Artificial management method for improving multifunctionality of cultivation grassland in alpine region

Abstract

The invention discloses an alpine region cultivation grassland multifunctionality improvement artificial management method comprising the following steps: S1, selecting perennial pasture varieties by comprehensively evaluating the cold resistance, drought tolerance, barren tolerance and nutritional value factors of pasture, and sowing the pasture in an alpine region after variety matching to establish a grassland; s2, in the early stage of grassland establishment, fertilization and microbial agent introduction are conducted regularly; s3, in the grassland steady-state period, fine management is carried out through zoned rotation grazing, introduction of deep-root-system grass seeds and control of the irrigation frequency; s4, gradually reducing external intervention; according to the method, grassland productivity is concerned, multiple functions such as ecological system diversity, carbon circulation and soil health are comprehensively considered, and comprehensive improvement of the multiple functions is achieved. And through scientific staged management measures, the sustainable utilization of the grassland is enhanced, and the ecological function presentation period of the grassland is prolonged. And the method is suitable for complex environmental conditions in alpine regions, and can be popularized and applied in alpine, cold and drought and other fragile ecosystems.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of ecological agriculture, grassland management and ecosystem function optimization, and in particular to an artificial management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grassland in alpine areas by optimizing the planting methods and management measures of cultivated grassland. Background Art

[0002] The climate in alpine areas is harsh and the ecological environment is fragile. Traditional cultivated grassland management methods often fail to meet the needs of ecosystem multifunctionality. At present, artificial grasslands in alpine areas usually include two planting methods: monoculture (sowing only one plant seed) and mixed seeding (sowing according to different seed ratios). However, both methods cannot avoid the fact that grasslands will be degraded after 3-5 years of planting, such as reduced yields and nutrient deficiencies, which leads to the degradation of artificial grassland functions and the inability to continue to provide its production function or ecological function, that is, ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). This is usually caused by improper management measures. The grass production function, carbon fixation function, nutrient cycle function, and diversity maintenance function of the degraded artificial grassland all show varying degrees of decline, which leads to the inability of the artificial grassland to fully play its role in ecological protection, animal husbandry development, and nutrient fixation after construction. However, if appropriate management measures are given at the right planting time, the planting period of cultivated grassland can be significantly extended, thereby maintaining its multifunctionality.

[0003] Based on the existing work, the present invention analyzes more than 50 related papers involving plant community diversity indicators, plant community coverage, plant community biomass, root biomass, soil moisture, soil pH, soil carbon content, soil phosphorus content and soil nitrogen content, and uses the average method to calculate the EMF of artificial grassland under different planting years and management measures, thereby summarizing the appropriate time and main management measures for artificial intervention to maintain the EMF of artificial grassland in high-cold areas. By using the management measures summarized in the present invention, the present invention has created a 300-acre artificial grassland test plot in Zaduo County, Yushu Prefecture, Qinghai Province, and creatively added a key management measure of microbial agents, which ultimately maintained high multifunctionality of the artificial grassland.

[0004] The functions of grassland ecosystems in alpine areas are complex and are greatly affected by climatic conditions and human interference. Existing grassland management technologies mainly focus on improving a single function (such as productivity or nutrient utilization), but often ignore the multifunctionality of ecosystems (such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity, nutrient cycling, etc.). The improvement of a single function is usually at the expense of the reduction of another or some functions, which will eventually lead to serious degradation of the grassland and its inability to play its true function. At present, the management of artificial grasslands in alpine areas lacks systematic and comprehensive measures, and it is difficult to effectively respond to various ecological pressures. There is an urgent need for a management method that comprehensively improves the multifunctionality of grasslands to enhance the long-term sustainability of grasslands and the ecosystem service capacity. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention provides a set of solutions for enhancing the multifunctionality of artificial grasslands based on scientific management. In view of the special environment in alpine regions, by optimizing artificial management measures and planting methods, the productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, biodiversity and other functions of the grassland ecosystem are comprehensively improved. These management measures are adjusted according to the growth and environmental needs of the grassland at different stages, forming a dynamic and comprehensive grassland management system.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0007] An artificial management method for enhancing the multifunctionality of cultivated grasslands in alpine regions, comprising:

