An endophytic marine Streptomyces bXG368 from Passiflora edulis and its application in the prevention and control of Passiflora edulis diseases

Abstract

The present invention belongs to the field of agricultural microorganisms, and discloses an endophytic Streptomyces marinus BXG368 of passion fruit and its application in the prevention and control of passion fruit diseases. The preservation number of the Streptomyces marinus BXG368 is CCTCC NO: M 20242382. This strain is reported for the first time to be simultaneously used for the prevention and control of passion fruit virus disease, phytophthora blight, basal stem rot, gray mold and canker disease, and has the effects of killing aphids and thrips, and has no cross-resistance with existing bactericides and fungicides. Compared with the current use of chemically synthesized pesticides for prevention and control, since it comes from the natural environment, it has the advantages of high efficiency, low toxicity, non-pollution of the environment and difficulty in generating drug resistance, and has broad application prospects.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of agricultural microorganisms, and particularly relates to an endophytic marine Streptomyces BXG368 of Passiflora edulis and its application in the prevention and control of Passiflora edulis diseases. Background Art

[0002] Passiflora edulis Sims, also known as passion fruit, is a herbaceous vine of the genus Passiflora in the family Passifloraceae. Due to the unique flavor, high nutritional value and economic value of Passiflora edulis, however, with the extension of the planting years and the increase of the planting area, coupled with the high temperature and high humidity climate conditions in tropical and subtropical regions, the occurrence of diseases and pests of Passiflora edulis is relatively serious. Diseases such as virus disease, phytophthora blight, basal stem rot, anthracnose, gray mold and canker have brought serious losses to fruit farmers.

[0003] At present, chemical pesticides are mainly used for the prevention and control of diseases and pests of Passiflora edulis. However, the extensive use of chemical pesticides has caused pesticide residues, environmental pollution and drug resistance of diseases and pests. There is an urgent need for a safer and more effective prevention and control method. Biological control has the advantages of safety and high efficiency and has been widely used in the prevention and control of crop diseases in recent years. Guo Junqing et al. reported that Bacillus velezensis PG1-2 has a good antibacterial effect on the pathogen of basal stem rot of Passiflora edulis. Qi Ruibin et al. reported that Bacillus subtilis has a good prevention and control effect on basal stem rot of Passiflora edulis. There are few reports on the biological control of Passiflora edulis diseases, and they are mainly Bacillus spp., lacking excellent biological control strains. In addition, aphids and thrips of Passiflora edulis can damage leaves and fruits and spread viruses at the same time, resulting in the outbreak of virus disease. Therefore, the prevention and control of aphids and thrips of Passiflora edulis is also the key to the prevention and control of virus disease.

[0004] Based on the above situation, the inventor isolated an endophytic marine Streptomyces from the roots of Passiflora edulis in Wenshan, Yunnan. It has a good prevention and control effect on the main disease pathogens of Passiflora edulis, has the prevention and control effects on aphids and thrips, has good colonization ability in soil and the roots of Passiflora edulis, and has good application prospects. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The object of the present invention is to provide a method for isolating marine Streptomyces BXG368, and the preservation number of the marine Streptomyces is CCTCC NO: M20242382. The Streptomyces can be used for the prevention and control of virus disease, phytophthora blight, basal stem rot, gray mold and canker of Passiflora edulis, and also has the prevention and control effects on aphids and thrips.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions to achieve:

[0007] An isolated marine Streptomyces, isolated from the roots of passion fruit, identified as Streptomyces maritimus, was sent to the China Center for Type Culture Collection for preservation on October 30, 2024. Taxonomic name: Streptomyces maritimus BXG368; Preservation number: CCTCC NO: M20242382; Location: Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

[0008] Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 strain grows well on Gause's No. 1 medium, with aerial mycelium color ranging from white to grayish-white, and the colony is flat without protrusions ( Figure 1 ).

[0009] The protection scope of the present invention includes:

[0010] The fermentation product of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368.

[0011] A composition containing Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 or its fermentation product.

