration and construction. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide an artificial ecosystem for improving wetland biodiversity and a method for constructing it, thereby addressing the problem that the biodiversity enhancement effect is limited and difficult to maintain after wetland restoration or construction.

[0005] To address the aforementioned problems, this invention provides an artificial ecosystem for enhancing wetland biodiversity, comprising: a first-level water system, a second-level water-land system, and a third-level biodiversity ecosystem;

[0006] The first-level water system includes: one or more enclosed water areas set up within the wetland; wherein, the enclosed water areas contain aquatic animal passages, aquatic animal reservoirs, and aquatic animal seed banks;

[0007] The second-level water-land system includes: multiple crop planting areas set up within the enclosed water area, and crops planted within the crop planting areas;

[0008] The third-level biodiversity ecosystem includes: trees planted around the enclosed water area, insect-attracting lamps installed in the crop planting area, and various aquatic organisms released into the enclosed water area.

[0009] Note: The construction of the first-level water system, the second-level water-land system, and the third-level diverse ecosystem can establish an ecosystem that is very similar to the natural environment, which can help restore the site to a diverse ecological environment suitable for the survival of various animals.

[0010] The construction of the artificial ecosystem includes the following steps:

[0011] S1, Waterway Construction

[0012] By constructing earthen dikes, at least two enclosed water areas with controllable water levels are set up, with an inlet and an outlet at each end of the enclosed water area; sluice gates are provided at both the inlet and the outlet.

[0013] S2, Crop Planting

[0014] Crops are planted in sections within the enclosed water area to form multiple planting areas, wherein the total area of ​​the multiple planting areas accounts for 50%-70% of the total area of ​​the enclosed water area.

[0015] S3, Fishway Construction

[0016] Fishways are set up around and inside multiple planting areas, with the total area of ​​the fishways accounting for 10%-15% of the total area of ​​the enclosed water area, and piles of materials are placed inside the fishways.

[0017] S4, Fishpond Construction

[0018] A deep-water fishpond is set up in the center of the planting area. The depth of the deep-water fishpond is between the depth of the fish passage and the depth of the seed bank. The area of ​​the deep-water fishpond accounts for 10%-15% of the total area of ​​the enclosed water area. The edge of the deep-water fishpond is sloped, and the accumulated material is piled on the slope.

[0019] S5, Seed Bank Construction

[0020] Seed banks are set up at the inlet and outlet of the enclosed water area. The area of ​​the seed banks accounts for 15%-20% of the total area of ​​the enclosed water area. The seed banks contain high-quality bottom sediment and have a slope at the edge. The sediment is piled on the slope.

[0021] S6, Orchard Establishment

[0022] Trees were planted on the earthen embankments surrounding the enclosed water area;

[0023] S7. Installation of insect-attracting lamps

[0024] Install insect-attracting lamps in each of the planting areas;

[0025] S8, Aquatic organism release

[0026] Native aquatic animals are introduced into the enclosed water area for ecological aquaculture at a density of 5 g / m³. 3 -6g / m 3 .

[0027] Note: The above specific method provides a concrete approach to establishing an ecological environment, which has good ecological restoration effects.

[0028] As a further improvement of the present invention, the width of the earthen embankment enclosing the water area is 2.0m-3.0m, and the embankment surface is 0.5m-0.8m above the water surface.

[0029] As a further improvement of the present invention, the water depth in the rice planting area is 0.1m-0.2m.

[0030] As a further improvement of the present invention, the depth of the fish passage is 0.2m-0.4m; the depth of the deep-water fish tank is 0.2m-2.5m.

[0031] As a further improvement of the present invention, the width of the fishway is 0.2m-0.4m.

[0032] As a further improvement of the present invention, the slope of the edge of the fishpond is 1:1, and the water depth at the deepest point is 1.5m-2.5mm.

