Automatic gain control (AGC) training for sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS)

Abstract

Techniques for wireless communication are disclosed. In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) transmits a subset of symbols from a set of symbols of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, and transmits the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource that includes the subset of symbols, where the set of symbols is transmitted after the subset of symbols.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This patent application claims priority to Greek patent application No. 20220100826, filed on October 10, 2022, entitled “AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL (AGC) TRAINING FOR SIDELINK POSITIONING REFERENCE SIGNALS (SL-PRS)”, which has been assigned to the assignee of this application and is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Art 1. Technical Field

[0003] Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communications.

[0004] 2. Description of related technologies

[0005] Wireless communication systems have evolved over many generations, including first generation analog wireless telephone service (1G), second generation (2G) digital wireless telephone service (including transitional 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third generation (3G) high speed data, wireless service with Internet capabilities, and fourth generation (4G) services (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are many different types of wireless communication systems in use today, including cellular systems and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and the like.

[0006] The fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, known as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, a greater number of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, the 5G standard is designed to provide higher data rates, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on a reference signal for positioning (RS-P), such as a downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signal (PRS)), and other technical enhancements compared to previous standards.

[0007] In addition, leveraging the increased data rates and reduced latency of 5G, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies are being implemented to support autonomous driving applications, such as wireless communications between vehicles, between vehicles and roadside infrastructure, between vehicles and pedestrians, and so on. Summary of the invention

[0008] The following presents a simplified summary of the invention related to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, the following summary of the invention should neither be considered as an exhaustive overview related to all conceived aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements related to all conceived aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Therefore, the sole purpose of the following summary of the invention is to present certain concepts related to one or more aspects of the mechanisms disclosed herein in a brief form before the detailed embodiments presented below.

[0009] On the one hand, a method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes: sending a symbol subset in a symbol set of a side link positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and sending a symbol set of the SL-PRS resource including the symbol subset, wherein the symbol set is sent after the symbol subset.

[0010] On the one hand, a method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes: sending a side link positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0011] On the one hand, a method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes: receiving a symbol subset in a symbol set of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and receiving a symbol set of the SL-PRS resource including the symbol subset, wherein the symbol set is sent after the symbol subset.

[0012] On the one hand, a method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes: receiving a side link positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0013] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: send a subset of symbols in a set of symbols for a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource via the at least one transceiver; and send a set of symbols including the subset of symbols for the SL-PRS resource via the at least one transceiver, wherein the set of symbols is sent after the subset of symbols.

[0014] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: transmit a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource via the at least one transceiver, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0015] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive a symbol subset in a symbol set of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource via the at least one transceiver; and receive a symbol set of the SL-PRS resource including the symbol subset via the at least one transceiver, wherein the symbol set is sent after the symbol subset.

[0016] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource via the at least one transceiver, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0017] On the one hand, a user equipment (UE) includes: a component for sending a symbol subset in a symbol set of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and a component for sending a symbol set including the symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, wherein the symbol set is sent after the symbol subset.

[0018] On the one hand, a user equipment (UE) includes: a component for transmitting a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0019] On the one hand, a user equipment (UE) includes: a component for receiving a symbol subset in a symbol set of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and a component for receiving a symbol set including the symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, wherein the symbol set is sent after the symbol subset.

[0020] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: a component for receiving a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0021] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: send a subset of symbols in a set of symbols for a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and send a set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource that includes the subset of symbols, wherein the set of symbols is sent after the subset of symbols.

[0022] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: transmit a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0023] On the one hand, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive a subset of symbols in a set of symbols for a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and receive a set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource including the subset of symbols, wherein the set of symbols is sent after the subset of symbols.

[0024] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0025] Other objects and advantages associated with the various aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the drawings and detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in describing various aspects of the present disclosure and are provided solely for illustration and not limitation of the various aspects.

[0027] Figure 1 An example wireless communication system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0028] Figure 2A and Figure 2B Example wireless network structures according to aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated.

[0029] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0030] Figure 4 Examples of various positioning methods supported in New Radio (NR) according to aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated.

[0031] Figure 5A and Figure 5B Various interesting scenarios for sidelink-only positioning or joint Uu and sidelink positioning according to aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated.

[0032] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example frame structure according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0033] Fig. 7A and Figure 7B Various comb patterns supported for a positioning reference signal (PRS) within a resource block are illustrated.

[0034] Fig. 8A and Figure 8Bis a diagram of example sidelink slot structures with and without feedback resources in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0035] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating potential confusion caused by duplicating the first symbol of a side link PRS (SL-PRS) in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0036] Fig.10 is a diagram illustrating an example of prepending a subset of symbols of a SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource as automatic gain control (AGC) training symbols for the SL-PRS resource according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0037] Fig.11 is a diagram illustrating an example of using a repeated symbol subset of a SL-PRS resource as an AGC training symbol for the SL-PRS resource according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0038] Figures 12 to 15

[0013] Example methods of wireless communications in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] Various aspects of the present disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings for various examples provided for illustrative purposes. Alternative aspects may be designed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, well-known elements of the present disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted to avoid making the relevant details of the present disclosure difficult to understand.

[0040] The words "exemplary" and / or "example" are used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any aspect described herein as "exemplary" and / or "example" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term "aspects of the disclosure" does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage, or mode of operation.

[0041] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any of a variety of different techniques and methods may be used to represent the information and signals described below. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the following description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof, which depends in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, and so on.

[0042] In addition, many aspects are described in terms of a sequence of actions to be performed by, for example, an element of a computing device. It will be appreciated that the various actions described herein may be performed by a specific circuit (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of the two. In addition, the sequence of actions described herein may be considered to be fully embodied in any form of non-transient computer-readable storage medium, in which a corresponding computer instruction set is stored, which, when executed, will cause or command the associated processor of the device to perform the functionality described herein. Therefore, various aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in a variety of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the various aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspect may be described herein as, for example, "logic configured to perform the described actions".

[0043] As used herein, the terms "user equipment" (UE), "vehicle UE" (V-UE), "pedestrian UE" (P-UE), and "base station" are not intended to be dedicated to or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise specified. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network (e.g., a vehicle onboard computer, a vehicle navigation device, a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, an asset location device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, glasses, an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), a vehicle (e.g., a car, a motorcycle, a bicycle, etc.), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.). A UE can be mobile or can be stationary (e.g., at certain times) and can communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" can be interchangeably referred to as a "mobile device," "access terminal" or "AT," "client device," "wireless device," "subscriber device," "subscriber terminal," "subscriber station," "user terminal" or UT, "mobile terminal," "mobile station," or variations thereof.

[0044] A V-UE is a type of UE and may be any vehicle-mounted wireless communication device, such as a navigation system, an alarm system, a head-up display (HUD), an onboard computer, an in-vehicle infotainment system, an automated driving system (ADS), an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), etc. Alternatively, a V-UE may be a portable wireless communication device (e.g., a cellular phone, a tablet computer, etc.) carried by a driver of a vehicle or an occupant in the vehicle. The term "V-UE" may refer to an in-vehicle wireless communication device or the vehicle itself, depending on the context. A P-UE is a type of UE and may be a portable wireless communication device carried by a pedestrian (i.e., a user who is not driving or riding a vehicle). Generally speaking, a UE may communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network, the UE may be connected to an external network such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to a core network and / or the Internet are also possible for a UE, such as through a wired access network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) network (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11, etc.), etc.

[0045] A base station may communicate with a UE by operating according to one of several RATs, depending on the network in which the base station is deployed, and may alternatively be referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a new radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be primarily used to support wireless access for a UE, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UE. In some systems, a base station may provide only edge node signaling functions, while in other systems, a base station may provide additional control and / or network management functions. A communication link by which a UE may transmit a signal to a base station is referred to as an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link by which a base station may transmit a signal to a UE is referred to as a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) may refer to a UL / reverse or DL / forward traffic channel.

[0046] The term "base station" may refer to a single physical transmit-receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be an antenna array of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming). Where the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transmission medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRP may be a serving base station that receives measurement reports from a UE and an adjacent base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signal the UE is measuring. Because, as used herein, a TRP is a point by which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, references to transmitting from a base station or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of a base station.

[0047] In some implementations of supporting UE positioning, the base station may not support wireless access for the UE (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the UE), but instead may send reference RF signals to the UE for measurement by the UE, and / or may receive and measure signals sent by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., in the case of sending RF signals to the UE) and / or as a positioning measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring RF signals from the UE).

[0048] An "RF signal" includes an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transmits information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between a transmitter and a receiver may be referred to as a "multipath" RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a "wireless signal" or simply a "signal" where it is clear from the context that the term "signal" refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0049] Figure 1An example wireless communication system 100 according to various aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled as "BS") and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, the macrocell base stations 102 may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network) or gNBs (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network) or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0050] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through a backhaul link 122, and interface with one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)) through the core network 170. The location server 172 may be part of the core network 170 or may be external to the core network 170. The location server 172 may be integrated with the base station 102. The UE 104 may communicate with the location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, the UE 104 may communicate with the location server 172 via the base station 102 currently serving the UE 104. The UE 104 may also communicate with the location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., the AP 150 described below), and the like. For signaling purposes, communication between UE 104 and location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with intermediate nodes (if any) omitted from the signaling diagram for clarity.

[0051] Among other functions, the base station 102 can perform functions related to one or more of the following: delivering user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through EPC / 5GC) on a backhaul link 134, which can be wired or wireless.

[0052] Base station 102 may communicate wirelessly with UE 104. Each of base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells may be supported by base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A "cell" is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., via a frequency resource, which is referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) used to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or other protocol types) that may provide access to different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term "cell" may refer to one or both of the logical communication entity and the base station supporting it, depending on the context. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area (eg, a sector) of a base station, as long as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communications within some portion of the geographic coverage area 110 .

