Symbol and direction prediction in transform skip and BDPCM

Abstract

Systems, methods, and tools for video coding are disclosed. Video coding may be or may include video coding and / or video decoding. In an example, a coding device, such as an encoder and / or decoder, may obtain a coded block associated with video content. A coding device may determine whether transform skip and / or block differential pulse coding modulation (BDPCM) associated with coding a block has been enabled. Based on determining that transform skip and / or BDPCM has been enabled, the coding device may obtain coefficients associated with the coded block. The coding device may, for example, obtain a plurality of prediction symbols based on the obtained coefficients. In an example, a coding device may predict a BDPCM direction.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of European Provisional Patent Application No. EP22305496.6 filed on April 8, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Art

[0003] A video coding system may be used to compress a digital video signal. A compressed digital video signal may reduce the storage requirements and / or transmission bandwidth of the signal. Some existing video coding tools (eg, transform sign prediction tools) may not be efficient. Summary of the invention

[0004] Systems, methods, and tools for performing video decoding are disclosed. Video decoding described herein may be or may include video encoding and / or video decoding. In an example, a decoding device such as an encoding device (e.g., an encoder) and / or a decoding device (e.g., a decoder) may obtain a decoding block associated with video content. A decoding device such as an encoding device and / or a decoding device may determine whether transform skip and / or block differential pulse coding modulation (BDPCM) associated with the decoding block has been enabled.

[0005] In an example, a decoding device such as an encoding device (e.g., an encoder) may transmit a transform skip enabled indication or a BDPCM enabled indication in the video data based on determining that transform skip or BDPCM is enabled. The transform skip enabled indication may indicate whether transform skip is enabled. The BDPCM enabled indication may indicate whether BDPCM is enabled.

[0006] In an example, a decoding device such as a decoding device (e.g., a decoder) may obtain, for example, a transform skip enabled indication or a BDPCM enabled indication in the video data. The transform skip enabled indication may indicate whether the transform skip has been enabled. The BDPCM enabled indication may indicate whether the BDPCM has been enabled. A decoding device such as a decoding device (e.g., a decoder) may determine, for example, based on the obtained transform skip enabled indication or the BDPCM enabled indication, that the transform skip has been enabled or the BDPCM has been enabled.

[0007] The decoding device may obtain coefficients associated with the decoding block. For example, the decoding device may obtain coefficients associated with the decoding block based on determining that the transform is skipped or BDPCM has been enabled. The decoding device may obtain multiple prediction symbols. For example, the decoding device may obtain multiple prediction symbols based on the obtained coefficients.

[0008] The predicted symbol may be associated with the coefficient for the coding block. The coding device may obtain the symbol associated with the coefficient for the coding block. The coding device may obtain the difference between the predicted symbol and the symbol. The coding device may transmit the obtained difference in the video data.

[0009] In an example, a decoding device such as an encoding device (e.g., an encoder) may select a prediction symbol. For example, the decoding device may select a prediction symbol from a plurality of prediction symbols. The prediction symbol may be associated with a coefficient for a decoding block. The decoding device may obtain a symbol associated with the coefficient for the decoding block. The decoding device may obtain a difference between the prediction symbol and the symbol. The decoding device may transmit the obtained difference in the video data.

[0010] In an example, a decoding device such as an encoding device (e.g., an encoder) may select at least one prediction symbol. The encoding device may select at least one prediction symbol from a plurality of prediction symbols. For example, the decoding device may select a first prediction symbol and a second prediction symbol from a plurality of prediction symbols. The decoding device may obtain a symbol associated with a coefficient for a decoding block. The decoding device may obtain one or more differences between the prediction symbol and the symbol. In an example, the decoding device may obtain a first difference between a first prediction and the symbol. In an example, the decoding device may obtain a second difference between a second prediction and the symbol. The decoding device may determine a minimum difference among the differences. For example, the decoding device may determine a minimum difference between the first difference and the second difference. The decoding device may transmit the minimum difference. For example, the decoding device may transmit a minimum difference (e.g., between the first difference and the second difference) based on determining the minimum difference. The decoding device may transmit the minimum difference in the video data.

[0011] In an example, a coding device such as a decoding device (e.g., a decoder) may obtain a difference between a predicted symbol associated with a coefficient for a coding block and a symbol associated with the coefficient for the coding block. For example, the coding device may obtain a difference in the video data. The coding device may obtain a symbol associated with a coefficient for a coding block. For example, the coding device may obtain a symbol associated with a coefficient for a coding block based on the obtained difference between the predicted symbol and the symbol.

[0012] In an example, a coding device may predict a BDPCM direction. For example, a coding device such as an encoding device (e.g., an encoder) may obtain one or more prediction directions associated with a coding block. The coding device may, for example, obtain a prediction coding block based on a prediction direction. For example, a coding block may obtain a first prediction direction and a second prediction direction. The first prediction direction may be associated with a horizontal BDPCM direction. The second prediction direction may be associated with a vertical BDPCM direction. The coding device may obtain a first prediction coding block based on the first prediction direction, and obtain a second prediction coding block based on the second prediction direction. The coding device may determine a distance between a sample from a prediction coding block and a reference sample. For example, the coding device may determine a first distance between a sample from a first prediction coding block and a reference sample, and determine a second distance between a sample from a second prediction coding block and a reference sample. The coding device may obtain a minimum distance between a sample from a prediction coding block and a reference sample. For example, the coding device may compare a first distance (e.g., a distance between a sample from a first prediction coding block and a reference sample) and a second distance (e.g., a distance between a sample from a second prediction coding block and a reference sample). Based on the comparison, the coding device may determine a minimum distance associated with the first prediction direction and the second prediction direction. The coding device may transmit a prediction direction indication in the video data. For example, the coding device may transmit a prediction direction indication in the video data based on the determined minimum distance. The prediction direction indication may be or may be configured to indicate the first prediction direction or the second prediction direction having the minimum distance. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0014] Figure 1B is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A A system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0015] Figure 1C is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0016] Figure 1D is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of yet another example RAN and yet another example CN for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0017] Figure 2 An exemplary block-based video encoding device, such as a video encoder, is illustrated.