[0012] The application of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368, the fermentation product of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 or its composition in the prevention and control of passion fruit diseases;

[0013] For the above-mentioned application, the diseases include passion fruit virus disease, passion fruit phytophthora blight, passion fruit basal stem rot, passion fruit gray mold, passion fruit canker, aphid infestation and / or thrips infestation.

[0014] For the above-mentioned application, preferably, the pathogenic virus of passion fruit virus disease is Cucumber mosaic virus, the pathogen of passion fruit phytophthora blight is Phytophthora nicotianae, the pathogen of passion fruit basal stem rot is Fusarium solani, the pathogen of passion fruit gray mold is Botrytis cinerea, and the pathogen of passion fruit canker is Xanthomonas sp.

[0015] The application of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368, the fermentation product of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 or its composition in the preparation of biocontrol drugs for passion fruit.

[0016] Use of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368, fermentation product of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 or its composition in preparing an insecticide, wherein the killing targets of the insecticide include aphids and / or thrips.

[0017] Use of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368, fermentation product of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 or its composition in preparing a fungicide, wherein the killing targets of the fungicide include Cucumber mosaicvirus, Phytophthora nicotianae, Fusarium solani, Botrytis cinerea, and / or Xanthomonas sp.

[0018] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0019] (1) The marine Streptomyces of the present invention is an endogenous marine Streptomyces of passion fruit. This strain can not only be used to simultaneously control passion fruit diseases caused by various viruses and pathogenic bacteria, but also is reported for the first time to kill aphids and thrips. Therefore, it can prevent and control the viruses carried by pests.

[0020] (2) Compared with the current use of chemically synthesized pesticides for control, since it comes from the natural environment, it has the advantages of high efficiency, low toxicity, no environmental pollution, and not being prone to drug resistance. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0021] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the colony morphology of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368.

[0022] Figure 2 Phylogenetic tree of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368.

[0023] Figure 3 Antibacterial activity of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368. Detailed Embodiments

[0024] In order to better explain the present invention, the main content of the present invention is further clarified below in conjunction with specific embodiments. However, the content of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments. The technical solutions described in the present invention are all conventional techniques in the art unless otherwise specified. The reagents or materials are all from commercial channels unless otherwise specified.

[0025] Example 1:

[0026] Obtaining and identification of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368

[0027] The applicant isolated a strain of Streptomyces from the roots of Passiflora edulis in Wenshan, Yunnan. After identification by 16S rDNA combined with morphology, physiology and biochemistry, it belongs to Streptomyces maritimus (Table 1, Figure 1 , 2). This strain was sent to the China Center for Type Culture Collection for preservation on October 30, 2024. The taxonomic name is Streptomyces maritimus BXG368; the preservation number is CCTCC NO: M20242382; the location is Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

[0028] In the present invention, Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 is abbreviated as BXG368 for short.

[0029] Morphological characteristics: The aerial mycelium is grayish-white in color, the spore chains are straight or flexuous, and the spores are oval.

[0030] Table 1 Results of physiological and biochemical tests

[0031] Characteristic Result Gelatin liquefaction test + Starch hydrolysis test + Indole test - V-P test - Nitrate reduction test + Citrate utilization test + Mannitol + Catalase test +

[0032] Example 2:

[0033] Fermentation of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368:

[0034] Preparation of the seed liquid of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368: It includes activating the strain preserved on the slant on a Gause's No. 1 plate, picking and inoculating it into 100 ml of the seed medium, and culturing it on a shaker at 28 °C and 160 rpm for 5 days; thus obtaining the seed liquid. The formula of the seed medium is: in 1 L of the medium, it includes 20 g of sucrose, 8 g of soy peptone, 0.1 g of magnesium chloride, 0.30 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5 g of calcium carbonate, and the rest is water.

[0035] Solid-state fermentation method of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368:

[0036] Preparation of the liquid fermentation broth: Inoculate the seed liquid of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 into the solid fermentation medium at a ratio of 10%, the temperature is 30 °C, pH 7, and ferment for 7 days.

[0037] The formula of the fermentation medium includes: 55% wheat bran, 10% soybean meal powder, 10% rice bran, 23% rice husk, 1% magnesium sulfate and 1% calcium carbonate, pH 7, and the ratio of material to water is 1:1.

