Method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grassland through non-uniform fertilization and leguminous forage reseeding / bean and grain mixed seeding

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, relates to a grassland management and improvement method, and particularly discloses a method for improving the soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grassland through non-uniform fertilization and leguminous forage reseeding / bean and grain mixed seeding. The fertilizer utilization is optimized while the fertilizer consumption is effectively reduced. In addition, according to the method, leguminous forage medicago sativa is reseeded on the degraded grassland, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are reasonably applied in a combined mode in the period of seedling establishment, so that the productivity of the grassland is further improved. The invention also provides a bean and grain mixed sowing grassland built and planted in southern hills, and specifies the variety and proportion of mixed sowing pasture and the specific combination and fertilization amount of non-uniform fertilization in detail. Through regular management including weeding, irrigation, pest control and timely cutting, healthy growth and high and stable yield of the grassland are ensured. The grassland ecology and pasture growth requirements are comprehensively considered, and an effective scheme is provided for sustainable utilization of the southern hilly grassland.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, relates to a method for grassland management and improvement, and specifically discloses a method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grassland by non-uniform fertilization and legume forage overseeding / legume-grass mixed seeding. Background Art

[0002] Grasslands in the southern hilly areas are important resources for animal husbandry, and their productivity and soil fertility are directly related to the sustainable development of animal husbandry. However, these areas generally face the problem of insufficient soil phosphorus and potassium content, which has become the main bottleneck restricting the improvement of grassland productivity.

[0003] Phosphorus is an indispensable element for plant growth. It participates in plant photosynthesis and plays a vital role in plant growth, sugar and starch utilization, and energy transfer. Similarly, potash fertilizer is also known as the "quality element" and has a significant effect on improving the yield and quality of forage. However, traditional fertilization methods often use uniform fertilization, which not only requires a large amount of fertilizer, but also easily leads to excessive use of fertilizer, which in turn causes environmental pollution and the enrichment of heavy metal ions in the soil.

[0004] On the other hand, with the long-term use of grassland, soil fertility gradually decreases and grassland degradation becomes increasingly serious. In order to repair degraded grassland, reseeding has become a common measure. However, the effect of reseeding is often affected by many factors, such as the selection of reseeding grass seeds, reseeding time, and post-reseeding management. In particular, fertilization management after reseeding plays a vital role in grassland recovery and productivity improvement.

[0005] In addition, in the process of grassland establishment, mixed sowing of legumes and grasses is widely used in order to obtain higher forage yields and better quality. However, the management of mixed sowing grasslands is relatively complicated, especially fertilization management. Improper fertilization may not only lead to poor growth of forage grass, but also cause interspecific competition, affecting the stability and productivity of the grassland.

[0006] In summary, the southern hilly grasslands are facing problems such as insufficient soil phosphorus and potassium content, excessive fertilizer use, grassland degradation, and complex mixed grassland management. These problems seriously restrict the productivity and sustainable development of grasslands. Therefore, it is urgent to explore a more scientific and reasonable fertilization and management strategy to improve grassland fertility and biomass and promote the sustainable development of animal husbandry. Summary of the invention

[0007] In response to the above problems, the present invention discloses a method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grasslands by non-uniform fertilization and legume forage overseeding / legume-grass mixed seeding. The method aims to improve grassland fertility and biomass by optimizing fertilization strategies and grassland management measures, thereby providing strong support for the sustainable development of animal husbandry in the south.

[0008] A method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grasslands includes a non-uniform fertilization step, which reduces fertilizer usage compared with traditional uniform fertilization, and adopts large-patch fertilization and small-patch fertilization methods.

[0009] Furthermore, the above method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grasslands also includes the step of reseeding leguminous forage alfalfa on the degraded grassland, wherein the reseeding is completed before the end of the rainy season and the seeding rate is 2g / m 2 .

[0010] Furthermore, in the above method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grassland, the application rate of phosphorus fertilizer in the non-uniform fertilization is 100 kg / hm 2 Up to 300kg / hm 2 , superphosphate is used as phosphate fertilizer; the application rate of potash fertilizer is 45kg / hm 2 Up to 135kg / hm 2 , potassium sulfate is selected as potash fertilizer.

[0011] Furthermore, the above method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grasslands also includes the reasonable application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to the grasslands during the greening period, with the application rate of phosphorus fertilizer being 200kg / hm 2 , the potassium fertilizer application rate is 90kg / hm 2 .

