A high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase change superconducting heat exchange device

Abstract

The present invention relates to the technical field of heat exchange devices, and specifically to a high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchange device, comprising a heating furnace whose inner bottom is filled with a superconducting liquid, with partitions fixedly connected to both sides of the lower end of the outer wall of the heating furnace, a solid heat storage box disposed at the upper end of one side of the partition, a solid heat storage medium disposed inside the solid heat storage box for storing heat, and a heat collector fixedly connected to the upper end of the partition on the other side, a solar panel disposed at the upper end of the heat collector, the solar panel being electrically connected to the power storage structure inside the heat collector, and a crude oil delivery pipe, a first heating pipe, and a second heating pipe disposed inside the heating furnace from top to bottom. Compared to the prior art, the present application solves the problems of traditional heating methods that use the combustion of fossil fuels or direct heating with electricity, such as environmental pollution, low energy utilization efficiency, slow heating speed, and high production costs.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of heat exchange devices, and in particular to a high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchange device. Background Art

[0002] In the complex process of oil extraction and transportation, crude oil viscosity reduction heating is undoubtedly a crucial link. After extraction, crude oil often exhibits poor fluidity and is difficult to transport directly over long distances due to its inherent high viscosity. This not only increases energy consumption during transportation, but may also cause blockage and wear on the transportation pipeline, seriously affecting the efficiency and safety of oil extraction. Therefore, how to scientifically and rationally reduce the viscosity of crude oil through effective heating means has become the key to ensuring the smooth flow of crude oil and improving oil transportation efficiency. Against this background, heat exchange devices designed specifically for oil pipelines have emerged. These devices, with their advanced heat exchange technology and efficient heating performance, provide strong technical support for crude oil viscosity reduction heating, greatly promoting the sustainable development of the oil extraction and transportation industry.

[0003] However, traditional heating methods, such as burning fossil fuels or using electricity for direct heating, have many disadvantages:

[0004] First, the combustion of fossil fuels produces large amounts of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases, causing serious environmental pollution. Second, while direct heating with electricity is relatively clean, traditional heating methods have shortcomings in terms of heat storage and release. Electricity during off-peak periods cannot be effectively stored as high-quality heat, and cannot be flexibly released and utilized during peak periods, limiting the efficient allocation and utilization of energy.

[0005] In addition, the heating structure of traditional heating devices is limited by cost and is usually set at the bottom of the medium, while the medium is in a relatively static state. This setting method causes heat to be transferred upward mainly through the heat conduction effect, heating the liquid at the upper end of the medium. However, due to the limited rate of heat conduction, the overall heating rate of the medium is slow. Therefore, when in use, in order to complete the sufficient heating of the upper oil pipeline, it is necessary to wait for a long time, which not only seriously affects the working efficiency of crude oil viscosity reduction heating, but also leads to unnecessary energy consumption and increased production costs.

[0006] Furthermore, we disclose a high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase change superconducting heat exchange device to meet the actual needs of traditional heating methods that use burning fossil fuels or direct heating with electricity, which have the disadvantages of environmental pollution, low energy utilization efficiency, slow heating speed and high production cost. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In view of this, the purpose of the present invention is to propose a high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase change superconducting heat exchange device to solve the problems of traditional heating methods using burning fossil fuels or using electricity for direct heating, which have the disadvantages of environmental pollution, low energy utilization efficiency, slow heating speed and high production cost.