[0038] After fermentation, the spore count of Streptomyces maritimus BXG3687 was 6.0×10 10 spores / g. After isolation and streak culture, there were no contaminants, and the fermentation was uniform and complete, and it was used in the following examples;

[0039] Example 3:

[0040] Antibacterial activity of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368

[0041] The test slant fungal strains were transferred to PDA plates for activation and cultured at 30°C for 6 days for later use. The BXG368 bacterial discs were placed at both ends of the PDA plate. After 24 hours, the pathogen bacterial discs were inoculated with a 4-mm puncher. The medium bacterial disc was used as a blank control, and the distance between the pathogen and the BXG368 bacterial discs was 25 mm. After the control grew over the plate, the colony diameters of each treatment and the control were counted, and the inhibition rate was calculated. The specific pathogens and inhibition rates are shown in Table 2. Through the in vitro antibacterial test, it was shown that BXG368 had good antibacterial activity against the pathogens of passion fruit blight, basal stem rot, and gray mold (Table 2, Figure 3 ).

[0042] Inhibition rate = [(control colony diameter - treatment colony diameter) / (control colony diameter - diameter of the bacterial cake)] × 100%.

[0043] The ulcer pathogen (i.e., Xanthomonas) was streaked from a glycerol tube to obtain a single colony and then transferred to NB liquid medium and shaken at 180 r / min at 37°C for 48 hours for later use. After melting the NA medium, it was poured into a plate at about 45°C, and then the Xanthomonas pathogen bacterial liquid was added. The ratio of NA to the bacterial liquid was 50:1, and they were thoroughly mixed. Subsequently, the bacterial plate was punched with a sterilized Oxford cup, and 200 μL of the BXG368 fermentation broth prepared in Example 2 was added to the holes, and it was placed in an incubator at 37°C for 48 hours to observe whether an inhibition zone was produced. The results showed that Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 had good antibacterial activity against the passion fruit ulcer pathogen.

[0044] Table 2 Antibacterial activity of BXG368 against pathogens

[0045]

[0046] Example 4:

[0047] Prevention and control of passion fruit virus disease by Streptomyces maritimus BXG368

[0048] The experiment was conducted in Wenshan, Yunnan. The variety was the main cultivated variety of passion fruit, Qinguo No. 9. Before the occurrence of the disease on July 20, 2022, the bacterial agent prepared in Example 2 was diluted 200 times and sprayed on the whole plant. The second spraying was carried out at an interval of 7 days, and the control was sprayed with clear water. The experiment was set with 3 replicates, with 15 passion fruit plants in each replicate, and 15 leaves were randomly counted for each plant. After the control was fully diseased (i.e., the disease index ≥ 30), the disease indices of the control and the treatment were counted, and the control effect was calculated.

[0049] Disease index classification: Grade 0: No obvious symptoms; Grade 1: Clear veins, mild mosaic; Grade 2: Mosaic of the terminal leaf and middle leaves; Grade 3: Mosaic of the terminal leaf and middle leaves; Grade 5: Mosaic of the terminal leaf and middle leaves, with a few deformed, wrinkled leaves or slightly dwarfed plants; Grade 7: Severe mosaic, most leaves deformed, wrinkled or plants dwarfed; Grade 9: Severe mosaic, leaves significantly deformed, linear leaves, plants severely dwarfed or even dead.

[0050] Disease index = ∑(number of plants at each level × level) / (total number of plants surveyed × highest representative level) × 100.

[0051] Control effect = (control disease index - treatment disease index) / control disease index × 100%

[0052] The results of the field experiment showed that the BXG368 bacterial agent had a certain control effect on the virus disease of passion fruit, and the control effect reached 56.92% (Table 3).

