Cigar tobacco production method

Abstract

The invention discloses a cigar tobacco production method, which relates to the technical field of cigar production and comprises cigar coat tobacco production and cigar core tobacco production. The method comprises the following steps of planting area selection, seedling raising, soil preparation and moisture retention, transplanting, fertilization, pest control, topping and leaf remaining, harvesting, tobacco leaf airing, stacking and covering and the like. The cigar tobacco leaf production method is high in operation controllability, low in planting cost, simple in field management and capable of effectively avoiding plant diseases and insect pests; and high-quality and high-yield eggplant core and eggplant coat tobacco leaves can be obtained.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of cigar production, and in particular to a method for producing cigar tobacco leaves. Background Art

[0002] Cigars are composed of cigar core, cigar wrapper and cigar wrapper. Cigar core is the filling leaf and is the main source of cigar aroma. Cigar wrapper is the binding leaf used to protect the cigar core. Cigar wrapper has high requirements for appearance quality. High-quality tobacco leaves are the core of cigar quality. The production of high-quality cigar tobacco leaves is an industrial chain with many production links, long cycle and high investment, including planting production, air-drying and fermentation. Among them, planting production alone must consider climate conditions, soil and corresponding production supporting technologies, including farming system, variety selection and seedling cultivation, transplanting, field management, mature harvesting, air-drying, fermentation, etc. Each step is crucial. Cigars focus on original fragrance and flavor. Good raw materials determine good products. The quality of cigar wrapper tobacco leaves is also one of the important factors to measure the quality and grade of cigars. Since the requirements for quality of cigar wrapper are almost perfect, the requirements for ecological conditions and production technology are almost harsh, and the production process is complicated, the price is relatively expensive.

[0003] At present, there is almost no large-scale production of high-quality and high-yield cigar core and cigar wrapper. In view of the above situation, it is necessary to study a cigar tobacco production method to solve the above technical problems. Summary of the invention

[0004] The object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing cigar tobacco leaves to solve the above technical problems.

[0005] The present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0006] A method for producing cigar tobacco leaves, wherein the cigar tobacco leaf production includes the production of wrapper tobacco leaves and the production of filler tobacco leaves, and comprises the following steps:

[0007] (1) Planting area selection: Select loam plots with a pH value of 5.5 to 7.0 as the planting area;

[0008] (2) Seedling cultivation: After sowing tobacco seeds in seedling trays, place the seedling trays in a seedling cultivation pool for floating seedling cultivation. When the tobacco seedling stems are 10 to 12 cm tall, they can be transplanted.

[0009] (3) Soil preparation: The soil in the planting area is plowed to a depth of 30 to 35 cm. After deep plowing, the soil is left untouched. Before transplanting the tobacco seedlings, a transplanting furrow with a depth of 18 to 20 cm is dug with a row spacing of 90 cm.

[0010] (4) Transplanting: Transplant the tobacco seedlings into the transplanting trench;

[0011] (5) Fertilization: After the tobacco seedlings are planted in the transplanting ditch, magnesium carbonate, compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer are applied respectively;

[0012] (6) Pest and disease control: clean up weeds in and around the planting area and carry out disinfection and pest control;

[0013] (7) Topping and leaving leaves: When the tobacco plant enters the middle growth stage, the bottom leaves of the tobacco plant are optimized and the side buds are removed before topping; when the tobacco plant enters the late growth stage, the effective harvested leaves are left to continue growing;

[0014] (8) Harvesting: When the tobacco leaves at the bottom of the tobacco plant reach the physiological maturity stage, they are harvested in batches;

[0015] (9) Tobacco leaf drying: Tobacco leaves are dried in batches according to their parts. During the drying process, the tobacco leaves are shaken 2-3 times a week. After the temperature and humidity are controlled until the tobacco leaves are completely dry, the leaves are moved to the bottom floor of the drying room overnight to recover moisture before being taken down.

[0016] (10) Stacking: After the tobacco leaves are unloaded and moistened, they are tied into bundles. The bundled tobacco leaves of the same batch are piled into a pile and stacked. During the stacking process, the pile is turned over until the stacking is completed, and cigar tobacco leaves are obtained.

[0017] Specifically, Yunxue No. 1 is used for cigar wrapper production, and Yunxue No. 39 is used for cigar core production.

[0018] Furthermore, the effective boron content of the sandy loam soil in step (1) is 0.29-0.31 mg / kg.

[0019] Specifically, the overall soil in the planting area needs to be loose in structure, light in texture, rich in organic matter, with medium to high soil fertility, a pH value between 5.2-7.0, and sandy loam with good natural drainage performance, but it lacks effective boron and needs to supplement boron fertilizer.

[0020] Furthermore, in step (2), when the tobacco seedlings enter the cat's ear stage during floating seedling cultivation, the chlorophyll value of the tobacco seedling leaves is measured every 5 days. When the chlorophyll value SPAD is less than 37, 0.9% magnesium nitrate is sprayed once, and the amount of magnesium nitrate is 0.8 L per 40 trays of tobacco seedlings, wherein each tray of seedling tray has 200 holes.

[0021] Specifically, a small shed was used for floating seedling cultivation with 200 holes in the seedling tray; sowing was carried out on June 12, and thinning was carried out in time after the "small cross" period. The chlorophyll value of the tobacco seedlings was measured every 5 days from the cat's ear stage to transplanting. When the chlorophyll value SPAD < 37, 0.9% magnesium nitrate was sprayed; when the seedlings were about 45-50 days old and the stem height reached 10-12 cm, the clean, neat and disease-free seedlings were selected for transplanting.

[0022] The preparation work for the spring plowing is completed in early July, and the soil is deep plowed to ensure that the land is flat after land preparation. At the same time, side ditches and central ditches are dug. Combined with the actual drainage and irrigation needs of the field, multiple central ditches can be dug, and no soil moisture is maintained after deep plowing.

[0023] Furthermore, in step (4), when producing wrapper tobacco leaves, side nets are set up on the planting area before the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, and the top net is laid on the 20th to 21st day after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, or no side nets are set up before the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, and the side nets are laid on the 14th to 15th day after the transplanting; the side nets and the top nets are both white shade nets or silver shade nets with a shading rate of 28-32%; when transplanting the tobacco seedlings, the row spacing of the wrapper tobacco seedlings is 35cm*84cm or wide and narrow rows are used for alternating transplanting; the wide and narrow rows are transplanted alternately with wide rows of 100cm and narrow rows of 80cm; the row spacing of the core tobacco seedlings is transplanted according to the equal row spacing of 45cm*90cm; after the transplanting is completed, a drip irrigation belt is laid next to the tobacco seedlings and the ground film is not covered during the planting period.

[0024] Specifically, bamboo poles and steel ropes are used to build shade nets. The construction of shade nets can reduce light intensity and reduce pest damage. The transplanting season for wrapper tobacco seedlings and core tobacco seedlings is July 27-July 30. After transplanting, the ground film is not covered, and drip irrigation is laid in the conventional way. Before transplanting, the transplanting ditch is sprayed with pesticides for underground pests. Before transplanting, the transplanting ditch is irrigated thoroughly. After transplanting, the pesticides for underground pests are irrigated, and then covered with fine soil to ensure that the tobacco seedlings are exposed about 3cm from the growth point, and the tall seedlings are eliminated to ensure the survival rate. The seedling replacement work is completed 2-3 days after the transplanting is completed. The number of irrigations and water consumption during the planting process are determined according to the soil moisture. In the absence of rainfall, water is applied about once every 7 days, and the drip irrigation time is about 1.5-2 hours. The principle of maintaining the relative moisture content of the soil: about 60% during the root extension period, 70%-80% during the vigorous period, and about 70% after the capping and thereafter.

[0025] When magnesium carbonate is applied, it is applied in strips before the first application of compound fertilizer. 30 kg / mu is applied for both wrapper tobacco leaf production and filler tobacco leaf production. The magnesium carbonate is applied in strips once 5-7 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted.

