A method, device and equipment for measuring land use efficiency

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of land use efficiency measurement method, device and equipment, it is related to land data processing, by obtaining land data;The land data includes land transaction data and land registration data;According to pre-set input index and pre-set output index, land input data and real estate output data are extracted from the land data;The land input data and the real estate output data are input into the weight selection model constructed in advance, and the weight value is obtained by solving;According to the weight value, the land input data and real estate output data are weighted using data envelopment method, and the land use efficiency is measured.The embodiment of the application can reflect the utilization efficiency of land as the real economy from the life cycle of land transaction to the completion of real estate registration, to measure the land use efficiency, which helps to provide guiding suggestions for land supply decision.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of land data processing, and particularly relates to a land use efficiency calculation method, device and equipment. BACKGROUND

[0002] Reasonable layout and effective regulation of urban land is the fundamental solution to the problem of the rapid development of urbanization and the continuous growth of social economy, and the urban land use efficiency is a representation of the effect of land elements in the supply side reform.

[0003] At present, there is a technical scheme that obtains theme statistical data by processing point of interest data and commercial comment data, obtains land use type by processing street view data, and then constructs and analyzes land use structure index and land use marginal index to obtain land use efficiency evaluation value.

[0004] However, the existing technology at least has the following disadvantages: the data collection cost is high, and the data quality is uneven, the accuracy of land block classification prediction by the convolutional neural network model cannot be guaranteed, the actual situation of local land use cannot be well reflected, in addition, the existing technology aims to evaluate from the perspective of relative comprehensive efficiency, and the evaluation index of this way is more suitable for land built efficiency evaluation, and it is difficult to provide help for land supply decision from the entity economic level. SUMMARY

[0005] The technical problem to be solved by the present application is that there is no effective method for processing land entity economic data to calculate land use efficiency, and most of the analysis is from the land built efficiency level. The present application provides a land use efficiency calculation method, device and equipment, which can accurately calculate the land use efficiency from the entity economic level and provide guidance for land supply decision.

[0006] To solve the above technical problems, the present application provides a land use efficiency calculation method, comprising:

[0007] Obtaining land data; the land data includes land transaction data and land registration data;

[0008] According to the preset input index and the preset output index, land input data and real estate output data are extracted from the land data;

[0009] The land input data and the real estate output data are input into a pre-constructed weight selection model to obtain a weight value;

[0010] According to the weight value, the land input data and the real estate output data are weighted by using the data envelopment method to calculate the land use efficiency.

[0011] As an improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the land data comprises:

[0012] The first land transaction data and the first land registration data are obtained.

[0013] The valid transaction data is filtered from the first land transaction data as the land transaction data.

[0014] The second land registration data meeting the preset field requirement is filtered from the first land registration data according to the preset field.

[0015] The IQR quartile method is used to clean the outliers of the second land registration data to obtain the land registration data.

[0016] The land data is obtained according to the land transaction data and the land registration data.

[0017] As an improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the preset field comprises a land use field, a signing time field and a supply mode field.

[0018] Then, the second land registration data meeting the preset field requirement is filtered from the first land registration data according to the preset field, comprising:

[0019] The target land use, the target signing time and the target supply mode are selected as the preset field requirement.

[0020] The data meeting the preset field requirement is filtered from the preset field of the first land registration data as the second land registration data.

[0021] As an improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the second land registration data comprises a building area field and a price field.

[0022] Then, the IQR quartile method is used to clean the outliers of the second land registration data to obtain the land registration data, comprising:

[0023] The unit house price field of the second land registration data is constructed according to the building area field and the price field.

[0024] The IQR quartile method is used to clean the outliers of the building area field, the price field and the unit house price field to obtain the land registration data.

[0025] As an improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the preset input index comprises a land transfer price, a land transfer area and a land transfer frequency; and the preset output index comprises a house purchase registration price, a house purchase registration area and a house purchase registration frequency.

[0026] As an improvement of the above scheme, the method for constructing the weight selection model comprises:

[0027] Establishing a weight constraint condition of land input data and real estate output data;

[0028] According to the ratio of the land input data and the real estate output data, a weight target function is constructed;

[0029] According to the weight constraint condition and the weight target function, a weight selection model is constructed.