[0053] Table 3 Field control effect of BXG368 bacterial agent on the virus disease of passion fruit

[0054] Treatment Disease index Control efficacy (%) BXG368 15.70 56.92 Control 36.44 -

[0055] Example 5:

[0056] Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 against Phytophthora blight of passion fruit

[0057] The experiment was conducted in Wenshan, Yunnan. The variety was the main cultivated variety of passion fruit, Qinguo No. 9. Before the occurrence of the disease on May 10, 2022, the bacterial agent prepared in Example 2 was diluted 200 times and sprayed on the whole plant. The second spraying was carried out at an interval of 7 days, and the control was sprayed with clear water. The experiment was set with 3 replicates, with 15 passion fruit plants in each replicate, and 30 fruits were randomly counted for each plant. After the control was fully diseased (disease index ≥ 50), the number of diseased fruits of the control and the treatment was counted, and the control effect was calculated.

[0058] The results of the field experiment showed that the BXG368 bacterial agent had a certain control effect on the Phytophthora blight of passion fruit, and the control effect reached 71.63% (Table 4).

[0059] Table 4 Field control effect of BXG368 bacterial agent on the Phytophthora blight of passion fruit

[0060] Treatment Diseased fruit rate (%) Control efficacy (%) BXG368 14.79 71.63 Control 52.13 -

[0061] Example 6:

[0062] Control of basal stem rot of passion fruit by Streptomyces maritimus BXG368

[0063] The experiment was conducted in Wenshan, Yunnan. The variety was Qin Guo No. 9, the main cultivated variety of passion fruit. Before the occurrence of the disease on May 30, 2022, the microbial agent prepared in Example 2 was diluted 200 times and used for root irrigation of the plants. The second root irrigation was carried out at an interval of 7 days, and the control was sprayed with clear water. The experiment was set with 3 replicates, and each replicate had 15 passion fruit plants. After the control was fully diseased (disease index ≥ 40), the number of diseased fruits in the control and treatment groups was counted, and the control effect was calculated.

[0064] Disease index grading: Grade 0: The plant is healthy; Grade 1: The lesion on the stem is less than 25% of the stem; Grade 3: The lesion on the stem is greater than 25% and less than 50% of the stem; Grade 5: The lesion on the stem is greater than 50% and less than 75% of the stem; Grade 7: The lesion on the stem is greater than 75% of the stem and the plant has not died; Grade 9: The whole plant has died.

[0065] Disease index = ∑(number of plants at each level × level) / (total number of plants surveyed × highest representative level) × 100.

[0066] Control effect = (control disease index - treatment disease index) / control disease index × 100%

[0067] The results of the field experiment showed that the BXG368 microbial agent had a certain control effect on basal stem rot of passion fruit, and the control effect reached 71.06% (Table 5).

[0068] Table 5 Field control effect of BXG368 microbial agent on basal stem rot of passion fruit

[0069] Treatment Diseased fruit rate (%) Control efficacy (%) BXG368 11.66 71.06 Control 40.29 -

[0070] Example 7:

[0071] Control of gray mold of passion fruit by Streptomyces maritimus BXG368

[0072] The experiment was conducted in Wenshan, Yunnan. The variety was Qin Guo No. 9, the main cultivated variety of passion fruit. Before the occurrence of the disease in July 2022, the microbial agent prepared in Example 2 was diluted 200 times and used for spraying the whole plant. The second spraying was carried out at an interval of 7 days, and the control was sprayed with clear water. The experiment was set with 3 replicates, and each replicate had 15 passion fruit plants. 30 fruits were randomly counted for each plant. After the control was fully diseased (disease fruit rate ≥ 30%), the number of diseased fruits in the control and treatment groups was counted, and the control effect was calculated.

[0073] The results of field trials showed that the BXG368 microbial inoculum had a certain control effect on Botrytis cinerea of passion fruit, with a control efficacy reaching 73.22% (Table 6).

[0074] Table 6 Field control efficacy of BXG368 microbial inoculum against Botrytis cinerea of passion fruit

[0075] Treatment Diseased fruit rate (%) Control efficacy (%) BXG368 10.02 73.22 Control 37.42 -

[0076] Example 8:

[0077] Control of bacterial canker of passion fruit by Streptomyces maritimus BXG368

[0078] The experiment was conducted in Wenshan, Yunnan. The variety was the main cultivated variety of passion fruit, Qinguo 9. On August 25, 2022, before the occurrence of the disease, the microbial inoculum prepared in Example 2 was diluted 200 times and sprayed on the whole plant. The second spraying was carried out at an interval of 7 days, and the control was sprayed with clear water. Three plants were investigated for each treatment, and for each plant, the whole leaves and fruits of three new shoots were investigated at five points: east, south, west, north, and middle. The number of diseased leaves (fruits) and the corresponding disease grades were recorded, and the control efficacy was calculated. After the control was fully diseased (disease index ≥ 30%), the disease indices of the control and the treatment were statistically analyzed, and the control efficacy was calculated.