[0053] Although the geographic coverage areas 110 of neighboring macrocell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover area), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with the larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled "SC" for "small cell") may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage areas 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macrocell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home eNB (HeNB) that may provide services to a restricted group referred to as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0054] The communication link 120 between the base station 102 and the UE 104 may include uplink (also referred to as a reverse link) transmissions from the UE 104 to the base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as a forward link) transmissions from the base station 102 to the UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may be over one or more carrier frequencies. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink than to the uplink).

[0055] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a WLAN access point (AP) 150 that communicates with a wireless local area network (WLAN) station (STA) 152 in an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz) via a communication link 154. When communicating in the unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or a listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communication to determine whether a channel is available.

[0056] The small cell base station 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in the unlicensed spectrum, the small cell base station 102' can adopt LTE or NR technology and use the same 5GHz unlicensed spectrum used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102' adopting LTE / 5G in the unlicensed spectrum can improve the coverage of the access network and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in the unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as NR-U. LTE in the unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as LTE-U, License Assisted Access (LAA) or MulteFire.

[0057] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a mmW base station 180, which may operate in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies to communicate with UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 mm and 10 mm. The radio waves in this band may be referred to as millimeter waves. Near mmW may extend downward to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 mm. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, and is also referred to as centimeter waves. Communications using mmW / near mmW radio frequency bands have high path loss and relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmitting and / or receiving) on ​​the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for extremely high path loss and short range. In addition, it should be understood that in an alternative configuration, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0058] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster and stronger RF signal (in terms of data rate) to the receiving device. In order to change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that broadcast the RF signal. For example, the network node can use an array of antennas (called a "phased array" or "antenna array"), which forms an RF beam that can be "steered" to point to different directions without actually moving the antenna. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to each antenna in the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas are added together in the desired direction to increase the radiation, while canceling out in the undesired direction to suppress the radiation.

[0059] The transmit beams can be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., UE) to have the same parameters, regardless of whether the network node's own transmit antennas are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters about the second reference RF signal on the second beam can be derived based on information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. Therefore, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type D, the receiver may use the source reference RF signal to estimate spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0060] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, a receiver may increase the gain setting of an antenna array in a particular direction and / or adjust the phase setting of an antenna array in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., increase its gain level) the RF signal received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to be beamforming in a certain direction, this means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0061] The transmit beam and the receive beam may be spatially correlated. The spatial relationship means that parameters of a second beam (e.g., a transmit beam or a receive beam) for a second reference signal may be derived based on information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a specific receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., a synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE may then form a transmit beam for transmitting an uplink reference signal (e.g., a sounding reference signal (SRS)) to the base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0062] Note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming a downlink beam to send a reference signal to the UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the downlink beam is a receive beam that receives a downlink reference signal. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, while if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0063] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc. based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz–7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz–52.6 GHz). It should be understood that, although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar naming issue sometimes occurs with respect to FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, although different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz-300 GHz) identified as the “millimeter wave” band by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

[0064] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR research has identified the operating bands for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz–24.25 GHz). The bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus the features of FR1 and / or FR2 can be effectively extended to mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operations to more than 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz-71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz-114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz-300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0065] In view of the above aspects, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if the term "below 6 GHz" or the like is used in this document, it can be broadly referred to as a frequency that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. In addition, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if the term "millimeter wave" or the like is used in this document, it can be broadly referred to as a frequency that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1 and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0066] In a multi-carrier system such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the "primary carrier" or "anchor carrier" or "primary serving cell" or "PCell", and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers" or "secondary serving cells" or "SCells". In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is a carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) used by the UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 performs an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection reestablishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured and can be used to provide additional radio resources once an RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, since the primary uplink carrier and the primary downlink carrier are usually UE-specific, those UE-specific signaling information and signals may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carrier. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier through which a base station communicates, the terms "cell", "serving cell", "component carrier", "carrier frequency", etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0067] For example, still refer to Figure 1 , one of the frequencies used by macrocell base station 102 may be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies used by macrocell base station 102 and / or mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ("SCells"). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rate. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to the data rate obtained with a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0068] exist Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 1 , the UE illustrated (for simplicity, in Figure 1Any UE (shown as a single UE 104 in FIG. 1 ) can receive a signal 124 from one or more earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In one aspect, the SVs 112 can be part of a satellite positioning system that the UEs 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable a receiver (e.g., UE 104) to determine its position on or above the earth based at least in part on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such transmitters typically transmit a signal with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code marked with a set number of chips. Although typically located in the SVs 112, the transmitters can sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. The UEs 104 can include one or more dedicated receivers that are specifically designed to receive the signal 124 in order to derive geographic location information from the SVs 112.

[0069] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signal 124 may be enhanced by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, SBAS may include augmentation systems that provide integrity information, differential corrections, and the like, such as Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), Multifunction Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), Global Positioning System (GPS) Assisted Geographic Augmented Navigation, or GPS and Geographic Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN), and the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0070] In one aspect, SV 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a ground antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element in turn will provide access to other elements in the 5G network, and ultimately provide access to entities outside the 5G network (such as Internet web servers and other user devices). In this way, instead of or in addition to communication signals from ground base stations 102, UE 104 can receive communication signals (e.g., signal 124) from SV 112.

[0071] In particular, leveraging the increased data rates and reduced latency of NR, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technology is being implemented to support intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications, such as wireless communications between vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)), between vehicles and roadside infrastructure (vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)), and between vehicles and pedestrians (vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P)). The goal is to enable vehicles to sense the environment around them and communicate that information to other vehicles, infrastructure, and personal mobile devices. Such vehicle communications will enable safety, mobility, and environmental advances that current technology cannot provide. Once fully implemented, this technology is expected to reduce non-damaged vehicle collisions by 80%.

[0072] Still reference Figure 1 , the wireless communication system 100 may include a plurality of V-UEs 160 that may communicate with a base station 102 over a communication link 120 using a Uu interface (i.e., an air interface between a UE and a base station). The V-UEs 160 may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless side link 162, with a roadside unit (RSU) 164 (roadside access point) over a wireless side link 166, or with a sidelink-capable UE 104 over a wireless side link 168 using a PC5 interface (i.e., an air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless side link (or just "sidelink") is an adaptation of a core cellular network (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without going through a base station. The sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) media sharing, V2V communication, V2X communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more V-UEs in a group of V-UEs 160 utilizing sidelink communication may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of the base station 102. Other V-UEs 160 in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of the base station 102 or otherwise unable to receive transmissions from the base station 102. In some cases, groups of V-UEs 160 communicating via sidelink communication may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system, where each V-UE 160 transmits to each other V-UE 160 in the group. In some cases, the base station 102 facilitates scheduling of resources for the sidelink communication. In other cases, the sidelink communication is performed between the V-UEs 160 without involving the base station 102.

[0073] In one aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 can operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which can be shared with other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points and other wireless communications between other RATs. A "medium" may include one or more time, frequency, and / or spatial communication resources (e.g., covering one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communications between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs.

[0074] In one aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may be cV2X links. The first generation of cV2X has been standardized in LTE, and the next generation is expected to be defined in NR. cV2X is a cellular technology that also enables device-to-device communications. In the United States and Europe, cV2X is expected to operate in the licensed ITS bands below 6 GHz. Other frequency bands may be allocated in other countries. Thus, as a specific example, the medium of interest utilized by the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may correspond to at least a portion of the licensed ITS bands below 6 GHz. However, the present disclosure is not limited to this frequency band or cellular technology.

[0075] In one aspect, the side links 162, 166, 168 may be dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) links. DSRC is a unidirectional or bidirectional short-range to medium-range wireless communication protocol that uses the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) protocol (also known as IEEE 802.11p) for V2V, V2I, and V2P communications. IEEE 802.11p is an approved modification to the IEEE 802.11 standard and operates in the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz (5.85 GHz-5.925 GHz) in the United States. In Europe, IEEE 802.11p operates in the ITS G5A band (5.875 GHz-5.905 MHz). Other frequency bands may be allocated in other countries. The V2V communications briefly described above occur on a safety channel, which is typically a 10 MHz channel dedicated to safety purposes in the United States. The rest of the DSRC band (total bandwidth is 75 MHz) is intended for other services of interest to drivers, such as road regulations, toll collection, parking automation, etc. Thus, as a specific example, the medium of interest utilized by the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may correspond to at least a portion of the licensed ITS band at 5.9 GHz.

[0076] Alternatively, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among the various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by government entities such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems (particularly those employing small cell access points) have recently expanded operations into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies (most notably the IEEE 802.11x WLAN technology commonly referred to as "Wi-Fi"). Example systems of this type include different variations of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and the like.

[0077] Communication between V-UEs 160 is referred to as V2V communication, communication between V-UEs 160 and one or more RSUs 164 is referred to as V2I communication, and communication between V-UEs 160 and one or more UEs 104 (where these UEs 104 are P-UEs) is referred to as V2P communication. V2V communication between V-UEs 160 may include, for example, information about the position, speed, acceleration, heading, and other vehicle data of these V-UEs 160. V2I information received at V-UEs 160 from one or more RSUs 164 may include, for example, road rules, parking automation information, etc. V2P communication between V-UEs 160 and UEs 104 may include information about, for example, the position, speed, acceleration, and heading of the V-UEs 160 and the position, speed (for example, in the case where the UE 104 is carried by a user on a bicycle) and heading of the UEs 104.

