Method for multi-CRI-based layered beam prediction

Abstract

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) includes a processor configured to receive configuration information, where the configuration information indicates a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) resource indicator (CRI) reporting parameter for reporting a plurality of CRIs, and where the configuration information indicates one or more parameters for determining a number of CRIs to be reported, the one or more parameters include at least one of a reference signal received power (RSRP) threshold or a line of sight (LOS) probability threshold; determining CSI parameters for a first set of configured CSI-RS resources associated with the first CRI; determining CSI parameters for one or more additional sets of configured CSI-RS resources associated with the one or more additional CRIs; and transmitting the CSI parameter associated with the first CRI and the CSI parameter associated with the one or more additional CRIs.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 393,060, filed on July 28, 2022, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Art

[0003] Techniques for modifying Radio Access Network (RAN) procedures are being studied to facilitate the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) techniques to improve the New Radio (NR) air interface. An example use case for AI / ML for air interface improvements includes beam management procedures. It is envisioned that this technique could serve as a basis for improving the performance and complexity of conventional beam management aspects, including beam prediction in the time and / or spatial domains to reduce overhead and latency and improve beam selection accuracy, among other things.

[0004] Beam management was selected as one of the target use cases for AI / ML for air interfaces. It is envisioned that this technology could serve as a basis for improving the performance and complexity of conventional beam management aspects, including beam prediction in the time and / or space domains to reduce overhead and latency and improve beam selection accuracy, etc.

[0005] Conventional beam selection may be based on beam scanning on the network side in a first frequency range (FR1), such as between a base station (gNodeB or gNB in ​​NR) and a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) side. In a second frequency range (FR2), conventional beam management may result in beam scanning and measurements of a large number of antennas. When selecting the best beam, the WTRU may report up to four beams during the beam management process (e.g., based on reference signal received power (RSRP)). Summary of the invention

[0006] A WTRU may include a processor configured to implement a method for supporting hierarchical beam prediction based on multiple CRIs. The processor may be configured to receive configuration information. The configuration information may indicate CSI reporting parameters for reporting multiple channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) resource indicators (CRIs). The configuration information may also indicate one or more parameters for determining the number of CRIs to report, the one or more parameters including at least one of a reference signal received power (RSRP) threshold or a line of sight (LOS) probability threshold.

[0007] The processor may be further configured to determine CSI parameters for a first set of configured CSI-RS resources associated with a first CRI. The processor may be further configured to determine CSI parameters for one or more additional sets of configured CSI-RS resources associated with one or more additional CRIs based on at least one of: RSRP is greater than the RSRP threshold for at least two CRIs associated with the respective set of CSI reporting parameters; or a determined LOS probability of the CSI parameters associated with the first set of configured CSI-RS resources is greater than the LOS probability threshold. Finally, the WTRU may be configured to send the CSI parameters associated with the first CRI and the CSI parameters associated with the one or more additional CRIs.

[0008] The configuration information may indicate a maximum value of the plurality of CRIs.The configuration information may indicate one or more priority levels for selecting the one or more additional CRIs.

[0009] The priority level may include one or more of an RSRP criterion, a LOS indication criterion, or a LOS probability criterion.The priority level includes one or more use cases for the additional set of CSI-RS resources.

[0010] The CSI parameters for the one or more additional sets of CSI-RS resources associated with the one or more additional CRIs may be further determined based on scheduling of uplink resources or uplink resource types.

[0011] The first CRI and the CSI parameters associated with the first CRI may be sent in a first feedback resource, and the one or more additional CRIs and the CSI parameters associated with the one or more additional CRIs may be sent in a second feedback resource. The one or more additional CRIs may be associated with a second set of configured CSI-RS resources, and the second set of CSI-RS resources may be determined based on one or more of a priority, an RSRP measurement result, or a LOS probability. The CSI parameters associated with the first CRI may include a channel quality indication (CQI) feedback, a precoding matrix index (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), or a layer index (LI). The CSI parameters associated with the one or more additional CRIs may include CQI feedback, PMI, RI, or LI. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0013] Figure 1B is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1AA system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within an illustrated communication system.

[0014] Figure 1C is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) for use within an illustrated communication system.

[0015] Figure 1D is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of another example RAN and another example CN for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0016] Figure 2 A system is illustrated in which a WTRU is configured with a first set of beam resources in a first frequency range and / or a first beamwidth.

[0017] Figure 3 An implementation for supporting multiple CSIs for CSI measurement in beam prediction is illustrated.

[0018] Figure 4 Flowchart of a process for a WTRU supporting multiple CRIs in CSI measurement and reporting. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] Figure 1A 1 is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, and filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0020] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112. However, it should be understood that embodiments of the present disclosure contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a WTRU.

[0021] The communication system 100 may include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device that is configured to interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it should be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0022] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSC), radio network controllers (RNC), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of a licensed spectrum and an unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0023] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0024] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0025] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-APro).

[0026] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0027] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0028] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and GSM EDGE (GERAN).

[0029] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in local areas such as commercial venues, homes, vehicles, campuses, industrial facilities, sky corridors (e.g., for use by drones), and roads. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0030] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the text and video, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Figure 1A Although not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0031] The CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0032] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0033] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0034] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0035] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from a base station via an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, an IR, UV, or visible light signal. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both an RF signal and an optical signal. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0036] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B Although depicted as a single element in the figure, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0037] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0038] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, and a secure digital (SD) memory card, among others. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in a memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0039] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0040] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0041] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, and an activity tracker, etc. The peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor, a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0042] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via signal processing performed by hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0043] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0044] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0045] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, and scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, among other things. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0046] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as being part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be operated and / or managed by entities other than the CN operator.

[0047] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, and selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0048] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during an inter-evolved Node-B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0049] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0050] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0051] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communications interface with a communications network.

[0052] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0053] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for a BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or carries traffic away from the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and destined for the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and destined for a target outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding target. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the target STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be transmitted between the source STA and the target STA (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in the STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0054] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operation mode or a similar operation mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may listen to the primary channel. If the primary channel is listened / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0055] A high throughput (HT) STA may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel (eg, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels) to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0056] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and the data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0057] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0058] A WLAN system that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) includes a channel that can be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for a STA (e.g., an MTC-type device) that supports (e.g., only supports) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only the 1MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band may be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and may be available.

[0059] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0060] Figure 1D1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0061] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0062] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with parameter sets that may be scalable. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or Transmission Time Intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths over time).

[0063] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0064] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0065] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 115 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0066] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support of network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling and mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, and / or services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0067] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions such as managing and allocating WTRU IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0068] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0069] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0070] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D , one or more or all of the functions described herein for one or more of the following may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU 102a-102d, base station 114a-114b, evolved Node B 160a-160c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-180c, AMF 182a-182ab, UPF 184a-184b, SMF 183a-183b, DN 185a-185b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0071] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0072] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuits (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0073] As used herein, in the absence of an alternative definition or explanation, "a", "an" and similar phrases should be interpreted as "one or more" and "at least one". Similarly, any term ending with the suffix "s" or "(s)" should be interpreted as "one or more" and "at least one". The term "may" should be interpreted as "may, for example".

[0074] Additionally, the following terms for which no alternative definition or explanation is provided are defined herein.

[0075] Artificial intelligence (AI) can be broadly defined as behavior exhibited by machines. Such behavior can, for example, mimic the cognitive functions of sensing, inferring, adapting, and acting.

[0076] Machine learning (ML) may refer to a type of algorithm that is based on learning to solve problems through experience ("data") without explicit programming ("configuration rule sets"). Machine learning may be considered a subset of AI. Different machine learning paradigms may be envisioned based on the nature or feedback of the data available for learning the algorithm. For example, supervised learning methods may involve learning a function that maps inputs to outputs based on labeled training examples, where each training example may be a pair consisting of an input and a corresponding output. For example, unsupervised learning methods may involve detecting patterns in data without pre-existing labels. For example, reinforcement learning methods may involve performing a series of actions in an environment to maximize cumulative rewards. In some embodiments, it is possible to apply a machine learning algorithm using a combination or interpolation of the above-mentioned methods. For example, a semi-supervised learning method may use a combination of a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data during training. In this regard, semi-supervised learning falls between unsupervised learning (no labeled training data) and supervised learning (only labeled training data).

[0077] Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) refers to methods / processes that learn from data and implement behaviors and / or conform to requirements without explicitly configuring a sequence of action steps. Such methods can enable learning of complex behaviors that may be difficult to specify and / or implement using traditional methods.

[0078] Deep learning (DL) refers to a class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks (specifically, DNNs) loosely inspired by biological systems.

[0079] Deep neural network (DNN) is a special class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain, in which the input is linearly transformed and passed through a nonlinear activation function multiple times. DNNs are usually composed of multiple layers, each of which consists of a linear transformation and a given nonlinear activation function. DNNs can be trained via a back-propagation algorithm using training data. Recently, DNNs have demonstrated the performance of the state of the art in various fields (e.g., speech, vision, natural language, etc.) and for various machine learning settings for supervision, unsupervised, and semi-supervised.

[0080] Beam may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter. The WTRU may send or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The WTRU may send a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as used to receive an RS (such as a CSI reference signal (CSI-RS)) or SS block. The WTRU transmission may be referred to as a "target" and the received RS or SS block may be referred to as a "reference" or "source". In such a case, the WTRU may be said to send a target physical channel or signal according to a "spatial relationship" with reference to such RS or SS block. The WTRU may send a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as used to send a second physical channel or signal. The first transmission and the second transmission may be referred to as a "target" and a "reference" (or "source"), respectively. In such a case, the WTRU may be said to send a first (target) physical channel or signal according to a spatial relationship with reference to a second (reference) physical channel or signal. The spatial relationship may be implicit, configured by RRC, or signaled by a MAC CE or DCI. For example, the WTRU may implicitly send the PUSCH and the DM-RS for the PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as the SRS indicated by the SRI indicated in the DCI or configured by the RRC. For another example, the spatial relationship may be configured by the RRC for the SRS Resource Indicator (SRI) or signaled by the MAC CE for the PUCCH. Such a spatial relationship may also be referred to as a "beam indication". The WTRU may receive a first (target) downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameters as a second (reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, such an association may exist between a physical channel (such as a PDCCH or PDSCH) and its corresponding DM-RS. Such an association may exist at least when the first signal and the second signal are reference signals and when the WTRU is configured with a quasi co-location (QCL) assumption type D between the corresponding antenna ports. Such an association may be configured as a TCI (transmission configuration indicator) state. The WTRU may indicate the association between CSI-RS or SS blocks and DM-RS by an index to a TCI state set (configured by RRC and / or signaled by MAC CE). Such indication may also be referred to as "beam indication".