[0026] When applying compound fertilizer, both the wrapper tobacco seedlings and the core tobacco seedlings were applied twice after transplanting: on the 7th day after the wrapper tobacco seedlings were transplanted, 29.5 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium: magnesium = 12:12:17:5 was applied for the first time, followed by application of organic fertilizer and covering the roots with soil; on the 21st day after the wrapper tobacco seedlings were transplanted, 20.0 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 12:2:25 was applied for the second time, and then pure nitrogen fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 34:0:0 was applied for 14 kg / mu; on the 7th day after transplanting the cigar core tobacco seedlings, apply 21.5kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium: magnesium = 12:12:17:5 for the first time, then apply organic fertilizer and cover the roots with soil; on the 21st day after transplanting the cigar core tobacco seedlings, apply 23.0kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 12:2:25 for the second time, then apply 11.8kg / mu of pure nitrogen fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 34:0:0; after application, hoe the soil, dig ditches and cultivate the soil to 25-27cm. Alternatively, after transplanting the wrapper and filler tobacco seedlings, fertilizer shall be applied three times. On the 5th day after transplanting, 30 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 15:15:15 shall be applied for the first time. On the 12th day after transplanting, 30 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 15:15:15 shall be applied for the second time. On the 30th day after transplanting, 20 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 15:15:15 shall be applied for the third time. After application, hoe the soil, dig the furrows and build up the soil to 24-26 cm.

[0027] The organic fertilizer is an organic fertilizer with an oil cake content of not less than 35%; when applying organic fertilizer, 530kg / mu of organic fertilizer is applied to both the wrapper tobacco leaf production and the core tobacco leaf production; on the 7th day after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 530kg / mu is applied, and after applying compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer is applied in strips on the same day and covered on the compound fertilizer, the moist surface is shallowly hoeed and covered with soil to cover the roots, so that the tobacco seedlings are about 3cm exposed from the growth point; or, 370kg / mu is applied for the first time on the 5th day after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, and after applying compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer is applied in strips on the same day and covered on the compound fertilizer, the moist surface is shallowly hoeed and covered with soil to cover the roots, so that the tobacco seedlings are about 4cm exposed from the growth point, and this is on the 12th day after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted; 160kg / mu of compound fertilizer is applied for the second time, and after applying compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer is applied in strips on the same day and covered on the compound fertilizer, the moist surface is shallowly hoeed and covered with soil to cover the roots, so that the tobacco seedlings are 4cm exposed from the growth point.

[0028] When applying foliar fertilizer, spray 0.9% magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer once on the 25th, 32nd, 39th and 46th days after the transplanting of the outer tobacco seedlings, spray the same magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer as that of the outer tobacco seedlings after the transplanting of the core tobacco seedlings, and add 0.2% compound foliar fertilizer with nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium = 22:8:25 between the two adjacent magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizers; or spray 0.9% nitrate once on the 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd days after the transplanting of the outer tobacco seedlings. Magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer. The magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer sprayed after the wrapper tobacco seedlings are transplanted is the same as that of the wrapper tobacco seedlings, and a 0.2% compound foliar fertilizer with a concentration of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 22:8:25 is added between the two adjacent magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizers. After the wrapper tobacco seedlings and the core tobacco seedlings are transplanted and survived, the chlorophyll value of the tobacco plants is tested every 5 days. When the chlorophyll value of the tobacco plants in the field is less than 37, an additional 0.2% compound foliar fertilizer with a concentration of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 22:8:25 is applied.

[0029] Specifically, after the wrapper tobacco seedlings and the core tobacco seedlings are transplanted and survive, the chlorophyll value of the tobacco plants is tested every 5 days. When the chlorophyll value of the tobacco plants in the field is less than 37, the first application of compound foliar fertilizer can only be done on the 14th day after transplanting. For example, if the chlorophyll value is detected to be less than 37 on the fifth day after transplanting, the first application of compound foliar fertilizer can only be done on the 14th day after transplanting.

[0030] Furthermore, the weed cleaning in and around the planting area in step (6) is to remove the sunflower and red artichoke within and around the planting area within a 10-meter range before the tobacco seedlings are transplanted and during the planting process; the disinfection and insecticide is to carry out insecticide within and around the planting area within a 10-meter range every 5 days 15 days before the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, and the insecticide is cypermethrin and thiamethoxam used alternately, and cypermethrin or thiamethoxam is diluted 800-1000 times and evenly sprayed around the planting area.

[0031] Specifically, removing the sunflower and red artichoke in the planting area and within 10 meters around it can effectively prevent leaf curl disease.

[0032] Furthermore, in step (7), the optimization of the base leaves of the tobacco plants is as follows: 20-25 days after the wrapper tobacco seedlings and the core tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 4 base leaves of the wrapper plants are optimized at one time, and 6 base leaves of the core tobacco plants are optimized at one time; both the wrapper plants and the core tobacco plants are toppled by a heart-capping or bud-capping method; 40-50 days after the wrapper tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 17-19 effective leaves are left for continued growth, and 35-40 days after the core tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 15-17 effective leaves are left for continued growth.

[0033] Specifically, lateral buds should be removed 25 days after transplanting, and the lateral buds should not exceed 5 cm, and the removal of lateral buds should be continued. In addition, the top capping refers to the removal of the buds of tobacco plants when they have just grown (budding) together with the small branches that have just grown on the top; the top capping refers to the topping of weak tobacco plants when the buds have just grown 4cm to 6cm, and when the buds and tender leaves can be separated, the buds, pedicels and 2 to 3 attached flower leaves (leaflets) are removed together.

[0034] Furthermore, in step (8), the tobacco leaves at the bottom of the plant enter the physiological maturity period when, 43-48 days after the wrapper tobacco seedlings and the core tobacco seedlings are transplanted, the green color of the tobacco leaves at the bottom of the tobacco plant becomes lighter, the leaf tips droop, the leaves turn downward from stretching upward, and the chlorophyll content of the tobacco leaves is measured to assist in determining whether the tobacco leaves are ripe, and then harvesting in batches begins; the judgment of ripeness is that when the difference in chlorophyll value between the tip of the tobacco leaf and the middle of the tobacco leaf is 0, the tobacco leaves are ripe; the batch harvesting begins when, after the wrapper tobacco leaves begin to be harvested, they are harvested in 8 times, once every 5 days, with 2 leaves each time, but the number of leaves harvested in the penultimate harvest is determined in combination with the number of leaves to be retained, and 2 top leaves are retained for the last harvest; after the core tobacco leaves begin to be harvested, they are harvested in 6 times, once every 5 days, with 2 leaves each time in the first and second harvests, 4 leaves in the third harvest, and the number of leaves harvested in the fourth harvest is determined in combination with the number of leaves to be retained, and 2 top leaves are retained for the last harvest.

[0035] Specifically, the harvest of wrapper tobacco starts about 42 days after transplanting, and lasts until 75-80 days; the harvest of filler tobacco starts about 48 days after transplanting, and lasts until 80 days. If there is continuous rain or heavy rain, the wrapper tobacco can be harvested after 7 days, and the filler tobacco can be harvested the next day after the rain stops.

[0036] Specifically, the chlorophyll value (SPAD) of tobacco leaves is measured to assist in determining the appropriate degree of tobacco leaves to be harvested. That is, in the morning after the dew has dried on a sunny day or in the afternoon after the sun has set, use the " / " point selection method in the pre-harvest field to avoid the edge of the field, evenly select 5 points, and each point has 3 tobacco plants growing uniformly. The chlorophyll value (SPAD) of the "leaf tip" and the "middle" is measured, and the difference is used to determine the maturity of the tobacco leaves. When the difference is greater than "6", it is "unripe", and the larger the difference, the higher the degree of unripeness; when the difference is greater than 0 and less than 6, it is "suitable to be mature"; when the difference is less than "0", it is "overripe", and the larger the absolute value of the difference, the higher the degree of overripeness. The best difference is "0".

[0037] Furthermore, in step (9), the wrapper tobacco leaves and filler tobacco leaves are air-dried in batches according to their positions, with the tobacco stem length being 3.7 meters, the lower leaf tobacco leaves at leaf positions 1-4 being threaded with 160 leaves / stem, the middle leaf tobacco leaves at leaf positions 5-12 being threaded with 100-120 leaves / stem, and the upper leaf tobacco leaves at the remaining leaf positions being threaded with 80-100 leaves / stem; the spacing between the tobacco stems is 30 cm during the initial air-drying, and the spacing between the tobacco stems is shortened to 25 cm after the 8th day of air-drying of the lower leaves, shortened to 20 cm after the 14th day, and shortened to 20 cm after the 18th day. After 24 days, the distance between tobacco stems is shortened to 15cm, after 24 days, the distance between tobacco stems is shortened to 10cm, and after 30 days, the distance between tobacco stems is shortened to 0cm. The stems are simultaneously moved to the upper area of ​​the drying room. After the main veins of the tobacco leaves turn white and are completely dry, the stems are moved to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture before being removed from the drying room. The drying system for the middle leaves in the first 24 days is the same as that for the lower leaves. After the 30th day, the distance between tobacco stems is shortened to 5cm, and after 45 days, the distance between tobacco stems is shortened to 0cm. The stems are simultaneously moved to the upper area of ​​the drying room. After the main veins of the tobacco leaves turn white and are completely dry, the stems are moved to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture before being removed from the drying room.

