A multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for kitchen waste treatment facilities

Abstract

The present application provides a multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility, comprising the steps of: establishing a list of emission points YH in descending order of emission degree; when ρ i ≥ρ0, add the first scattering point in the scattering point list YH to the adjustment list LH, and perform the first wind-increasing step on the scattering points in the adjustment list LH; in the △T1 time period, add the scattering point GZ in the adjustment list LH to the adjustment list LH. j The air volume energy consumption is increased to the first energy consumption; in T i+1 The average odor concentration ρ in the garbage storage area is obtained by time i+1 and scatter point GZ j Odor concentration DJ i+1 When ρ i+1 ≤ρ0, remove the last scattering point that enters the adjustment list LH; when ρ i+1 ≥ρ i When , all the scattering points in the scattering point list YH are added to the adjustment list LH. If ρ i+2 ≥ρ0, an abnormal exhaust alarm occurs; if ρ i+2 <ρ0, the scattering points in the scattering point list YH are removed from the adjustment list LH in reverse order. The present application adjusts the exhaust mode according to the changes, thereby increasing the system optimization.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of odor collection and monitoring, and in particular to a multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility. Background Art

[0002] Odor pollution from food waste treatment facilities is a major problem plaguing the industry. Garbage needs to be stored and fermented. During the operation, a large amount of foul-smelling gases will be produced. These gases mainly come from the biochemical reactions of organic matter. In this process, organic substances such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates rot under the action of microorganisms, producing odor components such as amines, fatty acids, organic sulfur, inorganic sulfur and aromatic compounds. In addition, the volatilization of volatile fatty acids in garbage leachate, the release of low-boiling point gases and liquids, and the production of short-chain molecular substances are also important sources of foul-smelling gases.

[0003] In order to collect and treat malodorous gases, it is necessary to design negative pressure suction devices at several odor emission points in the system, suck air through the suction port to collect the odor, and then effectively introduce the odor into the treatment system through negative pressure suction.

[0004] The negative pressure suction device includes a local exhaust hood, and its design should fully consider the structure of the equipment, operation mode and odor emission characteristics.

[0005] The hood opening should surround or be as close to the odor source as possible, and reasonable wind speed and direction should be set to ensure that the odor can be effectively collected. At the same time, the structural design of the hood should be easy to install, maintain and inspect.

[0006] However, with current technology, engineering designers often lack understanding of the characteristics of multi-point odor emission from food waste treatment facilities. The odor collection systems of food waste treatment facilities currently designed and constructed in China are inefficient, and the fan often has a weak air volume at the far end, resulting in poor odor collection effects and causing odor leakage.

[0007] In addition, it is also necessary to consider establishing a complete monitoring and maintenance system, detecting odor emission indicators, and timely adjusting and optimizing monitoring plans to ensure efficient and stable operation of various equipment. At the same time, automated control technology should also be considered to optimize the adjustment of air volume. Summary of the invention

[0008] The following description is used to disclose the present invention so that those skilled in the art can implement the present invention.

[0009] The preferred embodiments described below are for illustrative purposes only, and those skilled in the art will appreciate other obvious variations.

[0010] The basic principles of the present invention defined in the following description may be applied to other embodiments, variations, improvements, equivalents and other technical solutions without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

[0011] In order to solve the technical problem, the present application provides a multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility, the steps comprising:

[0012] S1, providing a multi-point odor collection and monitoring system for a kitchen waste treatment facility, including a garbage storage area, an odor emission point, a sensor, and an odor collection device for sucking and collecting the odor at the odor emission point;

[0013] S2, monitor n odor emission points GZ, where GZ = [GZ1, GZ2, GZ3, …, GZ n ], where the jth scattering point is GZ j ;

[0014] Get the garbage storage area at the i-th monitoring time T i The average odor concentration ρ i , and the scattering point GZ j In T i Odor concentration of time DJ i ;

[0015] Set the odor concentration threshold ρ0;

