A pollination method for improving cross efficiency of tea tree, a nutrient and use thereof

Abstract

The present application belongs to the technical field of tea tree breeding, and particularly relates to a pollination method for improving cross efficiency of tea trees, a nutrient agent and use thereof. The pollination method comprises the following steps: collecting pollen of a male parent; removing the male parent to obtain a female parent, smearing the pollen on the stigma of the female parent to complete the pollination operation and form a cross flower; wrapping the cross flower with an isolation bag; taking the day of pollination as the 0th day, taking off the isolation bag on the 3rd day to the 5th day after the pollination, applying the nutrient agent, and then continuing to wrap the cross flower with the isolation bag; the formula of the nutrient agent is as follows: 3g-8g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.05g-0.1g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water; the application amount is to wet the stigma of the female parent; and the isolation bag is completely removed on the 7th day to the 9th day after the pollination, and the cross flower is developed by relying on the natural environment. The present application improves the fruit setting rate, reduces the young fruit drop rate of artificial cross, and further improves the cross efficiency.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of tea tree breeding technology, specifically relating to a pollination method, nutrient agent, and application for improving tea tree hybridization efficiency. Background Technology

[0002] Tea hybridization is a breeding method that involves artificially mating tea plants with different genetic characteristics using male and female gametes to produce hybrid offspring. These offspring are then selected according to breeding objectives to create new varieties. Hybridization breeding is one of the main methods of tea plant breeding. The principles for selecting parent plants mainly include: the male and female parents should complement each other's strengths and weaknesses; the male and female parents should have similar flowering periods; the parent plants should contain the target trait; and generally, distantly related plants have a higher probability of producing superior offspring.

[0003] Pollination is a crucial step in tea hybridization breeding. To ensure proper pollination, tools such as isolation paper bags, pollination brushes, markers, scissors, tweezers, and a notebook are needed. One to two days before pollination, flower buds are collected from the male parent plant. On the morning of pollination, pollen from the male parent flower buds is collected for hybridization. The female parent is emasculated before the flowers open to avoid interference from its own pollen. Typically, the male parent's pollen is applied to the emasculated female parent flowers with a brush. After pollination, the flowers are marked and allowed to develop naturally until the offspring are harvested.

[0004] For tea trees, the shedding rate of artificially hybridized young fruits is over 60%. These shedding young fruits are not mature, and the offspring are underdeveloped and cannot be used for breeding. Therefore, the efficiency of tea tree hybridization is not high. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To improve hybridization efficiency and reduce the shedding rate of artificially hybridized young fruits, this invention provides a pollination method to improve the hybridization efficiency of tea trees. The method involves applying pollen from the male parent to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower, followed by the application of nutrients after hybridization.

[0006] The first technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0007] A pollination method to improve the efficiency of tea tree hybridization includes:

[0008] Collect pollen from the male parent and refrigerate at 0℃~4℃ for later use;

[0009] The female parent is emasculated, and the pollen from the male parent is applied to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower to complete the pollination process and form a hybrid flower.

[0010] Hybrid flowers were wrapped in isolation bags;

[0011] The day of pollination is recorded as day 0. From day 3 to day 5 after pollination, remove the isolation bag, apply nutrients, and then continue to wrap the hybrid flowers in the same isolation bag.

[0012] The nutrient solution is formulated as follows: 3g-8g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5g-1g cobalamin, and 1L sterile water; the application amount is to moisten the stigmas of the mother plant.

[0013] The isolation bag is completely removed 7 to 9 days after pollination, allowing the plant to develop naturally.

[0014] It should be noted that each day after pollination is recorded as a day, such as day 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., n after pollination, where n is a positive integer.

[0015] During the pollination stage described above, the encounter between the pollen from the male parent and the stigma of the emasculated female parent is an essential step in achieving hybridization. At this time, genomic information combines and recombines to produce new offspring.

[0016] After pollination, the isolation bag is used to prevent other pollen from interfering with the flower. The flowering and pollination process, as well as the combination and development of pollen with genes in the stigma, take time and are not instantaneous. Therefore, the isolation bag is needed to protect the flower from other pollen and other adverse factors in the environment, thus ensuring the accuracy of pollination.

[0017] To improve fruit set rate and prevent fruit drop, this invention uses a nutrient agent after pollination: potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) to supplement phosphorus and potassium. KH2PO4 dissolves in water to form a weakly acidic solution, which helps maintain the stability of tea hybrid flowers and reduces fruit drop. Cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, has four reduced pyrrole rings linked together to form a corrin macrocycle. Its structure is relatively stable in a weakly acidic environment of pH 4.5-5. The aqueous solution of KH2PO4 provides the necessary stability environment for cobalamin, facilitating its efficacy.