[0038] Specifically, before weaving tobacco leaves, they are classified according to their position, size and maturity. When weaving, slowly take the cigar tobacco leaves out of the tobacco frame and turn them upside down on the wooden board; use a round needle to thread the tobacco, with two leaves back to back. During the threading process, the threading needle is disinfected with alcohol once every half an hour to prevent bacterial infection; the threading density is implemented as above; open the doors and windows during the threading process, and close the doors and windows in time after the tobacco is loaded. If the tobacco leaves are in a low temperature and high humidity (or high temperature and high humidity) environment for a long time, adhesion will occur. At this time, it is necessary to shake the rod immediately, and shake the rod at least twice a week; while shaking the rod, burn charcoal fire to heat it, place the charcoal basin in the middle of the aisle, place a charcoal basin in each compartment, and place a "▽" iron sheet above the charcoal basin to ensure that the heat dissipation tends to be uniform. When the internal humidity is high and the external humidity is low, open the doors and windows for ventilation, and shake the rod at the same time to prevent the tobacco leaves from sticking and mold.

[0039] The temperature and humidity control requirements during the drying process are as follows: temperature 25-28℃, humidity 80% during the yellowing stage; temperature 28-30℃, humidity 75% during the browning stage; temperature 30-32℃, humidity 70% during the leaf (tendon) drying stage. A thermometer and hygrometer are placed in the center of the drying room. The temperature and humidity in the drying room are adjusted by opening and closing doors and windows, pouring water on the ground, burning charcoal, etc. to ensure that the temperature and humidity during the drying period tend to the requirements of the drying process; the temperature cannot rise too quickly, and should not exceed 1℃ per hour.

[0040] Furthermore, in step (10), the stacking and covering of the core tobacco leaves and wrapper tobacco leaves is as follows: the stacking and covering temperature of the first and second harvested tobacco piles does not exceed 37-38°C, the stacking and covering temperature of the third to fifth harvested tobacco piles does not exceed 39-40°C, and the stacking and covering temperature of the remaining harvested tobacco piles does not exceed 41-42°C; the stacking and covering time of the first and second harvested tobacco leaves is 15 days, and the stacking and covering time of the third to eighth harvested tobacco leaves is 25 days; if the stacking temperature of the core tobacco leaves reaches the set value, the tobacco leaves in the pile are shaken out in time and turned over; and the turning of the wrapper tobacco pile does not take into account the temperature change, and is turned over every 7 days.

[0041] Specifically, the tobacco leaves can be softened by natural humidity, and artificial humidification is prohibited. Each bunch contains 50 leaves. When turning the pile, the leaves in the bunch are shaken out to ensure that the temperature is lowered. After the pile is covered, the agricultural fermentation stage begins.

[0042] In summary, compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are:

[0043] 1. The present invention clarifies the key planting techniques, drying measures and key points of cigar tobacco wrappers and cigar cores, which is conducive to intensive and large-scale production.

[0044] 2. The production method of the present invention can increase the planting density of cigar tobacco leaves while ensuring the quality of the tobacco leaves and improving the output of cigar wrapper and cigar filler tobacco leaves.

[0045] 3. The production method of the present invention is simple to operate and greatly reduces the labor required for production.

[0046] 4. The production method of the present invention has high controllability, low planting cost, simple field management, and can effectively avoid the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] The following examples are illustrative and intended to explain the present invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0048] The production of wrapper tobacco leaves and filler tobacco leaves in the following examples were all carried out in western Yunnan, and planting areas were set up in Jiexiang, Ruili, Dehong Prefecture, Zhefang, Mangshi, and Lujiangba, Longyang, Baoshan. Before setting up the planting areas, the natural conditions of the area were analyzed:

[0049] (1) Climate conditions: The planting and drying time are selected by analyzing the climate conditions of the planting area. According to statistics, the average annual and summer and autumn climate conditions in the planting areas of Jiexiang, Ruili, Dehong Prefecture, Zhafang, Mangshi, and Lujiangba, Longyang, Baoshan in the past 10 years are shown in Table 1. The field period is calculated in summer, and the drying period is calculated in autumn:

[0050] Table 1 Analysis of main climate factors for cigar cultivation in summer and autumn

[0051]

[0052] It can be seen that the field period is from August to October, and the temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine hours are all suitable for cigar cultivation; the drying period is from mid-to-late September to the end of November, and the relative humidity of the air is suitable and the temperature is low.

[0053] (2) The soil conditions of the planting area are analyzed as follows:

[0054] Table 2 Evaluation and analysis of soil nutrient levels (pH value, organic matter, macroelements)

[0055]

[0056] Table 3 Evaluation and analysis of soil nutrient levels (medium and trace elements)

[0057]

[0058] The overall soil structure in the planting area is loose, light, rich in organic matter, with medium to high soil fertility, a pH value between 5.2-6.6, and sandy loam with good natural drainage performance, but it lacks effective boron and needs to supplement with boron fertilizer.

[0059] Example 1: Wrapper Tobacco Production

[0060] (1) Select sandy loam soil with a pH value of 7.0 for planting cigar seedlings.

[0061] (2) Seedling cultivation: After sowing Yunxue No. 1 tobacco seeds in seedling trays, a small floating shed was used for seedling cultivation, with 200 holes in the seedling trays. The seeds were sown on June 12, and the seedlings were thinned and fixed after the "small cross" period. The chlorophyll value of the tobacco seedlings was measured every 5 days from the cat's ear stage to before transplanting. When the chlorophyll value (SPAD) was less than 37, magnesium nitrate (0.9%) was sprayed. The amount of magnesium nitrate was 0.8 L per 40 trays of tobacco seedlings, with each tray of seedling trays having 200 holes. When the seedlings were about 45 days old and the stem height reached 10-12 cm, the healthy, neat and disease-free seedlings were selected for transplanting.

[0062] (3) Soil preparation: Complete the pre-soil preparation work in early July and plow the soil 30 cm deep to ensure that the land is flat after land preparation; dig side ditches and center ditches at the same time. According to the actual drainage and irrigation needs of the field, the center ditch can be dug with multiple or "cross ditches". After 20 days of seedling cultivation, plow the soil in the planting area 30 cm deep. After deep plowing, do not pay attention to the soil moisture. Before transplanting tobacco seedlings, transplant them alternately in wide and narrow rows, that is, alternately transplant 100 cm wide rows and 80 cm narrow rows and dig a 20 cm deep transplanting ditch;

[0063] (4) Transplanting: Transplant the tobacco seedlings into the transplanting ditch, and lay a shade net in the planting area. The shade net is a white shade net with a shading rate of 30% (±2) to reduce the light intensity; and the side nets (enclosures) are laid before transplanting. When transplanting tobacco seedlings, the row spacing of the wrapper tobacco seedlings is 35cm*84cm; after transplanting, lay drip irrigation tapes next to the tobacco seedlings and do not cover the ground with film during the planting period. The principle of maintaining the relative soil moisture content during planting is: about 60% during the root extension period, 70%-80% during the vigorous growth period, and about 70% after topping out and thereafter.