[0008] S1: Select perennial forage grass varieties by comprehensively evaluating the cold resistance, drought tolerance, barren tolerance, and nutritional value factors of the forage grass. For example, after mixing Elymus nutans, Poa crymophila, Poa pratensis, Puccinellia tenuiflora, Festuca sinensis (8:1:1:1:1) and other varieties, mix them evenly with microbial inoculants and sow them in alpine regions to establish artificial grasslands. Microbial inoculants (such as Azotobacter chroococcum inoculant and Bacillus aryabhattai, etc.) can activate the nutrients in the soil, thereby improving the nutrient utilization efficiency and promoting seed germination; mixed sowing can improve the species diversity and stability of artificial grasslands;

[0009] S2: In the initial stage of grassland establishment, regularly apply fertilizers and introduce microbial inoculants, mainly to maintain the soil and promote the initial growth of plants. Regularly apply low-intensity fertilizers, with the focus on improving the overall health of the grassland through initial management and laying a foundation for subsequent multifunctionality improvement;

[0010] S3: In the steady state of the grassland, carry out refined management by means of rotational grazing in partitions, introducing microbial inoculants, introducing deep-rooted grass species, and controlling the irrigation frequency to improve the complexity of the grassland community structure and multifunctionality performance;

[0011] S4: Gradually reduce external intervention and maintain the multifunctionality of the grassland through the self-regulation of ecological balance. The focus of this stage is to improve the carbon sequestration function and long-term soil health.

[0012] The above technical solutions further include:

[0013] Preferably, the specific steps for selecting perennial forage grass varieties by comprehensively evaluating the cold resistance, drought tolerance, barren tolerance, and nutritional value factors of the forage grass are:

[0014] Set scoring criteria: For cold resistance A, a score of 0 - 10 is given according to the survival rate and growth of forage grasses in alpine regions. For drought tolerance D, a score of 0 - 10 is given according to the growth performance and water use efficiency of forage grasses under drought conditions. For barren tolerance P, a score of 0 - 10 is given according to the growth ability and nutrient absorption efficiency of forage grasses on barren soils. For nutritional value N, a score of 0 - 10 is given according to the protein content, mineral content, and vitamin content of forage grasses;

[0015] Determine weights: Set a weight for each factor according to the characteristics of alpine regions. Let the weight of cold resistance be ω A , the weight of drought tolerance be ω D , the weight of barren tolerance be ω P , the weight of nutritional value be ω N , and the sum of the weights is 1, expressed as: ω A + ω D + ω P + ω N = 1. In practical applications, the setting of scoring criteria and weights may need to be adjusted according to the specific alpine region environment and grassland management objectives;

[0016] Calculate the total score: Calculate the overall score S for each forage grass variety. The calculation formula is: S = ω A × A + ω D × D + ω P × P + ω N × N;

[0017] Select varieties: Select forage grass varieties with higher scores for mixing and sowing according to the overall score.

[0018] Preferably, the specific steps for sowing after variety mixing to establish a grassland in alpine regions are as follows:

[0019] Sowing preparation: Determine the sowing time, select a suitable climate and good soil conditions period, conduct soil improvement such as fertilization, plowing, and weeding, create a good environment for forage grass growth, and adjust the sowing density, depth, and sowing method according to the seed characteristics and sowing requirements of the selected variety;

[0020] Sowing implementation: Conduct sowing operations in alpine regions according to the sowing preparation. First, ensure that the seed ratios of different grass species are evenly distributed. Second, ensure that the microbial inoculant is evenly mixed with the seeds, cover the soil with an appropriate thickness, and irrigate according to the weather conditions and soil humidity after sowing to promote soil nutrient activation and seed germination.

[0021] Preferably, the specific steps for regular fertilization and introducing microbial inoculants in the initial stage of grassland establishment are as follows:

[0022] Fertilization steps: Before fertilization, conduct a comprehensive soil test to understand the basic soil conditions, such as nutrient content, pH value, organic matter content, etc. According to the test results, formulate a fertilization plan, select the type of fertilizer and the amount of fertilization, apply sufficient base fertilizer before sowing to provide necessary nutrients for the growth of forage grass. During the growth period of forage grass, according to the growth situation of forage grass and the change of soil nutrients, topdress. The type and amount of topdressing are determined according to the growth stage and nutrient requirements of forage grass. Topdressing is carried out before rainfall or before irrigation so that the fertilizer can be fully dissolved and absorbed by the soil;

[0023] Steps for introducing microbial inoculants: According to factors such as the soil type, climate conditions and forage grass varieties of the grassland, select microbial inoculants for introduction, and mix the microbial inoculants with organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer and then apply them to the soil.