[0008] Based on the above purpose, the present invention provides a high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase change superconducting heat exchange device, including a heating furnace with a superconducting liquid filled in the inner bottom, partitions are fixedly connected on both sides of the lower end of the outer wall of the heating furnace, a solid heat storage box is provided on the upper end of the partition on one side, a solid heat storage medium is provided inside the solid heat storage box for storing heat, a heat collector is fixedly connected to the upper end of the partition on the other side, a solar panel is provided on the upper end of the heat collector, and the solar panel is electrically connected to the power storage structure inside the heat collector, and the interior of the heating furnace is respectively provided with a crude oil delivery pipe, a first heating pipe, a second heating pipe, and a second heating pipe from top to bottom. Heat pipe, the crude oil delivery pipe, the first heating pipe, and the second heating pipe are all spirally designed and pass through the heating furnace at both ends. The upper and lower ends of the second heating pipe are respectively connected to the output end and input end of the heat collector, and the upper and lower ends of the first heating pipe are respectively connected to the output end and input end of the solid heat storage tank. A generator is provided at the connection between the output end of the solid heat storage tank and the first heating pipe, and a circulating fan is provided at the connection between the input end of the solid heat storage tank and the first heating pipe. A disturbance component is provided at the lower end of the interior of the heating furnace, and the disturbance component is used to disturb the liquid during the heating process of the superconducting liquid.

[0009] Preferably, the disturbance component includes a rotating rod rotatably connected to the middle of the bottom surface of the heating furnace, the upper and lower ends of the outer wall of the rotating rod are fixedly connected with spiral plates, the upper end of the rotating rod is engaged and rotatably connected to a limiting plate, and one end of the limiting plate is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the heating furnace.

[0010] Preferably, the disturbance component also includes two baffles fixedly connected to the lower end of the middle part of the inner wall of the heating furnace, an airbag is fixedly connected between the two baffles, the airbag can expand when heated, and an interface is fixedly connected to one side of the inner wall of the airbag.

[0011] Preferably, the inner sides of the two baffles are fixedly connected with mounting brackets, and a sealing sleeve is fixedly connected between the two mounting brackets. The sealing sleeve is hollow in design, and one end of the sealing sleeve is arranged inside the interface and is connected to the airbag through the interface.

[0012] Preferably, the sealing sleeve is internally slidably connected to a piston plate, a push rod is fixedly connected to the middle of one end face of the piston plate, a plurality of tooth blocks are fixedly connected at even intervals on the outer wall of the push rod close to the side of the rotating rod, a plurality of tooth grooves are fixedly connected at even intervals in the middle of the outer wall of the rotating rod, and the tooth blocks are meshingly connected to the tooth grooves.

[0013] Preferably, one end of the push rod away from the sealing sleeve is fixedly connected to a blocking rod, and the blocking rod is arc-shaped.

[0014] Preferably, the two spiral sheets are respectively arranged inside the first heating tube and the second heating tube and are not in contact with the first heating tube and the second heating tube.

[0015] Preferably, both ends of the crude oil delivery pipe passing through the heating furnace are connected to the crude oil supply pipe.

[0016] Preferably, a drain pipe is fixedly connected to one side of the lower end of the outer wall of the heating furnace, a solenoid valve is provided at the tail end of the drain pipe, and a stabilizing frame is fixedly connected to the lower end of the heating furnace.

[0017] Preferably, the heating furnace is entirely sealed and the interior is a vacuum environment.