[0012] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grassland, in the non-uniform fertilization step, the area ratio and distribution of large-patch fertilization and small-patch fertilization are adjusted according to the actual situation of the grassland.

[0013] Furthermore, the above method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grasslands also includes the steps of planting a mixed legume and grass grassland on the grassland and performing non-uniform fertilization, wherein the ratio of legume forage to grass forage in the mixed legume and grass grassland is 3:7.

[0014] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grasslands, the mixed bean-grass grassland is mixed with white clover, red clover, orchard grass, red fescue and ryegrass, and the ratio of various forage grasses is white clover: red clover: orchard grass: red fescue: ryegrass = 15:15:20:20:30.

[0015] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grasslands, the non-uniform fertilization combinations include five combinations of low potassium and medium phosphorus, medium potassium and medium phosphorus, high potassium and medium phosphorus, medium potassium and low phosphorus, and medium potassium and high phosphorus, and the amount of fertilizer is determined according to the soil fertility of the grassland and the growth requirements of forage grass.

[0016] Furthermore, the above-mentioned method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grasslands also includes regular management of mixed bean and grass grasslands, including weeding, irrigation, pest and disease control and timely mowing, so as to maintain healthy growth and high and stable yields of the grassland.

[0017] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0018] Improve fertilizer utilization: Compared with traditional uniform fertilization, the non-uniform fertilization strategy reduces fertilizer usage by 50%, but can effectively improve the utilization efficiency of soil nutrients. This fertilization method not only reduces fertilizer waste, but also reduces environmental pollution and heavy metal ion enrichment caused by excessive fertilization, achieving a win-win situation of efficient resource utilization and environmental protection.

[0019] Enhance grassland productivity: By reseeding alfalfa, a leguminous forage, and mixing it with African foxtail grass, a grass, the present invention successfully constructed a diversified grassland ecosystem. The nitrogen fixation of leguminous forage and its symbiotic relationship with rhizobia significantly improved soil fertility and promoted the growth and development of forage, thereby greatly increasing the biomass and productivity of the grassland.

[0020] Improve the quality of forage grass: Applying appropriate amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers during the green period, especially non-uniform fertilization, not only promotes the growth of forage grass, but also significantly improves the nutritional quality and stress resistance of forage grass. This helps meet the demand for high-quality forage grass in the livestock industry, while enhancing the grass's ability to resist diseases and pests and reducing the use of pesticides.

[0021] Promoting grassland ecological balance: The establishment of multi-species legume-grass mixed grassland increases the species diversity and community structure stability of the grassland. This helps maintain the ecological balance of the grassland and reduce ecological problems caused by planting a single grass species, such as fierce interspecies competition and grassland degradation.

[0022] Improve economic benefits: The implementation of the present invention not only reduces the input cost of fertilizers and pesticides, but also increases the output and economic benefits of animal husbandry by improving the yield and quality of forage. At the same time, the evergreen and ornamental nature of the grassland also brings additional ecological benefits and tourism value. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] Figure 1 Example 1 Different fertilization methods, uniform fertilization E (traditional fertilization method), non-uniform fertilization (large patch L small patch S);

[0024] Figure 2 Example 1 Fertilization experiment design diagram;

[0025] Figure 3 The yield data graph of alfalfa grassland reseeding in June of Example 1;

[0026] Figure 4 The yield data graph of the alfalfa grassland reseeding in August of Example 1;

[0027] Figure 5 The economic benefit data diagram of reseeding alfalfa grassland in Example 1;

[0028] Figure 6 Example 1 African Setaria reseeding alfalfa grassland uniform fertilization soil pH -11 months;

[0029] Figure 7 Example 1 African Setaria reseeding alfalfa grassland non-uniform fertilization soil pH -11 months;

[0030] Figure 8 Example 1 African Setaria reseeding alfalfa grassland uniformity fertilization soil conductivity - November;

[0031] Fig. 9 Example 1 Non-uniform fertilization of African Setaria grass overseeding alfalfa grassland Soil conductivity - November;

[0032] Fig.10 Example 1 African Setaria reseeding alfalfa grassland uniform fertilization soil organic carbon - November;

[0033] Fig.11 Example 1 African Setaria reseeding alfalfa grassland non-uniform fertilization soil organic carbon - November;

[0034] Fig.12 Example 2 Different fertilization methods, uniform fertilization E (traditional fertilization method), non-uniform fertilization (large patch L small patch S);

[0035] Fig.13 Example 2 Fertilization experiment design diagram;

[0036] Fig.14 The yield data of mixed bean and grass grassland in June of Example 2;

[0037] Fig.15 The yield data graph of mixed bean and grass grassland in July of Example 2;

[0038] Fig.16 Economic benefit data diagram of mixed bean and grass grassland in Example 2.