[0081] Transmission and reception points (TRP, MTRP, M-TRP) may be used interchangeably with one or more of TP (transmission point), RP (reception point), RRH (radio remote head), DA (distributed antenna), BS (base station), (BS's) sector, and cell (e.g., a geographic cell area served by a BS). In the following, multiple TRPs may be used interchangeably with one or more of MTRP, M-TRP, and multiple TRPs.

[0082] The channel state information (CSI) components may correspond to at least a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), an SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel for reception at the WTRU (such as a panel identity or a group identity), measurements such as L1-RSRP, L1-SINR (e.g., cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR) derived from SSB or CSI-RS, and other channel state information such as at least a rank indicator (RI), a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), and / or a layer index (LI). The WTRU may report a subset of the CSI components.

[0083] Defines a channel and / or interference measurement (SSB) where the WTRU may receive a synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) block. The SS / PBCH block (SSB) may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The WTRU may monitor, receive, or attempt to decode SSBs during initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, cell handover, etc.

[0084] Using a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS), the WTRU may measure and report CSI, where the CSI for each connection mode may include or be configured with one or more of the following: (1) CSI reporting configuration (including one or more of the following: CSI reporting quantity, such as channel quality indicator (CQI), rank indicator (RI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), layer indicator (LI), etc.); CSI reporting type, such as Aperiodic, semi-persistent, periodic; CSI report codebook configuration, such as type I, type II, type II port selection, etc.; and CSI reporting frequency. ); (2) CSI-RS resource set (including one or more of the following CSI resource settings: NZP-CSI-RS resources for channel measurement; NZP-CSI-RS resources for interference measurement; and CSI-IM resources for interference measurement); and (3) NZP CSI-RS resources (including one or more of the following: NZP CSI-RS resource ID; periodicity and offset; QCL information and TCI state and resource mapping, such as number of ports, density, CDM type, etc.).

[0085] Using AI / ML models, second frequency range (FR2) beam selection / prediction can be performed based on first frequency range (FR1) channel state information (CSI) measurements and reports. Currently, FR1 CSI is designed for FR1 operation, not for efficiently training the association between FR1 CSI and FR2 beam information. For example, multiple CSI reference signal (RS) resource indicators (CRI) / precoding matrix indicators (PMI) for multiple beams are required to train FR1 CSI for FR2 beam prediction. However, current CSI does not support multiple CRI / PMI. Multiple CRIs are only supported for FR2 beam information (e.g., cri-L1-RSRP).

[0086] Implementation of beam management and / or beam prediction based on an AI / ML framework may require addressing challenges in beam measurement and reporting, as well as potential training and validation of AI / ML models in scenarios where hierarchical spatial relationships and beam associations are in different frequency ranges. This may result in different WTRU behaviors when determining association, measurement, and reporting beam resources, as well as training, validation, activation, and / or deactivation of AI / ML models.

[0087] The WTRU may indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more reference signals (RS). The WTRU may monitor, receive, and measure one or more parameters based on the corresponding reference signals. For example, one or more of the following may apply. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of parameters that may be included in the reference signal measurement. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included.

[0088] The SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) may be measured based on a synchronization signal (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) or SSS in the PBCH). The SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) may be defined as the linear average of the power contributions of the resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding synchronization signal. When measuring RSRP, power scaling of the reference signal may be required. In the case where SS-RSRP is used for L1-RSRP, the measurement may be done based on the CSI reference signal in addition to the synchronization signal.

[0089] The CSI-RSRP may be measured based on a linear average of the power contributions of the resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding CSI-RS. The CSI-RSRP measurement may be configured within the measurement resources of the configured CSI-RS opportunity.

[0090] The SS signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR) may be measured based on a synchronization signal (e.g., DMRS or SSS in PBCH). The SS signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR) may be defined as the linear average of the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding synchronization signal divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. In the case where the SS-SINR is used for the L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be done based on resources configured by higher layers.

[0091] The CSI-SINR may be measured based on the linear average of the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding CSI-RS divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. In the case where the CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be done based on the resources configured by the higher layers. Otherwise, the noise and interference power may be measured based on the resources carrying the corresponding CSI-RS.

[0092] The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) may be measured based on an average of the total power contribution in the configured OFDM symbol and bandwidth.Power contributions may be received from different resources (eg, co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[0093] A cross-layer interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI) may be measured based on an average of total power contributions in configured OFDM symbols of configured time and frequency resources. Power contributions may be received from different resources (e.g., cross-layer interference, co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[0094] Sounding Reference Signal RSRP (SRS-RSRP) may be measured based on a linear average of the power contributions of the Resource Elements (REs) carrying the corresponding SRS.

[0095] A beam / CSI report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a single BWP (e.g., indicated by a BWP-Id), in which one or more of the following parameters are configured: (1) CSI-RS resources and / or CSI-RS resource sets for channel and interference measurement; (2) CSI-RS report configuration type, including periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic; (3) CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reporting; (4) CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic CSI reporting; and (5) CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic CSI reporting. CSI-RS transmission slot offset for SI reporting; (5) CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi-persistent and non-periodic CSI reporting; (6) time limit for channel and interference measurement; (7) reporting band configuration (wideband / subband CQI, PMI, etc.); (8) thresholds and calculation modes for reporting quantities (CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, RI, etc.); (9) codebook configuration, (10) group-based beam reporting; (11) CQI table; (12) subband size; (13) non-PMI port indication; and (14) port index.

[0096] A CSI-RS resource set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) may include one or more CSI-RS resources in CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig), wherein the WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following in the CSI-RS resources: (1) CSI-RS periodicity and time slot offset for periodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS resources, (2) CSI-RS resource mapping for defining the number, density, CDM type, OFDM symbols, and subcarrier occupancy of CSI-RS ports, (3) the bandwidth part to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated, and (4) a reference to a TCI state including a QCL source RS and a corresponding QCL type.

[0097] The RS resource set configuration may be defined by a WTRU configured with one or more RS resource sets: (1) RS resource set ID, (2) one or more RS resources used for the RS resource set, (3) repetition (e.g., on or off), (4) aperiodic trigger offset (e.g., one time slot from 0 to 6 time slots), and TRS information (e.g., true or false).

[0098] The RS resource configuration may be defined by one or more of the following configurations of RS resources within the WTRU: (1) RS resource ID, (2) resource mapping (e.g., REs in PRBs), (3) power control offset (e.g., a value from -8…15), (4) power control offset relative to the SS (e.g., -3dB, 0dB, 3dB, 6dB), (5) scrambling ID, (6) periodicity and offset, and (7) QCL information (e.g., based on TCI state).

[0099] The attributes of a grant or assignment may consist of at least one of the following: (1) frequency allocation; (2) aspects of time allocation, such as duration; (3) priority; (4) modulation and coding scheme; (5) transport block size; (6) number of spatial layers; (7) number of transport blocks; (8) TCI state, CRI or SRI; (9) number of repetitions; (10) whether the repetition scheme is type A or type B; (11) whether the grant is a configured grant type 1, type 2 or a dynamic grant; (12) whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi-persistent scheduled (configured) assignment; (13) a configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index; (14) the periodicity of the configured grant or assignment; (15) channel access priority class (CAPC); and (16) any parameters provided by the MAC or by the RRC in the DCI for scheduling the grant or assignment.

[0100] The indication through the DCI may consist of one or more of: an explicit indication through a DCI field or through the RNTI used to mask the CRC of the PDCCH, and an implicit indication through attributes such as the DCI format, the DCI size, the core set or search space, the aggregation level, the first resource element of the received DCI (e.g., the index of the first control channel element), where the mapping between attributes and values ​​may be signaled by RRC or MAC.

[0101] In addition, the term reference signal (RS) can be used interchangeably with one or more of RS resources, RS resource sets, RS ports, and RS port groups. RS can also be used interchangeably with one or more of SSB, CSI-RS, SRS, DM-RS, TRS, PRS, and PTRS.

[0102] The channel may be used interchangeably with one or more of the PDCCH, PDSCH, physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), and physical random access channel (PRACH).

[0103] In addition to the foregoing, it is understood that RS resource sets can be used interchangeably with RS resources and beam groups. In addition, beam reports can be used interchangeably with CSI measurements, CSI reports, and beam measurements. Beam resource prediction can be used for beam resources belonging to a single or multiple cells and a single or multiple TRPs. Beam resources can consist of TCI states, CSI-RS or SSBs for downlink, SRS resources or TCI states for uplink. In addition, CSI-RS resource indicators (CRIs) can be used interchangeably with beam resources or beam resource indicators. In addition, frequency ranges can be used interchangeably with beam widths.

[0104] The WTRU may receive one or more CSI reporting configurations (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig). The CSI reporting configuration may include CSI reporting quantities, which may indicate CSI parameters that may need to be measured (e.g., estimated or derived) and reported. For example, the CSI reporting quantity may be one or more of a channel quality indicator (CQI), a rank indicator (RI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a layer indicator (LI), a signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SINR), a reference signal received power (RSRP), etc.