[0033] As a further improvement of the present invention, the slope of the edge of the seed bank is 1:2, and the water depth at the deepest point is 1.5m-2.5mm.

[0034] As a further improvement of the present invention, the crop is organic rice, or any two or more of the following crops are alternately rotated: water chestnut, arrowhead, water caltrop, and water bamboo; the sediment includes one or more of the following: dead wood, rotten wood, stones, and fish traps; and the high-quality bottom mud is bottom mud from historical, natural water bodies.

[0035] Furthermore, crops such as water chestnut, water caltrop, arrowhead, water caltrop, and water bamboo can be arranged according to their growth rate and water requirements.

[0036] As a further improvement of the present invention, the trees planted in the orchards on the earthen embankments surrounding the water area include: mulberry, chinaberry, banyan, or other bird food trees, and the other bird food trees include one or more of plum, plum, star fruit, rose apple, water apple, citrus, and pear.

[0037] As a further improvement of the present invention, the ratio of fish to benthic animals released into the enclosed waters for ecological aquaculture is 3:1-4:1; the native aquatic animals include one or more of the following: grass carp, crucian carp, forked-tailed fighting fish, medaka, barramundi, goby, oilfish, minnow, loach, eel, river shrimp, river mussel, river crab, soft-shelled turtle, etc.

[0038] As a further improvement of the present invention, the method for constructing an artificial ecosystem further includes S9.

[0039] S9. Two years after the artificial ecosystem is constructed, the sluice gate is opened to allow the aquatic plant seeds, plankton, and aquatic animal eggs in the seed bank to spread to the surrounding areas along with the wetland water system.

[0040] As a further improvement of the present invention, the method for constructing an artificial ecosystem further includes S10.

[0041] S10. Two years after the artificial ecosystem is constructed, some soil blocks from the seed bank are taken and placed in the water bodies of other areas of the wetland to form a new seed bank. The other areas are the areas outside the enclosed water areas in the wetland.

[0042] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention provides a method for constructing an artificial ecosystem to improve wetland biodiversity. By constructing a recyclable and highly productive artificial ecosystem, it helps to gradually build a complete and stable food chain in the restored or constructed wetland, improve wetland water quality, vegetation conditions, and promote carbon sequestration capacity, which will significantly improve the integrity and stability of the ecosystem, enhance ecosystem function and self-recovery capacity, and continuously improve biodiversity with high quality. Attached Figure Description

[0043] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the method flow according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of an ecosystem simulation in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0045] To further illustrate the methods and effects of this invention, the technical solution of this invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with experiments.

[0046] The method provided in this invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration and can be used to construct artificial ecosystems, thereby enhancing wetland biodiversity.

[0047] To address the problems of low stability, weak self-recovery capacity, limited biodiversity enhancement, and difficulty in maintaining biodiversity in the background art, this application provides a method for constructing an artificial ecosystem to improve wetland biodiversity. This method can help restore or construct wetlands to build a complete and stable food chain, thus solving the problems of difficulty in improving and maintaining biodiversity after wetland restoration or construction.

[0048] This invention provides a method for constructing an artificial ecosystem to enhance wetland biodiversity. The method involves constructing the artificial ecosystem.

[0049] The artificial ecosystem includes: a primary water system, a secondary water-land system, and a tertiary diverse ecosystem;

[0050] The first-level water system includes: one or more enclosed water areas set up within the wetland; wherein, the enclosed water areas contain aquatic animal passages, aquatic animal reservoirs, and aquatic animal seed banks;

[0051] The second-level water-land system includes: multiple crop planting areas set up within the enclosed water area, and crops planted within the crop planting areas;

[0052] The third-level biodiversity ecosystem includes: trees planted around the enclosed water area, insect-attracting lamps installed in the crop planting area, and various aquatic organisms released into the enclosed water area.