[0078] Note that although Figure 1 Only two of the UEs are illustrated as V-UEs (V-UE 160), but any of the illustrated UEs (e.g., UE 104, 152, 182, 190) may be V-UEs. In addition, although only these V-UEs 160 and a single UE 104 have been illustrated as being connected via a side link, Figure 1Any of the illustrated UEs, whether V-UE, P-UE, etc., may be capable of sidelink communications. In addition, although only UE 182 is described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs (including V-UE 160) may be capable of beamforming. In the case where V-UE 160 is capable of beamforming, they may beamform toward each other (i.e., toward other V-UE 160), toward RSU 164, toward other UEs (e.g., UE 104, 152, 182, 190), etc. Thus, in some cases, V-UE 160 may utilize beamforming on sidelinks 162, 166, and 168.

[0079] The wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more UEs (such as UE 190) indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links. Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 1 , UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of base stations 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through the D2D P2P link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLAN STA 152 connected to a WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity through the D2D P2P link). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can be supported by any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Etc. As another example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be side links, as described above with reference to side links 162 , 166 , and 168 .

[0080] Figure 2AAn example wireless network structure 200 is illustrated. For example, the 5GC 210 (also referred to as the Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be functionally viewed as a control plane (C-plane) function 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and a user plane (U-plane) function 212 (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.), which operate in conjunction to form a core network. The user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and the control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210, and specifically to the user plane function 212 and the control plane function 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, the ng-eNB 224 can also be connected to the 5GC 210 via the NG-C 215 to the control plane function 214 and the NG-U 213 to the user plane function 212. In addition, the ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with the gNB 222 via the backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the next generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) the gNBs 222 or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0081] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230 that can communicate with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for the UE 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively can each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204 that can be connected to the location server 230 via the core network, the 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). In addition, the location server 230 can be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively can be external to the core network (e.g., a third-party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or a service server).

[0082] Figure 2B Another example wireless network structure 240 is illustrated. 5GC 260 (which may correspond to Figure 2AThe 5GC 210 in the figure can be functionally considered as a control plane function provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and a user plane function provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate in conjunction to form a core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of AMF 264 include: registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transmission of session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, a transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transmission of short message service (SMS) messages between UE 204 and a short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and UE 204, and receives an intermediate key established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves security material from the AUSF. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes security context management (SCM). The SCM receives keys from the SEAF, which are used by the SCM to derive access network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location service management for regulatory services, for the transmission of location service messages between the UE 204 and the Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), for the transmission of location service messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, for the allocation of Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer identifiers for interoperation with EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notifications. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionality for non-3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0083] The functions of UPF 262 include: acting as an anchor point for intra-RAT / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point for interconnection to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, user plane quality of service (QoS) handling (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and transmitting and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. UPF 262 can also support the delivery of location service messages between UE 204 and a location server (such as SLP 272) on the user plane.

[0084] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, traffic steering configuration for routing traffic to the correct destination at UPF 262, partial control of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface through which SMF 266 communicates with AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0085] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270 that can communicate with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for the UE 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively can each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204, which can be connected to the LMF 270 via the core network, the 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). SLP 272 can support similar functionality as LMF 270, but LMF 270 can communicate with AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UE 204 on the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols designed to carry signaling messages rather than voice or data), and SLP 272 can communicate with UE 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party servers 274) on the user plane (e.g., using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0086] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274 that can communicate with LMF 270, SLP 272, 5GC 260 (e.g., via AMF 264 and / or UPF 262), NG-RAN 220, and / or UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., location estimate) of UE 204. Thus, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location service (LCS) client or an external client. The third-party server 274 may be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or may alternatively each correspond to a single server.

[0087] The user plane interface 263 and the control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and the AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between the gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the "N2" interface, and the interface between the gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the "N3" interface. The gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via a backhaul connection 223 referred to as an "Xn-C" interface. One or more of the gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 via a wireless interface referred to as a "Uu" interface.

[0088] The functionality of the gNB 222 is divided between a gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB Distributed Units (gNB-DU) 228, and one or more gNB Radio Units (gNB-RU) 229. The gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes base station functions other than those specifically assigned to the gNB-DU 228, including delivery of user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, etc. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally hosts the RRC, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. The gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the Radio Link Control (RLC) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the "F1" interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of the gNB 222 is typically hosted by one or more independent gNB-RUs 229, which perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between the gNB-DU 228 and the gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the "Fx" interface. Thus, the UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC layer, the SDAP layer, and the PDCP layer, communicates with the gNB-DU 228 via the RLC layer and the MAC layer, and communicates with the gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0089] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C Several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) are illustrated, which may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent of Figure 2A and Figure 2BThe depicted NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure, such as a dedicated network, is implemented in order to support operations as described herein. It should be understood that these components may be implemented in different types of devices with different specific implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system on a chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other devices in the communication system. For example, other devices in the system may include components similar to those described as providing similar functionality. In addition, a given device may include one or more of these components. For example, a device may include multiple transceiver components that enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0090] UE 302 and base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, which provide means (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for preventing transmitting, etc.) for communicating via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as NR networks, LTE networks, GSM networks, etc. WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc.) via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., a certain set of time / frequency resources in a specific spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) according to the specified RAT, and conversely, receive and decode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.) respectively. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 respectively include: one or more transmitters 314 and 354 for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352 for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0091] At least in some cases, the UE 302 and the base station 304 each further include one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide for communicating over the wireless communication medium of interest via at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 are components (e.g., components for sending, components for receiving, components for measuring, components for tuning, components for preventing sending, etc.) for communicating with other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc.) using a PC5, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), wireless access for vehicle environments (WAVE), near field communication (NFC), ultra-wideband (UWB), etc.). The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be configured in different ways to send and encode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) according to a specified RAT, and conversely, receive and decode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.). Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include: one or more transmitters 324 and 364 for sending and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362 for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As a specific example, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be WiFi transceivers, Transceiver, and / or transceiver, NFC transceiver, UWB transceiver or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceiver.

[0092] At least in some cases, the UE 302 and the base station 304 also include satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 can be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and can provide components for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. In the case where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian regional navigation satellite system (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. In the case where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 can include any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations from other systems as appropriate and, at least in some cases, perform calculations using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm to determine the location of UE 302 and base station 304, respectively.

[0093] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, which provide components (e.g., components for sending, components for receiving, etc.) for communicating with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 can use one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 through one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. For another example, the network entity 306 can use one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base stations 304 through one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or communicate with other network entities 306 through one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0094] The transceiver can be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. The transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes a transmitter circuit (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and a receiver circuit (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). In some implementations, the transceiver can be an integrated device (e.g., implementing the transmitter circuit and the receiver circuit in a single device), in some implementations can include separate transmitter circuits and separate receiver circuits, or can be implemented in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuit and the receiver circuit of the wired transceiver (e.g., in some implementations, the network transceivers 380 and 390) can be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. The wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as antenna arrays, which allow the corresponding device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit "beamforming", as described herein. Similarly, the wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receiver 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as antenna arrays, which allow the corresponding device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In one aspect, the transmitter circuitry and the receiver circuitry may share the same multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366) so that the corresponding device can only receive or only transmit at a given time, rather than both receive and transmit at the same time. The wireless transceivers (eg, WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listening module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.

[0095] As used herein, various wireless transceivers (e.g., in some implementations, transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390) and wired transceivers (e.g., in some implementations, network transceivers 380 and 390) may be generally referred to as a "transceiver," "at least one transceiver," or "one or more transceivers." Thus, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred based on the type of communication being performed. For example, backhaul communications between network devices or servers typically involve signaling via a wired transceiver, while wireless communications between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will typically involve signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0096] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 also include other components that can be used in conjunction with the operations disclosed herein. UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality related to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. Thus, processors 332, 384, and 394 can provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for sending, means for indicating, etc. In one aspect, processors 332, 384, and 394 can include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuits, or various combinations thereof.

[0097] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memory 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device) for maintaining information (e.g., information indicating reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, etc.). Thus, memory 340, 386, and 396 may provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may include positioning components 342, 388, and 398, respectively. Positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, which when executed cause UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be external to processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the positioning components 342, 388 and 398 can be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386 and 396, respectively, which, when executed by the processors 332, 384 and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. Figure 3A Possible locations for a location component 342 are illustrated, which may be, for example, part of one or more WWAN transceivers 310, memory 340, one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3B Possible locations for a location component 388 are illustrated, which may be, for example, part of one or more WWAN transceivers 350, memory 386, one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3C Possible locations for a location component 398 are illustrated, which may be, for example, part of one or more network transceivers 390, memory 396, one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a stand-alone component.

[0098] UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to one or more processors 332 to provide a means for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or satellite signal receivers 330. By way of example, sensor 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric altimeter), and / or any other type of motion detection sensor. In addition, sensor 344 may include multiple different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide motion information. For example, sensor 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and an orientation sensor to provide the ability to calculate positioning in a two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system.

[0099] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346, which provides components for providing indications to the user (e.g., audible and / or visual indications) and / or for receiving user input (e.g., when the user actuates a sensing device such as a keypad, touch screen, microphone, etc.). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include a user interface.

[0100] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in a downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functions for an RRC layer, a PDCP layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. One or more processors 384 may provide: RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information block (SIB)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with delivery of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0101] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement layer 1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, including the physical (PHY) layer, may include: error detection on the transport channel, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles the mapping to the signal constellation based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The decoded and modulated symbols may then be separated into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., a pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially pre-decoded to generate multiple spatial streams. The channel estimate from the channel estimator can be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme and for spatial processing. The channel estimate can be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback sent by the UE 302. Each spatial stream can then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 can modulate the RF carrier with the corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[0102] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives the signal through its corresponding antenna 316. The receiver 312 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides the information to one or more processors 332. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If there are multiple spatial streams destined for the UE 302, they can be combined into a single OFDM symbol stream by the receiver 312. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The reference signal and the symbols on each subcarrier are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation point sent by the base station 304. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates calculated by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally sent by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to one or more processors 332, which implement layer 3 (L3) and layer 2 (L2) functionality.