[0018] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0019] This high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchange device uses the hot air released by the circulating solid heat storage for main heating through the first heating tube, which effectively reduces the viscosity of the exported crude oil. At the same time, the second heating tube serves as an auxiliary heating coil, and the heat generated by the collector is transferred to the superconducting liquid through it, which improves the heating efficiency. The hot air outlet of the solid heat storage box is equipped with a generator, which can use high-temperature hot air to generate electricity, realizing effective energy conversion and storage. During the peak electricity price period, the superconducting liquid in the heating furnace is heated by circulating hot air, and the superconducting liquid heats the crude oil coil to reduce the viscosity. This cycle is repeated to meet the energy storage heating production needs, and the wind, photovoltaic and off-peak electricity are converted into thermal energy, stored in solid materials, and slowly released for use. The hot air released by the solid heat storage is mainly used for heating, and the collector heating is supplementary, which improves the economic efficiency of energy use. In addition, the solar panels can also provide electricity for the collector, increasing The system's self-sufficiency has been enhanced. Compared with traditional heat storage technology, the device uses solid heat storage medium, which not only has high temperature (up to 800°C) and no pressure risk, but also has a simpler structure and a service life of up to 25 years without replacement, and the solid waste treatment is pollution-free and corrosion-free. The application of heat pipe superconducting technology enables the formation of an efficient heat transfer internal circulation inside the heating furnace, which greatly improves the heat exchange efficiency. At the same time, the superconducting thermal fluid in a vacuum state boils at a low temperature, and the heat exchange is rapid and uniform, which effectively reduces thermal corrosion and extends the service life of the furnace. The adoption of absolutely sealed medium vacuum phase change technology achieves 100% water saving. Superconducting liquid is used as a heat transfer medium, which is non-scaling, non-corrosive, and has excellent thermal performance. It also forms a protective layer on the metal surface, further extending the service life of the heat exchanger. The efficient daily radiation utilization rate of the collector (thermal efficiency ≥ 60%) ensures the efficient and stable operation of the entire system.

[0020] This high-temperature, solid-state energy storage, vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchanger features a disturbance component at the lower end of the heating furnace. This design aims to address the low heat conduction efficiency found in conventional heating devices. In conventional setups, the heating structure is often confined to the bottom of the medium, causing the medium to remain relatively static. Heat is transferred upward primarily through slow heat conduction, resulting in slow overall medium temperature rise and, in particular, insufficient heating of the liquid at the upper end. This not only prolongs the operating cycle of the crude oil viscosity reduction heating process, reduces operating efficiency, but also increases energy consumption and production costs. The disturbance component, on the other hand, uses the heated expansion of the airbag to drive the piston plate, which in turn, through the precise meshing of the tooth block and tooth groove, drives the efficient rotation of the rotating rod and spiral blade. This dynamic process effectively disturbs the superconducting liquid, disrupting the static state of the medium and significantly preventing thermal stratification. This significantly improves heat exchange efficiency, ensures uniform and rapid temperature rise of the liquid at the upper and lower ends of the medium, shortens heating time, and improves the efficiency of crude oil viscosity reduction heating. It also reduces energy consumption and effectively lowers production costs, demonstrating the significant advantages of the disturbance component in improving the performance and economic benefits of heating devices. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the present invention or the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are only for the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the high-temperature solid-storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heating process of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the internal three-dimensional structure of the heating furnace of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the disturbance component of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 5 for Figure 4 Enlarged view of point A in the middle;

[0027] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the sealing sleeve of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of the internal three-dimensional structure of the sealing sleeve of the present invention.

[0029] The following are marked in the figure:

[0030] 1. Heating furnace; 2. Collector; 3. Partition; 4. Solid heat storage tank; 5. Crude oil pipeline; 6. First heating tube; 7. Second heating tube; 8. Spiral blade; 9. Rotating rod; 10. Baffle; 11. Air bag; 12. Baffle; 13. Gear block; 14. Push rod; 15. Tooth groove; 16. Sealing sleeve; 17. Mounting bracket; 18. Interface; 19. Piston plate; 20. Drain pipe; 21. Stabilizing frame; 22. Limiting plate; 23. Solar panel; 24. Generator; 25. Circulating fan. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0032] It should be noted that, unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in the present invention should have the usual meanings understood by people with ordinary skills in the field to which the present invention belongs. The "first", "second" and similar words used in the present invention do not indicate any order, quantity or importance, but are only used to distinguish different components. "Include" or "comprise" and similar words mean that the elements or objects appearing before the word include the elements or objects listed after the word and their equivalents, without excluding other elements or objects. "Connect" or "connected" and similar words are not limited to physical or mechanical connections, but may include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. "Up", "down", "left", "right" and the like are only used to indicate relative positional relationships. When the absolute position of the object being described changes, the relative positional relationship may also change accordingly.