[0105] The CSI reporting configuration may be associated with one or more CSI resource settings (e.g., CSI-ResourceConfig) for channel / interference measurement. A resource setting may include a list of CSI resource sets, where the list may include references to one or more CSI-RS resource sets and / or SS / PBCH block (SSB) sets.

[0106] The WTRU may perform measurements on one or more CSI-RS resources and derive one or more CSI parameters. For example, during beam selection, the WTRU may measure and derive the received power of one or more beam resources (e.g., up to four CRI-RSRP / L1-RSRP with the highest RSRP) and report (e.g., CRI-RSRP / L1-RSRP). For another example, the WTRU may determine the CRI from a supported / configured set of CRI values ​​(e.g., based on priorities such as CQI, RSRP, etc.) and report the CRI along with one or more CSI parameters for the determined CRI. Thus, the WTRU may measure and derive one or more CSI parameters for the determined CRI conditioned on the reported CRI.

[0107] Figure 2 A system is illustrated in which a WTRU is configured with a first set of beam resources in a first frequency range and / or a first beamwidth. Figure 2A system is shown in which a WTRU may be configured with a first set of beam resources (e.g., CSI-RS resources, TCI states, etc.) in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beamwidth (e.g., wide beamwidth). Figure 2 , the first set of beams may be referred to as C1,1, C1,2, and C1,3. The WTRU may also be configured with a second set of beam resources (e.g., CSI-RS, TCI states, etc.) in a second frequency range (e.g., FR2) and / or a second beamwidth (e.g., narrow beamwidth). Figure 2 The second set of beams may be referred to as B 2,1 To B 2,3 , B 2,4 To B 2,6 and B 2,7 To B 2,9 .exist Figure 2 , the best beam direction for the WTRU is illustrated by an arrow. The WTRU may determine that the best beam resource in the first set of beams may be C (e.g., the one with the highest RSRP or LOS). 1,2 , and the WTRU may report the corresponding C 1,2 CSI parameters of the beam (e.g., RSRP, RI, LI, SINR, PMI, CQI, etc.).

[0108] In addition, the WTRU may determine one or more best beam resources from a second set of beam resources (e.g., CSI-RS resources, TCI states, etc.) in a second frequency range (FR2) and / or a second beam width (e.g., wide beam width). For example, the best beam resource may be Figure 2 The WTRU may then report the determined / selected beam resources (e.g., beam index or CRI) and the corresponding RSRP / SINR (e.g., L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, etc.) for up to a maximum number of beams (e.g., up to four beams).

[0109] During CSI reporting, the WTRU may report CSI parameters for a single reported CRI (e.g., only for a single reported CRI). However, for beam management / selection purposes, more than one beam resource / CRI may need to be reported (e.g., CRI-RSRP / L1-RSRP). Performing beam prediction (e.g., based on an AI / ML model) for a second frequency range (e.g., FR2) and / or a second beam width (e.g., a narrower beam width) based on a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beam width (e.g., a wider beam width) may require reporting CSI parameters for more than one CSI resource (e.g., multiple CRIs).

[0110] The WTRU may be configured to measure and report CSI parameters for more than one beam resource (e.g., CRI). For example, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating CSI reporting parameters for reporting multiple CRIs. Figure 2 In the example of FIG. 1 , the WTRU may determine to report one or more CSI parameters for more than one beam resource in a first set of CSI-RS resources / beam resources for use in predicting the best CSI-RS resource / beam resource in a second set. The WTRU may determine (e.g., to report) one or more CSI parameters for more than one CRI (e.g., C 1,2 and C 1,3 ) of the CSI parameters (e.g., PMI, CQI, etc.). The reported CSI parameters can then be used, for example, in an AI / ML model to predict the best beam resources in the second set (e.g., B 2,5 and B 2,9 ).

[0111] The WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI reporting configurations associated with one or more CSI-RS resources. For example, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating the CSI reporting configuration. The CSI-RS resources may be associated with a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beamwidth (e.g., wide beamwidth). The CSI reporting configuration (e.g., configuration information) may include multiple elements. For example, the WTRU may be configured with CSI-ReportConfig, where the higher layer parameter CSIreportQuantity is set to "cri-RI-PMI-CQI", "cri-RI-i1", "cri-RI-i1-CQI", "cri-RI-CQI" and / or "cri-RI-LI-PMI-CQI".

[0112] The CSI reporting configuration may indicate CSI reporting parameters for reporting multiple CRIs. For example, the CSI reporting configuration may indicate the number of beams to report. Thus, in some examples, the number of beams / CSI resources to report may be configured in the WTRU using nrofReportedRS for the number of CRIs to report (e.g., N).

[0113] In addition, the CSI reporting configuration may indicate one or more parameters (e.g., an RSRP threshold or a LOS probability threshold) for determining the number of CRIs to report. For example, the CSI reporting configuration may indicate an indication of LOS / probability of LOS. Thus, in some examples, the WTRU may be configured with an indication of LOS / probability of LOS. The WTRU may use the indication of LOS / probability of LOS to determine, indicate, and / or report whether the reported CRI is LOS. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may be configured to determine, indicate, and / or report the probability of LOS for the reported CRI.

[0114] The CSI reporting configuration may indicate the maximum number of CRIs that the WTRU is to report. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a maximum number or limit (eg, CRI_N_Max) of CRIs to report.

[0115] The CSI reporting configuration may indicate a priority indication (e.g., a priority level and / or a threshold). Thus, the WTRU may be configured with one or more priority levels. For example, the WTRU may determine the number of CRIs to be reported based on one or more determined / configured priorities and the configured corresponding thresholds (e.g., RSRP / SINR thresholds and / or LOS thresholds). The WTRU may use one or more determined / configured priorities to determine / select the CRIs to be reported based on the configured / determined thresholds. For example, the WTRU may determine / indicate / report one or more CRIs with the highest RSRP / SINR, where the determined RSRP / SINR is above the configured / determined threshold. The WTRU may determine or be configured to provide a priority-based indication of LOS / probability of LOS to select / indicate / measure / report CRIs associated with beam resources with LOS (e.g., only CRIs). The WTRU may also determine or be configured to select / indicate / measure / report CRIs associated with beam resources with a probability of LOS above a configured / determined threshold (e.g., only CRIs).

[0116] The WTRU may be configured with one or more thresholds and / or differential thresholds for determining priorities (e.g., based on an AI / ML model in the WTRU / gNB). In addition, the WTRU may be configured with one or more use cases (e.g., beam resource prediction, beam resource association, and / or CSI enhancement) for the determined multiple CRIs.

[0117] The WTRU may determine / derive / measure one or more CSI parameters (e.g., LI, CQI, PMI, RSRP, SINR, RI, etc.) for one or more CSI resources in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beamwidth (e.g., a wider beamwidth). Accordingly, the WTRU may determine a number of CRIs to report. For example, the WTRU may determine a priority level / criteria (e.g., for selecting and reporting CRIs and corresponding CSI parameters). The WTRU may determine a number of CRIs to report (e.g., N), provided that the determined number is less than or equal to a maximum limit of CRIs to report (e.g., CRI_N_Max).

[0118] The WTRU may determine the number of CRIs to report (e.g., N) based on measurements, priority levels, and configured models / thresholds (e.g., AI / ML models and / or parameters). For example, the number of CRIs may be determined based on measured received power. If there are at least two CRIs whose measured received power (e.g., RSRP, SINR, etc.) is above a first threshold, the WTRU may determine to report more than one (multiple) CRIs (e.g., N). Otherwise, the WTRU may determine to report only one CRI (e.g., fallback model).

[0119] The WTRU may determine the CRI with the highest received power (e.g., RSRP, SINR, etc.) as the reference CRI (e.g., CRI-RSRP-ref). For example, the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) one or more CRIs for which the difference between the measured corresponding received power and the received power of the reference CRI (e.g., CRI-RSRP-ref) is below a second threshold. In this case, the WTRU may determine to report more than one (multiple) CRIs (e.g., N). Otherwise, the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) only one CRI (e.g., fallback model).

[0120] The WTRU may determine the CRI based on the LOS indication / probability. For example, the WTRU may determine that there may be more than one CRI associated with the beam resource with LOS, and the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) more than one (multiple) CRIs (e.g., N). Otherwise, the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) only one CRI (e.g., fallback model).

[0121] As another example, the WTRU may determine that there may be more than one CRI associated with a beam resource for which the probability of LOS is above a configured / determined threshold, and the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) more than one (multiple) CRIs (e.g., N). Otherwise, the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) only one CRI (e.g., fallback model).

[0122] The WTRU may determine the CRI based on the UL resources used for CSI reporting. For example, the scheduled UL resources for reporting the CRI and the corresponding CSI parameters may be above a threshold, and the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) more than one (multiple) CRIs (e.g., N). Otherwise, the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) only one CRI (e.g., fallback model). For another example, if the UL resource is of a first type (e.g., PUSCH), the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) more than one (multiple) CRIs (e.g., N). Alternatively, if the UL resource is of a second type (e.g., PUCCH), the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) only one CRI (e.g., fallback model).

[0123] The WTRU may determine the CRI based on the activation / deactivation of one or more processes / parameters (e.g., AI / ML models). For example, the WTRU may determine that the AI / ML model is activated, and the WTRU may then determine (e.g., report) more than one (multiple) CRIs (e.g., N). Otherwise, the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) only one CRI (e.g., fallback model).

[0124] The WTRU may determine the CRI and its corresponding CSI parameters based on the priority. For example, the WTRU may determine the CRI to be reported from a first set of beam resources (CSI-RS resources, TCI status, etc.) in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beam width (e.g., wide beam width).

[0125] The WTRU may determine the CRI from the first set of beams based on a determined / configured priority. For example, the determination may be based on received power (e.g., RSRP / SINR). The WTRU may select / determine to report multiple CRIs (e.g., N) corresponding to the CSI-RS resources with the highest received power (e.g., RSRP, SINR, etc.).