[0103] In the downlink, one or more processors 332 provide demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. One or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection.

[0104] Similar to the functionality described in conjunction with downlink transmissions performed by the base station 304, the one or more processors 332 provide: RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connection, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with delivery of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0105] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback sent by base station 304 may be used by transmitter 314 to select appropriate coding and modulation schemes and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by transmitter 314 may be provided to different antennas 316. Transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[0106] The uplink transmissions are processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the receiver functionality at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives the signal through its respective antenna 356. The receiver 352 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides the information to one or more processors 384.

[0107] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provide demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. The IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0108] For convenience, UE 302, base station 304 and / or network entity 306 may Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C, are shown as including various components that can be configured according to the various examples described herein. However, it should be understood that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, FIG. 3A to FIG. 3C Various components in are optional in alternative configurations, and various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, cost, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in Figure 3A In the case of , a specific implementation of UE 302 may omit WWAN transceiver 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet or PC or laptop may have Wi-Fi and / or Bluetooth capabilities but no cellular capabilities), or may omit short-range wireless transceiver 320 (e.g., only cellular, etc.), or may omit satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit sensor 344, etc. In another example, in Figure 3B In the case of a wireless cellular network, a specific implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi "hotspot" access point without cellular capabilities), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver 360 (e.g., cellular only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 370, etc. For the sake of brevity, illustrations of various alternative configurations are not provided herein, but will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.

[0109] Various components of the UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to one another via data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392, respectively. In one aspect, the data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392 may form or be part of a communication interface for the UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392 may provide for communication between different logical entities.

[0110] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C The components of can be implemented in various ways. In some specific implementations, Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3CThe components of may be implemented in one or more circuits, such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or combine at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide the functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of UE 302 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of base station 304 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). Moreover, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of network entity 306 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). For simplicity, various operations, actions and / or functions are described herein as being performed by "UE", "by base station", "by network entity", etc. However, it should be understood that such operations, actions and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc. (such as processors 332, 384, 394, transceivers 310, 320, 350 and 360, memories 340, 386 and 396, positioning components 342, 388 and 398, etc.).

[0111] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be operated differently from a network operator or cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a dedicated network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently of the base station 304 (e.g., via a non-cellular communication link such as WiFi).

[0112] NR supports a variety of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based positioning methods, uplink-based positioning methods, and downlink and uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include: Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, Downlink Time Difference of Arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and Downlink Angle of Departure (DL-AoD) in NR. Figure 4Examples of various positioning methods according to various aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated. In the OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning process illustrated by scenario 410, the UE measures the difference between the arrival times (ToA) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from a base station pair (referred to as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or arrival time difference (TDOA) measurement), and reports these differences to the positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in auxiliary data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each non-reference base station. Based on the known positions of the base stations involved and the RSTD measurement results, a positioning entity (e.g., a UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the position of the UE.

[0113] For DL-AoD positioning illustrated by scenario 420, the positioning entity uses measurement reports from the UE regarding received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle between the UE and the transmitting base station. The positioning entity can then estimate the position of the UE based on the determined angle and the known position of the transmitting base station.

[0114] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) sent by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, the UE sends one or more uplink reference signals, which are measured by a reference base station and multiple non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time of the reference signal (referred to as relative time of arrival (RTOA)) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the location and relative timing of the base stations involved. Based on the receive-to-receive (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known locations of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can use TDOA to estimate the position of the UE.

[0115] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from the UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angles of the receive beams to determine the angle between the UE and the base station. Based on the determined angle and the known location of the base station, the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE.

[0116] Downlink and uplink based positioning methods include: enhanced cell ID (E-CID) positioning and multi-round trip time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as "multi-cell RTT" and "multi-RTT"). In the RTT process, a first entity (e.g., a base station or UE) sends a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or a base station), and the second entity sends a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the arrival time (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT-related signal. The time difference is called the received-to-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement can be performed or adjusted to include only the time difference between the nearest time slot boundary of the received signal and the transmitted signal. The two entities may then transmit their Rx-Tx time difference measurements to a location server (e.g., LMF 270), which calculates the round trip propagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities based on the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., calculated as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity may transmit its Rx-Tx time difference measurements to the other entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities may be determined based on the RTT and a known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For multi-RTT positioning illustrated by scenario 430, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning process with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined based on the distance to the second entity and the known location of the second entity (e.g., using multilateration). RTT and multi-RTT methods may be combined with other positioning techniques (such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD) to improve location accuracy, as illustrated by scenario 440.

[0117] The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, timing advance (TA), and the identifiers of the detected neighboring base stations, the estimated timing, and the signal strength. The UE's position is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base stations.

[0118] To assist the positioning operation, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include: an identifier of the base station (or cell / TRP of the base station) from which the reference signal is measured, reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive time slots including PRS, the periodicity of consecutive time slots including PRS, a silent sequence, a frequency hopping sequence, a reference signal identifier, a reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and / or other parameters applicable to a particular positioning method. Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the base station itself (e.g., in a periodically broadcast overhead message, etc.). In some cases, the UE itself may be able to detect neighboring network nodes without using assistance data.

[0119] In the case of OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning process, the assistance data may also include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty or search window around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may be + / -500 microseconds (μs). In some cases, when any of the resources used for positioning measurements are in FR1, the value range of the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / -32μs. In other cases, when all resources used for positioning measurements are in FR2, the value range of the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / -8μs.

[0120] NR also supports or implements various sidelink positioning techniques. Figure 5A Various interesting scenarios for sidelink-only positioning or joint Uu and sidelink positioning according to various aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated. In scenario 510, at least one peer UE with a known location can improve the Uu-based positioning (e.g., multi-cell RTT, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), etc.) of the target UE by providing an additional anchor (e.g., using the sidelink round trip time (RTT) (SL-RTT)). In scenario 520, a low-end (e.g., low-capacity or "RedCap") target UE can obtain assistance from an advanced UE to determine its position using, for example, a sidelink positioning and ranging process with the advanced UE. Compared to the low-end UE, the advanced UE can have more capabilities, such as more sensors, faster processors, more memory, more antenna elements, higher transmit power capabilities, access to additional frequency bands, or any combination thereof. In scenario 530, a relay UE (e.g., with a known location) participates in the positioning estimation of the remote UE without performing uplink positioning reference signal (PRS) transmission over the Uu interface. Scenario 540 illustrates the joint positioning of multiple UEs. Specifically, in scenario 540, two UEs with unknown locations may be jointly located under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions by utilizing constraints from nearby UEs.

[0121] Figure 5B Additional interesting scenarios of sidelink-only positioning or joint Uu and sidelink positioning according to various aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated. In scenario 550, UEs used for public safety (e.g., used by police, firefighters, etc.) can perform peer-to-peer (P2P) positioning and ranging for public safety and other purposes. For example, in scenario 550, public safety UEs can be out of coverage of the network and use sidelink positioning techniques to determine the position or relative distance and relative positioning between public safety UEs. Similarly, scenario 560 shows multiple UEs that are out of coverage and use sidelink positioning techniques (such as SL-RTT) to determine the position or relative distance and relative positioning.

[0122] The position estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, a position, a position fix, a position fix, a fix, etc. The position estimate may be geodetic and include coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude), or may be municipal and include a street address, a postal address, or some other verbal description of the location. The position estimate may be further defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). The position estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default confidence level).

[0123] Various frame structures may be used to support downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, and / or sidelink transmissions between network nodes (eg, a base station and a UE). Figure 6 600 is a diagram illustrating an example frame structure according to aspects of the present disclosure. The frame structure may be a downlink, uplink, or sidelink frame structure. Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0124] LTE (and in some cases NR) utilizes orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) on the downlink and single carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. However, unlike LTE, NR also has the option of using OFDM on the uplink. OFDM and SC-FDM divide the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also often referred to as frequency tones, frequency bins, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. Generally speaking, modulation symbols are transmitted in the frequency domain using OFDM and in the time domain using SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can depend on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers can be 15 kilohertz (kHz), and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) can be 12 subcarriers (or 180kHz). Thus, for a system bandwidth of 1.25 megahertz (MHz), 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, or 20 MHz, the nominal FFT size may be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048, respectively. The system bandwidth may also be divided into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for a system bandwidth of 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0125] LTE supports a single parameter set (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR may support multiple parameter sets (μ), for example, 15kHz (μ=0), 30kHz (μ=1), 60kHz (μ=2), 120kHz (μ=3), and 240kHz (μ=4) or larger subcarrier spacings may be available. In each subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols per slot. For 15kHz SCS (μ=0), there is one slot per subframe, 10 slots per frame, the slot duration is 1 millisecond (ms), the symbol duration is 66.7 microseconds (μs), and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 50. For 30kHz SCS (μ=1), there are two slots per subframe, 20 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.5ms, the symbol duration is 33.3μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 100. For 60kHz SCS (μ=2), there are four slots per subframe, 40 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.25ms, the symbol duration is 16.7μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 200. For 120kHz SCS (μ=3), there are eight slots per subframe, 80 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.125ms, the symbol duration is 8.33μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 400. For 240kHz SCS (μ=4), there are 16 slots per subframe, 160 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.0625ms, the symbol duration is 4.17μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) is 800 with 4K FFT size.

[0126] exist Figure 6 In the example of , a parameter set of 15 kHz is used. Therefore, in the time domain, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes, each subframe is 1 ms, and each subframe includes one time slot. Figure 6 , time is represented horizontally (on the X-axis), where time increases from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y-axis), where frequency increases (or decreases) from bottom to top.