[0016] S3, according to the scattering point GZ j The scattering area, spatial volume and collection efficiency are obtained by i Time distribution point GZ j The coefficient of ability to disperse odor ω j ;

[0017] Thus, we get the scattering point GZ j In T i The dispersion of time ;

[0018] Establish a list of scattering points YH in descending order of scattering degree;

[0019] S4, when ρi≥ρ0, establish an adjustment list LH, and add the first scattering point in the positive order in the scattering point list YH to the adjustment list LH;

[0020] S5, obtaining the air volume energy consumption of the distribution point in the adjustment list YH, setting a first air increase time period △T1, and increasing the air volume energy consumption of the distribution point GZj in the adjustment list LH to the first energy consumption during the △T1 time period;

[0021] S6, obtaining the average odor concentration ρi+1 of the garbage storage area and the odor concentration DJi+1 of the emission point GZj at time Ti+1 after the end of the △T1 period;

[0022] Among them, when ρi+1≤ρ0, the scattering point that last enters the adjustment list LH is removed;

[0023] When ρ0<ρi+1<ρi, go to step S61;

[0024] When ρi+1≥ρi, all the scattering points in the scattering point list YH are added to the adjustment list LH, and the process goes to step S62;

[0025] S61, if DJi+1≥ρ0, go to step S5; if DJi+1<ρ0, add the scattering points in the scattering degree list YH to the adjustment list LH in positive order, and then go to step S5;

[0026] S62, set the second wind time period △ T2, in the △ T2 time period, the air volume energy consumption of the distribution point GZj in the adjustment list LH is increased to the second energy consumption, after the second wind time Ti + 2 time to obtain the odor concentration ρi + 2 in the garbage storage area, go to step S63;

[0027] S63, if ρi+2≥ρ0, an abnormal exhaust alarm occurs; if ρi+2<ρ0, the scattering points in the scattering point list YH are moved out of the adjustment list LH in reverse order, and then go to step S62.

[0028] Wherein, the odor collecting device includes a space odor collecting hood, a local exhaust hood at the equipment odor emission point and a fully enclosed hood for the odor-generating equipment.

[0029] The sensors include a gas sensor for monitoring odor concentration, an air volume sensor for monitoring air volume, and a wind speed sensor for obtaining odor emission rate.

[0030] Among them, in step S3, the ability coefficient of the emission point GZj to disperse the odor at the Ti monitoring time is obtained. , where γ i For the distribution point GZ j In T i Time collection efficiency, γ max For the distribution point GZ j The maximum value of the collection efficiency, α is the scattering point GZ j The scattering area, β is the scattering point GZ j The spatial volume of , ┌ ┐ means rounding up.

[0031] Among them, set the distribution point GZ in the adjustment list YH jThe current wind volume energy consumption is W. In the first wind increase time period △T1, the distribution point GZ in the adjustment list LH is adjusted. j The air volume energy consumption is increased to .

[0032] Among them, in the second wind increase time period △T2, according to the distribution point GZ in the adjustment list YH j The current air volume energy consumption W' will enter the distribution point GZ in the adjustment list j The air volume energy consumption is increased to .

[0033] The second wind-increasing time period ΔT2 is no longer than the first wind-increasing time period ΔT1.

[0034] Among them, in step S5, the air volume energy consumption can be increased by increasing the number of fans, adjusting the positions of fans or changing the power of fans.

[0035] Among them, the odor collection equipment is provided with a main collection pipe and a collection branch pipe. The collection branch pipe sucks gas from the odor emission point and then merges it into the main odor collection pipe; the collection branch pipe is provided with a fan, a wind direction sensor and an air volume sensor, and a pressure-stabilizing bellows is provided at the outlet of the collection branch pipe.