[0018] Figure 3 An exemplary block-based video decoding device, such as a video decoder, is illustrated.

[0019] Figure 4 Examples of systems in which various aspects and examples may be implemented are illustrated.

[0020] Figure 5 Exemplary discontinuity metrics are illustrated.

[0021] Figure 6 An exemplary flow chart of a decoding apparatus for predicting symbol and / or predicting block differential pulse coding modulation direction is illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] A more detailed understanding may be obtained from the following description given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0023] Figure 1A 1 is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0024] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a WTRU.

[0025] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device that is configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0026] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0027] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0028] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 116. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0029] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) that may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-APro).

[0030] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0031] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface used by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0032] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0033] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.11) to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.15) to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0034] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the text, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Figure 1A Although not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0035] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0036] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0037] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0038] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0039] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from the base station via an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, IR, UV or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0040] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B 1 as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0041] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0042] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and may receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in a memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0043] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0044] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0045] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0046] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via signal processing performed via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0047] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0048] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0049] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0050] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as being part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0051] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0052] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-evolved Node-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0053] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0054] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0055] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communications interface with a communications network.

[0056] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0057] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or carries traffic away from the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and leading to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a destination outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be transmitted between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link establishment (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in the STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0058] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may listen to the primary channel. If the primary channel is listened / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0059] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0060] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0061] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0062] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only a 1MHz operating mode) is sending to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy even if most of the frequency bands remain idle and may be available.

[0063] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0064] Figure 1D 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to one embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0065] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on a licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNB 180a and the gNB 180b (and / or the gNB 180c).

[0066] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with parameter sets that may be scalable. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or Transmission Time Intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths over time).

[0067] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the evolved Node-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the evolved Node-B 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0068] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0069] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 115 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0070] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support of network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0071] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure the traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0072] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184a, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0073] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0074] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-d, base station 114a-b, evolved Node B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0075] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0076] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0077] The present application describes a number of aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in a particular manner, and at least in order to illustrate individual features, are usually described in a manner that may sound restrictive. However, this is to describe clearly and does not limit the application or scope of these aspects. In fact, all different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. In addition, these aspects can also be combined and interchanged with the aspects described in the earlier submission.

[0078] The aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figure 5 Some examples can be provided, but others are also contemplated. Figure 5 The discussion of the present invention does not limit the breadth of specific implementations. At least one of these aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to sending a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the methods.

[0079] In this application, the terms "reconstruction" and "decoding" may be used interchangeably, the terms "pixel" and "sample" may be used interchangeably, and the terms "image", "picture" and "frame" may be used interchangeably.

[0080] Various methods are described herein, and each method includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or purpose of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. In addition, in various examples, terms such as "first", "second" and the like can be used to modify elements, parts, steps, operations, etc., such as "first decoding" and "second decoding". Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply the ordering of the modification operation. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding, and can, for example, occur before, during, or in an overlapping time period of the second decoding.

[0081] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify modules of the video encoder 200 and decoder 300, such as decoding modules. In addition, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied to, for example, any type, format or version of video decoding (whether described in a standard or described in a recommendation), whether pre-existing or developed in the future, as well as extensions of any such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise indicated or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application can be used alone or in combination.

[0082] Various numerical values ​​are used in describing the examples of the present application for the purpose of describing the examples, and the described aspects are not limited to these specific values.

[0083] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary video encoder. Variations of the exemplary encoder 200 are contemplated, but the following describes encoder 200 for clarity without describing all contemplated variations.

[0084] Before being encoded, the video sequence may undergo a pre-encoding process (201), for example, applying a color transform to an input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of input picture components to obtain a signal distribution that is more resilient to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and appended to the bitstream.

[0085] In encoder 200, a picture is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The picture to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units such as coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded, for example, using intra mode or inter mode. When a unit is encoded in intra mode, the unit performs intra prediction (260). In inter mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder decides (205) which of intra mode or inter mode to use to encode the unit, and indicates the intra / inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. The prediction residual is calculated, for example, by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0086] The prediction residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder may skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder may bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly code the residual without applying the transform or quantization process.

[0087] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining the decoded prediction residual and the prediction block (255). An in-loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (280).

[0088] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder. In the example decoder 300, a bitstream is decoded by decoder elements as described below. The video decoder 300 generally performs the same Figure 2 The decoding process is the reverse of the encoding process described in . The encoder 200 also typically performs video decoding as part of encoding the video data.

[0089] Specifically, the input of the decoder includes a video bitstream, which may be generated by the video encoder 200. First, the bitstream is entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other decoded information. Picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Therefore, the decoder can divide (335) the picture according to the decoded picture partition information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining (355) the decoded prediction residual and the predicted block. The predicted block can be obtained (370) from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). An in-loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380).

[0090] The decoded picture may also undergo post-decoding processing (385), such as an inverse color transform (e.g., conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or performing an inverse remapping that is the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding process (201). The post-decoding processing may use metadata derived in the pre-encoding process and signaled in the bitstream. In an example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying the in-loop filter (365) and / or after the post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) may be transmitted to a display device for presentation to a user.