[0079] The grading standard is as follows:

[0080] Grade 0: No disease spots;

[0081] Grade 1: 1 - 5 disease spots per leaf (fruit);

[0082] Grade 3: 6 - 10 disease spots per leaf (fruit);

[0083] Grade 5: 11 - 15 disease spots per leaf (fruit);

[0084] Grade 7: 16 - 20 disease spots per leaf (fruit);

[0085] Grade 9: More than 21 disease spots per leaf (fruit).

[0086] Disease index = ∑(number of plants at each level × level) / (total number of plants investigated × highest representative level) × 100.

[0087] Control efficacy = (disease index of the control - disease index of the treatment) / disease index of the control × 100%

[0088] The results of field trials showed that the BXG368 microbial inoculum had a certain control effect on bacterial canker of passion fruit, with a control efficacy reaching 66.86% (Table 7).

[0089] Table 7 Field control efficacy of BXG368 microbial inoculum against bacterial canker of passion fruit

[0090] Treatment Disease index Control efficacy (%) BXG368 11.66 66.86 Control 35.18 -

[0091] Example 9:

[0092] Control of aphids on passion fruit by Streptomyces maritimus BXG368

[0093] The experiment was conducted in Wenshan, Yunnan. The variety was the main cultivated variety of passion fruit, Qinguo No. 9. There were two treatments, BXG368 and clear water. Each treatment had 4 replicates, and the area of each replicated plot was 20 m 2 , and the liquid medicine amount was 30 L / mu. The BXG368 bacterium agent was diluted 200 times and evenly sprayed on the tree body with an electric sprayer on July 20, 2022. The control was sprayed with clear water. The initial insect population was investigated before applying the medicine, and the remaining insects were investigated after applying the medicine. Five sampling points were taken in each plot, and 10 - 30 leaves were selected at each point. The number of live aphids was investigated 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d after applying the medicine. The investigation results were calculated according to the following formulas for the reduction rate of insect population and the control effect.

[0094] Reduction rate of insect population = (Number of live aphids before applying the medicine - Number of live aphids after applying the medicine) / Number of live aphids before applying the medicine × 100%

[0095] Control effect = (Reduction rate of insect population in the medicament treatment area - Reduction rate of insect population in the control area) / (1 - Reduction rate of insect population in the control area) × 100%

[0096] The results of the field experiment showed that the BXG368 bacterium agent had a good control effect on aphids on passion fruit. The control effects 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d after applying the medicine were 80.48%, 84.44%, 88.85%, and 91.81% respectively (Table 8). This function of the BXG368 bacterium agent helps to control the spread of aphid - transmitted viruses to infect passion fruit.

[0097] Table 8 Field control effect of BXG368 bacterium agent on aphids on passion fruit

[0098]

[0099] Example 10:

[0100] Control of thrips on passion fruit by Streptomyces maritimus BXG368

[0101] The experiment was conducted in Wenshan, Yunnan. The variety was the main cultivated variety of passion fruit, Qinguo No. 9. There were two treatments, BXG368 and clear water. Each treatment had 4 replicates, and the area of each replicated plot was 20 m 2, the amount of liquid medicine is 30 L / mu. Dilute the BXG368 bacterial agent 200 times and evenly spray it on the tree body using an electric sprayer on May 20, 2022. Spray clear water for the control. Investigate the initial population density of insects before applying the medicine and the remaining number of insects after the medicine application. Take 5-point samples in each plot, select 10 - 30 leaves at each point, and investigate the number of live aphids 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days after applying the medicine. Calculate the reduction rate of insect population and the control effect according to the following formulas.