[0036] The beneficial effects achieved by this application are as follows:

[0037] The present application can optimize and improve the extraction air volume for odor emission points on the basis of avoiding pollution caused by odor, thereby avoiding the problem of excessive energy consumption and easy danger caused by simultaneously increasing the extraction air volume of all odor emission points in a short period of time. The present application can gradually increase the extraction air volume of each odor emission point in an optimized order according to the accurately calculated share. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments recorded in the present application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings.

[0039] Figure 1 This is a flow chart of the multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for the food waste treatment facility in this application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application are clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all of the embodiments.

[0041] Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without making any creative work shall fall within the scope of protection of this application.

[0042] It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", etc. in the specification and claims of this application and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects, and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence.

[0043] It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the application described herein are capable of being practiced in sequences other than those illustrated or described herein.

[0044] In addition, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions. For example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that includes a series of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements explicitly listed, but may include other steps or elements not explicitly listed or inherent to such process, method, product, or apparatus.

[0045] Malodorous gases are not only a peculiar smell, some of them are corrosive and toxic gases that can have adverse effects on the respiratory and nervous systems of humans and animals.

[0046] Accurately monitoring the types and concentrations of these gases is crucial for taking timely measures to control pollution sources. Since the odor emission rate, emission area and spatial volume of odor emission points vary greatly, the layout and power of the local exhaust hoods also need to be matched to ensure uniform airflow, reduce odor accumulation and prevent leakage.

[0047] Specifically, an odor concentration threshold is preset in the system, and the odor concentration in the garbage storage area is collected through a sensor at a set frequency. When the acquired odor concentration exceeds the odor concentration threshold, it means that the odor generated by the kitchen waste has not been discharged in time and is likely to exceed the carrying capacity and cause pollution. In this case, it is necessary to increase the air volume for collecting the odor at the odor emission point. When designing the air volume increase plan, it is necessary to consider adjusting the air volume according to the degree of abnormal conditions to avoid a large amount of energy waste, or even danger due to frequent use at maximum energy consumption, which is also easy to damage the life of the equipment. The present application can judge the deterioration of the odor concentration in advance, determine the share through data calculation, and then gradually change the air volume and energy consumption of each collection device in a set order.

[0048] The odor collection device collects odor by suction through negative pressure suction, including a space odor collection hood, a local exhaust hood at the odor emission point of the equipment, and a fully enclosed hood for the odor-producing equipment. Its design should fully consider the structure of the equipment, operation mode, and odor emission characteristics.

[0049] The hood opening should surround or be as close to the odor source as possible, and reasonable wind speed and direction should be set to ensure that the odor can be effectively collected. At the same time, the structural design of the hood should be easy to install, maintain and inspect.

[0050] The odor collecting device is provided with a collecting main pipe and collecting branch pipes. The collecting branch pipes suck gas from the odor emission points and then merge into the odor collecting main pipe. The collecting branch pipes are provided with a fan, a wind direction sensor and an air volume sensor, and a pressure stabilizing bellows is provided at the outlet of the collecting branch pipe.

[0051] The gases generated by garbage are sampled and monitored, and the gas composition and odor concentration are obtained through sensors. Odors mainly include ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methane (CH4), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), etc. Electrochemical sensors, semiconductor sensors or infrared sensors that are highly sensitive to changes in the concentration of specific gases can be used to monitor.

[0052] Specifically, the garbage storage area of ​​the present application includes n odor emission points GZ, and sensors are set in the garbage storage area and the odor emission points, and the sensors include a gas sensor for monitoring odor concentration, an air volume sensor for monitoring air volume, and a wind speed sensor for obtaining the odor emission rate;

[0053] Where GZ = [GZ1, GZ2, GZ3, …, GZ n ], where the jth scattering point is set to GZ j ;

[0054] Set the first monitoring time T1 to the scattering point GZ j The energy consumption of air volume for odor collection is W;

[0055] The sensor obtains the average odor concentration ρ1 of the garbage storage area at the first monitoring time T1 and the emission point GZ j Odor concentration DJ1 at time T1;

[0056] Among them, the system preset odor concentration threshold is set to ρ0;