[0030] As an improvement of the above scheme, the method for calculating the land use efficiency further comprises:

[0031] Mapping the land use efficiency to a cadastral area to obtain a spatial land use efficiency;

[0032] Using a K-means clustering algorithm to cluster the spatial land use efficiency to obtain a spatial classification result of the land use efficiency.

[0033] The embodiment of the present application further provides a device for calculating land use efficiency, comprising:

[0034] A data acquisition module is configured to acquire land data; the land data comprises land transaction data and land registration data;

[0035] A data extraction module is configured to extract land input data and real estate output data from the land data according to preset input indicators and preset output indicators;

[0036] A weight solving module is configured to input the land input data and the real estate output data into a pre-constructed weight selection model to solve a weight value;

[0037] A land use efficiency calculating module is configured to weight the land input data and the real estate output data by using a data envelopment method according to the weight value to calculate land use efficiency.

[0038] As an improvement of the above scheme, the device for calculating the land use efficiency further comprises:

[0039] A spatial mapping module is configured to map the land use efficiency to a cadastral area to obtain a spatial land use efficiency;

[0040] A spatial clustering module is configured to use a K-means clustering algorithm to spatially cluster the land use efficiency to obtain a spatial classification result of the land use efficiency.

[0041] The embodiment of the present application also provides a land use efficiency calculation device, characterized by comprising a processor, a memory and a computer program stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the processor, and the processor implements the land use efficiency calculation method according to any one of the above when executing the computer program.

[0042] Compared with the prior art, the land use efficiency calculation method, device and equipment disclosed by the present application can reflect the utilization efficiency of land as a real economy in the life cycle from land transaction to completion of real estate registration, so as to calculate the land use efficiency and provide guiding suggestions for land supply decision-making. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0043] Figure 1 is a step flow diagram of the land use efficiency calculation method provided by the embodiment of the present application;

[0044] Figure 2 is a structural diagram of the land use efficiency calculation device provided by the embodiment of the present application;

[0045] Figure 3 is a structural diagram of the land use efficiency calculation device provided by the embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments of the present application. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative work fall within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0047] In the description and claims of the specification, it is to be understood that the terms first, second, etc. are used only for the purpose of description and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or an indicated number of technical features. They are not necessarily to be used in the order or time sequence described. The terms are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances. Therefore, the features defined as "first", "second" can explicitly or implicitly include at least one of the features.

[0048] With the rapid development of urbanization and the continuous growth of social economy in China, while greatly improving people's lives, it also brings many social contradictions, such as the continuous expansion of urban land scale and the scarcity of urban land resources, the large demand for real estate and the insufficient supply of land. The key to solving the above contradictions lies in supply-side reform, and land is an important factor of production in supply-side reform. Therefore, the rational layout and effective regulation of urban land are the fundamental solution to the problem. The efficiency of urban land use is a measure of the effect of land factors in supply-side reform, so it is necessary to study the efficiency of urban land use.

[0049] In the prior art, the POI point of interest information, street view data and commercial comment information are processed to obtain theme statistical information, the street view data is processed to obtain a land use type, and then a land use structure index and a land use marginal index are constructed, and the land use structure index and the land use marginal index are analyzed and processed to obtain a land use efficiency evaluation value.

[0050] However, the prior art evaluates the land use efficiency from the perspective of relative comprehensive energy efficiency, and the data collection cost is high, and due to the sample size and other reasons, the accuracy of the data is not high, and the features extracted by the convolutional neural network cannot well reflect the land use efficiency of the real economy.

[0051] Based on the above thinking, the embodiment of the present application provides a land use efficiency calculation method. Please refer to Figure 1 , the land use efficiency calculation method is specifically executed through steps S1 to S4:

[0052] S1, obtaining land transaction data and land registration data.

[0053] Compared with the existing land use efficiency calculation method of obtaining POI point of interest information, street view data and commercial comment information, the present scheme creatively obtains land transaction data and land registration data, which can more accurately analyze the supply efficiency of the real economy to accurately calculate the land use efficiency.