[0091] Figure 4 4 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a system in which various aspects and examples described herein can be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including various components described below and configured to perform one or more aspects of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smart phones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. The elements of system 400 may be embodied in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components, either individually or in combination. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed over multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input ports and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more aspects of the aspects described in this document.

[0092] The system 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, various aspects described in this document. The processor 410 may include embedded memory, input-output interfaces, and various other circuits as known in the art. The system 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). The system 400 includes a storage device 440, which may include a non-volatile memory and / or a volatile memory, including but not limited to an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a flash memory, a magnetic disk drive, and / or an optical disk drive. As non-limiting examples, the storage device 440 may include an internal storage device, an attached storage device (including a removable and non-removable storage device), and / or a network-accessible storage device.

[0093] The system 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430, which is configured to process data, for example, to provide encoded video or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module that may be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is well known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. Additionally, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of the system 400, or may be incorporated into the processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software known to those skilled in the art.

[0094] Program code to be loaded onto the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder 430 to perform various aspects described in this document may be stored in the storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto the memory 420 for execution by the processor 410. According to various examples, one or more of the processor 410, the memory 420, the storage device 440, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more of various items during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or partially decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results of processing equations, formulas, operations, and operation logic.

[0095] In some examples, memory inside the processor 410 and / or the encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device may be the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory may be a memory 420 and / or a storage device 440, such as a dynamic volatile memory and / or a non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, the external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, an operating system for a television. In at least one example, a fast external dynamic volatile memory (such as RAM) is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0096] Inputs to the elements of system 400 may be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives an RF signal, such as that transmitted over the air by a broadcaster; (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal; and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Other examples ( Figure 4 ) includes composite video.

[0097] In various examples, the input device of block 445 has associated corresponding input processing elements as known in the art. For example, the RF section may be associated with elements applicable to the following: (i) selecting a desired frequency (also referred to as selecting a signal, or band-limiting a signal to a frequency band); (ii) down-converting the selected signal; (iii) again band-limiting to a narrower frequency band to select a signal frequency band that may be referred to as a channel in some examples; (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal; (v) performing error correction; and (vi) demultiplexing to select a desired data packet stream. Various examples of the RF section include one or more elements for performing these functions, such as a frequency selector, a signal selector, a band limiter, a channel selector, a filter, a down-converter, a demodulator, an error corrector, and a demultiplexer. The RF section may include a tuner that performs various functions in these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., an intermediate frequency or a near-baseband frequency) or to baseband. In a set-top box example, the RF part and its associated input processing element receive the RF signal sent by wired (for example, cable) medium, and filter to the desired frequency band by filtering, down-conversion and again to perform frequency selection.Various examples rearrange the order of above-mentioned (and other) elements, remove some elements in these elements, and / or add other elements that perform similar or different functions.Adding element can include inserting element between existing elements, for example, inserting amplifier and analog-to-digital converter.In various examples, the RF part includes antenna.

[0098] Additionally, the USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting the system 400 to other electronic devices across the USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented as needed, for example, in a separate input processing IC or in the processor 410. Similarly, various aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented as needed in a separate interface IC or in the processor 410. The demodulated, error-corrected, and demultiplexed streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, the processor 410 and the encoder / decoder 430, which operate in conjunction with the memory and storage elements to process the data stream as needed for presentation on the output device.

[0099] The various components of system 400 may be disposed within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, the various components may be interconnected and transmit data between the components using a suitable connection arrangement 425 (e.g., an internal bus known in the art, including an inter-chip (I2C) bus, wiring, and a printed circuit board).

[0100] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to send and receive data through communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or a network card, and communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0101] In various examples, data is streamed or otherwise provided to the system 400 using a wireless network, such as a Wi-Fi network, e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Wi-Fi signals of these examples are received via a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 suitable for Wi-Fi communications. The communication channel 460 of these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to allow streaming applications and other cross-top communications. Other examples provide streaming data to the system 400 using a set-top box that delivers data via an HDMI connection of an input box 445. Still other examples use an RF connection of an input box 445 to provide streaming data to the system 400. As described above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Additionally, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or network.

[0102] The system 400 may provide output signals to various output devices, including a display 475, a speaker 485, and other peripherals 495. The display 475 of various examples includes, for example, one or more of a touch screen display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and / or a foldable display. The display 475 may be used for a television, a tablet computer, a laptop, a cellular phone (mobile phone), or other devices. The display 475 may also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smart phone), or may be independent (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples, other peripherals 495 include one or more of an independent digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (DVD, for both terms), a disc player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripherals 495 that provide functions based on the output of the system 400. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing the output of the system 400.

[0103] In various examples, control signals are transmitted between the system 400 and the display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral device 495 using signaling such as AV.Link, consumer electronics control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention. Output devices may be communicatively coupled to the system 400 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, the output devices may be connected to the system 400 via a communication interface 450 using a communication channel 460. The display 475 and speaker 485 may be integrated into a single unit with other components of the system 400 in an electronic device such as, for example, a television. In various examples, the display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0104] For example, if the RF portion of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box, the display 475 and speaker 485 may alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components. In various examples where the display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, the output signal may be provided via a dedicated output connection including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0105] These examples may be performed by computer software implemented by processor 410 or by hardware or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, these examples may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. Memory 420 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology, such as, as a non-limiting example, optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. Processor 410 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may include, as a non-limiting example, one or more of a microprocessor, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and a processor based on a multi-core architecture.