[0039] Fig.17 The pH of the soil of the mixed bean and grass grassland of Example 2 was uniformly fertilized in November;

[0040] Fig.18 The soil pH of the mixed bean and grass grassland in Example 2 with non-uniform fertilization was -11 months;

[0041] Fig.19Soil conductivity of mixed bean and grass grassland uniform fertilization in Example 2 - November;

[0042] Fig. 20 Soil conductivity of non-uniform fertilization of bean-grass mixed grassland in Example 2 - November;

[0043] Fig.21 Uniform fertilization of soil organic carbon in the mixed bean and grass grassland of Example 2 - November;

[0044] Fig. 22 Soil organic carbon in non-uniform fertilization of mixed legume and grass grassland of Example 2 - November. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are described clearly and completely below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0046] Example 1

[0047] Background

[0048] Effect and significance of applying phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer in winter

[0049] Phosphorus is a component of plant cell protoplasm and participates in plant photosynthesis. It is extremely important for plant growth, the utilization of sugar and starch, and the transfer of energy. The appropriate application of phosphorus fertilizer in winter can significantly promote plant tillering and improve its cold resistance and stress resistance. Phosphorus fertilizer can also promote the growth of plant roots in the seedling stage. Fertilization after reseeding is conducive to the growth and wintering of reseeded forage. Potassium, as a "quality element", plays an extremely important role in improving forage yield and quality. The appropriate application of potassium fertilizer in winter can significantly increase the protein content of forage, promote the accumulation of sugar and starch, and improve the plant's resistance to cold, drought, lodging, and diseases and pests.

[0050] Phosphorus and potassium are the main limiting factors of soil fertility in southern grasslands

[0051] Phosphorus and potassium in southern grassland soil are the main limiting factors for soil fertility. The low content of available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil has seriously affected the productivity of grassland in the southern hilly areas and restricted the development of animal husbandry in the south. The appropriate application of phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer can significantly increase the content of soil organic carbon and available nutrients, improve soil fertility, promote grassland forage growth, and increase yield.

[0052] Effects of reseeding and fertilization on degraded grassland

[0053] As a common measure for the restoration of degraded grasslands, reseeding and fertilization can increase grassland biomass and species diversity and improve soil fertility. When the grass forage African Setaria (warm-season forage) grassland is degraded, reseeding the leguminous forage alfalfa (cold-season forage) can significantly improve the nutritional quality of the grassland forage, increase the productivity of the grassland in autumn, make it evergreen all year round, increase its ornamental value, and achieve the unity of economic and ecological benefits. At the same time, the leguminous forage alfalfa has extremely strong adaptability. Its symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia can improve the soil fertility of degraded grasslands and promote the restoration of degraded grasslands.

[0054] 1.1 Replay

[0055] In late September and early October 2023, no-tillage reseeding was carried out on a degraded African foxtail grassland in Qujing City, Yunnan Province, with a seeding rate of 2g / m 2 , the alfalfa variety sown is "Visitor" and is completed before the end of the rainy season.

[0056] 1.2 Fertilization after reseeding

[0057] Two kinds of fertilizers were set, superphosphate was used for phosphorus fertilizer and potassium sulfate was used for potash fertilizer; three fertilization levels of phosphorus fertilizer (P1 100kg / hm 2 , P2 200kg / hm 2 , P3 300kg / hm 2 ), potash fertilizer (K1 45kg / hm 2 , K2 90kg / hm 2 , K3 kg / hm 2 ); Different fertilization methods, uniform fertilization E (traditional fertilization method), non-uniform fertilization (large patch L small patch S), as follows Figure 1 At the same time, CK without fertilizer was used as the control, and each treatment was repeated 3 times, with a total of 64 plots. The experimental design was as follows Figure 2 The orange patch was fertilized, the white patch was not fertilized, and the fertilization gradient of the orange patch was 90 kg / hm 2 The K2S plot is 4*3.5, divided into four 1m strips vertically, of which the white strip is no fertilizer, and the orange strip is potassium fertilizer 90kg / hm 2 Spread the fertilizer evenly.