[0054] Exemplarily, in the embodiment of the present application, the land transaction data is obtained from the municipal planning and natural resources bureau land transaction market, and the land registration data is obtained from the municipal real estate registration database, and the data source has legal effect and high credibility.

[0055] S2, according to the preset input index and the preset output index, extracting land input data and real estate output data from the land data.

[0056] It should be noted that the land data obtained directly contains a wealth of information. By pre-setting input and output indicators, the utilization efficiency of land as a real economy can be reflected throughout the lifecycle from land transaction to completion of real estate registration. The indicators described in this application differ in their analytical focus from those of existing methods.

[0057] It should also be noted that the input and output indicators may not be directly available in the land data and need to be generated after calculation. The preset input and output indicators further include the calculation method for the indicator data.

[0058] S3. Input the land input data and the real estate output data into the pre-constructed weight selection model and solve for the weight values.

[0059] S4. Based on the weight values, the land input data and real estate output data are weighted using the data envelopment method to calculate land use efficiency.

[0060] In the above scheme, by introducing land transaction data and land registration data, and by pre-setting input and output indicators to extract land input data and real estate output data, the utilization efficiency of land as a real economy can be reflected from the life cycle of land transaction to completion of real estate registration; further, data weight values ​​are calculated to accurately measure land use efficiency.

[0061] As a preferred implementation scheme, step S1, acquiring land data, is specifically performed through steps S11-S15:

[0062] S11. Obtain the first land transaction data and the first land registration data.

[0063] It should be noted that the first land transaction data and the first land registration data are official data obtained directly. The data volume is huge, but some of the data may be used indirectly during subsequent data extraction. Therefore, the directly obtained data still needs to be processed.

[0064] S12. Select valid transaction data from the first land transaction data as land transaction data.

[0065] For example, valid transaction data is obtained by filtering the first land transaction data based on the transaction type, transaction time, etc.

[0066] Preferably, the land transaction data includes the location information, transaction price information, area information, and transaction frequency information of the transacted land.

[0067] S13, filtering real estate registration data meeting preset field requirements from the first land registration data according to the preset field.

[0068] It should be noted that the data obtained directly from the municipal real estate registration database generally includes several tables, such as a pre-registration table, a real estate right table, etc. In the embodiment of the present application, housing transaction records are filtered from the several tables, and a transaction detail table is obtained by merging, as the first land registration data.

[0069] In some preferred embodiments, the preset field includes a land use field, a signing time field, and a supply mode field.

[0070] Further, preferably, step S13 includes:

[0071] selecting a target land use, a target signing time, and a target supply mode as the preset field requirements;

[0072] filtering data meeting the preset field requirements from the preset field of the first land registration data as the second land registration data.

[0073] For example, data with the land use field being residential land, the signing time field being a to-be-tested calculation time period, and the supply mode being listing, lease, auction lease, agreement lease, or bidding lease are filtered from the first land registration data as the second land registration data.

[0074] S14, performing outlier cleaning on the second land registration data by IQR quartile method to obtain land registration data.

[0075] In some preferred embodiments, the second land registration data includes a building area field and a price field.

[0076] Further, preferably, step S14 includes:

[0077] constructing a unit house price field of the second land registration data according to the building area field and the price field;

[0078] performing outlier cleaning on the building area field, the price field, and the unit house price field by IQR quartile method to obtain land registration data.

[0079] It should be noted that the applicant finds that the quality of the building area field and the price field in the second land registration data is poor, and therefore a unit house price field, i.e., a ratio of price to building area, is further added in the second land registration data. Outlier cleaning on the above three fields by IQR quartile method can ensure the quality of the land registration data and improve the accuracy of land use efficiency calculation.

[0080] S15, obtaining land data according to the land transaction data and the land registration data.

[0081] As a preferred embodiment, the preset input indicators in step S2 include registered purchase price of houses, registered purchase area of houses and registered purchase frequency of houses; and the preset output indicators include land transfer price, land transfer area and land transfer frequency.