[0106] Various specific implementations involve decoding. As used herein, "decoding" may encompass, for example, all or part of a process performed on a received coded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such a process includes one or more processes typically performed by a decoder, such as dequantization, performing deconvolution, obtaining a prediction block, etc.

[0107] As another example, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding, in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding, and in another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or broadly to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0108] Various specific implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above about "decoding", "encoding" as used in this application can encompass, for example, all or part of a process performed on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such processes include one or more processes typically performed by an encoder, such as performing convolution, obtaining latent vectors, generating motion flow data, etc.

[0109] As another example, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding, in another example, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding, and in another example, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential decoding and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" specifically refers to a subset of operations or broadly refers to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0110] Note that the syntax elements (e.g., coding syntax for latent vectors, attention values, etc.) used herein are descriptive terms. Therefore, they do not exclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0111] When the figures are presented as flow charts, it should be understood that they also provide block diagrams of corresponding devices. Similarly, when the figures are presented as block diagrams, it should be understood that they also provide flow charts of corresponding methods / processes.

[0112] The specific implementations and aspects described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or process, a device, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of specific implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the specific implementation of the features discussed may also be implemented in other forms (e.g., a device or program). The device may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. These methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. The processor also includes communication equipment, such as, for example, a computer, a mobile phone, a portable / personal digital assistant ("PDA"), and other equipment that facilitates information communication between end users.

[0113] References to "one example" or "an example" or "one implementation" or "an implementation" and other variations thereof mean that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, etc. described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Thus, the phrases "in one example" or "in an example" or "in one implementation" or "in an implementation" and any other variations appearing in various places throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same example.

[0114] Additionally, the present application may involve "determining" various pieces of information. Determining information may include, for example, one or more of estimating information, calculating information, predicting information, or retrieving information from a memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0115] Furthermore, the present application may refer to "accessing" various information. Accessing information may include, for example, one or more of receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from a memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0116] Additionally, the present application may refer to "receiving" various information. Like "accessing," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include, for example, one or more of accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., from a memory). Furthermore, "receiving" generally involves, in one way or another, during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, sending information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0117] It should be understood that, for example, in the case of "A / B," "A and / or B," and "at least one of A and B," the use of any of the following " / ," "and / or," and "at least one of" is intended to encompass selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or both options (A and B). As a further example, in the case of "A, B, and / or C" and "at least one of A, B, and C," such phrases are intended to encompass selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first listed option and the second listed option (A and B), or only the first listed option and the third listed option (A and C), or only the second listed option and the third listed option (B and C), or all three options (A and B and C). This can be extended to as many items as listed, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts.

[0118] Moreover, as used herein, the term "signaling" means (among other things) indicating something to a corresponding decoder. The encoder signal may include, for example, an indication of motion stream data, an indication of quantized motion stream data, and the like. Thus, in one example, the same parameters are used on both the encoder side and the decoder side. Thus, for example, the encoder may send (explicit signaling) specific parameters to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. On the contrary, if the decoder already has specific parameters and other parameters, signaling may be used without sending (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select specific parameters. Bit savings are achieved in various examples by avoiding sending any actual function. It should be understood that signaling can be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, in various examples, one or more syntax elements, flags, and the like are used to signal information to the corresponding decoder. Although the verb form of the term "signaling" is mentioned above, the term "signal" may also be used as a noun in this article.

[0119] It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specific implementation may generate a variety of signals formatted to carry, for example, storable or transmittable information. The information may include, for example, instructions for executing a method or data generated by one of the described specific implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the example. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, an electromagnetic wave (e.g., using a radio frequency portion of a spectrum) or a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier using the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. As is well known, a signal may be sent over a variety of different wired or wireless links. The signal may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0120] Many examples are described herein. The features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across various claim categories and types. In addition, the examples may include one or more of the features, devices or aspects described herein individually or in any combination across various claim categories and types. For example, the features described herein may include a bitstream or signal of information generated as described herein to be implemented. This information may allow a decoder to decode a bitstream, an encoder, a bitstream and / or a decoder according to any of the embodiments described in the embodiments. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or sending and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a method, a process, a device, a medium storing instructions, a medium storing data or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices that perform decoding. A TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices may display (e.g., using a monitor, a screen or other type of display) a result image (e.g., an image reconstructed from the residual of a video bitstream). A TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0121] A decoding device such as an encoder or a decoder may use a decoding tool for video processing. For example, a decoding device may use transform symbol prediction as a decoding tool for performing video processing. Video processing may be or may include video encoding and / or video decoding. Transform symbol prediction may predict one or more values ​​of a transform coefficient symbol and signal one or more differences relative to corresponding values. For example, a decoding device may be configured to perform transform symbol prediction and predict the value of a transform coefficient symbol. The decoding device may utilize transform symbol prediction and determine one or more differences between a predicted value of a transform coefficient symbol and a corresponding value (e.g., an actual value). The decoding device may perform prediction. For example, the decoding device may perform prediction by testing one or more (e.g., all) hypotheses associated with the symbol value. The decoding device may select a hypothesis. For example, the decoding device may select a hypothesis that minimizes the distance relative to the template. A template may be constructed using adjacent pixels and predicted pixels.

[0122] A hypothesis may correspond to one or more symbol values. For example, each hypothesis may correspond to one or more possible symbol values. For example, if there are two symbols to be decoded (e.g., may be used for signaling), four hypotheses may be configured and / or used to test predictions, e.g., as shown in the following table.

[0123] Assumptions First Symbol Second symbol 1 just just 2 just burden 3 burden just 4 burden burden

[0124] Transform symbol prediction may be applied to the coding units. For example, transform symbol prediction may be applied to one or more coding units if low frequency non-separable transform (LFNST) is enabled. In an example, if LFNST is not used (e.g., not enabled), applying transform symbol prediction to the coding units may be an extension of performing symbol prediction.