[0057] When ρ1≥ρ0, according to the scattering point GZ j The scattering point GZ is obtained by the scattering area α, space volume β and collection efficiency γ j The ability coefficient of dissipating odor at time T1 , where γ1 is the scattering point GZj The collection efficiency at T1 (the proportion of odor absorbed) is γ max For the distribution point GZ j The maximum collection efficiency that can be achieved, α is the scattering point GZ j The scattering area, β is the scattering point GZ j The spatial volume of , ┌ ┐ means rounding up;

[0058] Get the distribution point GZ j The emission rate of odor at time T1 ;

[0059] By the above method, the emission degrees of n odor emission points at time T1 are obtained, arranged in order from large to small, and an emission point list YH is established;

[0060] The distribution point GZj is set to be the first in the positive order in the distribution point list YH;

[0061] Establish an adjustment list LH, and add GZj, which is the first in the positive order in the scatter point list YH, to the adjustment list LH;

[0062] The first air-increasing step is performed for the emitting points in the adjustment list LH: in the first air-increasing time period △T1, according to the air volume energy consumption W of the odor collection at the emitting point GZj at time T1, the air volume energy consumption of the emitting point GZj in the adjustment list LH is increased to the first energy consumption ;

[0063] After the first wind-increasing time period △T1 ends, the average odor concentration ρ2 and the emission point GZ in the garbage storage area are obtained at the second monitoring time T2 (T2=T1+△T1). j The odor concentration DJ2; the second wind-increasing time period △T2 is no longer than the first wind-increasing time period △T1;

[0064] Among them, when ρ2≤ρ0, it means that the scattering point GZ j After the air volume is increased, the abnormal situation of excessive odor has been restored, and the emission point GZ j Remove LH from the adjustment list and continue monitoring;

[0065] When ρ0<ρ2<ρ1, it means that the scattering point GZ j After the air volume is increased, if the abnormal situation has a recovery trend, the next step is to be judged: if DJ2≥ρ0, the first air increase step is performed again on the scattering points in the adjustment list LH; if DJ2<ρ0, the scattering points in the scattering point list YH are added to the adjustment list LH in positive order, and the first air increase step is performed on the adjustment list LH;

[0066] When ρ2≥ρ1, it means that the scattering point GZj After the air volume is increased, the abnormal situation is not improved. At this time, all the scattering points in the scattering point list are added to the adjustment list LH; the second air increase step is performed on the scattering points in the adjustment list LH: in the second air increase time period △T2, the scattering point GZ that enters the adjustment list LH is j The air volume energy consumption is increased to the second energy consumption ;

[0067] At time T2 after the second wind-increasing time period △T2 ends, the odor concentration ρ3 in the garbage storage area is obtained; specifically, the air volume and energy consumption can be increased by increasing the number of fans, adjusting the fan positions, or changing the fan power;

[0068] If ρ3≥ρ0, the system will issue an abnormal exhaust alarm to relevant personnel; if ρ3<ρ0, the scattering points in the scattering point list YH will be moved out of the adjustment list LH in reverse order.

[0069] Multiple air volume sensors are set up in the system to monitor the real-time air volume data of the main pipeline and each branch pipeline respectively. Multiple concentration detection sensors are set up at the outlet of the deodorization equipment to monitor the changes in odor concentration at the outlet.

[0070] Install auxiliary sensors such as temperature and humidity at key nodes of the system to comprehensively collect environmental parameter data.

[0071] Analyze the collected multi-point air volume data to understand the real-time air volume distribution of each pipeline.

[0072] By analyzing the multi-point concentration data, the temporal and spatial variation patterns of odor concentration were discovered.

[0073] Combined with environmental parameter data, the influence of factors such as temperature and humidity on the deodorization effect is analyzed.

[0074] By combining Internet of Things technology, machine learning algorithms and visual management, intelligent optimization configuration of deodorant spraying volume can be achieved, thereby improving the overall efficiency and stability of the odor treatment system.