[0064] (5) Fertilization: After the tobacco seedlings are planted in the transplanting furrow, magnesium carbonate, compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer are applied respectively. Magnesium carbonate is applied before compound fertilizer, 30 kg / mu, and magnesium carbonate is applied once on the 5th day after transplanting the tobacco seedlings. When applying compound fertilizer, it is applied twice on the 7th day after transplanting. The first time is to apply 29.5 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium: magnesium = 12:12:17:5, followed by organic fertilizer and covering the soil; on the 21st day after transplanting the tobacco seedlings, the second time is to apply 20.0 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 12:2:25, and then apply 14 kg / mu of pure nitrogen fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 34:0:0; after application, hoe the soil, raise the furrow and cultivate the soil to 25-27 cm. On the 7th day after transplanting tobacco seedlings, apply 530kg / mu of organic fertilizer with oil cake content not less than 35%, and apply organic fertilizer on the compound fertilizer on the same day after applying compound fertilizer. Spray 0.9% magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer once on the 25th, 32nd, 39th and 46th days after transplanting; after the survival of the tobacco seedlings, test the chlorophyll value of the tobacco plants every 5 days. When the chlorophyll value of the tobacco plants in the field is less than 37, apply a 0.2% compound foliar fertilizer with nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium = 22:8:25.

[0065] (6) Pest and disease control: promptly remove weeds such as sunflower and thistle in the field and within a 10-meter radius of the surrounding area, and disinfect and kill insects in the planting field and the surrounding land within a 10-meter radius every 5 days 15 days before transplanting to prevent leaf curl disease.

[0066] (7) Topping and leaving leaves: 20 days after the cigarette seedlings are transplanted, the 4 bottom leaves are optimized at one time; using the "heart-capping" method, the cigarette plants are toppled 40 days after the seedlings are transplanted, leaving 18 effective leaves for harvesting and continuing to grow.

[0067] (8) Harvesting: 45 days after the wrapper tobacco seedlings are transplanted, the green color of the tobacco leaves at the bottom of the tobacco plant becomes lighter, the leaf tips droop, the leaves turn downward instead of stretching upward, and the difference in chlorophyll value between the leaf tips and the middle of the tobacco leaves is 0, and then harvesting in batches begins. After the wrapper tobacco leaves begin to be harvested, they are harvested in 8 batches, once every 5 days, with 2 leaves each time, but the number of leaves harvested in the second to last harvest is determined in combination with the number of leaves to be retained, and the 2 top leaves are retained for the last harvest.

[0068] (9) Tobacco leaf airing: The wrapper tobacco leaves are aired in batches according to their positions. The lower leaves at positions 1-4 are threaded with 160 leaves per stem, the middle leaves at positions 5-12 are threaded with 120 leaves per stem, and the upper leaves at the remaining positions are threaded with 80 leaves per stem. The spacing between the tobacco stems is 30 cm during the initial airing. After the 8th day of airing, the spacing between the tobacco stems is shortened to 25 cm, after the 14th day, the spacing between the tobacco stems is shortened to 20 cm, after the 18th day, the spacing between the tobacco stems is shortened to 15 cm, and after the 2nd day, the spacing between the tobacco stems is shortened to 15 cm. After 4 days, shorten the distance between tobacco stems to 10cm, shorten it to 0cm after the 30th day, and move the stems to the upper area of ​​the air-drying room at the same time. After the main veins of the tobacco leaves turn white and dry completely, move the stems to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture before removing the stems; the drying of the middle leaves for the first 24 days is the same as that of the lower leaves. After the 30th day, shorten the distance between tobacco stems to 5cm, shorten it to 0cm after the 45th day, and move the stems to the upper area of ​​the air-drying room at the same time. After the main veins of the tobacco leaves turn white and dry completely, move the stems to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture before removing the stems. Use a round needle to thread the tobacco, with two leaves back to back. During the threading process, disinfect the threading needle with alcohol once every half an hour to prevent bacterial infection.

[0069] During the drying process, the rods should be shaken at least twice a week. Charcoal fire should be burned to heat the tobacco leaves. The charcoal basin should be placed in the middle of the aisle, with one charcoal basin in each compartment. A "▽" iron sheet should be placed above the charcoal basin to ensure uniform heat dissipation. When the internal humidity is high and the external humidity is low, open the doors and windows for ventilation and shake the rods at the same time to prevent the tobacco leaves from sticking and getting moldy.

[0070] During the drying process, the temperature is 25-28℃ and the humidity is 80% during the yellowing stage; the temperature is 28-30℃ and the humidity is 75% during the browning stage; the temperature is 30-32℃ and the humidity is 70% during the dry leaf (tendon) stage. A thermometer and hygrometer are placed in the center of the drying room. The temperature and humidity in the drying room are adjusted by opening and closing doors and windows, pouring water on the ground, burning charcoal, etc. to ensure that the temperature and humidity during the drying period tend to the requirements of the drying process; the temperature cannot rise too quickly, and should not exceed 1℃ per hour.

[0071] (10) Stacking: After the tobacco leaves are moistened, they are bundled together. The bundled tobacco leaves of the same batch are piled together and stacked together. During the stacking process, the tobacco leaves are turned over until the stacking is completed, and cigar tobacco leaves are obtained. The tobacco leaves can be softened by natural humidity, and artificial humidification is prohibited. Each bundle contains 50 leaves. The tobacco leaves are stacked according to the "picking" method, and the tobacco leaves harvested from the same batch are stacked together. When turning the pile, the cigar wrapper leaves are turned over every 7 days, regardless of temperature changes. The 1st and 2nd picking tobacco leaves are generally piled for 15 days, and the 3rd to 8th picking tobacco leaves are generally piled for 25 days, and then enter the agricultural fermentation stage.

[0072] Example 2 Production of filler tobacco leaves

[0073] (1) Select sandy loam soil with a pH value of 6 to plant tobacco seedlings.

[0074] (2) Seedling cultivation: After sowing tobacco seeds No. 39 Yunxue in seedling trays, a small floating shed was used for seedling cultivation, with 200 holes in the seedling trays. The seeds were sown on June 12, and the seedlings were thinned and fixed after the "small cross" period. The chlorophyll value of the tobacco seedlings was measured every 5 days from the cat's ear stage to before transplanting. When the chlorophyll value (SPAD) was less than 37, magnesium nitrate (0.9%) was sprayed. The amount of magnesium nitrate was 0.8 L per 40 trays of tobacco seedlings, with each tray of seedling trays having 200 holes. When the seedlings were about 45 days old and the stem height reached 10-12 cm, the healthy, neat and disease-free seedlings were selected for transplanting.

[0075] (3) Land preparation and soil moisture control: Complete the pre-soil preparation work in early July and plow the soil 35 cm deep to ensure that the land is flat after land preparation; dig side ditches and center ditches at the same time. According to the actual drainage and irrigation needs of the field, the center ditch can be dug with multiple or "cross ditches". After 22 days of seedling cultivation, plow the soil in the planting area 35 cm deep. After deep plowing, do not care about the soil moisture. Before transplanting the tobacco seedlings, dig a transplanting ditch 18 cm deep with a row spacing of 92 cm;

[0076] (4) Transplanting: Transplant the tobacco seedlings into the transplanting ditch, and lay a shade net in the planting area. The shade net is a silver shade net with a shading rate of 30% (±2) to reduce the light intensity; and the side net (enclosure) is laid before transplanting. When transplanting tobacco seedlings, the spacing between rows and plants is 45cm*90cm; after the transplanting is completed, lay drip irrigation tape next to the tobacco seedlings and do not cover the ground film during the planting period. The transplanted rows are 35cm*84cm; after transplanting, cover with fine soil to ensure that the tobacco seedlings are exposed about 3cm from the growth point, eliminate tall seedlings, and ensure the survival rate; complete the seedling replacement work 2-3 days after transplanting. The principle of maintaining the relative moisture content of the soil during planting is: about 60% during the root extension period, 70%-80% during the vigorous growth period, and about 70% after capping and thereafter.

[0077] (5) Fertilization: After the tobacco seedlings are planted in the transplanting furrow, magnesium carbonate, compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer are applied respectively. Magnesium carbonate is applied before compound fertilizer, 30 kg / mu, and magnesium carbonate is applied once on the 5th day after transplanting the tobacco seedlings. When applying compound fertilizer, it is applied twice on the 7th day after transplanting. The first time is to apply 29.5 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium: magnesium = 12:12:17:5, followed by organic fertilizer and covering the soil; on the 21st day after transplanting the tobacco seedlings, the second time is to apply 20.0 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 12:2:25, and then apply 14 kg / mu of pure nitrogen fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 34:0:0; after application, hoe the soil, raise the furrow and cultivate the soil to 25-27 cm. On the 7th day after transplanting tobacco seedlings, apply 530kg / mu of organic fertilizer with oil cake content not less than 35%, and apply organic fertilizer on the compound fertilizer on the same day after applying compound fertilizer; shallowly hoe the surface of the soil and cover the roots, so that the tobacco seedlings are exposed about 3cm from the growth point; and apply 0.2% compound foliar fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 22:8:25 between two adjacent magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizers. Spray magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer with a concentration of 0.9% on the 8th, 36th and 43rd days after transplanting.