[0018] Preferably, in the above-mentioned pollination method for improving tea tree hybridization efficiency, the isolation bag is removed 72-96 hours after the nutrient solution is applied. During this period, the hybrid flowers fully absorb the substances in the nutrient solution. Newly hybridized flowers are fragile and have poor resistance, which is why a high percentage of young fruits fall off. In the early stages of pollination, the present invention provides protection with an isolation bag. On the one hand, the hybrid flowers directly absorb nutrients from the nutrient solution; on the other hand, other pathogens in the environment threaten the health of the hybrid flowers.

[0019] Preferably, in the above-mentioned pollination method for improving tea tree hybridization efficiency, 100μL to 300μL of nutrient solution is applied to each hybrid flower. This can be done by injecting the solution at multiple points onto the stigma surface of the female parent plant using a syringe or pipette.

[0020] Ideally, each hybrid flower should be treated with 150 μL to 250 μL of nutrient solution. At this dosage, the rate of young fruit drop is significantly reduced, and the hybridization efficiency is most significantly improved.

[0021] Preferably, the preferred nutrient formula for the above-mentioned pollination method to improve the hybridization efficiency of tea trees is: 5g-6g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5g-0.6g cobalamin, and 1L sterile water.

[0022] Preferably, in the above-mentioned pollination method for improving tea tree hybridization efficiency, the isolation bag is a parchment paper bag with ventilation holes at the bottom, and a filter pad is filled in the ventilation holes. The ventilation holes are for air permeability, and the filter pad is used to filter pollen and other impurities.

[0023] Preferably, in the above-mentioned pollination method for improving tea tree hybridization efficiency, the filter pad is provided with filter pores, the diameter of which is 0.22μm to 0.45μm. If a filter membrane with a pore diameter of 0.22μm to 0.45μm is used, this pore size has a bacterial filtration function and can also filter out large particles of impurities, including pollen. This is because most pollen grains have a diameter of 20μm to 50μm.

[0024] Preferably, in the pollination method described above for improving the hybridization efficiency of tea trees, the air vents are circular with a diameter of 0.5cm to 1cm. For example, the number of air vents can be set to two, symmetrically arranged on both sides of the flower.

[0025] The second technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0026] A nutrient solution, wherein the nutrient solution is as described above. The formula of the nutrient solution is: 3g-8g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.05g-0.1g cobalamin, and 1L sterile water.

[0027] The third technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0028] The application of nutrients in tea tree hybridization breeding, wherein the nutrients are used to improve the hybridization success rate and reduce the young fruit drop rate.

[0029] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0030] For the technical development roadmap of this invention, please refer to Figure 1 By designing and obtaining an excellent nutrient formula, and then combining it with appropriate pollination methods, the fruit setting rate of tea trees was improved and the drop rate of young fruits was reduced.

[0031] The study of this invention shows that the fruit setting rate and young fruit drop rate fluctuate slightly with changes in the dosage of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and cobalamin, but the combined nutrient solution is significantly more effective than single-factor, neutral solution and blank control.

[0032] The research of this invention shows that after setting air vents at the bottom of the parchment bag, sterile air enters the bag, which helps to complete the hybridization process better, resulting in better stability of the fusion of the male and female genomes, higher development quality, higher fruit set rate, and lower young fruit drop rate. Attached Figure Description

[0033] Figure 1 This is a roadmap for the technological development of this invention.

[0034] Figure 2 This is a flowchart illustrating the pollination method for improving tea tree hybridization efficiency according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0035] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand and implement the technical solutions of the present invention, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments and accompanying drawings.

[0036] Unless otherwise specified, all reagents used in this invention are commercially available, and all methods used are conventional techniques in the art.

[0037] Example 1

[0038] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 3g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.05g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0039] Example 2

[0040] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 3g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.06g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0041] Example 3

[0042] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 3g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.07g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0043] Example 4

[0044] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 3g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.08g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0045] Example 5

[0046] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 3g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.09g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0047] Example 6

[0048] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 3g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0049] Example 7

[0050] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 4g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.06g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0051] Example 8

[0052] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 5g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.06g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0053] Example 9

[0054] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 6g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.06g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0055] Example 10

[0056] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 7g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.06g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0057] Example 11

[0058] A nutrient solution is prepared by mixing 8g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.06g of cobalamin, and 1L of sterile water.

[0059] Example 12

[0060] A pollination method to improve the efficiency of tea tree hybridization; see the flowchart for implementation. Figure 2 ,include:

[0061] Pollen from the male parent was collected and stored at 4℃ for later use. The male parent variety was Anji White Tea.