[0033] like Figures 1 to 7As shown, a high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchange device comprises a heating furnace 1 whose inner bottom is filled with superconducting liquid, partitions 3 are fixedly connected to both sides of the lower end of the outer wall of the heating furnace 1, a solid heat storage box 4 is provided on the upper end of the partition 3 on one side, and a solid heat storage medium is provided inside the solid heat storage box 4 for storing heat, a heat collector 2 is fixedly connected to the upper end of the partition 3 on the other side, a solar panel 23 is provided on the upper end of the heat collector 2, and the solar panel 23 is electrically connected to the power storage structure inside the heat collector 2, and a crude oil delivery pipe 5, a first heating pipe 6, and a second heating pipe 7 are respectively provided inside the heating furnace 1 from top to bottom. The oil delivery pipe 5, the first heating pipe 6, and the second heating pipe 7 are all spirally designed and pass through the heating furnace 1 at both ends. The upper and lower ends of the second heating pipe 7 are respectively connected to the output end and the input end of the heat collector 2. The upper and lower ends of the first heating pipe 6 are respectively connected to the output end and the input end of the solid heat storage tank 4. A generator 24 is provided at the connection between the output end of the solid heat storage tank 4 and the first heating pipe 6. A circulating fan 25 is provided at the connection between the input end of the solid heat storage tank 4 and the first heating pipe 6. A disturbance component is provided at the lower end of the interior of the heating furnace 1. The disturbance component is used to disturb the liquid during the heating process of the superconducting liquid.

[0034] This high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchange device utilizes the efficient thermal conductivity of the superconducting liquid, combined with the spirally designed crude oil conveying pipe 5, the first heating tube 6 and the second heating tube 7, greatly improving the heat transfer efficiency and ensuring the rapid and uniform distribution of heat. The introduction of the solid heat storage tank 4 not only provides a stable thermal energy storage solution, but also the air bag 11 in the disturbance component expands due to heat and drives the piston plate 19 to move, and then drives the rotating rod 9 and the spiral piece 8 to rotate through the engagement of the tooth block 13 and the tooth groove 15, effectively disturbing the superconducting liquid, preventing thermal stratification, and further improving the heat exchange efficiency. In addition, the device is sealed as a whole and the interior is a vacuum environment, which effectively reduces heat loss and improves energy utilization. This device not only realizes the efficient management of high-temperature solid-state energy storage, but also significantly enhances the heat exchange effect through phase-change superconducting heat exchange technology, bringing the dual advantages of technological innovation and energy conservation and emission reduction to the field of industrial thermal energy utilization, thereby solving the problems of environmental pollution, low energy utilization efficiency, slow heating speed and high production cost existing in traditional heating methods.

[0035] Further, such as Figures 3 to 7As shown, the disturbance component includes a rotating rod 9 rotatably connected to the middle of the bottom surface of the heating furnace 1, and the upper and lower ends of the outer wall of the rotating rod 9 are fixedly connected to the spiral pieces 8. The upper end of the rotating rod 9 is engaged and rotatably connected to the limit plate 22, and one end of the limit plate 22 is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the heating furnace 1. The disturbance component also includes two baffles 10 fixedly connected to the lower end of the middle of the inner wall of the heating furnace 1, and an airbag 11 is fixedly connected between the two baffles 10. The airbag 11 can expand when heated, and an interface 18 is fixedly connected to one side of the inner wall of the airbag 11. The inner sides of the two baffles 10 are fixedly connected to mounting brackets 17, and a sealing sleeve 16 is fixedly connected between the two mounting brackets 17. The sealing sleeve 16 is hollow in design and seals One end of the sleeve 16 is arranged inside the interface 18 and is connected to the airbag 11 through the interface 18. The interior of the sealing sleeve 16 is slidably connected to a piston plate 19, and a push rod 14 is fixedly connected to the middle of one end surface of the piston plate 19. A plurality of tooth blocks 13 are evenly fixedly connected to the outer wall of the push rod 14 near the side of the rotating rod 9. A plurality of tooth grooves 15 are fixedly connected and evenly spaced in the middle of the outer wall of the rotating rod 9. The tooth blocks 13 are meshed with the tooth grooves 15. The end of the push rod 14 away from the sealing sleeve 16 is fixedly connected to a baffle 12. The baffle 12 is arc-shaped. The two spiral sheets 8 are respectively arranged inside the first heating tube 6 and the second heating tube 7 and do not contact the first heating tube 6 and the second heating tube 7;