[0126] As another example, the WTRU may determine a reference CSI resource as a reference CSI resource, e.g., CRI-RSRP-ref, based on received power (e.g., having the highest RSRP, SINR, etc.). The WTRU may select / determine other CRIs based on received power. For example, the WTRU may select / determine a CRI that reports a difference in corresponding received power compared to a reference CSI resource (e.g., CRI-RSRP-ref) below a threshold.

[0127] The WTRU may determine (e.g., report) a CRI and its corresponding CSI parameter based on the LOS indication / probability. For example, the WTRU may select / determine (e.g., report) a CRI (e.g., N) corresponding to a CSI-RS resource with a LOS indication. As another example, the WTRU may determine (e.g., report) a CRI (e.g., N) corresponding to a CSI-RS resource with a probability of LOS above a configured / determined threshold. Thus, the WTRU may determine a reference CSI resource as a reference CSI resource, e.g., CRI-LOS-ref, based on the probability of LOS (e.g., having the highest probability of LOS). The WTRU may then select / determine other CRIs based on the probability of LOS. Thus, the WTRU may select / determine (e.g., report) a CRI whose difference in corresponding probability of LOS compared to a reference CSI resource (e.g., CRI-LOS-ref) is below a threshold.

[0128] The WTRU may determine (e.g., based on a determined / configured priority) more than one CSI parameter (e.g., PMI) for a single CRI in a first set of configured CSI resources to be reported. The WTRU may sort the determined CRIs and their corresponding CSI parameters in descending order based on the determined / configured priority (e.g., LOS, RSRP, etc.). For example, the WTRU may determine a set of indices (e.g., i=1, 2, N, where i=1 is provided to the CRI with the highest priority) for the determined CRIs and their corresponding CSI parameters. The WTRU may also report the determined multiple CRIs and their corresponding CSI-RS resources from the first set of configured CSI-RS resources.

[0129] The WTRU may determine the CRI to report based on a use case. For example, the WTRU may determine the CRI to report based on a use case of a first set of beam resources (CSI-RS resources, TCI states, etc.) from a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beamwidth (e.g., wide beamwidth). The WTRU may determine the CRI and / or the number of CRIs based on a use case for determination / configuration of a plurality of CRIs reported and their corresponding CSI parameters.

[0130] The WTRU may determine priorities (e.g., RSRP, LOS, etc.) and corresponding thresholds based on use cases determined / configured for multiple reported CRIs and their corresponding CSI parameters. Under such conditions, one or more parameters may be applied. For example, beam prediction for a second set of beam resources (such as reported CRIs and their corresponding CSI parameters in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beam width (e.g., a wide beam width)) may be used to predict one or more beam resources in a second frequency range (e.g., FR2) and / or a second beam width (e.g., a narrow beam width). For another example, the AI / ML model and parameters may be used, updated, verified, checked and / or tested for beam prediction for a second set of beam resources. An association between a first set and a second set of beam resources may be applied, for example, a reported CRI and its corresponding CSI parameters in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beam width (e.g., a wide beam width) may be used to derive an association between the reported beam resources and one or more beam resources in a second frequency range (e.g., FR2) and / or a second beam width (e.g., a narrow beam width). In addition, the AI / ML model and parameters may be used, updated, verified, checked and / or tested to derive the corresponding association. Additionally, CSI enhancement may be applied, for example, a reported CRI and its corresponding CSI parameters in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beam width (e.g., a wide beam width) may be used to derive enhanced CSI. As another example, the AI / ML model and parameters may be used to derive enhanced CSI (e.g., PMI Type II) based on the received / reported / determined CSI (e.g., PMI Type I) for the first set of CSI-RS resources (e.g., FR1 with a wide beam).

[0131] The WTRU may report CSI using multiple parts of a multi-CRI scheme, for example, to support multiple CRIs for CSI reporting. The WTRU may report CSI using multiple parts (e.g., a first part and a second part), and the payload size of the second part may be determined based on information of a part (e.g., the first part) associated with the first part. For example, if the first part indicates the number of CRIs, the WTRU may determine the payload size of the second part as the number of CRIs*N (number of bits per CRI).

[0132] The WTRU may report associated wideband CSI parameters (e.g., one or more of RI, LI, wideband PMI, and wideband CQI) and / or subband CSI parameters (e.g., one or more of subband PMI and subband CQI) for each CRI. For example, the WTRU may report one or more of RI, LI, wideband PMI, subband PMI, wideband CQI, and subband CQI for each CRI.

[0133] The WTRU may report CSI using three parts. For example, part 1 of the CSI report may indicate the number of CRIs. Part 2 may indicate wideband information (e.g., one or more of CRI, RI, LI, wideband PMI, and wideband CQI). Part 3 may indicate subband information (e.g., one or more of subband PMI, subband CQI, etc.). The WTRU may determine the payload size of part 2 based on the number of CRIs in part 1. The WTRU may determine the payload size of part 3 based on the reported information in part 2. For another example, the WTRU may divide the CSI report into two parts, where part 1 has a fixed payload size and is used to identify the number of information bits in part 2. The WTRU may report the determined number of CRIs in part 1 for a multi-CRI report.

[0134] The WTRU may report one or more CSI parameters (e.g., RI, CRI, CQI) of the determined CRI in part 1, where the CSI parameters are reported in increasing order of the index assigned to the CRI to which they are linked. The WTRU may receive a configuration / indication of multiple CRIs for multi-CRI reporting.

[0135] In an embodiment, the WTRU may report all CSI parameters corresponding to the CRI with the highest priority (e.g., index i=1) in part 1. The WTRU may report one or more additional CSI parameters (e.g., RI, CRI, CQI) for the remaining CRIs in part 1 (e.g., if there is sufficient payload).

[0136] The WTRU may report CSI using a more robust transmission scheme (e.g., based on a lower modulation and lower coding scheme (MCS)) for one or more parts (e.g., part 1 and / or part 2) based on the determined / configured priority. For example, the WTRU may transmit part 1 using a first set of MCSs, transmit part 2 using a second set of MCSs, and transmit part 3 using a third set of MCSs.

[0137] The WTRU may indicate the portion (e.g., part 1, part 2, or part 3) that was sent as part of the report. Based on the indication, the gNB may identify the portion in case the portion not received by the gNB was discarded / lost / corrupted. Based on the identification, the WTRU may receive an indication of the portion of the CSI report for retransmission (e.g., based on one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI).

[0138] The WTRU may utilize a differential scheme to report CSI parameters for the determined CRI. For example, the WTRU may sort the determined CRIs based on a configured / predefined priority (e.g., RSRP, LOS, lowest / highest ID, etc.). The priority may be in a descending order of the index assigned to each CRI in the determined CRI (e.g., i=1, 2, N, where i=1 is provided to the CRI with the highest priority). The WTRU may report CSI parameters based on their assigned priorities. For example, the WTRU may report CSI parameters for a CSI resource linked to a CRI with the highest priority (e.g., index i=1) in a first transmission instance / part. The WTRU may then report differential CSI parameters for other CSI resources (e.g., index i>1) in a second transmission instance / part with reference to the CSI parameters of the CSI resource linked to the CRI with the highest priority.

[0139] The WTRU may report multiple CRIs using a differential scheme. For example, the WTRU may report a first CRI A, a second CRI = A + D1 with a difference D1, a third CRI = A + D2 with a difference D2, a fourth CRI = A + D3 with a difference D3, and so on.

[0140] The WTRU may determine one or more priority levels for reporting CRI. The reporting priority may be determined based on one or more parameters. For example, in the gNB configuration / indication, the gNB may indicate to the WTRU one or more priorities for reporting CRI based on one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI.

[0141] As another example, the WTRU may determine one or more priority levels based on a use case. The use case may be one or more of: service type, such as URLLC (e.g., based on configuration of a URLLC CQI table); measurement / report type, such as beam prediction / enhancement for FR1 and / or FR2 (e.g., based on an AI / ML model); and whether the report is associated with other features, frequency ranges, bands, bandwidth parts, etc. (e.g., deriving FR1-FR2 associations, enhancements, and / or updates).

[0142] The WTRU may define an association between the probability of LOS / indication of LOS and the reported CRI. For example, the accuracy of the beam selection performed by the WTRU may depend on the LOS / NLOS indication. The beam selection / positioning method may not be sufficient if based only on the received signal strength (RSS) because this parameter may be negatively affected by multipath effects (e.g., scattering, diffraction, reflection, refraction, etc.). This is particularly relevant in NLOS conditions where the received signal may not contain any direct line-of-sight components. In general, the RSS in LOS conditions may be more than one hundred times larger than the RSS in NLOS conditions. Such differences in signal strength may lead to large estimation errors for optimal beam estimation / selection or for the general positioning problem of enabling optimal beam selection.

[0143] The WTRU may be configured to help reduce the potential negative effects of multipath effects. Specifically, it may be necessary to identify and subsequently mitigate NLOS conditions. For example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI-RS resources for channel measurement and reporting. In the reporting configuration of the WTRU, reportQuantity may be set to the "probability of LOS" for the reported CRI. The indication of LOS / NLOS may be binary (e.g., a one-bit indication in the UCI indicating LOS vs. NLOS scenarios, or a flag indicating a LOS scenario, or a flag indicating a NLOS scenario), and / or it may be expressed as a probability calculated by the WTRU (expressed as a decimal or a percentage). The WTRU may be configured to report LOS and / or NLOS indications / probabilities to the network in the UCI and / or as part of a CSI report.

[0144] The WTRU may be configured with an association between the reported CRI and the probability / indication of LOS and / or NLOS such that most, if not all, reported CRIs may need to be accompanied by a corresponding probability / indication of LOS. The WTRU may be configured to report one or more CRIs corresponding to one or more corresponding best beams. The WTRU may be configured to report the probability / indication of LOS / NLOS associated with each alternative reported CRI or every n reported CRIs (where n ≥ 2).