[0127] A resource grid may be used to represent a time slot, each of which includes one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) in the frequency domain (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)). A resource grid is further divided into a plurality of resource elements (REs). An RE may correspond to one symbol length in the time domain and one subcarrier in the frequency domain. Figure 6In the parameter set of , for a normal cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and seven consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and six consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0128] Some REs may carry reference (pilot) signals (RS). These reference signals may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSB), sounding reference signals (SRS), etc., depending on whether the illustrated frame structure is used for uplink communication or downlink communication. Figure 6 Example locations of REs carrying reference signals (labeled "R") are illustrated.

[0129] A set of resource elements (REs) used for transmission of PRS is referred to as a "PRS resource". A set of resource elements may span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and 'N' (such as 1 or more) consecutive symbols within a slot in the time domain. In a given OFDM symbol in the time domain, a PRS resource occupies consecutive PRBs in the frequency domain.

[0130] The transmission of PRS resources within a given PRB has a specific comb size (also referred to as "comb density"). The comb size 'N' represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency / tone spacing) within each symbol of the PRS resource configuration. Specifically, for comb size 'N', the PRS is transmitted in every Nth subcarrier of one symbol of the PRB. For example, for comb-4, for each symbol of the PRS resource configuration, the RE corresponding to every fourth subcarrier (such as subcarriers 0, 4, 8) is used to transmit the PRS of the PRS resource. Currently, for DL-PRS, comb sizes of comb-2, comb-4, comb-6, and comb-12 are supported. Figure 6 An example PRS resource configuration for comb-4 (which spans four symbols) is illustrated. That is, the positions of shaded REs (labeled "R") indicate a comb-4 PRS resource configuration.

[0131] Currently, DL-PRS resources can span 2, 4, 6, or 12 consecutive symbols in a slot using a full frequency domain staggered pattern. DL-PRS resources can be configured in any downlink or flexible (FL) symbol configured by higher layers in a slot. There may be a constant energy per resource element (EPRE) for all REs of a given DL-PRS resource. The following are the symbol-by-symbol frequency offsets for comb sizes 2, 4, 6, and 12 on 2, 4, 6, and 12 symbols. 2-symbol Comb-2: {0,1}; 4-symbol Comb-2: {0,1,0,1}; 6-symbol Comb-2: {0,1,0,1,0,1}; 12-symbol Comb-2: {0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1}; 4-symbol Comb-4: {0,2,1,3} (as in Figure 6 ); 12-symbol comb-4: {0,2,1,3,0,2,1,3,0,2,1,3}; 6-symbol comb-6: {0,3,1,4,2,5}; 12-symbol comb-6: {0,3,1,4,2,5,0,3,1,4,2,5}; and 12-symbol comb-12: {0,6,3,9,1,7,4,10,2,8,5,11}.

[0132] A "PRS resource set" is a set of PRS resources used to send a PRS signal, where each PRS resource has a PRS resource ID. In addition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set are associated with the same TRP. A PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set ID and is associated with a specific TRP (identified by the TRP ID). In addition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set have the same periodicity, a common muting pattern configuration, and the same repetition factor (such as "PRS-ResourceRepetitionFactor") across time slots. The periodicity is the time from the first repetition of the first PRS resource of the first PRS instance to the same first repetition of the same first PRS resource of the next PRS instance. The periodicity may have a length selected from: 2^μ*{4,5,8,10,16,20,32,40,64,80,160,320,640,1280,2560,5120,10240} time slots, where μ=0,1,2,3. The repetition factor may have a length selected from {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32} slots.

[0133] A PRS resource ID in a PRS resource set is associated with a single beam (or beam ID) transmitted from a single TRP (where one TRP may transmit one or more beams). That is, each PRS resource in a PRS resource set may be transmitted on a different beam, and therefore, a "PRS resource" (or simply "resource") may also be referred to as a "beam". Note that this does not have any implication on whether the UE knows the TRP and beam on which the PRS is transmitted.

[0134] A "PRS instance" or "PRS opportunity" is an instance of a periodically repeated time window (such as a group of one or more consecutive time slots) in which a PRS is expected to be sent. A PRS opportunity may also be referred to as a "PRS positioning opportunity", "PRS positioning instance", "positioning opportunity", "positioning instance", "positioning repetition", or simply "opportunity", "instance", or "repetition".

[0135] A "positioning frequency layer" (also referred to simply as a "frequency layer") is a set of one or more PRS resource sets with the same values ​​for certain parameters across one or more TRPs. Specifically, the set of PRS resource sets has the same subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix (CP) type (meaning that all parameter sets supported for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) are also supported by PRS), the same point A, the same value of the downlink PRS bandwidth, the same starting PRB (and center frequency), and the same comb size. The point A parameter takes the value of the parameter "ARFCN-ValueNR" (where "ARFCN" stands for "absolute radio frequency channel number") and is an identifier / code that specifies a pair of physical radio channels for transmission and reception. The downlink PRS bandwidth can have a granularity of four PRBs, and the minimum value is 24 PRBs and the maximum value is 272 PRBs. Currently, up to four frequency layers have been defined, and up to two PRS resource sets can be configured per TRP per frequency layer.

[0136] The concept of frequency layer is somewhat similar to the concept of component carrier and bandwidth part (BWP), but the difference is that component carrier and BWP are used by one base station (or macro cell base station and small cell base station) to send data channels, while frequency layer is used by several (usually three or more) base stations to send PRS. The UE can indicate the number of frequency layers that the UE can support when the UE transmits its positioning capabilities to the network (such as during an LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) session). For example, the UE can indicate whether it can support one or four positioning frequency layers.

[0137] It should be noted that the terms "positioning reference signal" and "PRS" generally refer to specific reference signals used for positioning in NR and LTE systems. However, as used herein, the terms "positioning reference signal" and "PRS" may also refer to any type of reference signal that can be used for positioning, such as but not limited to: PRS, TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB, SRS, UL-PRS, etc. as defined in LTE and NR. In addition, the terms "positioning reference signal" and "PRS" may refer to a downlink positioning reference signal, an uplink positioning reference signal, or a sidelink positioning reference signal, unless otherwise indicated by the context. If further distinction is needed between the types of PRS, the downlink positioning reference signal may be referred to as a "DL-PRS", the uplink positioning reference signal (e.g., an SRS used for positioning, i.e., PTRS) may be referred to as a "UL-PRS", and the sidelink positioning reference signal may be referred to as a "SL-PRS". In addition, for signals (e.g., DMRS) that can be sent in the downlink, uplink, and / or sidelink, these signals may be preceded by "DL," "UL," or "SL" to distinguish the direction. For example, "UL-DMRS" may be different from "DL-DMRS."

[0138] Fig. 7A and Figure 7B Various comb patterns for DL-PRS support within a resource block according to various aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated. Some of these comb patterns can also be used for SL-PRS transmission. Fig. 7A and Figure 7B , time is represented horizontally and frequency is represented vertically. Fig. 7A and Figure 7B Each large block in represents a resource block and each small block represents a resource element. As discussed above, a resource element consists of one symbol in the time domain and one subcarrier in the frequency domain. Fig. 7A and Figure 7B In the example of , each resource block includes 14 symbols in the time domain and 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain. The shaded resource elements carry or are scheduled to carry PRS. Therefore, the shaded resource elements in each resource block correspond to PRS resources, or parts of PRS resources within one resource block (because PRS resources can span multiple resource blocks in the frequency domain).

[0139] The comb patterns shown correspond to the various PRS comb patterns described above. Specifically, Fig. 7A A PRS comb pattern 710 for comb-2 having two symbols, a PRS comb pattern 720 for comb-4 having four symbols, a PRS comb pattern 730 for comb-6 having six symbols, and a PRS comb pattern 740 for comb-12 having 12 symbols are illustrated. Figure 7B A PRS comb pattern 750 for comb-2 with 12 symbols, a PRS comb pattern 760 for comb-4 with 12 symbols, a PRS comb pattern 770 for comb-2 with six symbols, and a PRS comb pattern 780 for comb-6 with 12 symbols are illustrated.

[0140] Please note that Fig. 7A In the example comb pattern of , the resource elements on which the PRS is transmitted are interleaved in the frequency domain so that there is only one such resource element per subcarrier over the configured multiple symbols. For example, for the PRS comb pattern 720, there is only one resource element per subcarrier over four symbols. This is called "frequency domain interleaving".

[0141] In addition, there is a certain PRS resource symbol offset (given by the parameter "DL-PRS-ResourceSymbolOffset") from the first symbol of the resource block to the first symbol of the PRS resource. In the example of PRS comb pattern 710, the offset is three symbols. In the example of PRS comb pattern 720, the offset is eight symbols. In the examples of PRS comb patterns 730 and 740, the offset is two symbols. In the examples of PRS comb patterns 750 to 780, the offset is two symbols.

[0142] It will be appreciated that the UE will need to have a higher capability to measure the PRS comb pattern 710 than to measure the PRS comb pattern 720 because for the PRS comb pattern 710, the UE will have to measure resource elements on twice as many subcarriers per symbol as the PRS comb pattern 720. Additionally, the UE will need to have a higher capability to measure the PRS comb pattern 730 than to measure the PRS comb pattern 740 because for the PRS comb pattern 730, the UE will have to measure resource elements on twice as many subcarriers per symbol as the PRS comb pattern 740. Additionally, the UE will need to have a higher capability to measure the PRS comb patterns 710 and 720 than to measure the PRS comb patterns 730 and 740 because the resource elements of the PRS comb patterns 710 and 720 are denser than the resource elements of the PRS comb patterns 730 and 740.

[0143] Sidelink communication occurs in a transmit or receive resource pool. In the frequency domain, the smallest resource allocation unit is a subchannel (e.g., a set of consecutive PRBs in the frequency domain). In the time domain, resource allocation is based on time slot intervals. However, some time slots are not available for sidelinks, and some time slots contain feedback resources. In addition, sidelink resources can be (pre-)configured to occupy less than 14 symbols in a time slot.