[0036] Inside the heating furnace 1, as the superconducting liquid is heated, the airbag 11 fixedly connected to the inner wall of the heating furnace 1 expands due to the heat. This expansion pushes the air inside the airbag 11 through the interface 18 connected to the inner wall of the airbag 11 and into the connected sealing sleeve 16, thereby pushing the piston plate 19 in the sealing sleeve 16 forward. The movement of the piston plate 19 drives the push rod 14 fixed to it to move together. The tooth block 13 on the push rod 14 then slides along the tooth groove 15 on the outer wall of the rotating rod 9 and engages. This meshing connection causes the rotating rod 9 to begin to rotate, and the spiral blades 8 fixed to the upper and lower ends of the rotating rod 9 also rotate accordingly, generating a disturbance effect, effectively stirring the superconducting liquid, preventing thermal stratification, and improving heat exchange efficiency. At the same time, the arc-shaped baffle 12 at the distal end of the push rod 14 not only increases the stability of the structure, but also plays a certain guiding and buffering role during the movement of the push rod 14. This entire disturbance process does not require external power and is completely self-driven by the temperature changes inside the heating furnace 1, achieving efficient and energy-saving hot liquid disturbance.

[0037] Further, such as Figure 1 As shown, the crude oil delivery pipe 5 passes through the heating furnace 1 and is connected to the crude oil supply pipe at both ends. A drain pipe 20 is fixedly connected to the lower end of the outer wall of the heating furnace 1. A solenoid valve is provided at the tail end of the drain pipe 20. A stabilizing frame 21 is fixedly connected to the lower end of the heating furnace 1. The heating furnace 1 is sealed as a whole and the interior is a vacuum environment.

[0038] Crude oil is introduced into the heating furnace 1 through the crude oil delivery pipe 5. Both ends of the delivery pipe are connected to the external crude oil supply pipe to ensure the continuous supply of crude oil. Inside the heating furnace 1, the crude oil undergoes a series of heat exchange processes and is efficiently heated by the superconducting liquid and the heating device. After heating, the crude oil flows out of the heating furnace 1 for subsequent processes or applications. At the same time, a drain pipe 20 is provided at the bottom of the heating furnace 1. The drain pipe 20 is used to discharge the waste liquid accumulated inside the heating furnace 1 when necessary or for maintenance and cleaning. A solenoid valve is provided on the outside of the drain pipe 20 to control the drainage work of the drain pipe 20. The heating furnace 1 is designed to be sealed as a whole and maintain a vacuum environment inside. This key feature effectively reduces energy loss during heat conduction, improves the thermal efficiency and thermal insulation performance of the system, and can reduce the waiting time for the superconducting liquid to boil, further improving the efficiency of the crude oil viscosity reduction heating. The stabilizing frame 21 is fixedly connected to the lower end of the heating furnace 1 to ensure the stable installation and operation of the heating furnace 1. In summary, these structures work together to achieve efficient heating treatment of crude oil and stable operation of the system.

[0039] It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the discussion of any of the above embodiments is merely illustrative and is not intended to imply that the scope of the present invention (including the claims) is limited to these examples. Within the scope of the present invention, the technical features in the above embodiments or different embodiments may be combined, the steps may be implemented in any order, and there are many other variations of the different aspects of the present invention as described above, which are not provided in detail for the sake of simplicity.