[0024] Preferably, the specific steps for fine management by means of rotational grazing in different areas, introducing deep-rooted grass seeds and controlling irrigation frequency are as follows:

[0025] Rotational grazing in different areas: Divide the grassland into different grazing areas according to the growth situation of the grassland to ensure that each grazing area can get sufficient rest and recovery, and avoid grassland degradation caused by overgrazing. According to the growth cycle of the grassland, the feeding requirements of livestock and seasonal change factors, formulate a rotational grazing plan. The plan should include specific contents such as the time, location, types and quantities of livestock for grazing to ensure the orderly progress of rotational grazing and graze according to the rotational grazing plan;

[0026] Introducing deep-rooted grass seeds: According to factors such as the soil type, climate conditions and forage grass varieties of the grassland, select deep-rooted grass seeds for introduction. The deep-rooted grass seeds should have characteristics such as drought resistance, cold resistance and tolerance to barrenness, and can improve soil structure and soil fertility;

[0027] Controlling irrigation frequency: Monitor soil moisture to understand the water condition and demand of the grassland. According to the water demand of the grassland and seasonal change factors, formulate an irrigation plan and irrigate according to the irrigation plan.

[0028] Preferably, the specific steps for dividing the grassland into different grazing areas according to the growth situation of the grassland are as follows:

[0029] Determine the grassland productivity of different areas by the quadrat method, that is, the forage grass yield per unit area. Divide the grassland into different types according to factors such as the vegetation type, soil conditions and topography of the grassland, such as tufted grassland, rhizomatous grassland, etc.;

[0030] Calculate the area of each grazing area according to the total area of the grassland and the distribution of various types of grasslands. Determine the number of grazing areas according to the growth cycle of the grassland, the feeding requirements of livestock and seasonal change factors, and use GPS to mark the boundaries of the grazing areas.

[0031] Preferably, the specific steps for formulating a rotational grazing plan according to the growth cycle of the grassland, the feeding requirements of livestock, and seasonal change factors are as follows:

[0032] Evaluate the growth cycle and productivity of the grassland: Measure the productivity of the grassland in different regions, observe and record the growth cycle of the grassland, and calculate the available days of the grassland in each stage based on the growth cycle and productivity of the grassland, that is, the number of days when the forage reaches a suitable grazing state;

[0033] Analyze the feeding requirements of livestock: Determine the types and quantities of livestock to be grazed according to the breeding plan, and calculate the daily forage requirements;

[0034] Consider seasonal changes: Study the effects of different seasons (such as spring, summer, autumn, and winter) on grassland growth, forage quality, rainfall, and temperature, and adjust the grazing time, location, and frequency according to seasonal changes;

[0035] Formulate a rotational grazing plan: Determine the cycle for each grazing area to be rotated and grazed once according to the available days of the grassland and the feeding requirements of livestock, and arrange specific grazing times, locations, and livestock types for each grazing area according to the rotational grazing cycle, the feeding requirements of livestock, and seasonal changes.

[0036] Preferably, the specific steps for gradually reducing external intervention and maintaining the multifunctionality of the grassland through the self-regulation of ecological balance are as follows:

[0037] Protect and promote grassland biodiversity, introduce native plant and microbial communities, enhance the self-regulation ability of the grassland, and allow competition and symbiotic relationships to form among plants, animals, and microorganisms in the grassland ecosystem;

[0038] Reduce the frequency and amount of fertilization, and reduce the irrigation frequency according to the actual needs of the grassland and weather conditions;

[0039] Introduce deep-rooted grass species, enhance the root network of the grassland, and continue to implement the zonal rotational grazing strategy to balance the production and restoration needs of the grassland;

[0040] Regularly conduct a health assessment of the grassland, quantify the health status of the grassland through ecological indicators, and calculate the multifunctionality of the grassland.

[0041] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0042] 1. In the present invention, not only the grassland productivity is concerned, but also the multifunctions such as ecosystem diversity, carbon cycle, and soil health are comprehensively considered, achieving a comprehensive improvement in multifunctionality. Through scientific phased management measures, the sustainable utilization of the grassland is enhanced, and the ecological function performance period of the grassland is extended. Moreover, it is applicable to the complex environmental conditions in alpine regions and can be popularized and applied in alpine, cold-arid, and other fragile ecological systems.