[0125] As described herein, the sign of the transform may be predicted. In addition to and / or in lieu of predicting the sign of the transform, decoding of one or more coefficients may be skipped. In an example, predicting the sign of the transform (e.g., and / or skipping decoding of one or more coefficients) may reduce signaling associated with transform-skipped coefficients. In an example, predicting the sign of the transform (e.g., and / or skipping decoding of one or more coefficients) may affect (e.g., improve) rate-distortion (RD) performance of video compression.

[0126] A coding device (e.g., an encoder and / or a decoder) may be configured to code the sign of the transformed block. The sign of the transform coefficient may be represented as zero for a positive sign and one for a negative sign. In video coding, a syntax element such as coeff_sign_flag may correspond to one or more signs associated with a coefficient (e.g., a transform coefficient). One or more signs associated with a coefficient may be bypass coded. An example of a coding structure may be shown in the following table.

[0127]

[0128] One or more symbols associated with the coefficients may be uncorrelated (e.g., spatially uncorrelated) and bypass coded. Context coding may not be utilized. For example, context coding may not be utilized because one or more symbols are uncorrelated (e.g., spatially uncorrelated). Additionally and / or alternatively, bypass coding may be used. For example, bypass coding may be utilized and may be more efficient, e.g., more efficient than context coding.

[0129] The compression model may use transform symbol prediction. For example, the compression model may configure transform symbol prediction and configure the decoding of coeff_sign_flag. In an example, one or more coefficients (e.g., up to eight coefficients) may be selected for the symbol prediction operation. The decoding of the symbol may remain the same (e.g., may not change). The coefficient may be predicted using the symbol prediction operation as described herein. The difference between the actual symbol and the predicted symbol (e.g., for the corresponding coefficient and / or each coefficient) may be decoded. For example, context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) may be used to decode the difference between the actual symbol corresponding to each coefficient and the predicted symbol. The prediction operation may include signaling one or more (e.g., many) zeros. One or more zeros may indicate that there is no difference between the predicted symbol and the actual symbol. The number of bits used by the prediction operation of signaling one or more (e.g., many) zeros may be less. For example, compared with bypass decoding, the number of bits used by the prediction operation of signaling one or more (e.g., many) zeros may be less.

[0130] A decoding device (e.g., an encoder and / or a decoder) may be configured to perform symbol decoding on a block that skips a transform. CABAC decoding may be performed on the symbol of the block that skips a transform (e.g., in addition to and / or in place of a conventional transformed block). For example, CABAC decoding may be performed on the symbol of the block that skips a transform unless a CABAC tolerance is exceeded. The symbol of the adjacent coefficient may be a correlation coefficient. For example, the coefficient may be obtained based on the correlation original coefficient from which the prediction result is subtracted. The following table may illustrate an exemplary decoding process of the symbol.

[0131]

[0132] In the compressed model, the coded portion may be the same portion (eg, may not be modified).

[0133] A coding device (eg, an encoder and / or a decoder) may be configured for sign prediction in a transform compression model. Coefficient sign prediction may calculate the reconstructed residual of a combination of negative and / or positive signs of applicable transform coefficients and select a hypothesis that minimizes a cost function.

[0134] In an example, a cost function may be defined (e.g., to derive an optimal symbol). The cost function may be defined as a measure of discontinuity across a boundary. For example, the cost function may be defined as Figure 5 Discontinuity measures for block boundaries shown. Figure 5 An exemplary discontinuity metric is illustrated. Figure 5As illustrated, the discontinuity measure may be measured for one or more (e.g., all) hypotheses. A hypothesis may be selected. For example, a hypothesis having a cost (e.g., a minimum cost) may be selected. The selected hypothesis may be used as a predictor of the coefficient sign.

[0135] For example, the cost function can be defined as the sum of the absolute second-order derivatives in the residual domain of the upper rows and left columns as follows:

[0136]

[0137] R can be one or more reconstructed adjacent symbols. P can be the prediction result of the current block. r can be the residual hypothesis. (-R -1 +2R0-P1) term. For example, we can calculate (-R -1 +2R0-P1) term. The residual assumption can be subtracted.

[0138] As described herein, if LFNST is enabled, symbol prediction may be used.

[0139] A decoding device (e.g., an encoder and / or a decoder) may be configured to use block differential pulse coding modulation (BDPCM). In an example, BDPCM may be configured to perform screen content decoding. An indication that BDPCM has been enabled may be signaled. In an example, an indication such as a BDPCM enable flag and / or an indication that BDPCM is enabled may be signaled at a sequence level. In an example, an indication such as a BDPCM enable flag may be signaled at a sequence parameter set (SPS) level. In an example, if a transform skip mode (e.g., as described herein) has been enabled in an SPS, an indication such as a BDPCM enable flag may be signaled.

[0140] If BDPCM is enabled, an indication such as a flag may be transmitted. For example, if the CU size is less than or equal to MaxTsSize×MaxTsSize, a flag may be transmitted at the CU level. MaxTsSize×MaxTsSize may be a luma sample level. If the CU is intra-coded, MaxTsSize may be and / or may be configured to indicate the maximum block size for which a transform skip mode is allowed. The indication (e.g., a flag) may indicate whether intra-coding or BDPCM is used. For example, an indication such as a flag may indicate whether conventional intra-coding is used and / or BDPCM is used. If BDPCM is used, a BDPCM prediction direction indication (e.g., a BDPCM prediction direction flag) may be transmitted. A BDPCM prediction direction indication such as a BDPCM prediction direction flag may indicate the direction of the prediction. For example, a BDPCM prediction direction flag may indicate whether the prediction is horizontal or vertical.