[0040] The present invention is intended to cover all such substitutions, modifications and variations that fall within the broad scope of the appended claims. Therefore, any omissions, modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchange device, characterized by: The invention comprises a heating furnace (1) whose inner bottom is filled with a superconducting liquid, wherein both sides of the lower end of the outer wall of the heating furnace (1) are fixedly connected with partitions (3), the upper end of the partition (3) on one side is provided with a solid heat storage box (4), the interior of the solid heat storage box (4) is provided with a solid heat storage medium for storing heat, the upper end of the partition (3) on the other side is fixedly connected with a heat collector (2), the upper end of the heat collector (2) is provided with a solar panel (23), the solar panel (23) is electrically connected to the power storage structure inside the heat collector (2), and the interior of the heating furnace (1) is provided with a crude oil delivery pipe (5), a first heating pipe (6), and a second heating pipe (7) from top to bottom, wherein the crude oil delivery pipe (5), The first heating tube (6) and the second heating tube (7) are both spirally designed and both upper and lower ends pass through the heating furnace (1); the upper and lower ends of the second heating tube (7) are respectively connected to the output end and the input end of the heat collector (2); the upper and lower ends of the first heating tube (6) are respectively connected to the output end and the input end of the solid heat storage tank (4); a generator (24) is provided at the connection between the output end of the solid heat storage tank (4) and the first heating tube (6); a circulating fan (25) is provided at the connection between the input end of the solid heat storage tank (4) and the first heating tube (6); a disturbance component is provided at the lower end of the interior of the heating furnace (1); the disturbance component is used to disturb the liquid during the heating process of the superconducting liquid; The disturbance component includes a rotating rod (9) rotatably connected to the middle of the bottom surface of the heating furnace (1), the upper and lower ends of the outer wall of the rotating rod (9) are fixedly connected to spiral plates (8), the upper end of the rotating rod (9) is engaged and rotatably connected to a limit plate (22), one end of the limit plate (22) is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the heating furnace (1), and the disturbance component also includes two baffles (10) fixedly connected to the lower middle end of the inner wall of the heating furnace (1), an air bag (11) is fixedly connected between the two baffles (10), the air bag (11) can expand when heated, one side of the inner wall of the air bag (11) is fixedly connected to an interface (18), and the inner sides of the two baffles (10) are fixedly connected to a mounting frame ( 17), a sealing sleeve (16) is fixedly connected between the two mounting frames (17), the sealing sleeve (16) is of hollow design, one end of the sealing sleeve (16) is arranged inside the interface (18) and is connected to the airbag (11) through the interface (18), the interior of the sealing sleeve (16) is slidably connected to a piston plate (19), a push rod (14) is fixedly connected to the middle of one end face of the piston plate (19), a plurality of tooth blocks (13) are fixedly connected to the side of the outer wall of the push rod (14) close to the rotating rod (9) at uniform intervals, a plurality of tooth grooves (15) are fixedly connected to the middle of the outer wall of the rotating rod (9) at uniform intervals, and the tooth blocks (13) are meshed with the tooth grooves (15); The heating furnace (1) is entirely sealed and has a vacuum environment inside.

2. The high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchange device according to claim 1, characterized in that: One end of the push rod (14) away from the sealing sleeve (16) is fixedly connected to a blocking rod (12), and the blocking rod (12) is arc-shaped.

3. The high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchange device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The two spiral sheets (8) are respectively arranged inside the first heating tube (6) and the second heating tube (7) and are not in contact with the first heating tube (6) and the second heating tube (7).

4. The high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchange device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The crude oil delivery pipe (5) passes through the heating furnace (1) and is connected to the crude oil supply pipe at both ends.

5. The high-temperature solid-state energy storage vacuum phase-change superconducting heat exchange device according to claim 1, characterized in that: A drain pipe (20) is fixedly connected to one side of the lower end of the outer wall of the heating furnace (1), a solenoid valve is provided at the tail end of the drain pipe (20), and a stabilizing frame (21) is fixedly connected to the lower end of the heating furnace (1).

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