[0043] 2. The present invention has broad application prospects and can be used for ecological restoration in alpine regions, sustainable utilization of grassland resources, and ecological regulation in response to climate change. This technology can not only be applied to the management of grassland ecosystems but also be extended to the ecological system restoration and agricultural production management in fragile ecological areas such as mountains and cold regions. The improvement of the multifunctionality of cultivated grasslands can not only increase the production efficiency of agriculture and animal husbandry but also effectively resist the ecological system risks brought about by climate change, providing new technical support for grassland production, animal husbandry, and ecological environment protection in alpine regions, and is of great significance to the economic development of alpine regions in China. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] Figure 1 It is a flowchart of an artificial management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grasslands in alpine regions proposed by the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0045] Next, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0046] As Figure 1 shown, an artificial management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grasslands in alpine regions includes:

[0047] S1: Select perennial forage grass varieties by comprehensively evaluating the cold resistance, drought tolerance, barren tolerance, and nutritional value factors of the forage grass, and after variety matching, sow them in alpine regions to establish grasslands;

[0048] S2: In the initial stage of grassland establishment, apply fertilizers regularly and introduce microbial inoculants;

[0049] S3: In the steady state period of the grassland, carry out refined management by means of rotational grazing in partitions, introducing deep-rooted grass species, and controlling the irrigation frequency;

[0050] S4: Gradually reduce external intervention and maintain the multifunctionality of the grassland through the self-regulation of ecological balance.

[0051] In the embodiments of the present invention, during sowing, a mixed sowing method is adopted, and forage grass seeds of different varieties are mixed and sown in a certain proportion to increase the species diversity of the grassland. Research shows that in the early stage of establishment, there is no difference in the multifunctionality between mixed sowing and single sowing. However, after 4 years of establishment, mixed sowing has higher ecosystem multifunctionality. Especially in alpine regions with harsh climates, the mixed-sown cultivated grassland has good adaptability, can greatly improve the grassland output while realizing the long-term ecological benefits of the grassland. By reasonably fertilizing (such as a reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in the initial stage of grassland establishment, the growth of plants and the activity of soil microorganisms are promoted, thereby improving the efficiency of soil carbon and nitrogen cycling. The fine management measure of staged fertilization balances multiple ecological functions such as the productivity, carbon sequestration, community diversity, and nutrient cycling of artificial grasslands, avoiding the improvement of a single function from affecting other functions.

[0052] In one embodiment, the specific steps for selecting perennial forage grass varieties by comprehensively evaluating the cold resistance, drought tolerance, barren tolerance, and nutritional value factors of forage grass are as follows:

[0053] Set the scoring criteria: For cold resistance A, a score of 0 - 10 is given according to the survival rate and growth of forage grass in alpine regions. For drought tolerance D, a score of 0 - 10 is given according to the growth performance and water use efficiency of forage grass under drought conditions. For barren tolerance P, a score of 0 - 10 is given according to the growth ability and nutrient absorption efficiency of forage grass on barren soils. For nutritional value N, a score of 0 - 10 is given according to the protein content, mineral content, and vitamin content of forage grass.

[0054] Determine the weights: According to the characteristics of alpine regions, a weight is set for each factor. Let the weight of cold resistance be ω A , the weight of drought tolerance be ω D , the weight of barren tolerance be ω P , and the weight of nutritional value be ω N , and the sum of the weights is 1, expressed as: ω A + ω D + ω P + ω N = 1;

[0055] Calculate the total score: For each forage grass variety, calculate its overall score S, and the calculation formula is: S = ω A × A + ω D × D + ω P × P + ω N × N;

[0056] Select varieties: According to the overall score, select forage grass varieties with higher scores for matching and sowing.

[0057] In an embodiment of the present invention, assume the scores of a certain forage grass variety are as follows: cold resistance score A = 8, drought tolerance score D = 7.5, barren tolerance score P = 7, nutritional value score N = 8.5, and ω A = 0.4, ω D = 0.3, ω P = 0.2, ω N = 0.1. Then the total score of this variety is S = 0.4×8 + 0.3×7.5 + 0.2×7 + 0.1×8.5 = 7.7. In practical applications, the setting of the scoring criteria and weights is adjusted according to the specific alpine environment and grassland management objectives, and the scoring and weights of each variety can be determined through methods such as expert scoring, field experiments, and data analysis.