[0144] The sidelink resources are configured at the RRC layer. The RRC configuration may be performed by pre-configuration (e.g., pre-loaded on the UE or configured to the UE when the UE attaches to the network) or configuration (e.g., from the serving base station when allocating sidelink resources to the UE or UE group).

[0145] The NR sidelink supports HARQ retransmission. Fig. 8A 8 is a diagram of an example time slot structure without feedback resources according to aspects of the present disclosure. Fig. 8A In the example of , time is represented horizontally and frequency is represented vertically. In the time domain, the length of each block is one OFDM symbol, and 14 symbols constitute a time slot. In the frequency domain, the height of each block is one subchannel. Currently, the (pre-)configured subchannel size can be selected from the set of {10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100} physical resource blocks (PRBs).

[0146] In sidelink communications, different UEs may transmit using different transmit powers and / or may be at different distances from the receiving UE, resulting in received transmissions having different path losses / channels and / or different receive powers. In addition, in the case where the receiving UE is receiving transmissions from multiple transmitting UEs, the receive power is likely to vary across the reception of transmissions from multiple UEs. This situation requires automatic gain control (AGC) training at the receiver, which is achieved by duplicating the first symbol in the sidelink transmission. This is done in Fig. 8A This is illustrated by vertical and horizontal hashing in the first symbol of the slot.

[0147] like Fig. 8A As shown, for the sidelink, the physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) and the physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) are transmitted in the same time slot. Similar to the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), the PSCCH carries control information about the sidelink resource allocation and a description of the sidelink data sent to the UE. Similarly, similar to the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), the PSSCH carries the user data of the UE. Fig. 8A In the example of , the PSCCH occupies half of the bandwidth of the subchannel and occupies only three symbols. Finally, the gap symbol appears after the PSSCH.

[0148] Figure 8B is a diagram 850 of an example time slot structure with feedback resources according to aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 8B In the example of , time is represented horizontally and frequency is represented vertically. In the time domain, the length of each block is one OFDM symbol, and 14 symbols constitute a time slot. In the frequency domain, the height of each block is one subchannel.

[0149] Figure 8B The illustrated time slot structure is similar to Fig. 8A The time slot structure shown is similar, except that Figure 8B The illustrated time slot structure includes feedback resources. Specifically, the two symbols at the end of the time slot have been dedicated to the physical side link feedback channel (PSFCH). The first PSFCH symbol is a repetition of the second PSFCH symbol for AGC setting. In addition to the gap symbol after the PSSCH, there is also a gap symbol after two PSFCH symbols. Currently, the resources for PSFCH can be configured with a periodicity selected from a set of {0,1,2,4} time slots.

[0150] For sidelink positioning, one or more symbols of a timeslot may be allocated to one or more UEs for SL-PRS transmission (referred to as a "resource pool for positioning" or "RP-P"). There is also the problem of AGC training for SL-PRS transmission, and different solutions have been discussed. As a first proposed solution, the SL-PRS may be embedded in the timeslot with other channels, and those channels handle the AGC training. That is, the UE may send the SL-PRS on one or more symbols of the timeslot, and may send one or more other channels, such as the PSCCH or PSSCH, on symbols of the timeslot around the SL-PRS. Thus, the AGC symbols will be repetitions of symbols of the other channels. However, this proposal introduces unnecessary overhead by requiring the transmission of additional channels in the timeslot.

[0151] A second proposed solution is to use the first symbol of the SL-PRS pattern for AGC training. For example, for a two-symbol comb-2 pattern (e.g., PRS comb pattern 710), the first symbol will be used for AGC training. However, this proposal may degrade positioning performance because the receiver does not measure the full frequency bandwidth of the SL-PRS. A third proposed solution is to duplicate the first symbol of the SL-PRS, as in sidelink communications (i.e., as Fig. 8A and Figure 8B However, if Fig. 9 It is shown that this proposal may lead to confusion of time of arrival (ToA) measurements in a multipath environment.

[0152] Specifically, Fig. 9 9 is a diagram illustrating potential confusion caused by duplicating the first symbol of a SL-PRS in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Fig. 9As shown in , two SL-PRS symbols labeled "PRS Sym 0" and "PRS Sym 1" are sent. The second SL-PRS symbol PRS Sym 1 is a copy of the first SL-PRS symbol PRS Sym 0. The receiver can detect a series of correlation peaks, two of which correspond to the line-of-sight (LOS) path (larger peak) of the SL-PRS symbol, and two of which correspond to the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) path (smaller peak) of the SL-PRS symbol. Since the two SL-PRS symbols are the same, the receiver cannot determine whether the reflection of the first symbol (PRS Sym 0) is the first arrival path of the second SL-PRS symbol (PRS Sym 1) or the reflection of the first SL-PRS symbol. As a result, the receiver may incorrectly determine the ToA of the second SL-PRS symbol, thereby reducing positioning accuracy.

[0153] Therefore, there is a need to support AGC training at the receiver without degrading positioning performance. As a first technique described herein, one or more symbols may be added to the beginning of the SL-PRS transmission (prepended to the SL-PRS transmission). The added symbols may then be used for AGC training at the receiver. In one aspect, the added symbol may be a copy of the last symbol in the SL-PRS comb pattern. Using the last symbol of the comb pattern will avoid peak confusion on the actual range because the last symbol is different from the first symbol in the SL-PRS comb pattern.

[0154] Alternatively, the added symbols may be copies of a subset of symbols of the SL-PRS comb pattern, where the subset is (pre)configured or selected by the transmitter UE. This alternative may be preferred in cases where the SL-PRS comb pattern spans a larger number of symbols, such as a 12-symbol pattern. However, this alternative may also increase power consumption at the receiver UE, since the UE will need to buffer or re-decode a subset of symbols in order to measure the SL-PRS. As another alternative, the added symbol may have a different scrambling than the first symbol in the SL-PRS comb pattern.

[0155] In one aspect, the number of symbols prepended to the SL-PRS transmission may be (1) fixed, (2) (pre) configured, (3) dependent on the number of SL-PRS symbols transmitted, (4) dependent on the subcarrier spacing used for the SL-PRS, or (5) a combination of the above. For example, for option (3), the more symbols in the SL-PRS comb pattern, the more symbols can be used for AGC training. For option (4), more symbols can be used for higher subcarrier spacing than for lower subcarrier spacing. The number of symbols in each option may be specified in the applicable wireless communication standard, indicated by the base station allocating resources for SL-PRS transmission, negotiated between UEs participating in a resource pool, or indicated by the transmitter UE.

[0156] Fig.10 1000 is a diagram illustrating an example of prepending a subset of symbols of a SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource as AGC training symbols for the SL-PRS resource in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Fig.10 In the example of , the SL-PRS resource has a four-symbol comb-4-tooth pattern with a symbol offset of 7 and a resource element offset of 0 for the first symbol. A copy of the last symbol of the SL-PRS comb pattern has been prepended to the SL-PRS resource. Fig.10 As shown in , the duplicate SL-PRS symbol has the same resource element offset (here 3) and comb size (here 4) as the symbol being duplicated (i.e., the last symbol of the SL-PRS resource). The last symbol is a subset of the symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and as will be appreciated, one or more symbols other than the last symbol (or including the last symbol if there are multiple AGC training symbols) may be prepended to the SL-PRS resource as an AGC training symbol.

[0157] As a second technique described herein, if the SL-PRS comb pattern includes a repeated subset of symbols, the additional symbols may not be prepended to the SL-PRS transmission. Therefore, when determining whether to prepend one or more symbols to the SL-PRS transmission, the transmitter UE may determine whether the SL-PRS comb pattern includes a repeated subset of symbols. For example, a six-symbol comb-2 pattern (PRS comb pattern 770) includes three repetitions or instances of a two-symbol comb-2 pattern. In this case, the receiver may use one or more symbols in the first repetition / instance of the repeated symbol subset for AGC training. This behavior may be enabled and disabled by (pre) configuration or by a higher layer (i.e., higher than the physical layer). This behavior may also be indicated by the transmitter UE, for example, by broadcast or multicast or when resources are reserved for SL-PRS transmission.

[0158] Fig.111100 is a diagram illustrating an example of using a repeated subset of symbols of a SL-PRS resource as an AGC training symbol for the SL-PRS resource in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Fig.11 In the example of FIG. 1 , the SL-PRS resource has a six-symbol comb-2 comb pattern. The first two symbols of the SL-PRS comb pattern (i.e., the first instance of a two-symbol comb-2 comb pattern repetition within the six-symbol comb-2 comb pattern) can be used for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource. Note that although Fig.11 The example of using two symbols of the first instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource for AGC training is illustrated, but in one aspect, only the first symbol of the first repeated subset can be used for AGC training. Similarly, in the case where the repeated symbol subset is more than two symbols (e.g., as in PRS comb pattern 760), the symbol subset used for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource can be from one symbol in the repeated symbol subset up to a total number of symbols.

[0159] Note that although the SL-PRS resources have been described above as comprising one or more symbols of a time slot, the SL-PRS resources may comprise one or more symbols of some other type of time window.

[0160] Fig.12 An example method 1200 of wireless communication in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In an aspect, the method 1200 may be performed by a UE, such as any of the UEs described herein.

[0161] At 1210, the UE transmits a subset of symbols in a set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource. In an aspect, operation 1210 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing this operation.

[0162] At 1220, the UE transmits a symbol set of the SL-PRS resource including the symbol subset, wherein the symbol set is transmitted after the symbol subset. In an aspect, operation 1220 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing this operation.

[0163] Fig.13 An example method 1300 of wireless communication in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In one aspect, the method 1300 may be performed by a UE (eg, any of the UEs described herein).

[0164] At 1310, the UE transmits a SL-PRS resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurrence of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource. In an aspect, operation 1310 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing this operation.