[0141] A coding unit such as a block or a coding block may be predicted. For example, a coding unit (e.g., a block) may be predicted using a horizontal intra prediction process or a vertical intra prediction process using one or more unfiltered reference samples. The residual may be quantized, and the difference between the quantized residual and a predictor (e.g., a corresponding predictor) may be coded. For example, the difference between each quantized residual and the corresponding predictor may be coded. The corresponding predictor may be or may include a previously coded residual. The previously coded residual may be and / or may include a residual of a horizontally adjacent position or a vertically adjacent position. The direction of the previously coded residual may be based on a BDPCM prediction direction.

[0142] For a block of size M (e.g., height) × N (e.g., width), r i,j ,0≤i≤M-1,0≤j≤N-1 can be the prediction residual. Q(r i,j ), 0≤i≤M-1,0≤j≤N-1 can represent the residual r i,j BDPCM can be applied to the quantized residual values, for example, to produce a modified quantized residual having the elements An M×N array It can be predicted based on the adjacent quantized residual values For vertical BDPCM prediction mode, such as for 0≤j≤(N-1), Equation 3-1 can also be used to derive

[0143]

[0144] For horizontal BDPCM prediction mode, such as for 0≤i≤(M-1), Equation 3-2 can also be used to derive

[0145]

[0146] On the decoder side, the process described herein can be reversed, for example to calculate Q(r i,j ), 0≤i≤M-1,0≤j≤N-1, as shown below:

[0147] If vertical BDPCM is used, then

[0148] If horizontal BDPCM is used, then

[0149] For example, Q -1 (Q(r i,j )) is added to the intra-block prediction value. -1 (Q(ri,j )) and other inverse quantized residuals are added to the intra-block prediction values ​​to produce reconstructed sample values.

[0150] The quantized prediction residual value can be The quantized prediction residual value may be sent to a decoding device (eg, a decoder). For example, a residual decoding process such as a residual decoding process in transform skip mode residual decoding may be used to decode the quantized prediction residual value Sent to the decoder. For lossless coding, if an indication such as a flag slice_ts_residual_coding_disabled_flag is set to 1, one or more quantized residual values ​​may be sent to the decoder. For example, if slice_ts_residual_coding_disabled_flag is set to 1, one or more quantized residual values ​​may be sent to the decoder using transform residual coding as described herein. In an example, if the BDPCM prediction direction is a horizontal prediction direction or a vertical prediction direction, respectively, the most probable mode (MPM), horizontal prediction mode, or vertical prediction mode for intra-mode coding may be stored for a BDPCM-coded coding unit (CU). For deblocking, if one or more (e.g., two) blocks on the block boundary side are coded using BDPCM, the block boundary may skip deblocking.

[0151] As described herein, symbol prediction may be used and / or configured for transform skip (TrSkip) and / or BDPCM. BDPCM direction may be predicted.

[0152] A coding device (e.g., an encoder and / or a decoder) may be configured to perform TrSkip and / or symbol prediction in BDPCM. A block that skips a transform may have one or more independent coefficients (e.g., different from a regular transform block). For example, the sign of a coefficient located outside the upper left edge of a block may not affect one or more reconstructed coefficients in that area. In BDPCM, dependencies may be limited to horizontal lines (e.g., for horizontal BDPCM) and / or vertical lines (e.g., for BDPCM).

[0153] In a transform skipped block and / or in BDPCM, the following top left edge coefficient(s) may be considered for sign prediction:

[0154]

[0155] For example, one or more coefficients may be counted (e.g., up to Width+Height-1 coefficients). If up to Width+Height-1 coefficients are counted, 2^(Width+Height-1) hypotheses may be candidate symbols for possible signs of these coefficients. For coefficients, positive or negative signs may be configured and used to test hypotheses, such as in current symbol prediction. The difference between the predicted result and the actual symbol may be signaled (e.g., in addition to and / or instead of signaling the actual symbol).

[0156] A coding device (e.g., an encoder and / or a decoder) may be configured to predict a BDPCM direction. For example, two assumptions may be configured and / or performed. In an example, a horizontal BDPCM may be configured and / or considered (e.g., tested first). Reconstruction may be performed. For example, reconstruction may be performed using an assumed horizontal direction. The prediction direction may follow the BDPCM direction. Prediction may be performed according to an assumed direction (e.g., an assumed horizontal direction). Distance may be calculated. For example, a distance relative to one or more template pixels may be calculated. In an example, a vertical BDPCM may be configured and / or considered (e.g., tested after testing the horizontal BDPCM). Reconstruction may be performed. For example, reconstruction may be performed using an assumed vertical direction. The prediction direction may follow the BDPCM direction. Prediction may be performed according to an assumed direction (e.g., an assumed vertical direction and / or an assumed horizontal direction). Distance may be calculated. For example, a distance relative to one or more template pixels may be calculated. In an example, a distance relative to one or more template pixels using an assumed vertical direction may be obtained. In an example, a distance relative to one or more template pixels using an assumed horizontal direction may be obtained. The direction having the distance is taken as the prediction direction. For example, the direction in which the assumed distance relative to one or more template pixels is the smallest may be taken as the prediction direction. The smallest distance may be signaled in the video data. In addition to and / or instead of signaling the direction, a difference from the prediction result may be signaled.