[0145] The WTRU may measure the probability of LOS and / or NLOS for one or more of the CSI-RS resources (e.g., based on a precoding matrix, a channel impulse response (CIR), etc.). The WTRU may be configured to report the probability of LOS / indication of LOS as an independent parameter at each time instant of the report. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may be configured to report the difference in the probability of LOS / indication of LOS.

[0146] The WTRU may be configured to report the probability of LOS as a decimal / percentage point. In this configuration, the WTRU may report a first probability of LOS as a decimal / percentage point and report subsequent values ​​as differences relative to the reported initial value. For example, the WTRU may select the best beam as the reference beam and report other CRIs relative to the strongest beam, e.g., the WTRU may report differential probabilities of LOS / NLOS for different CRIs based on the beam with the highest probability of LOS.

[0147] The WTRU may be configured to periodically report the LOS / NLOS probability / indication with a periodicity predetermined by the network or the WTRU. For example, the reporting periodicity of the LOS / NLOS probability / indication may directly match the reporting periodicity of the CRI, so that the reporting periodicity of the LOS / NLOS may be changed if the reporting periodicity of the CRI is changed.

[0148] As another example, there may be multiple periodicities determined / configured at the WTRU for reporting LOS / NLOS probabilities / indications, and the reporting may be situation-dependent, e.g., depending on some parameters. In such a configuration, for example, the reporting periodicity of the LOS probability / indication at the WTRU may be configured to be higher than the reporting periodicity of the NLOS probability / indication at the WTRU, so that when an obstacle (e.g., an object blocking the LOS) is detected, the WTRU may increase the reporting periodicity until the LOS condition is restored.

[0149] The WTRU may be configured to report a LOS / NLOS probability / indication upon detection of an "event". The "event" may constitute any one or more of the following: (1) the probability of LOS is above a threshold configured for the CSI-RS resource, (2) the probability of NLOS is above a threshold configured for the CSI-RS resource, and (3) the WTRU has detected a change in the LOS / NLOS condition. For example, a sudden drop in the measured RSRP at the WTRU with the corresponding CSI resource may indicate to the WTRU a transition from LOS to NLOS. For another example, a sudden rise in the measured RSRP at the WTRU with the corresponding CSI resource may indicate to the WTRU a transition from NLOS to LOS.

[0150] The WTRU may report the CRI and the measured probability of LOS for the corresponding CSI-RS resources, where the probability of LOS may be above a threshold configured for one or more of the CSI-RS resources. For example, the WTRU may be configured to report the LOS probability in descending order starting from the strongest beam (e.g., having the highest LOS probability).

[0151] The WTRU may be configured to report the probability of NLOS when the probability of NLOS drops below a threshold configured for one or more of the CSI-RS resources. Similarly, the WTRU may report the CRI and the measured probability of NLOS for the corresponding CSI-RS resources. For example, the WTRU may be configured to report the NLOS probability in increasing order (e.g., starting from the strongest beam) or in decreasing order (e.g., starting from the weakest beam).

[0152] In a configuration involving reporting CRI and corresponding LOS / NLOS probability in increasing / decreasing order, the WTRU may be configured to report each value in a step-by-step increasing / decreasing manner (i.e., reporting all beams). The WTRU may also be configured to report every n (n≥2) values ​​(i.e., reporting each alternative beam in the case of n=2).

[0153] The WTRU may determine the number of CRIs for which the WTRU reports CSI parameters (e.g., LI, CQI, PMI, RSRP, SINR, RI, etc.) based on the LOS / NLOS probability / indication, up to the maximum number of allowed CRIs. For example, if the maximum number of allowed CRIs is N, the WTRU may report N CRIs for the LOS scenario and 1 CRI for the NLOS scenario.

[0154] The WTRU may determine the CSI resources to report in the CRI based on the LOS / NLOS probability / indication. For example, the WTRU may prioritize reporting CSI resources in the CRI corresponding to the LOS indication or in the CRI corresponding to the probability of LOS exceeding a configured threshold.

[0155] Higher carrier frequencies may make propagation conditions harsher than lower carrier frequencies, making transmissions (eg, at mmWave frequencies) more susceptible to increased path loss, channel intermittency, and common object blockage.

[0156] The WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI-RS resources for channel measurement and reporting in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beamwidth (e.g., a wide beamwidth). The measurement and reporting of CRIs and the associated probability of / indication of LOS / NLOS in the first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or a first beamwidth (e.g., a wide beamwidth) may be beneficial for beam selection / prediction in a second frequency range (e.g., FR2) and / or a second beamwidth (e.g., a narrow beamwidth). Additionally, the WTRU may receive an indication from the network to report the probability of / indication of LOS / NLOS associated with each reported CRI (e.g., relative to each alternative CRI) to assist the gNB in ​​beam selection / prediction in the second frequency range (e.g., FR2) and / or a second beamwidth (e.g., a narrow beamwidth).

[0157] In many scenarios involving LOS / NLOS reporting by the WTRU, if the gNB determines (e.g., based on CSI reports from the WTRU on the selected beam and measurements of channel conditions at the gNB) that the measurement / reporting is inaccurate, the WTRU may receive an indication from the gNB to repeat the measurement and reporting. In the case where the WTRU is reporting the LOS / NLOS condition as a simple indication / flag, the WTRU may receive a request from the network to switch to a more accurate soft report (with a probability of LOS / NLOS). Alternatively, in the case where the WTRU is reporting the LOS / NLOS condition to the gNB in ​​a probabilistic / fractional form, the WTRU may receive an indication from the gNB that simple indication / flag reporting may be sufficient in some scenarios (e.g., to reduce reporting overhead).

[0158] In the implementation of CSI enhancement based on multiple CRI reports, the frequency range can be interchanged with the frequency region. For example, a configuration of measurement reports across frequency regions can be used.

[0159] The WTRU may be configured to perform measurements in a first frequency region in order to support functionality in a second frequency region. For example, the WTRU may be configured with CSI-RS resources in FR1 and perform measurements on the CSI-RS resources to support beam management (BM) in FR2.

[0160] The first frequency region or FR1 may be considered as a frequency band in a lower frequency region (e.g., below 7125 MHz), and the second frequency region or FR2 may be considered as a frequency band in a higher frequency region (e.g., 24.25 GHz and above). However, the actual range of each frequency region may not be fixed and may be configurable. Therefore, cross-FR functionality may be used to describe functionality based on cross-FR feedback.

[0161] The cross-FR measurement report configuration may include multiple parameters. The reference signal resources (e.g., CSI-RS) on which the cross-FR measurement is performed may be located in a first FR (e.g., FR1) or a second FR (e.g., FR2). In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with an association of the CSI-RS resources in the first FR (e.g., FR1) and the CSI-RS resources in the second FR (e.g., FR2).

[0162] The WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI reporting resources. Parameters of the one or more CSI reporting resources may include measurement reporting values. The WTRU may be provided with a set of measurement reporting values ​​associated with one or more cross-FR functions. For example, the measurement reporting values ​​may include at least one of the following: RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, channel occupancy, RI, CQI, PMI, CRI, LI. Measurement reporting value suitability may apply, for example, where the WTRU may be configured with a suitability criterion indicating whether FR1 measurements may be used to support FR2 functions.

[0163] The WTRU may be configured with criteria for selecting applicable CSI reporting resources. For example, the WTRU may determine the CSI reporting resources based on one of the following: measurement type, measurement value, payload size, associated cross-FR functionality, CSI-RS resource, or priority. For example, the criteria for selecting a measurement reporting value may be based on the WTRU determining the measurement reporting value based on one of the following: measurement type, measurement value, payload size, associated cross-FR functionality, CSI-RS resource, or priority.

[0164] Another parameter of the one or more CSI reporting resources may be cross-FR functionality. For example, cross-FR measurement reporting may enable the WTRU to report measurements in FR1 to support cross-FR functionality in FR2. The cross-FR functionality may include at least one of the following: beam management (e.g., beam prediction or beam association), radio link monitoring, cell (re)selection, BWP management, mobility, conditional handover (HO), scheduling, etc. In an embodiment, an AI / ML model may be applied.

[0165] As another example, the WTRU may be configured with an AI / ML model to perform cross-FR measurements. The model may use WTRU measurements performed on the CSI-RS in the first FR and output values ​​to support functions in the second FR. The WTRU may report / indicate the output value to the gNB. For example, the AI / ML model for cross-FR measurements may be specific to the WTRU implementation. As another example, the AI / ML model may be configured by the network (NW). As another example, the WTRU and the NW may exchange auxiliary information to determine whether a WTRU-based AI / ML model or an NW-configured AI / ML can be used. The WTRU may be configured to (re)train or fine-tune a specific implementation of the AI / ML model based on measurement results and / or auxiliary data from the network. The auxiliary data may be inferred based on beam management commands for FR2 from the NW and RS measurement results in FR1. If the WTRU-based AI / ML model does not meet the performance requirements, the NW-configured AI / ML model may be used as a fallback.

[0166] If the WTRU-based AI / ML model does not meet the performance requirements, the WTRU may be configured to fall back to traditional reporting without the NW-configured AI / ML model.

[0167] The WTRU may be configured with multiple AI / ML models, and each AI / ML model may be associated with a preconfigured measurement set in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1). The WTRU may be configured to select an AI / ML model based on a specific measurement set configured for cross-FR operation. For example, different AI / ML models may be sized (e.g., input size) for different numbers / periodicities / densities / types of RSs in the first frequency range (e.g., FR1).

[0168] The WTRU may be configured with additional AI / ML model parameters, including accuracy requirements. The accuracy requirements may enable the WTRU to determine the suitability of FR1 RS measurements to support cross-FR functionality. The additional AI / ML parameters may also include AI / ML model (re)training parameters or resources, triggers for (re)training the AI / ML model, and resources on which the WTRU may request AI / ML model (re)training.