[0165] Fig.14 An example method 1400 of wireless communication in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In an aspect, the method 1400 may be performed by a UE, such as any of the UEs described herein.

[0166] At 1410, the UE receives a subset of symbols in a set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource. In an aspect, operation 1410 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing such operation.

[0167] At 1420, the UE receives a symbol set of the SL-PRS resource including the symbol subset, wherein the symbol set is transmitted after the symbol subset. In an aspect, operation 1420 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing this operation.

[0168] Fig.15 An example method 1500 of wireless communication in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In an aspect, the method 1500 may be performed by a UE, such as any of the UEs described herein.

[0169] At 1510, the UE receives a SL-PRS resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurrence of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource. In an aspect, operation 1510 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing this operation.

[0170] It will be appreciated that a technical advantage of methods 1200 to 1500 is that it enables AGC training for SL-PRS transmission without degrading positioning performance.

[0171] In the above specific embodiments, it can be seen that different features are grouped together in each example. This disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than the features explicitly mentioned in each clause. On the contrary, various aspects of the present disclosure may include less than all the features of the disclosed individual example clauses. Therefore, the following clauses should be considered to be incorporated into the description accordingly, wherein each clause itself can be used as a separate example. Although each subordinate clause may refer to a specific combination of one clause with other clauses in a clause, the aspects of the subordinate clause are not limited to a specific combination. It should be understood that other example clauses may also include a combination of the subject matter of the subordinate clause aspect with any other subordinate clause or independent clause or any feature with other subordinate clauses and independent clauses. Various aspects disclosed herein explicitly include these combinations, unless it is clearly expressed or can be easily inferred that a specific combination is not intended to be used (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). In addition, it is also expected that various aspects of the clause may be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0172] Specific implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0173] Clause 1. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: sending a symbol subset in a symbol set of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and sending the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource including the symbol subset, wherein the symbol set is sent after the symbol subset.

[0174] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols in the set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource, and not just the first occurring symbol in the set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource.

[0175] Clause 3. A method according to any one of clauses 1 to 2, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0176] Clause 4. A method as described in any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0177] Clause 5. A method according to any one of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the number of symbol subsets: is fixed, configured to the UE, pre-configured to the UE, selected by the UE, based on the number of symbol sets, based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resources, indicated in the wireless communication standard, or any combination thereof.

[0178] Clause 6. The method of clause 5, wherein the number of the subset of symbols is configured to the UE from: a location server, a serving base station, or another UE.

[0179] Clause 7. A method as described in any of clauses 1 to 6, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

[0180] Clause 8. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: sending a side link positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein the first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0181] Clause 9. The method according to clause 8 further includes: determining whether to prepend one or more symbols of the SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource for the AGC training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0182] Clause 10. The method according to clause 9 further includes: determining not to prepend the one or more symbols of the SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource based on the comb pattern of the repeated symbol subset including the SL-PRS resource.

[0183] Clause 11. A method according to any one of clauses 8 to 10, wherein the first occurrence instance of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource based on: configuration information, pre-configuration information, a higher layer or a wireless communication standard.

[0184] Clause 12. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving a symbol subset in a symbol set of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and receiving the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource including the symbol subset, wherein the symbol set is sent after the symbol subset.

[0185] Clause 13. The method of clause 12, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols in the set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource, and not just the first occurring symbol in the set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource.

[0186] Clause 14. A method as described in any of clauses 12 to 13, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0187] Clause 15. A method as described in any of clauses 12 to 14, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0188] Clause 16. A method according to any one of clauses 12 to 15, wherein the number of the symbol subsets: is fixed, configured to the UE, pre-configured to the UE, selected by the UE, based on the number of the symbol sets, based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resources, indicated in the wireless communication standard, or any combination thereof.

[0189] Clause 17. The method of clause 16, wherein the number of the subset of symbols is configured to the UE from: a location server, a serving base station, or another UE.

[0190] Clause 18. A method as described in any of clauses 12 to 17, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

[0191] Clause 19. A method according to any one of clauses 12 to 18, wherein: receiving the symbol subset includes measuring the symbol subset to determine an AGC setting for a SL-PRS resource; and receiving the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource includes measuring the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource based on the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resource.

[0192] Clause 20. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving a side link positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0193] Clause 21. A method according to clause 20, wherein the first occurrence instance of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource based on: configuration information, pre-configuration information, a higher layer or a wireless communication standard.

[0194] Clause 22. A method according to any one of clauses 20 to 21, wherein receiving the SL-PRS resource comprises: measuring the first occurrence instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource to determine an AGC setting for the SL-PRS resource; and measuring the SL-PRS resource based on the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resource.

[0195] Clause 23. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: send a subset of symbols in a set of symbols of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource via the at least one transceiver; and send the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource including the subset of symbols via the at least one transceiver, wherein the set of symbols is sent after the subset of symbols.

[0196] Clause 24. A UE as described in clause 23, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and not just the first occurring symbol in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0197] Clause 25. A UE as described in any of clauses 23 to 24, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0198] Clause 26. A UE as described in any of clauses 23 to 25, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resources.

[0199] Clause 27. A UE according to any one of clauses 23 to 26, wherein the number of symbol subsets is: fixed, configured to the UE, pre-configured to the UE, selected by the UE, based on the number of symbol sets, based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resources, indicated in a wireless communication standard, or any combination thereof.

[0200] Clause 28. The UE of clause 27, wherein the number of the subset of symbols is configured to the UE from: a location server, a serving base station, or another UE.

[0201] Clause 29. A UE as set out in any of clauses 23 to 28, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

[0202] Clause 30. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: transmit a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource via the at least one transceiver, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurrence of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0203] Clause 31. A UE according to clause 30, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine whether to prepend one or more symbols of the SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource for the AGC training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0204] Clause 32. A UE according to clause 31, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine not to prepend the one or more symbols of the SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource based on the comb pattern of the repeated symbol subset including the SL-PRS resource.

[0205] Clause 33. A UE according to any one of clauses 30 to 32, wherein the first occurrence instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource based on: configuration information, pre-configuration information, a higher layer or a wireless communication standard.

[0206] Clause 34. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive a subset of symbols in a set of symbols of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource via the at least one transceiver; and receive the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource including the subset of symbols via the at least one transceiver, wherein the set of symbols is sent after the subset of symbols.

[0207] Clause 35. A UE as described in clause 34, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and not just the first occurring symbol in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0208] Clause 36. A UE as described in any of clauses 34 to 35, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0209] Clause 37. A UE as set forth in any of clauses 34 to 36, wherein the subset of symbols comprises one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resources.

[0210] Clause 38. A UE according to any one of clauses 34 to 37, wherein the number of symbol subsets is: fixed, configured to the UE, pre-configured to the UE, selected by the UE, based on the number of symbol sets, based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resources, indicated in a wireless communication standard, or any combination thereof.

[0211] Clause 39. A UE as defined in clause 38, wherein the number of the subset of symbols is configured to the UE from: a location server, a serving base station, or another UE.

[0212] Clause 40. A UE as set out in any of clauses 34 to 39, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

[0213] Clause 41. A UE according to any one of clauses 34 to 40, wherein the at least one processor configured to receive the symbol subset includes the at least one processor configured to measure the symbol subset via the at least one transceiver to determine the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resource; and the at least one processor configured to receive the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource includes the at least one processor configured to perform the following operations: measure the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource based on the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resource via the at least one transceiver.

[0214] Clause 42. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource via the at least one transceiver, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0215] Clause 43. A UE according to clause 42, wherein the first occurrence instance of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource based on: configuration information, pre-configuration information, a higher layer or a wireless communication standard.

[0216] Clause 44. A UE according to any one of clauses 42 to 43, wherein the at least one processor configured to receive the SL-PRS resources includes the at least one processor configured to: measure the first occurrence instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resources to determine the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resources; and measure the SL-PRS resources based on the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resources.

[0217] Clause 45. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a component for sending a symbol subset in a symbol set of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and a component for sending the symbol set including the symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, wherein the symbol set is sent after the symbol subset.

[0218] Clause 46. A UE as described in clause 45, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and not just the first occurring symbol in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0219] Clause 47. A UE as described in any of clauses 45 to 46, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0220] Clause 48. A UE as set forth in any of clauses 45 to 47, wherein the subset of symbols comprises one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resources.

[0221] Clause 49. A UE according to any one of clauses 45 to 48, wherein the number of symbol subsets is: fixed, configured to the UE, pre-configured to the UE, selected by the UE, based on the number of symbol sets, based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resources, indicated in a wireless communication standard, or any combination thereof.

[0222] Clause 50. The UE of clause 49, wherein the number of the subset of symbols is configured to the UE from: a location server, a serving base station, or another UE.

[0223] Clause 51. A UE as set forth in any of clauses 45 to 50, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

[0224] Clause 52. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a component for sending a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein the first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0225] Clause 53. The UE of clause 52, further comprising: means for determining whether to prepend one or more symbols of the SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource for the AGC training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0226] Clause 54. The UE according to clause 53 further includes: a component for determining not to prepend the one or more symbols of the SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource based on the comb pattern including the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource.

[0227] Clause 55. A UE according to any one of clauses 52 to 54, wherein the first occurrence instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource based on: configuration information, pre-configuration information, a higher layer or a wireless communication standard.

[0228] Clause 56. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a component for receiving a subset of symbols in a set of symbols of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and a component for receiving the set of symbols including the subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, wherein the set of symbols is sent after the subset of symbols.

[0229] Clause 57. A UE as described in clause 56, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and not just the first occurring symbol in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0230] Clause 58. A UE as described in any of clauses 56 to 57, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0231] Clause 59. A UE as described in any of clauses 56 to 58, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resources.