[0157] A decoding device (e.g., an encoder and / or a decoder) may be configured to perform symbol prediction in TrSkip and / or BDPCM and predict BDPCM direction. For example, an assumption regarding the symbol and BDPCM direction may be performed. The assumption may minimize, for example, a distance corresponding to the predicted symbol and the predicted BDPCM direction.

[0158] In an example, as described herein, video coding may be or may include video encoding and / or video decoding. In an example, as described herein, a coding device may be or may include an encoding device such as an encoder and / or a decoding device such as a decoder.

[0159] Figure 6An exemplary flow chart of a decoding device such as a video encoding device and / or a video decoding device for predicting a symbol and / or predicting a BDPCM direction. The decoding device may obtain a decoding block associated with a video content. Figure 6 As illustrated, a coding device, such as an encoding device and / or a decoding device, may determine whether transform skip and / or BDPCM associated with a coding block has been enabled.

[0160] In an example, based on determining that transform skip and / or BDPCM have been enabled, a decoding device such as an encoding device (e.g., an encoder) may transmit a transform skip enabled indication or a BDPCM enabled indication in the video data. The transform skip enabled indication may indicate whether transform skip has been enabled. The BDPCM enabled indication may indicate whether BDPCM has been enabled. In an example, the transform skip enabled indication may be a flag, such as a transform skip enabled flag. In an example, the BDPCM enabled indication may be a flag, such as a BDPCM enabled flag.

[0161] In an example, a decoding device such as a decoding device (e.g., a decoder) may obtain a transform skip enabled indication and / or a BDPCM enabled indication in the video data. For example, the decoding device may obtain a transform skip enabled indication (e.g., a transform skip enabled flag) and / or a BDPCM enabled indication (e.g., a BDPCM enabled flag). The transform skip enabled indication may indicate whether the transform skip has been enabled. The BDPCM enabled indication may indicate whether the BDPCM has been enabled. Based on the obtained transform skip enabled indication or the BDPCM enabled indication, the decoding device may determine that the transform skip has been enabled or the BDPCM associated with the coding block has been enabled.

[0162] In the example, Figure 6 As illustrated, the coding device may obtain coefficients associated with the coding block. For example, the coding device may obtain coefficients associated with the coding block based on determining that transform skipping or BDPCM has been enabled. The coding device may obtain multiple prediction symbols. For example, the coding device may obtain multiple prediction symbols based on the obtained coefficients. One or more prediction symbols may be used as a hypothesis as described herein.

[0163] The predicted symbol may be associated with the coefficient for the coding block. The coding device may obtain the symbol associated with the coefficient for the coding block. The coding device may obtain the difference between the predicted symbol and the symbol. The coding device may transmit the obtained difference in the video data.

[0164] In an example, a decoding device such as an encoding device (e.g., an encoder) may select a prediction symbol. For example, the decoding device may select a prediction symbol from a plurality of prediction symbols. The prediction symbol may be associated with a coefficient for a decoding block. The decoding device may obtain a symbol associated with the coefficient for the decoding block. The decoding device may obtain a difference between the prediction symbol and the symbol. The decoding device may transmit the obtained difference in the video data.

[0165] In an example, a decoding device such as an encoding device (e.g., an encoder) may select at least one prediction symbol. For example, the decoding device may select at least one prediction symbol from a plurality of prediction symbols. The decoding device may select a first prediction symbol and a second prediction symbol from a plurality of prediction symbols. The decoding device may obtain a symbol associated with a coefficient for a decoding block. The decoding device may obtain one or more differences between the prediction symbol and the symbol. In an example, the decoding device may obtain a first difference between the first prediction and the symbol. In an example, the decoding device may obtain a second difference between the second prediction and the symbol. The decoding device may determine a minimum difference among the differences. For example, the decoding device may determine a minimum difference between the first difference and the second difference. The decoding device may transmit the minimum difference between the differences. For example, the decoding device may transmit the minimum difference between the first difference and the second difference as the first difference based on determining the minimum difference. The decoding device may transmit the minimum difference in the video data.

[0166] In an example, a coding device such as a decoding device (e.g., a decoder) may obtain a difference between a predicted symbol associated with a coefficient for a coding block and a symbol associated with the coefficient for the coding block. For example, the coding device may obtain a difference in the video data. The coding device may obtain a symbol associated with a coefficient for a coding block. For example, the coding device may obtain a symbol associated with a coefficient for a coding block based on the obtained difference between the predicted symbol and the symbol.

[0167] In the example, Figure 6As illustrated, the decoding device may predict the BDPCM direction. For example, a decoding device such as an encoding device (e.g., an encoder) may obtain one or more prediction directions associated with a decoding block. The decoding device may, for example, obtain a prediction decoding block based on the prediction direction. For example, the decoding block may obtain a first prediction direction and a second prediction direction. The first prediction direction may be associated with a horizontal BDPCM direction. The second prediction direction may be associated with a vertical BDPCM direction. The decoding device may obtain a first prediction decoding block based on the first prediction direction, and obtain a second prediction decoding block based on the second prediction direction. The decoding device may determine the distance between a sample from a prediction decoding block and a reference sample. For example, the decoding device may determine a first distance between a sample from a first prediction decoding block and a reference sample, and determine a second distance between a sample from a second prediction decoding block and a reference sample. The decoding device may obtain a minimum distance between a sample from a prediction decoding block and a reference sample. For example, the coding device may compare a first distance (e.g., a distance between a sample from a first prediction coding block and a reference sample) and a second distance (e.g., a distance between a sample from a second prediction coding block and a reference sample). Based on the comparison, the coding device may determine a minimum distance associated with the first prediction direction and the second prediction direction. The coding device may transmit a prediction direction indication in the video data. For example, the coding device may transmit a prediction direction indication in the video data based on the determined minimum distance. The prediction direction indication may be or may be configured to indicate the first prediction direction or the second prediction direction having the minimum distance.