[0058] 1.3 Results

[0059] The results are as follows Figure 3-5 As shown, compared with the control, non-uniform fertilization can increase forage yield and economic benefits.

[0060] from Figure 6-11 The results showed the differences in soil pH, conductivity, and organic carbon after uniform / non-uniform fertilization in African foxtail grass-supplemented alfalfa grasslands, indicating that non-uniform fertilization can improve soil fertility.

[0061] Example 2

[0062] Background

[0063] Effect and significance of applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizers during the green period

[0064] Phosphorus is a component of plant cell protoplasm and participates in plant photosynthesis. It is extremely important for plant growth, the utilization of sugar and starch, and the transfer of energy. The appropriate application of phosphorus fertilizer during the green period can significantly promote plant rooting, increase stress resistance, and improve forage yield and quality. Potassium, as a "quality element", plays an extremely important role in improving forage yield and quality. The appropriate application of potassium fertilizer during the green period can significantly increase the protein content of forage, promote the accumulation of sugar and starch, and improve the stress resistance of forage. The reasonable application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers during the green period can significantly promote plant growth and improve forage yield and quality, while also having a certain inhibitory effect on common diseases such as powdery mildew and rust in Yunnan from April to October.

[0065] Phosphorus and potassium are the main limiting factors of soil fertility in southern grasslands

[0066] Phosphorus and potassium in southern grassland soil are the main limiting factors for soil fertility. The low content of available phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in the soil has seriously affected the productivity of grassland in the southern hilly areas and restricted the development of animal husbandry in the south. The appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can improve the conversion and utilization efficiency of soil nitrogen, increase the content of soil organic carbon and quick-acting nutrients, improve soil fertility, and promote the growth of grassland forage and increase yield.

[0067] Effects of fertilization on establishment of leguminous grass

[0068] Compared with single-species grasslands, multi-species legume-grass mixed grasslands generally have the advantages of high forage yield, good quality, good palatability, and easy ensilage. However, due to factors such as improper grass species combination or proportion, mixed grasslands often have problems such as poor grass growth, fierce interspecies competition, and poor stability of grassland community structure, resulting in insufficient productivity. Fertilization, as a common and effective measure in grassland construction, has the effects of improving forage quality, enhancing grassland productivity, maintaining grassland community stability, and improving soil fertility. At the same time, the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is also of great significance for the improvement of acidic soils in the south.

[0069] 2.1 Establishment of mixed legume and grass grassland

[0070] In early November 2023, grassland construction was carried out in a certain place in Qujing City, Yunnan Province. Five kinds of legumes and grasses were selected, and the ratio of legumes and grasses was 3:7 (white clover: red clover: orchard grass: red fescue: ryegrass = 15:15:20:20:30 seed quantity ratio). The row sowing method was adopted with a row spacing of 10cm and 1cm of soil covering after sowing. The basic sowing amount was 220g / mu of white clover.

[0071] 2.2 Fertilization during the green period

[0072] Phosphate fertilizer was superphosphate, and potassium fertilizer was potassium sulfate; 5 fertilization combinations were set up (low potassium, medium phosphorus, A1, P2 200kg / hm 2 K1 45kg / hm 2 ; Medium potassium and medium phosphorus A2 P2 200kg / hm 2 K2 90kg / hm 2 ; High potassium and medium phosphorus A3 P1 200kg / hm 2 K3135kg / hm 2 ; Medium potassium and low phosphorus A4 P1 100kg / hm 2 K2 90kg / hm 2 ; Medium potassium and high phosphorus A5 P3 300kg / hm 2 K2 90kg / hm 2 ); Different fertilization methods, uniform fertilization E (traditional fertilization method), non-uniform fertilization (large patch L small patch S), as follows Fig.12 At the same time, CK without fertilizer was used as the control, each treatment was repeated 3 times, with a total of 64 plots. The experimental design is as follows Fig.13 , the best solutions are A5S and A2S.

[0073] 2.3 Results

[0074] like Figure 14-16 Compared with the control, non-uniform fertilization can increase forage yield and economic benefits.

[0075] like Figure 17-22 The results showed the differences in soil pH, conductivity, and organic carbon after uniform / non-uniform fertilization in mixed legume and grass grassland, indicating that non-uniform fertilization can improve soil fertility.