[0082] In the embodiment of the present application, the input indicators and the output indicators are set from the aspects of the real economy properties of land, and can reflect the utilization efficiency of land as the real economy from the life cycle from land transaction to completion of real estate registration.

[0083] As a preferred embodiment, the method for constructing the weight selection model in step S3 includes:

[0084] establishing a weight constraint condition of land input data and real estate output data;

[0085] constructing a weight target function according to the ratio of the land input data and the real estate output data;

[0086] constructing a weight selection model according to the constraint condition and the weight target function.

[0087] Exemplarily, the weight constraint condition is:

[0088]

[0089] The weight target function is:

[0090]

[0091] Further, preferably, the data envelopment method is used to measure the land utilization efficiency by

[0092] wherein u r is the weight value of the real estate output data corresponding to the rth output indicator, y r is the real estate output data corresponding to the rth output indicator, and R is the number of output indicators; v p is the weight value of the land input data corresponding to the pth input indicator, x p is the land input data corresponding to the pth input indicator, and P is the number of input indicators.

[0093] Further, as a preferred embodiment, the method for measuring the land utilization efficiency can further perform steps S5-S6 after step S4: ​

[0094] S5, mapping the land use efficiency into cadastral districts to obtain spatial land use efficiency.

[0095] Preferably, the land use efficiency is mapped into cadastral districts according to the real estate unit number and the parcel code in the land data to obtain the spatial land use efficiency on each parcel.

[0096] S6, clustering the spatial land use efficiency by using a K-means clustering algorithm to obtain a spatial classification result of land use efficiency.

[0097] Preferably, step S6 comprises:

[0098] constructing a vector group according to the longitude and latitude center point coordinates of the cadastral district and the spatial land use efficiency;

[0099] clustering the vector group by using a K-means clustering method according to a preset number of clusters to obtain a spatial classification result of land use efficiency; the spatial classification result comprises a cluster label and a cluster centroid.

[0100] It should be noted that in the embodiment of the present application, by spatially classifying the land use efficiency, the agglomeration characteristics can be further analyzed according to the spatial classification result, which helps to provide guiding suggestions for future land supply decisions. For example, if the land use efficiency of a cadastral district shows a high score, the land use mode and development method of the cadastral district can be preferentially referred to when making land supply decisions in the future.

[0101] The land use efficiency measuring method provided by the embodiment of the present application can reflect the utilization efficiency of land as a real economy from the life cycle of land transaction to the completion of real estate registration, so as to measure the land use efficiency and help to provide guiding suggestions for land supply decisions.

[0102] The embodiment of the present application also provides a land use efficiency measuring device. Please refer to Figure 2 , the land use efficiency measuring device comprises a data acquisition module 11, a data extraction module 12, a weight solving module 13 and a land use efficiency measuring module 14, wherein:

[0103] The data acquisition module 11 is used to acquire land data; the land data comprises land transaction data and land registration data;

[0104] The data extraction module 12 is used to extract land input data and real estate output data from the land data according to a preset input index and a preset output index;

[0105] The weight solving module 13 is configured to input the land input data and the real estate output data into a pre-constructed weight selection model to obtain a weight value.

[0106] The land use efficiency calculating module 14 is configured to calculate land use efficiency by weighting the land input data and the real estate output data according to the weight value using a data envelopment method.

[0107] As a preferred implementation, the data acquisition module 11 comprises:

[0108] A data acquisition unit is configured to acquire first land transaction data and first land registration data.

[0109] An effective transaction data screening unit is configured to screen effective transaction data from the first land transaction data as land transaction data.

[0110] A field screening unit is configured to screen second land registration data meeting preset field requirements from the first land registration data according to a preset field.

[0111] An outlier cleaning unit is configured to clean outliers of the second land registration data using an IQR quartile method to obtain land registration data.

[0112] A land data acquisition unit is configured to obtain land data according to the land transaction data and the land registration data.

[0113] Further, preferably, the preset field comprises a land use field, a signing time field and a supply mode field.

[0114] The field screening unit is specifically configured to:

[0115] select a target land use, a target signing time and a target supply mode as the preset field requirements.

[0116] Screen data meeting the preset field requirements from the preset field of the first land registration data as the second land registration data.