[0053] Constructing an artificial ecosystem involves the following steps: (Reference) Figure 1 This invention provides a method for constructing an artificial ecosystem to enhance wetland biodiversity. Based on wetland restoration or construction, this method constructs a recyclable and highly productive artificial ecosystem to achieve the construction of a complete and stable food web in wetlands, thereby enhancing ecosystem functions and self-recovery capabilities and continuously improving biodiversity with high quality.

[0054] In one implementation, the specific technical solution of this invention is as follows:

[0055] like Figure 2 As shown, the main construction contents of the artificial ecosystem include: water area creation, rice planting, fishway construction, fish reservoir construction, seed bank construction, orchard construction, insect-attracting lamp installation, and aquatic organism release.

[0056] S1, Waterway Construction

[0057] By constructing earthen dikes, at least two enclosed water areas with controllable water levels are set up, with an inlet and an outlet at each end of the enclosed water area; sluice gates are provided at both the inlet and the outlet; specifically, the width of the earthen dike is 2.0m-3.0m, and the dike surface is 0.5m-0.8m above the water surface; for example, three enclosed water areas with controllable water levels are set up, with the earthen dike width being 2.5m and the dike surface being 0.5m above the water surface.

[0058] S2, Crop Planting

[0059] Organic rice is planted in sections within the enclosed water area, forming multiple rice planting areas. The total area of ​​the multiple rice planting areas accounts for 50%-70% (e.g., 60%) of the total area of ​​the enclosed water area. Specifically, no fertilizer or pesticides are used when planting organic rice, and ecological planting methods are adopted. The water depth in the rice planting area is controlled at 0.1m-0.2m (e.g., 0.15m).

[0060] Optionally, the above-mentioned crops can also be a rotation of various crops such as water chestnut, arrowhead, arrowhead, water caltrop, and water bamboo. As one implementation of the present invention, the crops such as water chestnut, arrowhead, arrowhead, water caltrop, and water bamboo are arranged according to their growth rate and water requirements. For example, water chestnuts are planted on the bank closest to the water, followed by water chestnuts, etc.

[0061] S3, Fishway Construction

[0062] Fishways are constructed around and within multiple rice-growing areas, with the total area of ​​the fishways accounting for 10%-15% (e.g., 12%) of the total enclosed water area. The fishways are filled with materials; specifically, the water depth of the fishways is 0.2m-0.4m (e.g., 0.3m), and the width is 0.2m-0.4m (e.g., 0.3m). The fishways provide foraging grounds for wading birds such as plovers and herons. Dead wood, rotten wood, stones, fish baskets, etc., are piled up within the fishways to create a complex aquatic environment.

[0063] S4, Fishpond Construction

[0064] A deep-water fishpond is constructed in the center of the rice planting area. The depth of the fishpond is 0.3m-2m (e.g., 1.5m), and the area of ​​the fishpond occupies 10%-15% (e.g., 12%) of the total enclosed water area. The edge of the fishpond is sloped, and the deposits are piled on the slope. Specifically, the deepest point of the fishpond is 1.5m-2.5m (e.g., 2.0m), and the edge is constructed using a sloping method with a slope of 1:1, creating a complex aquatic environment. The fishpond provides hiding places and conservation areas for fish and benthic animals, preventing them from being preyed upon, and providing a sustainable food source for birds.

[0065] S5, Seed Bank Construction

[0066] Seed banks are set up at the inlet and outlet of the enclosed water area, with the seed bank occupying 15%-20% (e.g., 12%) of the total area of ​​the enclosed water area. The seed bank contains high-quality bottom sediment, and its edges are sloped, with deposits piled on the slopes. Understandably, the seed bank utilizes the enrichment effect of aquatic plant seeds, plankton, and aquatic animal eggs in the bottom sediment. Bottom sediment is collected from historically significant and well-preserved high-quality natural waters near the project area and placed in the seed bank for preservation and cultivation. The deepest point of the seed bank is 1.5m-2.5m (e.g., 2.0m), and the edges are constructed using a sloping method with a 1:2 gradient. Dead wood, decaying wood, stones, fish baskets, etc., are piled on the slopes to create a complex aquatic environment. In addition to preserving and cultivating aquatic plant seeds, plankton, and aquatic animal eggs, the seed bank also functions as a fishpond. Optionally, the fishpond and seed bank, as open water areas, also provide habitats and foraging grounds for waterfowl such as geese and wild ducks.