[0078] (6) Pest and disease control: promptly remove weeds such as sunflower and thistle in the field and within a 10-meter radius of the surrounding area, and disinfect and kill insects in the planting field and the surrounding land within a 10-meter radius every 5 days 15 days before transplanting to prevent leaf curl disease.

[0079] (7) Topping and leaving leaves: 25 days after the transplanting of the cigar core tobacco seedlings, the 6 bottom leaves are optimized at one time; using the "heart-locking topping" method, the cigar core plants are toppled 35 days after the transplanting of the tobacco seedlings, leaving 17 effective harvestable leaves for continued growth.

[0080] (8) Harvesting: 48 days after the transplanting of the filler tobacco seedlings, the green color of the tobacco leaves at the bottom of the tobacco plant becomes lighter, the leaf tips droop, the leaves turn downward instead of stretching upward, and the difference in chlorophyll value between the leaf tips and the middle of the tobacco leaves is 0, and then the harvesting begins in batches. The harvesting begins in batches; after the filler tobacco leaves begin to be harvested, they are harvested in 6 batches, once every 5 days, with 2 leaves each in the first and second harvests, 4 leaves in the third harvest, and the number of leaves harvested in the fourth harvest is determined based on the number of leaves to be retained, and 2 top leaves are retained for the last harvest.

[0081] (9) Tobacco leaf airing: The cigar core tobacco leaves are aired in batches according to their positions, and the length of the tobacco stems is 3.7 meters. The lower leaf tobacco leaves at leaf positions 1-4 are threaded with 160 leaves / stem, the middle leaf tobacco leaves at leaf positions 5-12 are threaded with 100-120 leaves / stem, and the upper leaf tobacco leaves at the remaining leaf positions are threaded with 80-100 leaves / stem; the distance between the tobacco stems is 30 cm during the initial airing, and the distance between the tobacco stems is shortened to 25 cm after the 8th day of airing for the lower leaves, shortened to 20 cm after the 14th day, shortened to 15 cm after the 18th day, and shortened to 20 cm after the 24th day. The spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 10cm, and the spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 0cm after the 30th day. The stems are moved to the upper area of ​​the air-drying room at the same time. When the main veins of tobacco leaves turn white and dry completely, the stems are moved to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture before being removed from the stems. The drying of the middle leaves for the first 24 days is the same as that of the lower leaves. After the 30th day, the spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 5cm, and after the 45th day, the spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 0cm. The stems are moved to the upper area of ​​the air-drying room at the same time. When the main veins of tobacco leaves turn white and dry completely, the stems are moved to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture before being removed from the stems. Use a round needle to thread the tobacco, with two leaves back to back. During the threading process, the threading needle is disinfected with alcohol once every half an hour to prevent bacterial infection.

[0082] During the drying process, the rods should be shaken at least twice a week. Charcoal fire should be burned to heat the tobacco leaves. The charcoal basin should be placed in the middle of the aisle, with one charcoal basin in each compartment. A "▽" iron sheet should be placed above the charcoal basin to ensure uniform heat dissipation. When the internal humidity is high and the external humidity is low, open the doors and windows for ventilation and shake the rods at the same time to prevent the tobacco leaves from sticking and getting moldy.

[0083] During the drying process, the temperature is 25-28℃ and the humidity is 80% during the yellowing stage; the temperature is 28-30℃ and the humidity is 75% during the browning stage; the temperature is 30-32℃ and the humidity is 70% during the dry leaf (tendon) stage. A thermometer and hygrometer are placed in the center of the drying room. The temperature and humidity in the drying room are adjusted by opening and closing doors and windows, pouring water on the ground, burning charcoal, etc. to ensure that the temperature and humidity during the drying period tend to the requirements of the drying process; the temperature cannot rise too quickly, and should not exceed 1℃ per hour.

[0084] (10) Stacking: After the tobacco leaves are moistened after being unloaded from the stalks, they are tied into bundles. The bundled tobacco leaves of the same batch are piled into a pile and stacked. During the stacking process, the piles are turned over until the stacking is completed, and cigar tobacco leaves are obtained. The moisture recovery of the tobacco leaves can be softened by natural humidity, and artificial humidification is prohibited. Each bundle contains 50 tobacco leaves; stacking is performed according to the "harvest" method, and the tobacco leaves harvested from the same batch are piled in one pile; the temperature of the 1st and 2nd tobacco piles of the cigar core leaves does not exceed 38°C, the temperature of the 3rd to 5th tobacco piles does not exceed 40°C, and the temperature of the 6th and 7th tobacco piles does not exceed 42°C. When the temperature reaches the set value, the pile should be turned over in time, and the tobacco leaves in the bunch should be shaken out when turning the pile to ensure that the temperature is lowered; if the temperature of the cigar core tobacco pile reaches the set value, the tobacco leaves in the bunch should be shaken out in time and the pile should be turned over.

[0085] Example 3 Production of wrapper tobacco leaves

[0086] (1) Select sandy loam soil with a pH value of about 5.5 to plant cigar seedlings.

[0087] (2) Seedling cultivation: After sowing Yunxue No. 1 tobacco seeds in seedling trays, a small floating shed was used for seedling cultivation, with 200 holes in the seedling trays. The seeds were sown on June 12, and the seedlings were thinned after the "small cross" stage. The chlorophyll value of the tobacco seedlings was measured every 5 days from the cat's ear stage to before transplanting. When the chlorophyll value (SPAD) was >37, magnesium nitrate (0.9%) was sprayed. The amount of magnesium nitrate was 0.8 L per 40 trays of tobacco seedlings, with each tray of seedling trays having 200 holes. When the seedlings were about 45 days old and the stem height reached 10-12 cm, the healthy, neat, disease-free seedlings were selected for transplanting.

[0088] (3) Land preparation and soil moisture control: Complete the pre-soil preparation work in early July and plow the soil 30 cm deep to ensure that the land is flat after land preparation; dig side ditches and center ditches at the same time. According to the actual drainage and irrigation needs of the field, the center ditch can be dug with multiple or "cross ditches". After 20 days of seedling cultivation, plow the soil in the planting area 30 cm deep. After deep plowing, do not care about the soil moisture. Before transplanting the tobacco seedlings, dig a 20 cm deep transplanting ditch with a row spacing of 90 cm;

[0089] (4) Transplantation: 14 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted into the transplanting ditch, a shade net is laid in the planting area. The shade net is a white shade net with a shading rate of 30% (±2) to reduce the light intensity; no side nets are set up before transplanting. When transplanting tobacco seedlings, the row spacing of the wrapper tobacco seedlings is 35cm*90cm; after the transplanting is completed, a drip irrigation belt is laid next to the tobacco seedlings and the ground film is not covered during the planting period. The principle of maintaining the relative soil moisture content during planting is: about 60% during the root extension period, 70%-80% during the vigorous growth period, and about 70% after topping and thereafter.

[0090] (5) Fertilization: After the tobacco seedlings are planted in the transplanting furrow, magnesium carbonate, compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer are applied respectively. Magnesium carbonate is applied before compound fertilizer, and 30 kg / mu is applied. Magnesium carbonate is applied once on the 5th day after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted.

[0091] When applying compound fertilizer, apply it in three strips after the 5th day after transplanting. On the 5th day after transplanting, apply 30kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 15:15:15 for the first time. On the 12th day after transplanting, apply 30kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 15:15:15 for the second time. On the 30th day after transplanting, apply 20kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 15:15:15 for the third time. After application, hoe the soil, dig ditches and cultivate the soil to 24-26cm. After the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, organic fertilizer with oil content not less than 35% is applied three times. On the 5th day after transplanting, 370kg / mu (70%) is applied for the first time. On the same day after applying compound fertilizer, the fertilizer is applied in strips and covered on the compound fertilizer. The soil is covered with shallow hoeing to cover the roots. On the 12th day after transplanting, 160kg / mu is applied for the second time. On the same day after applying compound fertilizer, the fertilizer is applied in strips and covered on the compound fertilizer. The soil is covered with shallow hoeing to cover the roots. Magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer with a concentration of 0.9% is sprayed once on the 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd days after transplanting. After the tobacco seedlings are transplanted and survived, the chlorophyll value of the tobacco plants is tested every 5 days. When the chlorophyll value of the tobacco plants in the field is less than 37, foliar fertilizer with a concentration of 0.2% of nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium = 22:8:25 is applied once.