[0117] Preferably, the second land registration data comprises a building area field and a price field.

[0118] The outlier cleaning unit is specifically configured to:

[0119] construct a unit price field of the second land registration data according to the building area field and the price field;

[0120] clean outliers of the building area field, the price field and the unit price field using the IQR quartile method to obtain land registration data.

[0121] As a preferred implementation, the preset input indicators include land transfer price, land transfer area and land transfer frequency; and the preset output indicators include house purchase registration price, house purchase registration area and house purchase registration frequency.

[0122] As a preferred implementation, the land use efficiency calculation device further comprises a space mapping module and a space clustering module.

[0123] The space mapping module is configured to map the land use efficiency to cadastral areas to obtain spatial land use efficiency.

[0124] The space clustering module is configured to perform spatial clustering on the land use efficiency by using a K-means clustering algorithm to obtain a spatial classification result of the land use efficiency.

[0125] The land use efficiency calculation device provided by the embodiment of the present application can reflect the land use efficiency as a real economy from the life cycle of land transaction to completion of real estate registration, so as to calculate the land use efficiency and provide guidance for land supply decision-making.

[0126] Referring to Figure 3 , Figure 3 is a structural diagram of a land use efficiency calculation device provided by the embodiment of the present application. The land use efficiency calculation device comprises a processor 31, a memory 32, and a computer program stored in the memory 32 and executable on the processor 31. The processor 31 implements the steps in each of the land use efficiency calculation method embodiments described above when executing the computer program, such as steps S1-S4.

[0127] For example, the computer program can be divided into one or more modules / units, which are stored in the memory 32 and executed by the processor 31 to complete the present application. The one or more modules / units can be a series of computer program instruction segments capable of completing a specific function, which are used to describe the execution process of the computer program in the land use efficiency calculation device.

[0128] The land use efficiency calculation device can include, but is not limited to, the processor 31 and the memory 32. Those skilled in the art can understand that the schematic diagram is only an example of the land use efficiency calculation device and does not limit the land use efficiency calculation device, which can include more or fewer components than the diagram, or combine certain components, or different components, for example, the land use efficiency calculation device can also include an input / output device, a network access device, a bus, etc.

[0129] The processor 31 can be a central processing unit (CPU), and can also be other general-purpose processors, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, etc. The general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor or the processor can also be any conventional processor. The processor 31 is a control center of the land use efficiency measuring device, and connects various parts of the land use efficiency measuring device through various interfaces and lines.

[0130] The memory 32 can be used to store computer programs and / or modules. The processor 31 realizes various functions of the land use efficiency measuring device by running or executing the computer programs and / or modules stored in the memory 32, and calling data stored in the memory 32. The memory 32 can mainly include a program storage area and a data storage area. The program storage area can store an operating system, at least one application program required by a function (such as a sound playing function, an image playing function, etc.), etc. The data storage area can store data created according to the use of the mobile phone (such as audio data, a phone book, etc.), etc. In addition, the memory 32 can include a high-speed random access memory, and can also include a nonvolatile memory, such as a hard disk, a memory, a plug-in hard disk, a smart media card (SMC), a secure digital (SD) card, a flash card, at least one disk storage device, a flash memory device, or other volatile solid-state memory device.

[0131] The land use efficiency calculation device integrated module / unit, if realized in the form of a software function unit and sold or used as an independent product, can be stored in a computer readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, all or part of the processes in the above-mentioned embodiment methods can also be completed by a computer program instructing related hardware, and the computer program can be stored in a computer readable storage medium. When the computer program is executed by the processor 31, the steps of each method embodiment described above can be implemented. The computer program includes computer program code, which can be in the form of source code, object code, an executable file, or some intermediate form, etc. The computer readable medium can include any entity or device capable of carrying the computer program code, a recording medium, a U disk, a mobile hard disk, a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a computer memory, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), an electrical carrier signal, a telecommunication signal, and a software distribution medium, etc.