[0169] The WTRU may perform measurements on one or more RS resources in a first FR to support functionality in a second FR. Cross-FR measurements and reports may include measurement sets and subsets. For example, a measurement set that the WTRU may perform may include L1 measurements or L3 measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, channel occupancy, RI, CQI, PMI, CRI, LI). For another example, the WTRU may perform measurements on a combination of one or more RS resources in a first FR and one or more associated RS resources in a second FR.

[0170] The WTRU may obtain a measurement set S1 for a set of RS resources in a first FR and possibly an associated set of RS resources in a second FR. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a first CSI-RS in FR1 that is associated with a second CSI-RS in FR2 and a third CSI-RS in FR1. The WTRU may obtain the measurement set S1 as a first measurement obtained from the first CSI-RS resource and the second CSI-RS resource and a second measurement obtained from the third CSI-RS resource. For another example, the WTRU may be configured with a first CSI-RS in FR1, a second CSI-RS in FR1, and a third CSI-RS in FR1. The WTRU may obtain the measurement set S1 as a first measurement obtained from the first CSI-RS resource, a second measurement obtained from the second CSI-RS resource, and a third measurement obtained from the third CSI-RS resource.

[0171] The measurement set S1 may be composed of measurement subsets S1x (e.g., S11, S12, S13, etc.). Each subset S1x in S1 may be associated with a single CSI-RS in the first FR, a set of CSI-RS in FR1, or a pair of associated CSI-RS (one or more CSI-RS in the first FR and one or more CSI-RS in the second FR). Each measurement subset may include different types of measurement values ​​(e.g., RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, channel occupancy, RI, CQI, PMI, CRI, LI).

[0172] The WTRU may be configured with measurement suitability criteria. Such criteria may enable the WTRU to determine whether measurements in S1 (e.g., in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1)) are suitable for use in supporting cross-FR feedback based functions such as beam management (e.g., in a second frequency range (e.g., FR2)).

[0173] The WTRU may determine whether one or more measurements in S1 or a measurement subset (S1x) are suitable based on one or more suitability criteria. The suitability criteria may include a comparison with a threshold. For example, if the measurement result is below or above a possibly configurable threshold, the WTRU may determine that the measurement result is suitable. For another example, the WTRU may compare the CQI of the subset S1x with a threshold, and if the CQI value is above the threshold, the WTRU may determine that the measurement in S1x is suitable.

[0174] As another example, the WTRU may determine that a measurement or a subset of measurements is suitable if the value of the measurement or the subset of measurements is within a threshold offset relative to another measurement (i.e., a measurement made for a different RS resource) or the value of another subset of measurements. For example, the WTRU may obtain the CQI in S11 and may consider S12 to be suitable if the CQI of S12 is greater than or equal to the offset threshold relative to the CQI in S11.

[0175] The suitability criteria may include an indication from the gNB, where the WTRU may receive an indication from the gNB that one or more measurements or measurement subsets are suitable. The indication may be done via a CRI. For example, the gNB may provide the WTRU with a list of CRI values ​​to indicate which measurements or measurement subsets are suitable.

[0176] The WTRU may receive an implicit indication that cross-FR measurements are feasible. The WTRU may receive an activation and / or deactivation command associated with an AI / ML model configured for cross-FR operation. For example, if the WTRU receives an activation command for the associated AI / ML model, the WTRU may assume that the measurement subset is appropriate. Alternatively, if the WTRU receives a deactivation command for the associated AI / ML model, the WTRU may assume that the measurement subset is inappropriate.

[0177] Suitability criteria may include performance of a function based on cross-FR feedback. For example, the WTRU may determine that one or more measurements or measurement subsets (which may be obtained on resources of a first FR) are suitable based on the performance of the function in the second FR. If the WTRU determines that there is a beam failure in FR2, the WTRU may determine that one or more measurements or measurement subsets are no longer suitable. If the WTRU determines that the block error rate (BLER) performance is above (or below) a threshold for transmission in FR2, the WTRU may determine that one or more measurements or measurement subsets are suitable (or not suitable).

[0178] Another suitable criterion may be a confidence value associated with the AI / ML model. For example, the WTRU may be configured with an AI / ML model whose output predictions may be associated with a confidence value. The confidence value may indicate the likelihood that the cross-FR prediction meets / exceeds a certain performance threshold. For example, the confidence value may be expressed as a percentage or a real number between 0 and 1.

[0179] If the confidence value associated with the AI / ML model output is below a preconfigured threshold, the WTRU may assume that the measurement subset is inappropriate.

[0180] The WTRU may determine that a change in a measurement may be a suitable criterion. For example, the WTRU may determine that a measurement is suitable based on a change (or lack of change) in the measurement compared to a previous instance of the measurement exceeding a threshold.

[0181] The WTRU may determine that the ability to receive or detect new RSs is an appropriate criterion. For example, the WTRU may determine an appropriate set of measurements or measurement subsets (or their size) based on the number of detected RSs.

[0182] If the measurement or measurement subset is deemed appropriate, the WTRU may provide a triggered report to the gNB regarding the measurement or measurement subset.

[0183] If a measurement or measurement subset is deemed appropriate, the WTRU may use the AI / ML encoder to determine feedback reports or reporting values ​​for the RS resources associated with the measurement or measurement subset.

[0184] The WTRU may determine whether to report feedback to enable cross FR functionality if at least one of the following occurs: (1) one or more measurements or measurement subsets are appropriate, (2) at least x (x>1) measurements or measurement subsets are appropriate, (3) an indication from the gNB to report such feedback, (4) a determination based on the performance of the cross FR functionality. For example, the WTRU may report feedback to enable cross FR functionality if the cross FR functionality is not failed and the confidence value associated with the AI / ML model output is above a preconfigured threshold. The WTRU may be specifically configured for measurement reporting triggers.

[0185] The WTRU may be configured to determine the content of the feedback to enable reporting of cross-FR functionality. For example, the WTRU report may include an indication to the gNB that cross-FR feedback is being reported. For another example, the WTRU may report a request to activate reporting of feedback to enable cross-FR functionality.

[0186] The WTRU report may include an indication that AI / ML encoding or decoding is being used. The report may include an indication of an AI / ML model index, etc. and / or an indication that the gNB may activate its AI / ML model (e.g., AI / ML decoder).

[0187] The report may include a priority of the measurement or measurement subset. The payload of the reporting resource may be applicable. For example, the WTRU may determine a subset S2 of measurements or measurement subsets that are suitable for reporting. The WTRU may determine S2 based on at least one of: the payload of the reporting resource, the priority of the measurement, the measurement subset S1x, the maximum allowed CRI or measurement subset S1x, or the measurement type.

[0188] The report may include at least one measurement from at least one of the suitable measurement subsets. For example, a CRI may be reported for each suitable measurement subset in the suitable measurement subsets. For another example, the WTRU may determine the measurement or measurement type to report based on at least one of the following: feedback resource payload, priority of the measurement or measurement subset S1x, number of suitable measurements or measurement subsets S1x. For another example, if there are more than X suitable measurements or measurement subsets S1x, the WTRU may determine to send type IPMI, and if there are less than (or equal to) X suitable measurements or measurement subsets S1x, the WTRU may determine to send type IIPMI.

[0189] The WTRU may associate the report with the timing of the resources used to obtain the measurements, the associated cross-FR functions supported by the measurements (e.g., beam management, RLM, mobility, L3 measurements, scheduling, BWP management, HO, etc.), and / or confidence values ​​associated with the AI / ML outputs.

[0190] The WTRU may determine not to report feedback to enable cross-FR functionality, and the WTRU may report to the gNB an indication that it will not report feedback to enable cross-FR functionality. Similarly, the WTRU may report to the gNB a request to deactivate cross-FR feedback.

[0191] The WTRU may request additional RS resources to support cross-FR functionality. For example, the WTRU may determine that no measurements or measurement subsets (or less than X measurements or measurement subsets) are appropriate. In such cases, the WTRU may request additional RS resources to increase the likelihood that more than X measurements or measurement subsets are appropriate. Such RS resources may be requested to be located in the first FR or the second FR.

[0192] The WTRU may report measurement results to support functionality in the same FR as the measurement resource. For example, the WTRU may report legacy or fallback CSI reporting. The WTRU may multiplex feedback for legacy FR or same FR and cross FR functionality into a single feedback resource. The WTRU may determine to compress or drop some or all of the legacy FR or same FR or cross FR enabled report types or values ​​based on the priority associated with each type of feedback and the feedback payload.

[0193] The WTRU may report in the feedback resource at least one suitable measurement result, or an output of an AI / ML encoder (e.g., for a suitable measurement result), or an indication to report feedback for cross-FR functionality, or any of the above list. The feedback resource may include a PUCCH resource. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a PUCCH resource or resource type to indicate that cross-FR feedback is reported or that AI / ML based feedback is reported.

[0194] As another example, PRACH resources may be included. The WTRU may be configured with PRACH resources in the first FR or the second FR to indicate that cross-FR feedback is triggered or supported or reported by the WTRU. Additionally or alternatively, PUSCH resources, MAC CE and / or HARQ feedback may be applied. For example, the WTRU may report an indication of activation or deactivation of cross-FR feedback in a HARQ feedback report.

[0195] The WTRU may determine that a function in a second FR supported by cross-FR feedback has failed. For example, the WTRU may be configured with measurements in a first FR to support beam management in a second FR, and a beam failure has occurred in the second FR. For another example, the WTRU may be configured with sparse resources in a second FR to periodically or periodically verify measurements or AI / ML outputs performed or obtained in the first FR.

[0196] The WTRU may determine whether a function based on cross-FR feedback has failed based on validation criteria. The validation criteria may include a determination that: (1) an output of a function based on cross-FR feedback differs from an output of the same function based on the same FR measurement, (2) a measurement of an RS resource in a second FR differs by an offset value from an associated measurement of an RS resource in a first FR, (3) a WTRU performance metric (e.g., BLER performance, throughput, latency, HARQ-ACK / NACK ratio, spectral efficiency) based on cross-FR feedback differs by an offset value from an expected WTRU performance metric based on the same FR measurement, and / or (4) a statistic associated with a confidence level of an AI / ML model at the WTRU is below a preconfigured threshold (e.g., the statistic may include an average over a period of time, a minimum over a period of time, a median over a period of time, etc.).