[0092] (6) Pest and disease control: promptly remove weeds such as sunflower and thistle in the field and within a 10-meter radius of the surrounding area, and disinfect and kill insects in the planting field and the surrounding land within a 10-meter radius every 5 days 15 days before transplanting to prevent leaf curl disease.

[0093] (7) Topping and leaving leaves: 20 days after the transplanting of the core tobacco seedlings, optimize the 4 bottom leaves at one time; adopt the "bud topping" method, and the topping of the cigarette wrapper plants is carried out 45 days after the transplanting of the tobacco seedlings, leaving 18 effective harvest leaves for continued growth.

[0094] (8) Harvesting: 48 days after the transplanting of the filler tobacco seedlings, the green color of the tobacco leaves at the bottom of the tobacco plant becomes lighter, the leaf tips droop, the leaves turn downward instead of stretching upward, and the difference in chlorophyll value between the leaf tips and the middle of the tobacco leaves is 0, and then the harvesting begins in batches. The harvesting begins in batches; after the filler tobacco leaves begin to be harvested, they are harvested in 6 batches, once every 5 days, with 2 leaves each in the first and second harvests, 4 leaves in the third harvest, and the number of leaves harvested in the fourth harvest is determined based on the number of leaves to be retained, and 2 top leaves are retained for the last harvest.

[0095] (9) Tobacco leaf airing: The cigar core tobacco leaves are aired in batches according to their positions, and the length of the tobacco stems is 3.7 meters. The lower leaf tobacco leaves at leaf positions 1-4 are threaded with 160 leaves / stem, the middle leaf tobacco leaves at leaf positions 5-12 are threaded with 100-120 leaves / stem, and the upper leaf tobacco leaves at the remaining leaf positions are threaded with 80-100 leaves / stem; the spacing between tobacco stems is 30 cm during the initial airing, and the spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 25 cm after the 8th day of airing for the lower leaves, shortened to 20 cm after the 14th day, shortened to 15 cm after the 18th day, and shortened to 20 cm after the 24th day. The spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 10cm, and the spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 0cm after the 30th day. The stems are moved to the upper area of ​​the air-drying room at the same time. When the main veins of tobacco leaves turn white and dry completely, the stems are moved to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture before being removed from the stems. The drying of the middle leaves for the first 24 days is the same as that of the lower leaves. After the 30th day, the spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 5cm, and after the 45th day, the spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 0cm. The stems are moved to the upper area of ​​the air-drying room at the same time. When the main veins of tobacco leaves turn white and dry completely, the stems are moved to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture before being removed from the stems. Use a round needle to thread the tobacco, with two leaves back to back. During the threading process, the threading needle is disinfected with alcohol once every half an hour to prevent bacterial infection.

[0096] During the drying process, the rods should be shaken at least twice a week. In cold weather, charcoal fire should be burned to heat the tobacco leaves. The charcoal basin should be placed in the middle of the aisle, with one charcoal basin in each compartment and a "▽" iron sheet placed above the charcoal basin to ensure uniform heat dissipation. When the internal humidity is high and the external humidity is low, open the doors and windows for ventilation and shake the rods at the same time to prevent the tobacco leaves from sticking and getting moldy.

[0097] During the drying process, the temperature is 25-28℃ and the humidity is 80% during the yellowing stage; the temperature is 28-30℃ and the humidity is 75% during the browning stage; the temperature is 30-32℃ and the humidity is 70% during the dry leaf (tendon) stage. A thermometer and hygrometer are placed in the center of the drying room. The temperature and humidity in the drying room are adjusted by opening and closing doors and windows, pouring water on the ground, burning charcoal, etc. to ensure that the temperature and humidity during the drying period tend to the requirements of the drying process; the temperature cannot rise too quickly, and should not exceed 1℃ per hour.

[0098] (10) Stacking: After the tobacco leaves are moistened after being unloaded from the stalks, they are tied into bundles. The bundled tobacco leaves of the same batch are piled into a pile and stacked. During the stacking process, the piles are turned over until the stacking is completed, and cigar tobacco leaves are obtained. The moisture recovery of the tobacco leaves can be softened by natural humidity, and artificial humidification is prohibited. Each bundle contains 50 tobacco leaves; stacking is performed according to the "harvest" method, and the tobacco leaves harvested from the same batch are piled in one pile; the temperature of the 1st and 2nd tobacco piles of the cigar core leaves does not exceed 38°C, the temperature of the 3rd to 5th tobacco piles does not exceed 40°C, and the temperature of the 6th and 7th tobacco piles does not exceed 42°C. When the temperature reaches the set value, the pile should be turned over in time, and the tobacco leaves in the bunch should be shaken out when turning the pile to ensure that the temperature is lowered; if the temperature of the cigar core tobacco pile reaches the set value, the tobacco leaves in the bunch should be shaken out in time and the pile should be turned over.

[0099] Example 4: Production of filler tobacco leaves

[0100] (1) Select sandy loam soil with a pH value of 6 to plant tobacco seedlings.

[0101] (2) Seedling cultivation: After sowing the tobacco seeds Yunxue 39 in seedling trays, a small floating shed was used for seedling cultivation, with 200 holes in the seedling trays. The seeds were sown on June 12, and the seedlings were thinned after the "small cross" stage. The chlorophyll value of the tobacco seedlings was measured every 5 days from the cat's ear stage to before transplanting. When the chlorophyll value (SPAD) was >37, magnesium nitrate (0.9%) was sprayed. The amount of magnesium nitrate was 0.8 L per 40 trays of tobacco seedlings, with each tray of seedling trays having 200 holes. When the seedlings were about 45 days old and the stem height reached 10-12 cm, the healthy, neat and disease-free seedlings were selected for transplanting.

[0102] (3) Land preparation: Complete the pre-soil preparation work in early July and plow the soil 35 cm deep to ensure that the land is flat after land preparation; dig side ditches and center ditches at the same time. Multiple center ditches can be dug according to the actual drainage and irrigation needs of the field. Before transplanting, plow the soil in the planting area 35 cm deep. After deep plowing, do not pay attention to the soil moisture. Before transplanting the tobacco seedlings, dig a transplanting ditch 18 cm deep with a row spacing of 92 cm;

[0103] (4) Transplantation: On the 15th day after transplanting the tobacco seedlings into the transplanting ditch, lay a shade net in the planting area. The shade net is a silver shade net with a shading rate of 30% (±2) to reduce the light intensity; and no side nets are set up before transplanting. When transplanting tobacco seedlings, the spacing between rows of tobacco plants is 45cm*90cm; after transplanting, cover with fine soil to ensure that the tobacco seedlings are exposed about 3cm from the growth point to eliminate tall seedlings and ensure the survival rate; complete the seedling replacement work 2-3 days after transplanting. The principle of maintaining the relative moisture content of the soil during planting is: about 60% during the root extension period, 70%-80% during the vigorous growth period, and about 70% during the capping and later periods.

[0104] (5) Fertilization: After the tobacco seedlings are planted in the transplanting furrow, magnesium carbonate, compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer are applied respectively. Magnesium carbonate is applied before compound fertilizer, and 30 kg / mu is applied. Magnesium carbonate is applied once on the 5th day after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted.

[0105] When applying compound fertilizer, apply it in three strips after the 5th day after transplanting. On the 5th day after transplanting, apply 30kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 15:15:15 for the first time. On the 12th day after transplanting, apply 30kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 15:15:15 for the second time. On the 30th day after transplanting, apply 20kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 15:15:15 for the third time. After application, hoe the soil, dig ditches and cultivate the soil to 24-26cm. On the 7th day after transplanting tobacco seedlings, apply 530kg / mu of organic fertilizer with oil cake content not less than 35%, and apply organic fertilizer on the compound fertilizer on the same day after applying compound fertilizer; shallowly hoe the surface of the soil and cover the roots, so that the tobacco seedlings are exposed about 3cm from the growth point; and apply 0.2% compound foliar fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 22:8:25 between two adjacent magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizers. Spray magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer with a concentration of 0.9% on the 25th, 32nd and 39th days after transplanting.