[0232] Clause 60. A UE according to any one of clauses 56 to 59, wherein the number of symbol subsets is: fixed, configured to the UE, pre-configured to the UE, selected by the UE, based on the number of symbol sets, based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resources, indicated in a wireless communication standard, or any combination thereof.

[0233] Clause 61. The UE of clause 60, wherein the number of the subset of symbols is configured to the UE from: a location server, a serving base station, or another UE.

[0234] Clause 62. A UE as set forth in any of clauses 56 to 61, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

[0235] Clause 63. A UE according to any one of clauses 56 to 62, wherein: the component for receiving the symbol subset includes a component for measuring the symbol subset to determine the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resource; and the component for receiving the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource includes a component for measuring the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource based on the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resource.

[0236] Clause 64. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a component for receiving a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0237] Clause 65. A UE according to clause 64, wherein the first occurrence instance of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource based on: configuration information, pre-configuration information, a higher layer or a wireless communication standard.

[0238] Clause 66. A UE according to any one of clauses 64 to 65, wherein the component for receiving the SL-PRS resources includes: a component for measuring the first occurrence instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resources to determine the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resources; and a component for measuring the SL-PRS resources based on the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resources.

[0239] Clause 67. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a user equipment (UE), causes the UE to: send a subset of symbols in a set of symbols for a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and send the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource including the subset of symbols, wherein the set of symbols is sent after the subset of symbols.

[0240] Clause 68. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 67, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and not just the first occurring symbol in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0241] Clause 69. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 67 to 68, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0242] Clause 70. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in any of clauses 67 to 69, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0243] Clause 71. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 67 to 70, wherein the number of the symbol subsets: is fixed, configured to the UE, pre-configured to the UE, selected by the UE, based on the number of the symbol sets, based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resources, indicated in a wireless communication standard, or any combination thereof.

[0244] Clause 72. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 71, wherein the number of the subset of symbols is configured to the UE from: a location server, a serving base station, or another UE.

[0245] Clause 73. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 67 to 72, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

[0246] Clause 74. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: transmit a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0247] Clause 75. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 74 further includes: computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: determine whether to prepend one or more symbols of the SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource for the AGC training of the SL-PRS resource.

[0248] Clause 76. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 75 further includes: computer executable instructions, which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: determine not to prepend the one or more symbols of the SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource based on the comb pattern of the repeated symbol subset including the SL-PRS resource.

[0249] Clause 77. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 74 to 76, wherein the first occurrence of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource based on: configuration information, pre-configuration information, a higher layer, or a wireless communication standard.

[0250] Clause 78. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a user equipment (UE), causes the UE to: receive a subset of symbols in a set of symbols for a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; and receive the set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource including the subset of symbols, wherein the set of symbols is sent after the subset of symbols.

[0251] Clause 79. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 78, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols in the set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource, and not just the first occurring symbol in the set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource.

[0252] Clause 80. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 78 to 79, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0253] Clause 81. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in any of clauses 78 to 80, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

[0254] Clause 82. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 78 to 81, wherein the number of the symbol subsets: is fixed, configured to the UE, pre-configured to the UE, selected by the UE, based on the number of the symbol sets, based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resources, indicated in a wireless communication standard, or any combination thereof.

[0255] Clause 83. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 82, wherein the number of the subset of symbols is configured to the UE from: a location server, a serving base station, or another UE.

[0256] Clause 84. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 78 to 83, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

[0257] Clause 85. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 78 to 84, wherein: the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to receive the symbol subset include computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to measure the symbol subset to determine an AGC setting for the SL-PRS resources; and the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to receive the symbol set for the SL-PRS resources include computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to measure the symbol set for the SL-PRS resources based on the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resources.

[0258] Clause 86. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

[0259] Clause 87. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to clause 86, wherein the first occurrence instance of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource based on: configuration information, pre-configuration information, a higher layer, or a wireless communication standard.

[0260] Clause 88. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 86 to 87, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to receive the SL-PRS resources include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: measure the first occurrence of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resources to determine an AGC setting for the SL-PRS resources; and measure the SL-PRS resources based on the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resources.

[0261] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0262] In addition, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits and algorithmic steps described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software or a combination of the two. In order to clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits and steps have been generally described above in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints proposed to the entire system. The technician can implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0263] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in an alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, a combination of one or more microprocessors and a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0264] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein may be directly embodied in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. The software module may reside in a random access memory (RAM), a flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), a register, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor so that the processor can read information from the storage medium and write information to the storage medium. In an alternative, the storage medium may be integral with the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In an alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside in a user terminal as discrete components.

[0265] In one or more example aspects, the function can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the function can be stored on a computer-readable medium or sent by a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or codes. Computer-readable media include both computer storage media and communication media, and the communication media include any media that facilitates the transmission of a computer program from one place to another. The storage medium can be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example and not limitation, such computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage devices, disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices or any other medium that can be used to carry or store the desired program code in the form of an instruction or data structure and can be accessed by a computer. Moreover, any connection is appropriately referred to as a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is sent from a website, a server or other remote source using a coaxial cable, an optical fiber cable, a twisted pair, a digital subscriber line (DSL) or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio and microwaves, then the coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, twisted pair, DSL or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio and microwaves are included in the definition of the medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc, where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0266] Although the foregoing disclosure illustrates the exemplary aspects of the present disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. In addition, the functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims according to the various aspects of the present disclosure described herein do not need to be performed in any particular order. In addition, although the elements of the present disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, plural forms may also be considered unless explicitly stated to be limited to the singular.

Claims

1. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: A subset of symbols in a symbol set of a transmitting side link positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; as well as The set of symbols including the subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is transmitted, wherein the set of symbols is transmitted after the subset of symbols.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the symbol subset includes one or more symbols in the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource, rather than just the first occurring symbol in the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the symbol subset including duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource includes the symbol subset having the same resource element offset, comb size, or both as the last one or more symbols in the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the subset of symbols comprises one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of the subset of symbols is: is fixed, is configured for the UE, is pre-configured for the UE, Selected by the UE, Based on the number of the symbol set, Based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resource, Indicated in wireless communication standards, or Any combination of them.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the number of the subsets of symbols is configured to the UE from: Location Server, Serving base station, or Another UE.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

9. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: A sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource is transmitted, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising: Determine whether to prepend one or more symbols of the SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource for the AGC training for the SL-PRS resource.

11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising: A determination is made based on the comb pattern comprising the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource to not prepend the one or more symbols of the SL-PRS resource to the SL-PRS resource.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the first occurrence of the repeated subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is configured for AGC training for the SL-PRS resource based on: Configuration information, Pre-configuration information, Higher level, or Wireless communication standard.

13. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: A subset of symbols in a set of symbols of a receiving sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; as well as The set of symbols including the subset of symbols of the SL-PRS resource is received, wherein the set of symbols is sent after the subset of symbols.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the subset of symbols includes one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource, rather than just the first occurring symbol in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

16. A method according to claim 13, wherein the symbol subset including duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource includes the symbol subset having the same resource element offset, comb size, or both as the last one or more symbols in the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein the subset of symbols comprises one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein the number of the subset of symbols is: is fixed, is configured for the UE, is pre-configured for the UE, Selected by the UE, Based on the number of the symbol set, Based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resource, Indicated in wireless communication standards, or Any combination of them.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the number of the subsets of symbols is configured to the UE from: Location Server, Serving base station, or Another UE.

20. The method of claim 13, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

21. The method of claim 13, wherein: Receiving the subset of symbols includes measuring the subset of symbols to determine an AGC setting for the SL-PRS resource; and Receiving the set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource includes measuring the set of symbols for the SL-PRS resource based on the AGC setting for the SL-PRS resource.

22. A user equipment (UE), comprising: Memory; at least one transceiver; as well as at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: transmitting, via the at least one transceiver, a subset of symbols from a set of symbols of a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; as well as The set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource including the subset of symbols is transmitted via the at least one transceiver, wherein the set of symbols is transmitted after the subset of symbols.

23. The UE of claim 22, wherein the symbol subset includes one or more symbols in the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource, rather than just the first occurring symbol in the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource.

24. The UE of claim 22, wherein the subset of symbols comprises duplicate symbols of the last one or more symbols in the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource.

25. A UE according to claim 24, wherein the symbol subset including the replica symbols of the last one or more symbols in the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource includes the symbol subset having the same resource element offset, comb size, or both as the last one or more symbols in the symbol set of the SL-PRS resource.

26. The UE of claim 22, wherein the subset of symbols comprises one or more symbols having a different scrambling than the set of symbols of the SL-PRS resources.

27. The UE of claim 22, wherein the number of the symbol subsets is: is fixed, is configured for the UE, is pre-configured for the UE, Selected by the UE, Based on the number of the symbol set, Based on the subcarrier spacing of the SL-PRS resource, Indicated in wireless communication standards, or Any combination of them.

28. The UE of claim 27, wherein the number of the subsets of symbols is configured to the UE from: Location Server, Serving base station, or Another UE.

29. The UE of claim 22, wherein the subset of symbols enables automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resources.

30. A user equipment (UE), comprising: Memory; at least one transceiver; as well as at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: A sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource is transmitted via the at least one transceiver, wherein the SL-PRS resource is configured with a comb pattern, wherein the comb pattern includes a repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource, and wherein a first occurring instance of the repeated symbol subset of the SL-PRS resource is configured for automatic gain control (AGC) training for the SL-PRS resource.

31. A user equipment (UE), comprising: Memory; at least one transceiver; as well as at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receiving, via the at least one transceiver, a subset of symbols from a set of symbols for a sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resource; as well as The set of symbols of the SL-PRS resource including the subset of symbols is received via the at least one transceiver, wherein the set of symbols is transmitted after the subset of symbols.

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