[0076] From the above examples 1 and 2, we can see that by implementing a non-uniform fertilization strategy and combining the mixed planting technology of leguminous forage alfalfa and gramineous forage, we have achieved remarkable results in many aspects. First of all, this innovative fertilization method greatly improves the utilization efficiency of fertilizers. Compared with the traditional uniform fertilization method, the amount of fertilizer used is reduced by up to 50%, but the absorption and utilization of soil nutrients are significantly improved, effectively reducing the waste of fertilizers, and reducing the environmental pollution and soil heavy metal accumulation problems that may be caused by excessive fertilization.

[0077] Secondly, the mixed sowing of alfalfa and grasses builds a diverse grassland ecosystem. The nitrogen fixation of legumes and their symbiotic relationship with rhizobia greatly enriches soil fertility, promotes the healthy growth and rapid development of grasses, and thus significantly increases the biomass and overall productivity of the grassland, providing more abundant forage resources for animal husbandry.

[0078] Furthermore, this mixed seeding and fertilization strategy also significantly improved the quality of forage, especially the appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers during the greening period, which not only accelerated the growth rate of forage, but also greatly improved the nutritional value and stress resistance of forage, meeting the livestock industry's demand for high-quality forage, while enhancing the grassland's resistance to diseases and pests, reducing the use of pesticides, and further reducing production costs.

[0079] In addition, the establishment of multi-species mixed bean and grass grasslands has effectively increased the species diversity and community structure stability of the grassland, promoted the benign development of the grassland ecological balance, and reduced ecological problems caused by the planting of a single grass species, such as interspecific competition and grassland degradation, laying a solid foundation for the long-term sustainable use of grasslands.

[0080] In summary, the use of non-uniform fertilization strategies and the mixed sowing method of legume forage alfalfa and gramineous forage not only significantly improved fertilizer utilization, grassland productivity and forage quality, but also effectively promoted grassland ecological balance, significantly reduced the cost of fertilizer and pesticide use, thereby significantly increasing the output and overall economic benefits of animal husbandry, achieving multiple goals such as efficient utilization of resources, effective protection of the environment and sustainable utilization of grassland, and providing strong support for the sustainable development of agriculture.

[0081] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the above embodiments do not limit the present invention in any form, and any technical solution obtained by equivalent replacement or equivalent transformation falls within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for improving soil fertility and biomass of southern hilly grassland, characterized in that: The method comprises a non-uniform fertilization step, which reduces the amount of fertilizer used compared with the traditional uniform fertilization, and adopts the large patch fertilization and small patch fertilization methods.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The method also includes the step of reseeding leguminous forage grass alfalfa on the degraded grassland, wherein the reseeding is completed before the end of the rainy season and the seeding rate is 2g / m 2 .

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that The application rate of phosphorus fertilizer in the non-uniform fertilization is 100kg / hm 2 Up to 300kg / hm 2 , superphosphate is used as phosphate fertilizer; the application rate of potash fertilizer is 45kg / hm 2 Up to 135kg / hm 2 , potassium sulfate is selected as potash fertilizer.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that It also includes the rational application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to the grassland during the green period, with the application rate of phosphorus fertilizer being 200kg / hm 2 , the potassium fertilizer application rate is 90kg / hm 2 .

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that In the non-uniform fertilization step, the area ratio and distribution of large patch fertilization and small patch fertilization are adjusted according to the actual situation of the grassland.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The method also includes the steps of planting legume and grass mixed grassland in the southern hills and performing non-uniform fertilization, wherein the ratio of legume forage to grass forage in the legume and grass mixed grassland is 3:

7.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that The bean-grass mixed grassland is mixed with white clover, red clover, orchard grass, red fescue and ryegrass, and the ratio of various forage grasses is white clover: red clover: orchard grass: red fescue: ryegrass = 15:15:20:20:

30.

8. The method according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that: The non-uniform fertilization combinations include five combinations of low potassium and medium phosphorus, medium potassium and medium phosphorus, high potassium and medium phosphorus, medium potassium and low phosphorus, and medium potassium and high phosphorus. The amount of fertilizer is determined according to the fertility of grassland soil and the growth requirements of forage grass.

9. The method according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that: It also includes regular management of mixed legume and grass grasslands, including weeding, irrigation, pest control and timely mowing to maintain healthy growth and high and stable yields of the grassland.

Images