[0106] (6) Pest and disease control: promptly remove weeds such as sunflower and thistle in the field and within a 10-meter radius of the surrounding area, and disinfect and kill insects in the planting field and the surrounding land within a 10-meter radius every 5 days 15 days before transplanting to prevent leaf curl disease.

[0107] (7) Topping and leaving leaves: 25 days after the transplanting of the cigar core tobacco seedlings, the 6 bottom leaves are optimized at one time; using the "heart-locking topping" method, the cigar core plants are toppled 35 days after the transplanting of the tobacco seedlings, leaving 17 effective harvestable leaves for continued growth.

[0108] (8) Harvesting: 48 days after the transplanting of the filler tobacco seedlings, the green color of the tobacco leaves at the bottom of the tobacco plant becomes lighter, the leaf tips droop, the leaves turn downward instead of stretching upward, and the difference in chlorophyll value between the leaf tips and the middle of the tobacco leaves is 0, and then the harvesting begins in batches. The harvesting begins in batches; after the filler tobacco leaves begin to be harvested, they are harvested in 6 batches, once every 5 days, with 2 leaves each in the first and second harvests, 4 leaves in the third harvest, and the number of leaves harvested in the fourth harvest is determined based on the number of leaves to be retained, and 2 top leaves are retained for the last harvest.

[0109] (9) Tobacco leaf airing: The cigar core tobacco leaves are aired in batches according to their positions, and the length of the tobacco stems is 3.7 meters. The lower leaf tobacco leaves at leaf positions 1-4 are threaded with 160 leaves / stem, the middle leaf tobacco leaves at leaf positions 5-12 are threaded with 100-120 leaves / stem, and the upper leaf tobacco leaves at the remaining leaf positions are threaded with 80-100 leaves / stem; the distance between the tobacco stems is 30 cm during the initial airing, and the distance between the tobacco stems is shortened to 25 cm after the 8th day of airing for the lower leaves, shortened to 20 cm after the 14th day, shortened to 15 cm after the 18th day, and shortened to 20 cm after the 24th day. The spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 10cm, and the spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 0cm after the 30th day. The stems are moved to the upper area of ​​the air-drying room at the same time. When the main veins of tobacco leaves turn white and dry completely, the stems are moved to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture before being removed from the stems. The drying of the middle leaves for the first 24 days is the same as that of the lower leaves. After the 30th day, the spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 5cm, and after the 45th day, the spacing between tobacco stems is shortened to 0cm. The stems are moved to the upper area of ​​the air-drying room at the same time. When the main veins of tobacco leaves turn white and dry completely, the stems are moved to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture before being removed from the stems. Use a round needle to thread the tobacco, with two leaves back to back. During the threading process, the threading needle is disinfected with alcohol once every half an hour to prevent bacterial infection.

[0110] During the drying process, the rods should be shaken at least twice a week. In cold weather, charcoal fire should be burned for heating. The charcoal basin should be placed in the middle of the aisle, with one charcoal basin in each compartment and a "▽" iron sheet placed above the charcoal basin to ensure uniform heat dissipation. When the internal humidity is high and the external humidity is low, open the doors and windows for ventilation and shake the rods at the same time to prevent the tobacco leaves from sticking and getting moldy.

[0111] During the drying process, the temperature is 25-28℃ and the humidity is 80% during the yellowing stage; the temperature is 28-30℃ and the humidity is 75% during the browning stage; the temperature is 30-32℃ and the humidity is 70% during the dry leaf (tendon) stage. A thermometer and hygrometer are placed in the center of the drying room. The temperature and humidity in the drying room are adjusted by opening and closing doors and windows, pouring water on the ground, burning charcoal, etc. to ensure that the temperature and humidity during the drying period tend to the requirements of the drying process; the temperature cannot rise too quickly, and should not exceed 1℃ per hour.

[0112] (10) Stacking: After the tobacco leaves are unloaded and moistened, they are tied into bundles. The bundled tobacco leaves of the same batch are piled into a pile and stacked. During the stacking process, the piles are turned over until the stacking is completed. The moisture recovery of the tobacco leaves can be softened by natural humidity. No artificial humidification is allowed. Each bundle contains 50 leaves. Stacking is done by "picking". The tobacco leaves harvested from the same batch are piled in one pile. The temperature of the 1st and 2nd tobacco piles of the core tobacco leaves does not exceed 38°C, the temperature of the 3rd to 5th tobacco piles does not exceed 40°C, and the temperature of the 6th and 7th tobacco piles does not exceed 42°C. When the temperature reaches the set value, the pile should be turned over in time. When turning over the pile, shake out the tobacco leaves in the bundle to ensure that the temperature is lowered. If the temperature of the core tobacco pile reaches the set value, shake out the tobacco leaves in the bundle and turn the pile over in time.

[0113] In summary, the present invention can effectively increase the output value of cigar tobacco leaves and reduce the planting cost through reasonable planting density, altitude, field management method and standardized harvesting standard.

[0114] The above description is only a preferred specific implementation manner of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field can make equivalent replacements or changes according to the technical scheme and improved concepts of the present invention within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, and they should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for producing cigar tobacco leaves, wherein the cigar tobacco leaf production includes the production of wrapper tobacco leaves and the production of filler tobacco leaves, characterized in that: The steps include: (1) Planting area selection: Select loam plots with a pH value of 5.5 to 7.0 as the planting area; (2) Seedling cultivation: After sowing tobacco seeds in seedling trays, place the seedling trays in a seedling cultivation pool for floating seedling cultivation. When the tobacco seedling stems are 10 to 12 cm tall, they can be transplanted. (3) Soil preparation: The soil in the planting area is plowed to a depth of 30 to 35 cm. After deep plowing, the soil is left untouched. Before transplanting the tobacco seedlings, a transplanting furrow with a depth of 18 to 20 cm is dug with a row spacing of 90 cm. (4) Transplanting: Transplant the tobacco seedlings into the transplanting trench; (5) Fertilization: After the tobacco seedlings are planted in the transplanting ditch, magnesium carbonate, compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer are applied respectively; (6) Pest and disease control: clean up weeds in and around the planting area and carry out disinfection and pest control; (7) Topping and leaving leaves: When the tobacco plant enters the middle growth stage, the bottom leaves of the tobacco plant are optimized and the side buds are removed before topping; when the tobacco plant enters the late growth stage, the effective harvested leaves are left to continue growing; (8) Harvesting: When the tobacco leaves at the bottom of the tobacco plant reach the physiological maturity stage, they are harvested in batches; (9) Tobacco leaf drying: Tobacco leaves are dried in batches according to their parts. During the drying process, the tobacco leaves are shaken 2-3 times a week. After the temperature and humidity are controlled until the tobacco leaves are completely dry, the leaves are moved to the bottom floor of the drying room overnight to recover moisture before being taken down. (10) Stacking: After the tobacco leaves are unloaded and moistened, they are tied into bundles. The bundled tobacco leaves of the same batch are piled into a pile and stacked. During the stacking process, the pile is turned over until the stacking is completed, and cigar tobacco leaves are obtained.

2. The cigar tobacco production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The effective boron content of the sandy loam soil in step (1) is 0.29-0.31 mg / kg.

3. The cigar tobacco production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (2), when the tobacco seedlings enter the cat's ear stage during floating seedling cultivation, the chlorophyll value of the tobacco seedling leaves is measured every 5 days. When the chlorophyll value SPAD is less than 37, 0.9% magnesium nitrate is sprayed once, and the amount of magnesium nitrate is 0.8 L per 40 trays of tobacco seedlings, wherein each tray of seedling tray has 200 holes.

4. The cigar tobacco production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (4), when producing wrapper tobacco leaves, side nets are set up on the planting area before the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, and the top net is laid on the 20th to 21st day after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, or no side nets are set up before the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, and the side nets are laid on the 14th to 15th day after the transplanting; the side nets and the top nets are both white shade nets or silver shade nets with a shading rate of 28-32%; when transplanting the tobacco seedlings, the row spacing of the wrapper tobacco seedlings is 35cm*84cm or wide and narrow rows are used for alternating transplanting; the wide and narrow rows are transplanted alternately with wide rows of 100cm and narrow rows of 80cm; the row spacing of the core tobacco seedlings is transplanted according to the equal row spacing of 45cm*90cm; after the transplanting is completed, a drip irrigation belt is laid next to the tobacco seedlings and the ground film is not covered during the planting period.