[0062] The female parent was emasculated, and the pollen from the male parent was applied to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower to complete the pollination process and form hybrid flowers; the female parent was the Golden Chrysanthemum tea tree variety.

[0063] Hybrid flowers are wrapped in isolation bags.

[0064] The day of pollination is recorded as day 0. On the third day after pollination, the isolation bag is removed, nutrients are applied, and then the hybrid flowers are wrapped in the same isolation bag again. Each hybrid flower is given 100 μL of nutrient solution to moisten the stigma of the mother flower. The isolation bag is a parchment bag, which is 10 cm long and 5 cm wide.

[0065] Seven days after pollination, the isolation bag is completely removed, allowing the plant to develop naturally.

[0066] Pollination was performed using the method of Example 12. The effects of the nutrient formulations in Examples 1 to 11 were investigated. Sterile aqueous solutions of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and cobalamin were used as single-factor controls, and sterile water was used as a blank control to explore the effects of different nutrient formulations on hybridization efficiency. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0067] The formula for the sterile aqueous solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 3g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1L of sterile water. The raw materials are mixed and prepared into a solution for later use.

[0068] In addition, the pH of the sterile potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution is adjusted to neutral 7.0 using sodium hydroxide, and this nutrient solution is referred to as potassium dihydrogen phosphate neutral solution.

[0069] The formula for a sterile aqueous solution of cobalamin is 0.06g of cobalamin and 1L of sterile water. Mix all the raw materials and prepare a solution for later use.

[0070] In Table 1, the fruit set rate is calculated as follows:

[0071] Fruit set rate = 100% × (Number of hybrid flowers producing fruit / Number of hybrid flowers)

[0072] The method for calculating the abscission rate of young fruits is as follows:

[0073] The young fruit drop rate = 100% × (number of young fruits dropped / number of hybrid flowers with fruit set). This method calculates the total number of fruits dropped from the fruit set stage to the young fruit stage. The number of fruits dropped during the fruit ripening stage is not included in the statistics.

[0074] It should be noted that in existing technologies, the growth and development of tea fruit is divided into four stages: flowering, fruit setting, young fruit development, and maturity. The flowering stage is the pollination period; the fruit setting stage is when petals fall onto the tea tree branches and the ovary appears; the young fruit development stage is when the ovary grows to its final shape and size; and the maturity stage is when the fruit colors and matures. It takes several months for tea fruit to grow from pollination to maturity. This invention calculates the fruit set rate at the end of the fruit setting stage and the young fruit drop rate at the end of the young fruit development stage.

[0075] It should also be noted that, apart from the different nutrient formulations, the pollination methods and subsequent field management methods are the same for all groups in Table 1, thus excluding the interference of factors other than nutrients on the experimental results.

[0076] The pollination method is as follows:

[0077] A pollination method to improve the efficiency of tea tree hybridization includes:

[0078] Pollen from the male parent was collected and stored at 4℃ for later use. The male parent variety was Anji White Tea.

[0079] The female parent was emasculated, and the pollen from the male parent was applied to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower to complete the pollination process and form hybrid flowers; the female parent was the Golden Chrysanthemum tea tree variety.

[0080] The hybrid flowers are wrapped in an isolation bag; the isolation bag is a parchment bag; the parchment bag is 10cm long and 5cm wide.

[0081] Seven days after pollination, the isolation bag is completely removed, allowing the plant to develop naturally.

[0082] Table 1. Effects of the nutrient formulation

[0083]

[0084]

[0085] The results in Table 1 show that the fruit setting rate and young fruit drop rate fluctuated slightly with changes in the dosage of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and cobalamin. However, the combined nutrient solution was significantly more effective than the single-factor, neutral solution, and blank control.

[0086] Based on the experimental results in Table 1, we explored the effects of different pollination methods on hybridization efficiency, using the nutrient formulation of Example 8, which showed the best results.

[0087] Example 13

[0088] A pollination method to improve the efficiency of tea tree hybridization includes:

[0089] Pollen from the male parent was collected and stored at 4℃ for later use. The male parent variety was Anji White Tea.

[0090] The female parent was emasculated, and the pollen from the male parent was applied to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower to complete the pollination process and form hybrid flowers; the female parent was the Golden Chrysanthemum tea tree variety.

[0091] Hybrid flowers are wrapped in isolation bags.

[0092] The day of pollination is recorded as day 0. On the third day after pollination, the isolation bag is removed, nutrients are applied, and then the hybrid flowers are wrapped in the same isolation bag again. Each hybrid flower is given 150 μL of nutrients. The isolation bag is a parchment bag, which is 10 cm long and 5 cm wide.