[0067] S6, Orchard Establishment

[0068] Trees are planted on the earthen embankments surrounding the enclosed water area; these trees include mulberry, chinaberry, banyan, or other bird food trees such as plum, star fruit, rose apple, water apple, citrus, and pear, providing habitat and food for forest birds. The flowers, leaves, and fruits of these plants fall into the water, providing food for fish and benthic animals.

[0069] S7. Installation of insect-attracting lamps

[0070] Insect-attracting lamps are installed in each of the rice-growing areas; specifically, insect-attracting lamps are installed inside the rice-growing areas to attract insects to the enclosed water area, providing food for birds and amphibians. Insects falling into the water can also provide food for fish and benthic animals.

[0071] S8, Aquatic organism release

[0072] Native fish and benthic animals were introduced into the enclosed water area for ecological aquaculture at a stocking density of 5 g / m³. 3 -6g / m 3 (e.g., 5.5g / m) 3 Specifically, the main species released are small native fish and benthic animals, which will grow and reproduce naturally and then be used as food for birds. The ratio of fish to benthic animals is 3:1 to 4:1 (e.g., 3.5:1). The fish mainly include loach, forktail fighting fish, medaka, topmouth gudgeon, striped barbel, and goby, while the benthic animals mainly include sand clams, freshwater mussels, snails, and sand shrimp.

[0073] S9. Two years after the artificial ecosystem is constructed, the sluice gate is opened, allowing the aquatic plant seeds, plankton, and aquatic animal eggs in the seed bank to spread to the surrounding areas along with the wetland water system. Specifically, a relatively stable ecosystem can be formed within the enclosed water area after two years.

[0074] S10. Two years after the artificial ecosystem is constructed, some soil blocks from the seed bank are taken and placed in the water bodies of other areas of the wetland to form a new seed bank. The other areas are the areas outside the enclosed water areas in the wetland.

[0075] The above methods solve the problem that wetland water bodies are affected by human disturbances such as surrounding domestic sewage and farmland cultivation, resulting in reduced biodiversity, lack of native aquatic plant seeds, plankton and aquatic animal eggs in the underwater soil, making it difficult to naturally form a complete aquatic ecosystem in the improved environment, and improve the wetland's self-recovery capacity.

[0076] Experimental results show that the embodiments of the present invention can increase the species richness of wetland aquatic organisms per unit area by 2-3 times, and at the same time provide abundant food sources for birds.

[0077] The above-described embodiments are merely preferred embodiments provided to fully illustrate the present invention, and the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Equivalent substitutions or modifications made by those skilled in the art based on the present invention are all within the scope of protection of the present invention. The scope of protection of the present invention is defined by the claims.