[0168] Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (sent via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A method, comprising: Obtaining a decoded block associated with video content; determining whether transform skipping or block differential pulse coding modulation (BDPCM) associated with the coding block has been enabled; Based on determining that the transform skip or BDPCM has been enabled, obtaining coefficients associated with the decoded block; as well as Based on the obtained coefficients, a plurality of prediction symbols are obtained.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises: selecting a prediction symbol from the plurality of prediction symbols, wherein the prediction symbol is associated with the coefficient for the coding block; obtaining signs associated with the coefficients for the decoding block; Obtaining a difference between the predicted symbol and the symbol; as well as The obtained difference is transmitted in the video data.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the predicted symbol is a first predicted symbol, wherein the difference is a first difference, and wherein the method comprises: selecting a second prediction symbol from the plurality of prediction symbols, wherein the second prediction symbol is associated with the coefficient for the coding block; obtaining a second difference between the second predicted symbol and the symbol; determining a minimum difference between the first difference and the second difference; as well as Based on the determining that the smallest difference between the first difference and the second difference is the first difference, transmitting the first difference in the video data.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises: Based on the determination that the transform skip or BDPCM has been enabled, a transform skip enabled indication or a BDPCM enabled indication is transmitted in the video data, wherein the transform skip enabled indication indicates whether the transform skip has been enabled, and wherein the BDPCM enabled indication indicates whether the BDPCM has been enabled.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises: Obtaining a first prediction direction associated with the decoding block, wherein the first prediction direction is associated with a horizontal BDPCM direction; Based on the first prediction direction, obtaining a first prediction decoding block; Obtaining a second prediction direction associated with the decoding block, wherein the second prediction direction is associated with a vertical BDPCM direction; Based on the second prediction direction, obtaining a second prediction decoding block; determining a first distance between samples from the first predicted decoding block and a reference sample, and determining a second distance between samples from the second predicted decoding block and the reference sample; comparing the first distance to the second distance to determine a minimum distance, wherein the minimum distance is associated with the first prediction direction and the second prediction direction; as well as Based on the determined minimum distance, a prediction direction indication is transmitted in the video data, wherein the prediction direction indication is configured to indicate the first prediction direction or the second prediction having the minimum distance.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the method is performed by an encoding device.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises: obtaining a difference between a predicted symbol associated with the coefficient for the coding block and a symbol associated with the coefficient for the coding block, wherein the difference is obtained in video data; as well as Based on the obtained difference between the predicted symbol and the symbol, the symbol associated with the coefficient for the coding block is obtained.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises: obtaining a transform skip enabled indication or a BDPCM enabled indication, wherein the transform skip enabled indication indicates whether the transform skip has been enabled, and wherein the BDPCM enabled indication indicates whether the BDPCM has been enabled; as well as Based on the obtained transform skip enabled indication or the BDPCM enabled indication, it is determined that the transform skip has been enabled or the BDPCM has been enabled.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1, 7 or 8, wherein the method is performed by a decoding device.

10. A device, comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: Obtaining a decoded block associated with video content; determining whether transform skipping or block differential pulse coding modulation (BDPCM) has been enabled for the decoding block; Based on determining that the transform skip or BDPCM has been enabled, obtaining coefficients associated with the decoded block; and Based on the obtained coefficients, a plurality of prediction symbols are obtained.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the processor is configured to: selecting a first prediction symbol from the plurality of prediction symbols, wherein the first prediction symbol is associated with the coefficient for the coding block; selecting a second prediction symbol from the plurality of prediction symbols, wherein the second prediction symbol is associated with the coefficient for the coding block; obtaining a sign associated with the coefficient; Obtaining a first difference between the first predicted symbol and the symbol; obtaining a second difference between the second predicted symbol and the symbol; determining the minimum difference between the first difference and the second difference; and Based on the determining that the smallest difference between the first difference and the second difference is the first difference, transmitting the first difference in video data.

12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the processor is configured to: Obtaining a first prediction direction associated with the decoding block, wherein the first prediction direction is associated with a horizontal BDPCM direction; Based on the first prediction direction, obtaining a first prediction decoding block; Obtaining a second prediction direction associated with the decoding block, wherein the second prediction direction is associated with a vertical BDPCM direction; Based on the second prediction direction, obtaining a second prediction decoding block; determining a first distance between samples from the first predicted decoding block and a reference sample, and determining a second distance between samples from the second predicted decoding block and the reference sample; comparing the first distance to the second distance to determine a minimum distance, wherein the minimum distance is associated with the first prediction direction and the second prediction direction; and Based on the determined minimum distance, a prediction direction indication is transmitted in the video data, wherein the prediction direction indication is configured to indicate the first prediction direction or the second prediction having the minimum distance.

13. The device according to any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the device is an encoding device.

14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the processor is configured to: obtaining a transform skip enabled indication or a BDPCM enabled indication, wherein the transform skip enabled indication indicates whether the transform skip has been enabled, and wherein the BDPCM enabled indication indicates whether the BDPCM has been enabled; Based on the obtained transform skip enabled indication or the BDPCM enabled indication, determining that the transform skip has been enabled or the BDPCM has been enabled; obtaining a difference between a predicted symbol associated with the coefficient for the coding block and a symbol associated with the coefficient for the coding block, wherein the difference is obtained in video data; and Based on the obtained difference between the predicted symbol and the symbol, the symbol associated with the coefficient for the coding block is obtained.

15. The device of claim 10 or claim 13, wherein the device is a decoding device.

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