[0093] Seven days after pollination, the isolation bag is completely removed, allowing the plant to develop naturally.

[0094] Example 14

[0095] A pollination method to improve the efficiency of tea tree hybridization includes:

[0096] Pollen from the male parent was collected and stored at 4℃ for later use. The male parent variety was Anji White Tea.

[0097] The female parent was emasculated, and the pollen from the male parent was applied to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower to complete the pollination process and form hybrid flowers; the female parent was the Golden Chrysanthemum tea tree variety.

[0098] Hybrid flowers are wrapped in isolation bags.

[0099] The day of pollination is recorded as day 0. On the third day after pollination, the isolation bag is removed, nutrients are applied, and then the hybrid flowers are wrapped in the same isolation bag again. Each hybrid flower is given 200 μL of nutrients. The isolation bag is a parchment bag, which is 10 cm long and 5 cm wide.

[0100] Seven days after pollination, the isolation bag is completely removed, allowing the plant to develop naturally.

[0101] Example 15

[0102] A pollination method to improve the efficiency of tea tree hybridization includes:

[0103] Pollen from the male parent was collected and stored at 4℃ for later use. The male parent variety was Anji White Tea.

[0104] The female parent was emasculated, and the pollen from the male parent was applied to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower to complete the pollination process and form hybrid flowers; the female parent was the Golden Chrysanthemum tea tree variety.

[0105] Hybrid flowers are wrapped in isolation bags.

[0106] The day of pollination is recorded as day 0. On the third day after pollination, the isolation bag is removed, nutrients are applied, and then the hybrid flowers are wrapped in the same isolation bag again. Each hybrid flower is given 250 μL of nutrients. The isolation bag is a parchment bag, which is 10 cm long and 5 cm wide.

[0107] Seven days after pollination, the isolation bag is completely removed, allowing the plant to develop naturally.

[0108] Example 16

[0109] A pollination method to improve the efficiency of tea tree hybridization includes:

[0110] Pollen from the male parent was collected and stored at 4℃ for later use. The male parent variety was Anji White Tea.

[0111] The female parent was emasculated, and the pollen from the male parent was applied to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower to complete the pollination process and form hybrid flowers; the female parent was the Golden Chrysanthemum tea tree variety.

[0112] Hybrid flowers are wrapped in isolation bags.

[0113] The day of pollination is recorded as day 0. On the third day after pollination, the isolation bag is removed, nutrients are applied, and then the hybrid flowers are wrapped in the same isolation bag again. Each hybrid flower is given 300 μL of nutrients. The isolation bag is a parchment bag, which is 10 cm long and 5 cm wide.

[0114] Seven days after pollination, the isolation bag is completely removed, allowing the plant to develop naturally.

[0115] Example 17

[0116] A pollination method to improve the efficiency of tea tree hybridization includes:

[0117] Pollen from the male parent was collected and stored at 4℃ for later use. The male parent variety was Anji White Tea.

[0118] The female parent was emasculated, and the pollen from the male parent was applied to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower to complete the pollination process and form hybrid flowers; the female parent was the Golden Chrysanthemum tea tree variety.

[0119] Hybrid flowers are wrapped in isolation bags.

[0120] The day of pollination is recorded as day 0. On the 5th day after pollination, the isolation bag is removed, nutrients are applied, and then the hybrid flowers are wrapped in the same isolation bag again. Each hybrid flower is given 100 μL of nutrients. The isolation bag is a parchment bag, which is 10 cm long and 5 cm wide.

[0121] Nine days after pollination, the isolation bag was completely removed, allowing the plant to develop naturally.

[0122] Example 18

[0123] A pollination method to improve the efficiency of tea tree hybridization includes:

[0124] Pollen from the male parent was collected and stored at 4℃ for later use. The male parent variety was Anji White Tea.

[0125] The female parent was emasculated, and the pollen from the male parent was applied to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower to complete the pollination process and form hybrid flowers; the female parent was the Golden Chrysanthemum tea tree variety.

[0126] Hybrid flowers are wrapped in isolation bags.

[0127] The day of pollination is recorded as day 0. On the third day after pollination, remove the isolation bag, apply nutrients, and then continue to wrap the hybrid flowers in the same isolation bag; apply 100μL of nutrients to each hybrid flower.

[0128] The isolation bag is a parchment paper bag; the parchment paper bag is 10cm long and 5cm wide. It has ventilation holes at the bottom, 2cm above the bottom of the flower, and a filter pad is inserted into the ventilation holes. The filter pad has filter pores with a diameter of 0.22μm. The ventilation holes are circular and 1cm in diameter.