[0132] The above is the preferred embodiment of the present application. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, without departing from the principles of the present application, a number of improvements and refinements can be made, which are also considered within the scope of protection of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for measuring land use efficiency, characterized in that, The application relates to a land use efficiency measuring method and device. The application comprises the following steps: acquiring land data; the land data comprises land transaction data and land registration data; extracting land input data and real estate output data from the land data according to preset input indexes and preset output indexes; inputting the land input data and the real estate output data into a pre-constructed weight selection model to obtain weight values; weighting the land input data and the real estate output data by using a data envelope method according to the weight values to measure land use efficiency; the land data acquisition comprises the following steps: acquiring first land transaction data and first land registration data; screening valid transaction data from the first land transaction data as land transaction data; screening second land registration data meeting preset field requirements from the first land registration data according to preset fields; cleaning abnormal values of the second land registration data by using an IQR quartile method to obtain land registration data; obtaining land data according to the land transaction data and the land registration data; the construction method of the weight selection model comprises the following steps: establishing weight constraint conditions of land input data and real estate output data; constructing a weight target function according to a ratio of the land input data and the real estate output data; 2. The method for measuring the efficiency of land use according to claim 1, wherein, constructing a weight selection model according to the weight constraint conditions and the weight target function. The preset fields comprise a land use field, a signing time field and a supply mode field. Then, the second land registration data meeting preset field requirements are screened from the first land registration data according to the preset fields, which comprises the following steps: selecting target land use, target signing time and target supply mode as preset field requirements; 3. The method for measuring the efficiency of land use according to claim 1, wherein, screening data meeting the preset field requirements from preset fields of the first land registration data as second land registration data. The second land registration data comprises a building area field and a price field. Then, the second land registration data is cleaned by using an IQR quartile method to obtain land registration data, which comprises the following steps: constructing a unit house price field of the second land registration data according to the building area field and the price field; 4. The method of claim 1, wherein, cleaning abnormal values of the building area field, the price field and the unit house price field by using an IQR quartile method to obtain land registration data.

5. The method for measuring the efficiency of land use according to claim 1, wherein, The preset input indexes comprise land transfer price, land transfer area and land transfer frequency; the preset output indexes comprise house purchase registration price, house purchase registration area and house purchase registration frequency. The land use efficiency measuring method further comprises the following steps: mapping the land use efficiency to a cadastral area to obtain spatial land use efficiency; 6. A device for measuring the efficiency of land use, characterized by comprising: clustering the spatial land use efficiency by using a K-means clustering algorithm to obtain a spatial classification result of the land use efficiency. The application comprises the following steps: a data acquisition module is used for acquiring land data; the land data comprises land transaction data and land registration data; a data extraction module is used for extracting land input data and real estate output data from the land data according to preset input indexes and preset output indexes; The weight solving module is configured to input the land input data and the real estate output data into a pre-constructed weight selection model to obtain a weight value. The land use efficiency measuring module is configured to weight the land input data and the real estate output data by using a data envelopment method according to the weight value to measure the land use efficiency. The data acquisition module comprises: The data acquisition unit is configured to acquire first land transaction data and first land registration data. The valid transaction data screening unit is configured to screen valid transaction data from the first land transaction data as land transaction data. The field screening unit is configured to screen second land registration data meeting preset field requirements from the first land registration data according to the preset fields. The outlier cleaning unit is configured to clean outliers of the second land registration data by using an IQR quartile method to obtain land registration data. The land data acquisition unit is configured to obtain land data according to the land transaction data and the land registration data. The method for constructing the weight selection model comprises: Establishing a weight constraint condition of land input data and real estate output data; Constructing a weight target function according to a ratio of the land input data and the real estate output data; Constructing a weight selection model according to the weight constraint condition and the weight target function.

7. The device for measuring the efficiency of land use according to claim 6, wherein The land use efficiency measuring device further comprises: The spatial mapping module is configured to map the land use efficiency to a cadastral district to obtain spatial land use efficiency. The spatial clustering module is configured to perform spatial clustering on the land use efficiency by using a K-means clustering algorithm to obtain a spatial classification result of the land use efficiency.

8. A device for measuring the efficiency of land use, characterized by, The computer program is stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the processor, and the processor implements the land use efficiency measuring method according to any one of claims 1 to 5 when executing the computer program.

Images