[0102] Reduction rate of insect population = (Number of live aphids before applying the medicine - Number of live aphids after applying the medicine) / Number of live aphids before applying the medicine × 100%

[0103] Control effect = (Reduction rate of insect population in the medicament treatment area - Reduction rate of insect population in the control area) / (1 - Reduction rate of insect population in the control area) × 100%

[0104] The results of the field experiment show that the BXG368 bacterial agent has a good control effect on thrips of passion fruit. The control effects 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days after applying the medicine are 75.63%, 80.38%, 80.50%, and 81.71% respectively (Table 9). This function of the BXG368 bacterial agent helps to control the virus transmitted by thrips from infecting passion fruit.

[0105] Table 9 Field control effect of BXG368 bacterial agent on thrips of passion fruit

[0106]

[0107]

[0108] Example 11:

[0109] Colonization of Streptomyces maritimus BXG368 in the roots of passion fruit

[0110] Prepare the BXG368 bacterial agent into a suspension of 0.5 × 10⁸ cfu / mL with clear water and irrigate 20 ml per passion fruit plant. Each treatment has 3 replicates, and each replicate has 10 plants. The control plants are pitayas. After 15 days, randomly dig out 5 plants from each replicated pot, cut off the roots, wash them clean with tap water, and then dry the water on the root surface with absorbent paper. Cut off the fibrous roots, weigh 1.00 g of fibrous root samples on a balance, tie them into small bundles, immerse them in 75% (V / V) alcohol for 1 - 2 s to remove air bubbles on the root surface, and then immerse them in a mercuric chloride solution with a concentration of 1 g·L -1 for 2 min, take them out and wash them 5 times with sterile water. Put them into a sterile mortar containing a small spoonful of sterilized quartz sand and 10 mL of sterile water and grind them thoroughly to release the Streptomyces maritimus colonized in the roots. After appropriate dilution, coat them on Gause's No. 1 agar plates and culture them at 28 °C. Add sterilized K 2 Cr 2 O 7The final mass concentration of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 in the culture medium was 80 mg / L). After morphological comparison and identification with the corresponding Streptomyces strains on the synchronous culture plate, the number of viable Streptomyces cells colonized on each gram of roots (colonization density) was calculated.

[0111] The test results showed that the BXG368 strain had good colonization ability in the roots of passion fruit, and the colonization density in the roots was 4.1×10 5 cfu / g after 15 days, while it could not colonize in the roots of pitaya. This good colonization ability helped it play a better role in disease prevention and control.

Claims

1. An isolated strain of Streptomyces marineus Streptomyces maritimus BXG368; the preservation number of the marine Streptomyces BXG368 is CCTCC NO: M20242382.

2. A composition comprising the marine Streptomyces BXG368 according to claim 1.

3. The application of marine streptomyces BXG368 described in claim 1 or the composition described in claim 2 in passion fruit disease prevention and control, wherein the disease is passion fruit blight, passion fruit stem base rot, passion fruit gray mold, passion fruit canker, aphid pests and / or thrips pests.

4. The use according to claim 3, wherein the pathogen of passion fruit blight is Phytophthora nicotianae The pathogen of passion fruit stem rot is Fusarium solani The pathogen of passion fruit gray mold is Botrytis cinerea The pathogen of passion fruit canker is Xanthomonas sp.

5. Application of the marine streptomyces BXG368 according to claim 1 or the composition according to claim 2 in the preparation of a passion fruit biocontrol agent, wherein the biocontrol target is passion fruit blight, passion fruit stem base rot, passion fruit gray mold, passion fruit canker, aphid pests and / or thrips pests.

6. Use of the marine Streptomyces BXG368 according to claim 1 or the composition according to claim 2 in the preparation of an insecticide, wherein the insecticide kills aphids and / or thrips.

7. Use of the marine Streptomyces BXG368 of claim 1 or the composition of claim 2 in the preparation of a fungicide, wherein the fungicide kills Cucumber mosaic virus, Phytophthora nicotianae, Fusarium solani, Botrytis cinerea, and / or Xanthomonas sp.

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