[0197] In case of a failure of a functionality based on cross-FR feedback, the WTRU may indicate the failure to the gNB. In response to such a failure, the WTRU may (1) stop cross-FR feedback reporting, (2) request resources in the first FR to enhance or improve cross-FR feedback reporting, (3) request resources in the second FR to enable measurement and feedback reporting in the second FR to support functionality in the second FR, (4) receive or detect or measure RS resources in the second FR, (5) report feedback for measurements performed on RS resources in the second FR, and / or (6) indicate or request fallback to a legacy type of second FR functionality. For example, if the WTRU is configured with BM in the second FR supported by measurements in the first FR, it may request to start BM in the second FR supported by measurements in the second FR (e.g., fallback / legacy measurements). If a failure is detected, the WTRU may request to update the AI / ML model and / or may start (re)training the AI / ML model.

[0198] The WTRU may request resources to (re)train the AI / ML model supporting cross-FR functionality. With reference to these resources, the WTRU may be configured with RS resources in a first FR that are associated with RS resources in a second FR. The WTRU may input measurements obtained from RS resources in the first FR and possibly a subset of measurements obtained from RS resources in the second FR into the AI / ML model. The WTRU may test the results of the AI / ML model against expected results determined based on measurements obtained on RS resources in the second FR.

[0199] Figure 3 An example process 300 for supporting multiple CSIs for CSI measurement in beam prediction is illustrated. The method 300 may be performed by a WTRU. The WTRU may support multiple CRIs for CSI measurement. At 302, the WTRU may receive a CSI reporting configuration with K>1 FR1 CSI-RS resources. For example, the CSI-ReportConfig may be configured with a higher layer parameter reportQuantity set to "cri-RI-PMI-CQI", "cri-RI-i1", "cri-RI-i1-CQI", "cri-RI-CQI", "cri-RI-LI-PMI-CQI" and / or other related parameters. The WTRU may be configured with CSI reporting configuration information (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig) and K>1 CSI-RS resources are configured for FR1 in a corresponding resource set for channel measurement (e.g., where CSI-RS resources may be represented).

[0200] At 304, the WTRU may be configured (e.g., based on a determination by the WTRU) to report CSI parameters for more than one CRI. The CSI reporting configuration (e.g., received at 302) may include an indication of a maximum limit on the number of CRIs to be reported. The CSI reporting configuration may include an indication of a priority (e.g., RSRP, LOS, etc.) for the multiple CRI reports. The CSI reporting configuration may include a threshold (e.g., differential) for the indicated priority, wherein, for example, the threshold may be based on an AI / ML model.

[0201] The WTRU may derive CSI parameters in FR1 for one or more of the CSI-RS resources at 306. The WTRU may be configured with nrofReportedRS for the number of CRIs to report (e.g., N), an indication of LOS of the reported CRIs / a probability of LOS of the reported CRIs, and / or other related parameters.

[0202] The CSI reporting configuration (e.g., received at 302) may include one or more of: an indication of a maximum limit on the number of CRIs to be reported, an indication of a priority for multiple CRI reports (e.g., based on RSRP, an indication of LOS, a probability of LOS, and other relevant parameters, and one or more thresholds and / or differential thresholds for the indicated priority based on an AI / ML model in the gNB).

[0203] At 308, the WTRU may determine a number N of CRIs (e.g., a single CRI or multiple (N) CRIs). For example, at 308, the WTRU may determine the number N of CRIs based on any combination of criteria (e.g., as described with reference to 310, 312, 314, and 316). For example, the WTRU may determine one or more applicable priority criteria and / or may determine the number N of CRIs for which the WTRU reports CSI parameters based on measurements and / or AI / ML parameters (e.g., up to a maximum number of allowed CRIs).

[0204] For example, at 310, the WTRU may use RSRP measurement when determining the number N of CRIs (e.g., N when there are at least two CRIs with CRI-RSRP above a threshold of a first configuration and their difference is below a threshold of a second configuration, otherwise 1).

[0205] At 312, the WTRU may determine the number N of CRIs based on the LOS indication / probability criteria. For example, the WTRU may determine the number of CRIs based on the LOS indication (e.g., N for LOS and 1 for NLOS). This parameter may also be based on the UL resource used for CSI reporting and the UL resource type (e.g., if the UL resource is of the first type (e.g., PUSCH)).

[0206] In some examples, at 314, the WTRU may determine the number N of CRIs based on whether the AI / ML is activated or deactivated (eg, N when the AI / ML is activated and 1 when the AI / ML is deactivated).

[0207] At 316, the WTRU may determine the number N of CRIs based on the type of the UL resources (e.g., whether the UL resources are of a particular type, such as PUSCH resources). For example, if the UL resources are of a first type, the WTRU may report N CRIs, and if the UL resources are of a second type (e.g., PUCCH), the WTRU may report a single CRI.

[0208] At 310, the WTRU may determine to report a single CRI (e.g., based on the factors considered at 308). At 312, the WTRU may determine to report N CRIs (e.g., based on the factors considered at 308). If the WTRU determines to report N CRIs at 308, the WTRU may determine the CSI per CRI and report the N CRIs based on a priority (e.g., RSRP and / or LOS). For example, the WTRU may determine the CSI resources to report in the CRI based on a priority (such as RSRP, LOS indication / probability, and / or configured priority). With respect to RSRP, the WTRU may determine the CSI resource with the highest CRI-RSRP as a reference (e.g., CRI-RSRP-ref). The WTRU may determine the CRIs corresponding to other CSI resources if their difference from the reference CRI-RSRP (e.g., CRI-RSRP-ref) is below a first threshold. With respect to LOS indication / probability, the WTRU may determine the CRIs for CSI resources having a probability of LOS equal to or above a second threshold. The WTRU may also sort the determined CRIs in descending order based on the configured priority (eg, RSRP, LOS, etc.) and provide them with indices (eg, i=1, 2, N, where i=1 is provided to the CRI with the highest priority).

[0209] like Figure 3 As shown, the WTRU may report CSI parameters for CSI-RS resources in FR1 that are linked to the determined CRI. The WTRU may derive CSI parameters in FR1 (e.g., any combination of LI, CQI, PMI, RSRP, SINR, RI, etc.) for one or more of the CSI-RS resources.

[0210] The gNB may process the FR1 CSI report to perform further actions. For example, the gNB may perform beam prediction / enhancement for FR2 based on the AI / ML model. For another example, the gNB may perform FR2 beam prediction using a wider beam with FR1 CRI and a narrow beam with the corresponding PMI. For another example, the gNB may derive / update FR1-FR2 associations (e.g., spatial hierarchical relationships).

[0211] The WTRU may split the CSI report to support multiple CRIs. For example, due to the limitation of UCI / UL resources allocated for CSI reporting, the WTRU may split the CSI report for the multiple CRI scheme into more than one part. For example, the WTRU may split the CSI report into three parts, where part 1 indicates multiple CRIs, part 2 indicates wideband information (e.g., one or more of CRI, RI, LI, wideband PMI, and wideband CQI), and part 3 indicates subband information (e.g., one or more of subband PMI, subband CQI, etc.).

[0212] As another example, the WTRU may divide the CSI report into two parts, where part 1 has a fixed payload size and is used to identify the number of information bits in part 2. With this configuration, the WTRU may report the number of determined CRIs in part 1 for a multi-CRI report. For example, the WTRU may additionally report one or more CSI parameters (e.g., RI, CRI, CQI) of the determined CRI in CSI part 1, where these CSI parameters are reported in increasing order of the index assigned to the CRI to which they are linked.

[0213] As another example, the WTRU may report all CSI parameters corresponding to the CRI with the highest priority (e.g., index i=1) in part 1. The WTRU may additionally report one or more CSI parameters (e.g., RI, CRI, and CQI) of the remaining CRIs in CSI part 1 (e.g., if there is sufficient payload).

[0214] The WTRU may determine to use a more robust transmission (eg, based on a modulation and coding scheme (MCS)) for one or more portions (eg, portion 1) based on the determined / configured priorities.

[0215] The WTRU may indicate the transmitted portion (e.g., portion 1, portion 2, or portion 3) as part of the report. With this configuration, the different transmitted portions may be tracked and if a transmitted portion is dropped / lost / corrupted, the transmitted portion may be identified.

[0216] The WTRU may (e.g., optionally) report CSI parameters for the determined CRI in a differential scheme. The WTRU may sort the determined CRIs in descending order based on the configured priority (e.g., RSRP, LOS, etc.) and provide them with indices (e.g., i=1, 2, N, where i=1 is provided to the CRI with the highest priority). For example, the WTRU may first report CSI parameters for the CSI resources linked to the CRI with the highest priority (e.g., index i=1). For another example, the WTRU may then report differential CSI parameters for other CSI resources with lower priority (e.g., index i>1) with reference to the CSI parameters of the CSI resources linked to the CRI with the highest priority.

[0217] The WTRU may determine one or more priority levels for reporting CRI. The reporting priority may be determined based on the use cases of CSI reporting expected at the gNB, such as beam prediction / enhancement for FR1 and / or FR2 (e.g., based on AI / ML models) and / or deriving FR1-FR2 associations, enhancements and / or updates.