[0075] This kind of AI-driven intelligent control is an important development direction for this type of environmental protection system.

[0076] To sum up, through multi-point detection, multi-angle analysis, and combined with third-party professional testing, we can more comprehensively grasp the actual operating status of the system.

[0077] On this basis, the intelligent optimization algorithm is used to control the spraying volume in real time, which can not only improve the deodorization effect, but also achieve the optimal utilization of energy.

[0078] This intelligent management and control method will definitely greatly improve the overall performance and operating efficiency of this type of environmental protection system.

[0079] The system establishes a database to obtain key parameters such as the main pipe air volume, each branch pipe air volume, and deodorization equipment outlet concentration, and records the historical changes of the above parameters.

[0080] Machine learning algorithms can also be used to establish a mathematical model of the system based on historical data to describe the relationship between the total air volume, the air volume of each branch pipe and the deodorant spray volume.

[0081] By analyzing real-time monitoring data, the deodorant spray volume is automatically adjusted to match the total air volume to achieve the best deodorization effect.

[0082] If it is found that the deodorization effect decreases, the spraying volume can be automatically increased; otherwise, it can be appropriately reduced.

[0083] Through continuous optimization of algorithms through machine learning, the deodorant spray volume configuration can be more accurate and reasonable.

[0084] Furthermore, the present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium, wherein the computer-readable storage medium includes a stored program, wherein the program executes the method described in the above method embodiment when it is run.

[0085] Furthermore, the present invention also provides an electronic device, including a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores a computer program, and the processor is configured to execute the method described in the above method embodiment through the computer program.

[0086] Furthermore, it should be understood that since the settings of the various modules are merely for illustrating the functional units of the apparatus of the present invention, the physical devices corresponding to these modules may be the processor itself, or a part of the software in the processor, a part of the hardware, or a part of a combination of software and hardware.

[0087] Therefore, the number of each module in the figure is only schematic.

[0088] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that all or part of the processes in the methods for implementing the above embodiments of the present invention may also be completed by instructing related hardware through a computer program. The computer program may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. When the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of each of the above method embodiments may be implemented.

[0089] The computer program includes computer program code, which may be in source code form, object code form, executable file or some intermediate form, etc. The computer-readable storage medium may include: any entity or device, medium, USB flash drive, mobile hard disk, magnetic disk, optical disk, computer memory, read-only memory, random access memory, electric carrier signal, telecommunication signal and software distribution medium, etc., which can carry the computer program code.

[0090] The computer device may be a terminal, and the computer device includes a processor, a memory, a communication interface, a display screen, and an input device connected via a system bus, wherein the processor of the computer device is used to provide computing and control capabilities.

[0091] The memory of the computer device includes a non-volatile storage medium and an internal memory.

[0092] The non-volatile storage medium stores an operating system and a computer program.

[0093] The internal memory provides an environment for the operation of the operating system and computer programs in the non-volatile storage medium.

[0094] The communication interface of the computer device is implemented by a network, NFC (Near Field Communication) or other technologies.

[0095] The display screen of the computer device can be a liquid crystal display screen or an electronic ink display screen, and the input device of the computer device can be a touch layer covering the display screen, or a key, trackball or touchpad provided on the computer device housing, or an external keyboard, touchpad or mouse.