[0129] Seven days after pollination, the isolation bag is completely removed, allowing the plant to develop naturally.

[0130] Example 19

[0131] A pollination method to improve the efficiency of tea tree hybridization includes:

[0132] Pollen from the male parent was collected and stored at 4℃ for later use. The male parent variety was Anji White Tea.

[0133] The female parent was emasculated, and the pollen from the male parent was applied to the stigma of the emasculated female parent flower to complete the pollination process and form hybrid flowers; the female parent was the Golden Chrysanthemum tea tree variety.

[0134] Hybrid flowers are wrapped in isolation bags.

[0135] The day of pollination is recorded as day 0. On the third day after pollination, remove the isolation bag, apply nutrients, and then continue to wrap the hybrid flowers in the same isolation bag; apply 100μL of nutrients to each hybrid flower.

[0136] The isolation bag is a parchment paper bag; the parchment paper bag is 10cm long and 5cm wide. It has ventilation holes at the bottom, 2cm above the bottom of the flower, and a filter pad is inserted into the ventilation holes. The filter pad has filter pores with a diameter of 0.45μm. The ventilation holes are circular, with a diameter of 0.5cm.

[0137] Seven days after pollination, the isolation bag is completely removed, allowing the plant to develop naturally.

[0138] Table 2. Effects of different pollination methods

[0139] Grouping Fruit set rate (%) Fruit drop rate (%) Example 12 36 41 Example 13 38 39 Example 14 39 39 Example 15 40 39 Example 16 36 41 Example 17 36 40 Example 18 45 33 Example 19 43 35 Sterile water, method of Example 12 21 60

[0140] The results in Table 2 show that after setting vents at the bottom of the parchment bag, sterile air enters the bag, which helps to complete the hybridization process better. The stability of the fusion of the male and female genomes is better, the quality of development is high, the fruit setting rate is high, and the young fruit drop rate is low.

[0141] Comparing the data in Tables 1 and 2, the optimal nutrient is that of Example 8, and the optimal pollination method is that of Example 18.

[0142] It should be noted that when numerical ranges are involved in this invention, it should be understood that both endpoints of each numerical range and any value between the two endpoints can be selected. Since the steps and methods used are the same as in the embodiments, preferred embodiments are described in this invention to avoid redundancy. Although preferred embodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in the art, once they understand the basic inventive concept, can make other changes and modifications to these embodiments, and all such changes and modifications fall within the scope of this invention.

Claims

1. A method of pollination to improve the efficiency of crossing tea plants, characterised in that, The application relates to a method for hybridizing tea tree flowers, which comprises the following steps: Collecting pollen from male flowers; Removing the pistil of female flowers, smearing the pollen on the stigma of the female flowers, completing pollination, and forming hybrid flowers; Wrapping the hybrid flowers with an isolation bag; The day of pollination is recorded as the 0th day, the isolation bag is removed on the 3rd to 5th day after pollination, a nutrient agent is applied, and then the hybrid flowers are wrapped with the isolation bag again; The formula of the nutrient agent is as follows: 3-8 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.05-0.1 g of cobalamin, and 1 L of sterile water; the application amount is to wet the stigma of the female flowers; 150-250 muL of the nutrient agent is applied to each hybrid flower; The isolation bag is completely removed on the 7th to 9th day after pollination, and the hybrid flowers are developed in the natural environment.

2. The pollination method for improving hybridisation efficiency of tea plants according to claim 1, characterized in that, The isolation bag is removed 72-96 hours after the nutrient agent is applied.

3. The method of pollination to improve hybridisation efficiency of tea plants according to claim 1, characterised in that, The formula of the nutrient agent is as follows: 5-6 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5-0.6 g of cobalamin, and 1 L of sterile water.

4. The method of pollination to improve hybridisation efficiency of tea plants according to claim 1, characterised in that, The isolation bag is a parchment paper bag, and a breathable hole is arranged at the bottom of the bag, and a filter pad is filled in the breathable hole.

5. The method of pollination to improve hybridisation efficiency of tea plants according to claim 4, characterised in that, The filter pad is provided with filter holes, and the diameter of the filter holes is 0.22-0.45 muM.

6. The pollination method for improving hybridisation efficiency of tea plants according to claim 4, characterised in that, The breathable hole is a circular hole, and the diameter is 0.5-1 cm.

7. A nutritional agent, characterized in that, The nutrient agent is the nutrient agent in claim 1, and the nutrient agent is used for hybridizing tea tree flowers.

8. Use of the nutritional agent according to claim 7 in tea tree crossbreeding, characterized in that, The nutrient agent is used for improving the hybridization success rate and reducing the fruit drop rate.

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