[0218] The WTRU may be configured with an association of probability of LOS / indication of LOS and reported CRI. The WTRU may be configured with one or more FR1 CSI-RS resources for channel measurement and reporting. In the reporting configuration, reportQuantity may be set to the "probability of LOS" of the reported CRI and the corresponding threshold value based on the AI / ML configuration. The WTRU may then measure the probability of LOS for one or more of the CSI-RS resources, for example based on the precoding matrix, channel impulse response (CIR), etc. In case the probability of LOS is higher than the threshold configured for one or more of the CSI-RS resources, the WTRU may report the CRI and the measured probability of LOS for the corresponding CSI-RS resources, for example, the WTRU reports the probability of LOS in decreasing order and / or the WTRU may report the differential probability of LOS for the CRI report based on the reference beam (with the highest probability of LOS). The gNB may use the received information for further procedures.

[0219] The WTRU may be configured to support multi-CRI reporting for CSI enhancement in, for example, FR1. The WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI-RS resources for channel measurement and reporting. For example, the WTRU may be configured to report PMI (e.g., type IIPMI). As another example, the WTRU may be configured with AI / ML model parameters at the gNB, including accuracy requirements, a set of use cases, thresholds, etc. As another example, the WTRU may derive CSI parameters (e.g., LI, CQI, PMI, RSRP, SINR, RI, etc.) for one or more CSI-RS resources in the CSI-RS resources, where the corresponding CRI may be determined based on the configuration entry of the associated nzp-CSI-RS-Resources in the corresponding NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet for channel measurement.

[0220] The WTRU may determine whether CSI reporting may be performed based on an AI / ML model or legacy (e.g., fallback) CSI reporting at the gNB. In the event that the measured CSI parameters corresponding to one or more of the CRIs in the CRIs are above a first threshold, the WTRU may determine the corresponding CRIs to be reported. For example, the WTRU may transmit an activation request for the AI / ML model at the gNB. The WTRU may report CSI parameters for one or more of the determined CRIs (e.g., based on priority, maximum allowed CRI, and / or UCI payload limit). As another example, the WTRU may report type IPMI for one or more CRIs with an overall lower payload instead of reporting type I IPMI with a large payload. The gNB may receive the reported CSI parameters and perform CSI estimation based on the AI / ML model. In the event that the measured CSI parameters corresponding to one or more of the CRIs in the CRIs are not above a first threshold, the WTRU may transmit a deactivation request for the AI / ML model at the gNB. The WTRU may also report CSI parameters for fallback / legacy CSI reporting. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may be configured with an AI / ML model at the WTRU, where the WTRU may use the AI / ML model for beam prediction enhancement, beam association enhancement, and any other related functions.

[0221] Figure 4 is a flow chart of a process 400 performed by a WTRU to support multiple CRIs in CSI measurement and reporting. At 402, a WTRU may receive a CSI reporting configuration with more than one (eg, K>1) CSI-RS resources (eg, FR1).

[0222] The WTRU may receive configuration information that enables reporting of CSI parameters for more than one CRI at 404. The configuration information may include a maximum number of CRIs to report (e.g., nrofReprtedRs), a priority level, a threshold for RSRP, a probability of LOS, and / or any other relevant measurement results, e.g., as described above.

[0223] At 406, the WTRU may derive CSI parameters for a first set of configured CSI-RS resources (e.g., FR1). At 408, the WTRU may determine that the number of CRIs to report is more than one CRI (e.g., N>1). For example, the WTRU may determine to report one or more CRIs based on factors including: the AI / ML model being activated, whether the RSRP is greater than a threshold defined for multiple CRIs, whether the probability of LOS is greater than a threshold for multiple CRIs, and whether the UL resource for reporting is of a first type (e.g., PUSCH).

[0224] At 410, if it is determined to report more than one (e.g., N>1) CRI, the WTRU may determine the number of CRIs to report (e.g., N) and the indexes of the N CRIs, and may report the N CRIs and their corresponding CSI parameters. For example, the WTRU may determine to report the N CRIs with the highest RSRP. For another example, the WTRU may determine to report the N CRIs with the highest LOS probability.

[0225] At 412, the WTRU may divide the CSI report into multiple parts and determine the information and modular coding scheme for each part based on payload, priority, use case or other relevant factors.

[0226] The WTRU may determine to report multiple best CRIs and corresponding CSI parameters in a first part and report other CRIs in other parts.

[0227] The report may include three parts, a first part containing the number of reported CRIs (eg, N), a second part containing information about wideband CSI, and a third part containing information about subband CSI.

[0228] The WTRU may determine to use a robust modular coding scheme for the first portion of the report and to use other coding schemes for the remainder of the report.

[0229] As used herein, 3GPP standard terms and information elements described and used in this document are to be interpreted according to their meanings commonly used in the industry. For example, the following 3GPP standard documents are incorporated herein by reference, and the terms should be interpreted according to their meanings in these documents: 3GPP TS 38.213, "NR Physical layer procedures for control", V16.10.0; 3GPP TS 38.321, "Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification", V16.9.0; 3GPP TS 38.331, "Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification", V16.9.0; and 3GPP TS 38.211, "NR Physical Channels and Modulation", v16.10.0. However, the terms and concepts disclosed herein include those not disclosed or described in standard documents, and therefore the concepts and terms in this article are not meant to be limited to the way such terms are used in existing standards. Instead, these standards are referenced where necessary in order to provide a reference for understanding the background of the terms used in this article.

[0230] The processes and means described herein may be applied to other wireless technologies and for other services in any combination. WTRU may refer to an identity of a physical device, or to an identity of a user, such as a subscription-related identity, e.g., MSISDN, SIP URI, etc. WTRU may refer to an application-based identity, such as a user name that may be used for each application.

[0231] The processes described above may be implemented in a computer program, software, and / or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer and / or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (sent via wired and / or wireless connections) and / or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as, but not limited to, built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and / or optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and / or digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with the software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, and / or any host computer.

Claims

1. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving configuration information, wherein the configuration information indicates a channel state information (CSI) reporting parameter for reporting a plurality of CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) resource indicators (CRIs), and wherein the configuration information indicates one or more parameters for determining a number of CRIs to report, the one or more parameters comprising at least one of a reference signal received power (RSRP) threshold or a line of sight (LOS) probability threshold; determining CSI parameters for a first set of configured CSI-RS resources associated with a first CRI; Determining CSI parameters for one or more additional sets of configured CSI-RS resources associated with the one or more additional CRIs based on at least one of: For at least two CRIs associated with a corresponding set of CSI reporting parameters, the RSRP is greater than the RSRP threshold; or a determined LOS probability of the CSI parameters associated with the first set of configured CSI-RS resources being greater than the LOS probability threshold; as well as The CSI parameters associated with the first CRI and the CSI parameters associated with the one or more additional CRIs are transmitted. 2 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the configuration information indicates a maximum value of the plurality of CRIs. 3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the configuration information indicates one or more priority levels for selecting the one or more additional CRIs.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the priority level comprises one or more of an RSRP criterion, a LOS indication criterion, or a LOS probability criterion.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein the priority level comprises one or more use cases for the additional set of CSI-RS resources, the one or more use cases comprising ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, or services for machine type communication (MTC) access.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the CSI parameters for the one or more additional sets of CSI-RS resources associated with the one or more additional CRIs is further based on scheduling of uplink resources or uplink resource types.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first CRI and the CSI parameters associated with the first CRI are sent in a first feedback resource, and the one or more additional CRIs and the CSI parameters associated with the one or more additional CRIs are sent in a second feedback resource.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more additional CRIs are associated with a second set of configured CSI-RS resources, and the second set of CSI-RS resources is determined based on one or more of a priority, an RSRP measurement result, or a LOS probability.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the CSI parameters associated with the first CRI comprise channel quality indication (CQI) feedback, a precoding matrix index (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), or a layer index (LI), and wherein the CSI parameters associated with the one or more additional CRIs comprise CQI feedback, PMI, RI, or LI.

10. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: receiving configuration information, wherein the configuration information indicates a channel state information (CSI) reporting parameter for reporting a plurality of CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) resource indicators (CRIs), and wherein the configuration information indicates one or more parameters for determining a number of CRIs to report, the one or more parameters comprising at least one of a reference signal received power (RSRP) threshold or a line of sight (LOS) probability threshold; determining CSI parameters for a first set of configured CSI-RS resources associated with a first CRI; Determining CSI parameters for one or more additional sets of configured CSI-RS resources associated with the one or more additional CRIs based on at least one of: For at least two of the additional sets of CRI-RS associated with respective sets of CSI reporting parameters, the RSRP is greater than the RSRP threshold; or a determined LOS probability of the CSI parameters associated with the first set of configured CSI-RS resources being greater than the LOS probability threshold; as well as The CSI parameters associated with the first CRI and the CSI parameters associated with the one or more additional CRIs are transmitted.

11. The WRTU according to claim 10, wherein the configuration information indicates a maximum value of the plurality of CRIs.

12. The WRTU of claim 10, wherein the configuration information indicates one or more priority levels for selecting the one or more additional CRIs.

13. The WRTU of claim 12, wherein the one or more priority levels include one or more of an RSRP criterion, a LOS indication criterion, or a LOS probability criterion.

14. The WRTU of claim 12, wherein the one or more priority levels include one or more use cases for the additional set of configured CSI-RS resources, the one or more use cases comprising ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, or services for machine type communication (MTC) access.

15. The WRTU of claim 10, wherein the determination of the CSI parameters of the one or more additional sets of configured CSI-RS resources associated with the one or more additional CRIs is further based on uplink resource scheduling or uplink resource type.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein the first CRI and the CSI parameters associated with the first CRI are sent in a first feedback resource, and the one or more additional CRIs and the CSI parameters associated with the one or more additional CRIs are sent in a second feedback resource.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more additional CRIs are associated with a second set of configured CSI-RS resources, and the second set of CSI-RS resources is determined based on one or more of a priority, an RSRP measurement result, or a LOS probability.

18. The method of claim 10, wherein the CSI parameters associated with the first CRI include a channel quality indication (CQI) feedback, a precoding matrix index (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), or a layer index (LI), and wherein the CSI parameters associated with the one or more additional CRIs include CQI feedback, PMI, RI, or LI.

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