Claims

1. An artificial ecosystem for enhancing wetland biodiversity, characterized in that, include: The first level is the water system, the second level is the land-water system, and the third level is the diverse ecosystem; The first-level water system includes: one or more enclosed water areas set up within the wetland; wherein, the enclosed water areas contain aquatic animal passages, aquatic animal reservoirs, and aquatic animal seed banks; The second-level water-land system includes: multiple crop planting areas set up within the enclosed water area, and crops planted within the crop planting areas; The third-level biodiversity ecosystem includes: trees planted around the enclosed water area, insect-attracting lamps installed in the crop planting area, and various aquatic organisms released into the enclosed water area; Constructing the artificial ecosystem includes the following steps: S1, Waterway Construction By constructing earthen dikes, at least two enclosed water areas with controllable water levels are set up, with an inlet and an outlet at each end of the enclosed water area; sluice gates are provided at both the inlet and the outlet. S2, Crop Planting Crops are planted in sections within the enclosed water area, forming multiple planting areas, wherein the total area of ​​the multiple planting areas accounts for 50%-70% of the total area of ​​the enclosed water area; S3, Fishway Construction Fishways are set up around and inside multiple planting areas, with the total area of ​​the fishways accounting for 10%-15% of the total area of ​​the enclosed water area, and piles of materials are placed inside the fishways. S4, Fishpond Construction A deep-water fishpond is set up in the center of the planting area. The depth of the deep-water fishpond is between the depth of the fish passage and the depth of the seed bank. The area of ​​the deep-water fishpond accounts for 10%-15% of the total area of ​​the enclosed water area. The edge of the deep-water fishpond is sloped, and the accumulated material is piled on the slope. S5, Seed Bank Construction Seed banks are set at the inlet and outlet of the enclosed water area. The area of ​​the seed banks accounts for 15%-20% of the total area of ​​the enclosed water area. The seed banks contain bottom mud and have a slope at their edges. The accumulated material is piled on the slope. S6, Orchard Establishment Trees were planted on the earthen embankments surrounding the enclosed water area; S7. Installation of insect-attracting lamps Install insect-attracting lamps in each of the planting areas; S8, Aquatic organism release Native aquatic animals are introduced into the enclosed water area for ecological aquaculture at a density of 5 g / m³. 3 -6g / m 3 .

2. An artificial ecosystem for enhancing wetland biodiversity as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The crop is organic rice, or any two or more of the following crops are alternately rotated: water chestnut, water caltrop, arrowhead, water caltrop, and water bamboo; the sediment includes one or more of the following: dead wood, rotten wood, stones, and fish traps; the bottom mud is bottom mud from natural water bodies.

3. An artificial ecosystem for enhancing wetland biodiversity as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The width of the earthen embankment enclosing the water area is 2.0m-3.0m, and the embankment surface is 0.5m-0.8m above the water surface; the water depth of the planting area is 0.1m-0.2m.

4. An artificial ecosystem for enhancing wetland biodiversity as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The fishway has a water depth of 0.2m-0.4m and a width of 0.2-0.4m. The slope of the edge of the fishpond is 1:1, and the deepest point is 1.5m-2.5m.

5. An artificial ecosystem for enhancing wetland biodiversity as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The seed bank has a slope of 1:2 at its edge, and the deepest point of the water is 1.5m-2.5m.

6. An artificial ecosystem for enhancing wetland biodiversity as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The trees planted in the orchard are mulberry, chinaberry, banyan, or other bird food trees, including one or more of plum, plum, star fruit, rose apple, water apple, citrus, and pear.

7. An artificial ecosystem for enhancing wetland biodiversity as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Among the native aquatic animals released into the enclosed waters for ecological aquaculture, the ratio of fish to benthic animals is 3:1 to 4:1; the native aquatic animals are one or more of the following: grass carp, crucian carp, forked-tailed fighting fish, medaka, barramundi, goby, oilfish, minnow, loach, eel, river shrimp, river mussel, river crab, and soft-shelled turtle.

8. An artificial ecosystem for enhancing wetland biodiversity as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The method for constructing artificial ecosystems also includes S9. S9. Two years after the artificial ecosystem is constructed, the sluice gate is opened to allow the aquatic plant seeds, plankton, and aquatic animal eggs in the seed bank to spread to the surrounding areas along with the wetland water system.

9. An artificial ecosystem for enhancing wetland biodiversity as described in claim 8, characterized in that: The method for constructing an artificial ecosystem also includes S10. S10. Two years after the artificial ecosystem is constructed, some soil blocks from the seed bank are taken and placed in the water bodies of other areas of the wetland to form a new seed bank. The other areas are the areas outside the enclosed water areas in the wetland.

Images