[0096] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various modules in the device may be adaptively split or merged, and such splitting or merging of specific modules will not cause the technical solution to deviate from the principles of the present invention. Therefore, the technical solutions after splitting or merging will fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility, characterized in that the steps include: S1, providing a multi-point odor collection and monitoring system for a kitchen waste treatment facility, including a garbage storage area, an odor emission point, a sensor, and an odor collection device for sucking and collecting the odor at the odor emission point; S2, monitor n odor emission points GZ, where GZ = [GZ1, GZ2, GZ3, …, GZ n ], where the jth scattering point is GZ j ; Get the garbage storage area at the i-th monitoring time T i The average odor concentration ρ i , and the scattering point GZ j In T i Odor concentration over time DJ i ; Set the odor concentration threshold ρ0; S3, according to the scattering point GZ j The scattering area, spatial volume and collection efficiency are obtained by i Time distribution point GZ j The ability coefficient of dissipating odor ω j ; Thus, we get the scattering point GZ j In T i The dispersion of time ; Establish a list of scattering points YH in descending order of scattering degree; S4, when ρi≥ρ0, establish an adjustment list LH, and add the first scattering point in the positive order in the scattering point list YH to the adjustment list LH; S5, obtaining the air volume energy consumption of the distribution point in the adjustment list LH, setting a first air increase time period △T1, and increasing the air volume energy consumption of the distribution point GZj in the adjustment list LH to the first energy consumption during the △T1 time period; S6, obtaining the average odor concentration ρi+1 of the garbage storage area and the odor concentration DJi+1 of the emission point GZj at time Ti+1 after the end of the △T1 period; Among them, when ρi+1≤ρ0, the scattering point that last enters the adjustment list LH is removed; When ρ0<ρi+1<ρi, go to step S61; When ρi+1≥ρi, all the scattering points in the scattering point list YH are added to the adjustment list LH, and the process goes to step S62; S61, if DJi+1≥ρ0, go to step S5; if DJi+1<ρ0, add the scattering points in the scattering degree list YH to the adjustment list LH in positive order, and then go to step S5; S62, set the second wind time period △ T2, in the △ T2 time period, the air volume energy consumption of the distribution point GZj in the adjustment list LH is increased to the second energy consumption, after the second wind time Ti + 2 time to obtain the odor concentration ρi + 2 in the garbage storage area, go to step S63; S63, if ρi+2≥ρ0, an abnormal exhaust alarm occurs; if ρi+2<ρ0, the scattering points in the scattering point list YH are moved out of the adjustment list LH in reverse order, and then go to step S62.

2. The multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility according to claim 1, characterized in that: The odor collecting device comprises a space odor collecting hood, a local exhaust hood at the equipment odor emission point and a fully enclosed hood for the odor generating equipment.

3. The multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sensors include a gas sensor for monitoring odor concentration, an air volume sensor for monitoring air volume, and a wind speed sensor for obtaining odor emission rate.

4. The multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, the scattering point GZ is obtained j In T i Monitoring time to disperse the odor capacity coefficient , where γ i For the distribution point GZ j In T i Time collection efficiency, γ max For the distribution point GZ j The maximum value of the collection efficiency, α is the scattering point GZ j The scattering area, β is the scattering point GZ j The spatial volume of , ┌ ┐ means rounding up.

5. The multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for kitchen waste treatment facilities according to claim 4, characterized in that: Set the scatter point GZ in the adjustment list LH j The current wind volume energy consumption is W. In the first wind increase time period △T1, the distribution point GZ in the adjustment list LH is adjusted. j The air volume energy consumption is increased to .

6. The multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility according to claim 5, characterized in that: In the second wind increase period △T2, according to the scattering point GZ in the adjustment list LH j Current air volume energy consumption , will enter the distribution point GZ of the adjustment list j The air volume energy consumption is increased to .

7. The multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility according to claim 1, characterized in that: The second wind-increasing time period ΔT2 is no longer than the first wind-increasing time period ΔT1.

8. The multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S5, the air volume and energy consumption can be increased by increasing the number of fans, adjusting the positions of fans, or changing the power of fans.

9. The multi-point odor collection and monitoring method for a kitchen waste treatment facility according to claim 1, characterized in that: The odor collecting device is provided with a collecting main pipe and collecting branch pipes. The collecting branch pipes suck gas from the odor emission points and then merge into the odor collecting main pipe. The collecting branch pipes are provided with a fan, a wind direction sensor and an air volume sensor, and a pressure stabilizing bellows is provided at the outlet of the collecting branch pipe.

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