5. The cigar tobacco production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5): When magnesium carbonate is applied, it is applied in strips before the first application of compound fertilizer. 30 kg / mu is applied for both wrapper tobacco leaf production and filler tobacco leaf production. The magnesium carbonate is applied in strips once 5-7 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted. When applying compound fertilizer, both the wrapper tobacco seedlings and the core tobacco seedlings were applied in two strips after transplanting: on the 7th day after the wrapper tobacco seedlings were transplanted, 29.5 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium: magnesium = 12:12:17:5 was applied for the first time, followed by application of organic fertilizer and covering the roots with soil; on the 21st day after the wrapper tobacco seedlings were transplanted, 20.0 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 12:2:25 was applied for the second time, and then 14 kg / mu of pure nitrogen fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 34:0:0 was applied; on the 7th day after the core tobacco seedlings were transplanted, 21.5 kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium: magnesium = 12:12:17:5 was applied for the first time, followed by application of organic fertilizer and covering the roots with soil; on the 21st day after the core tobacco seedlings were transplanted, The second time, 23.0kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium = 12:2:25 is applied in strips, and then 11.8kg / mu of pure nitrogen fertilizer with nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium = 34:0:0 is applied in strips; after application, hoe the soil, dig the furrows and build up the soil to 25-27cm; or after the outer tobacco seedlings and the core tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 30kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium = 15:15:15 is applied in strips for the first time on the 5th day after transplanting, and 30kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium = 15:15:15 is applied in strips for the second time on the 12th day after transplanting; and 20kg / mu of compound fertilizer with nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium = 15:15:15 is applied in strips for the third time on the 30th day after transplanting, and after application, hoe the soil, dig the furrows and build up the soil to 24-26cm; The organic fertilizer is an organic fertilizer with an oil cake content of not less than 35%; when applying organic fertilizer, 530kg / mu of organic fertilizer is applied to both the production of wrapper tobacco leaves and the production of filler tobacco leaves; on the 7th day after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 530kg / mu is applied, and after applying compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer is applied on the same day and covered on the compound fertilizer, the surface of the soil is shallowly hoeed and covered with soil to cover the roots, so that the tobacco seedlings are exposed about 3cm from the growth point; or, 370kg / mu is applied for the first time on the 5th day after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, and after applying compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer is applied on the same day and covered on the compound fertilizer, the surface of the soil is shallowly hoeed and covered with soil to cover the roots, so that the tobacco seedlings are exposed 4cm from the growth point, and on the 12th day after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted; 160kg / mu of compound fertilizer is applied for the second time, and after applying compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer is applied on the same day and covered on the compound fertilizer, the surface of the soil is shallowly hoeed and covered with soil to cover the roots, so that the tobacco seedlings are exposed 4cm from the growth point; When applying foliar fertilizer, spray 0.9% magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer once on the 25th, 32nd, 39th and 46th days after the transplanting of the outer tobacco seedlings, spray the same magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer as that of the outer tobacco seedlings after the transplanting of the core tobacco seedlings, and add 0.2% compound foliar fertilizer with nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium = 22:8:25 between the two adjacent magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizers; or spray 0.9% nitrate once on the 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd days after the transplanting of the outer tobacco seedlings. Magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer. The magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizer sprayed after the wrapper tobacco seedlings are transplanted is the same as that of the wrapper tobacco seedlings, and a 0.2% compound foliar fertilizer with a concentration of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 22:8:25 is added between the two adjacent magnesium nitrate foliar fertilizers. After the wrapper tobacco seedlings and the core tobacco seedlings are transplanted and survived, the chlorophyll value of the tobacco plants is tested every 5 days. When the chlorophyll value of the tobacco plants in the field is less than 37, an additional 0.2% compound foliar fertilizer with a concentration of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 22:8:25 is applied.

6. The method for producing cigar tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step (6) of cleaning weeds in and around the planting area is to remove the sunflower and red artichoke within a 10-meter range in and around the planting area before transplanting the tobacco seedlings and during the planting process; the disinfection and insecticide is to carry out insecticide within a 10-meter range in and around the planting area every 5 days 15 days before transplanting the tobacco seedlings, and the insecticide is cypermethrin and thiamethoxam used alternately, and cypermethrin or thiamethoxam is diluted 800-1000 times and evenly sprayed around the planting area.

7. The cigar tobacco production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (7), the bottom leaves of the tobacco plants are optimized in the following manner: 20-25 days after the wrapper tobacco seedlings and the core tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 4 bottom leaves of the wrapper plants are optimized at one time, and 6 bottom leaves of the core tobacco plants are optimized at one time; both the wrapper plants and the core tobacco plants are toppled by a heart-capping or bud-capping method; 40-50 days after the wrapper tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 17-19 effective leaves are left for continued growth, and 35-40 days after the core tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 15-17 effective leaves are left for continued growth.

8. The method for producing cigar tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (8), the tobacco leaves at the bottom of the plant enter the physiological maturity period when, 43-48 days after the wrapper tobacco seedlings and the core tobacco seedlings are transplanted, the green color of the tobacco leaves at the bottom of the tobacco plant becomes lighter, the leaf tips droop, the leaves turn downward from stretching upward, and the chlorophyll content of the tobacco leaves is measured to assist in determining whether the tobacco leaves are ripe, and then harvesting in batches begins; the judgment of ripeness is that when the difference between the chlorophyll value of the tip of the tobacco leaf and the middle of the tobacco leaf is 0, the tobacco leaves are ripe; the batch harvesting begins when, after the wrapper tobacco leaves begin to be harvested, they are harvested in 8 times, once every 5 days, with 2 leaves each time, but the number of leaves harvested in the penultimate harvest is determined in combination with the number of leaves to be retained, and 2 top leaves are retained for the last harvest; after the core tobacco leaves begin to be harvested, they are harvested in 6 times, once every 5 days, with 2 leaves each time in the first and second harvests, 4 leaves in the third harvest, and the number of leaves harvested in the fourth harvest is determined in combination with the number of leaves to be retained, and 2 top leaves are retained for the last harvest.

9. The method for producing cigar tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (9), the wrapper tobacco leaves and filler tobacco leaves are air-dried in batches according to their positions: the lower leaf tobacco leaves at leaf positions 1-4 are threaded with 160 leaves / rod, the middle leaf tobacco leaves at leaf positions 5-12 are threaded with 100-120 leaves / rod, and the upper leaf tobacco leaves at the remaining leaf positions are threaded with 80-100 leaves / rod; the spacing between tobacco rods is 30 cm during the initial air-drying, and the spacing between tobacco rods is shortened to 25 cm after the 8th day of air-drying of the lower leaves, shortened to 20 cm after the 14th day, and shortened to 10 cm after the 18th day. The distance between tobacco stems is shortened to 15cm after the 24th day, and shortened to 10cm after the 30th day, and shortened to 0cm after the 30th day. The stems are moved to the upper area of ​​the drying room simultaneously, and moved to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture after the main veins of the tobacco leaves turn white and are completely dry, and then the stems are removed; the drying system of the middle leaves for the first 24 days is the same as that of the lower leaves. After the 30th day, the distance between tobacco stems is shortened to 5cm, and shortened to 0cm after the 45th day. The stems are moved to the upper area of ​​the drying room simultaneously, and moved to the bottom layer overnight to regain moisture after the main veins of the tobacco leaves turn white and are completely dry, and then the stems are removed.

10. The method for producing cigar tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (10), the stacking and covering are as follows: the stacking and covering temperature of the first and second harvested tobacco piles of the core tobacco leaves and the wrapper tobacco leaves does not exceed 37-38°C, the stacking and covering temperature of the third to fifth harvested tobacco piles does not exceed 39-40°C, and the stacking and covering temperature of the remaining harvested tobacco piles does not exceed 41-42°C; the stacking and covering time of the first and second harvested tobacco leaves is 15 days, and the stacking and covering time of the third to eighth harvested tobacco leaves is 25 days; when the stacking temperature of the core tobacco leaves reaches the set value, the tobacco leaves in the pile are shaken out in time and turned over; and the turning of the wrapper tobacco pile does not take into account the temperature change, and is turned over every 7 days.

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