[0058] In one embodiment, the specific steps for sowing after variety matching to establish a grassland in alpine regions are as follows:

[0059] Sowing preparation: Determine the sowing time, conduct soil improvement, and adjust the sowing density, depth, and sowing method according to the seed characteristics and sowing requirements of the selected variety.

[0060] Sowing implementation: Carry out sowing operations in alpine regions according to the sowing preparation, and irrigate according to the weather conditions and soil humidity after sowing.

[0061] In an embodiment of the present invention, different sowing methods such as strip sowing, dibbling, or broadcasting can be adopted, and adjusted according to the growth characteristics of the grass seeds and the soil conditions. Strip sowing is suitable for deep-rooted grass seeds, and broadcasting is suitable for some surface-growing grass seeds. Determine a reasonable sowing density according to the growth rate of the variety and the needs of the grassland. Overcrowding will lead to competition among grass seeds, while being too sparse may result in insufficient grassland coverage and affect its ecological function.

[0062] In one embodiment, the specific steps for regular fertilization and introducing microbial inoculants in the initial stage of grassland establishment are as follows:

[0063] Fertilization steps: Before fertilization, conduct a comprehensive soil test to understand the basic soil conditions. According to the test results, formulate a fertilization plan, select the type and amount of fertilizer, apply sufficient base fertilizer before sowing, and top-dress according to the growth of the forage grass and the change of soil nutrients during the growth period of the forage grass.

[0064] Steps for introducing microbial inoculants: Select microbial inoculants for introduction according to factors such as the soil type, climate conditions, and forage grass variety of the grassland, and mix the microbial inoculants with organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer and then apply them to the soil.

[0065] In the embodiments of the present invention, the base fertilizer should mainly consist of organic fertilizer, combined with an appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer, to provide comprehensive nutritional support for the growth of forage grass. The application of the base fertilizer should be uniform and deep into the soil to ensure that the root system of the forage grass can fully absorb and utilize it. The top dressing is mainly composed of quickly released chemical fertilizers. Combining with the nutrient requirements of the forage grass, appropriate fertilizer types and application rates are selected. The timing of the top dressing is selected during the vigorous growth period or critical growth period of the forage grass, such as the tillering stage, jointing stage, etc.

[0066] In one embodiment, the specific steps for fine management by means of rotational grazing in different areas, introducing deep-rooted grass species, and controlling the irrigation frequency are as follows:

[0067] Rotational grazing in different areas: Divide the grassland into different grazing areas according to the growth situation of the grassland. According to the growth cycle of the grassland, the feeding requirements of livestock, and seasonal change factors, formulate a rotational grazing plan and conduct grazing according to the rotational grazing plan;

[0068] Introducing deep-rooted grass species: Select deep-rooted grass species for introduction according to the soil type, climate conditions, and forage grass varieties of the grassland;

[0069] Controlling the irrigation frequency: Monitor the soil moisture to understand the water status and requirements of the grassland. According to the water requirements of the grassland and seasonal change factors, formulate an irrigation plan and conduct irrigation according to the irrigation plan.

[0070] In the embodiments of the present invention, the soil microbial community can increase the content of soil organic matter, promote the carbon-nitrogen cycle, and at the same time improve the health status of plant roots. Rotational grazing in different areas is implemented starting from the third year after the establishment of the grassland. Through reasonable control of grazing pressure, grassland degradation is avoided, and the diversity of the plant community and the sustainability of grassland productivity are promoted. Introducing deep-rooted grass species promotes the increase of underground carbon storage, and at the same time, by controlling the irrigation frequency, the water use efficiency of the grassland is improved. Research shows that deep roots can not only provide a stable water source during the dry season but also enhance the grassland's resistance to climate fluctuations.

[0071] In one embodiment, the specific steps for dividing the grassland into different grazing areas according to the growth situation of the grassland are as follows:

[0072] Measure the grassland productivity of different areas by the quadrat method. According to the vegetation type, soil conditions, and topographic and geomorphic factors of the grassland, divide the grassland into different types;

[0073] According to the total area of the grassland and the distribution of various types of grasslands, calculate the area of each grazing area. According to the growth cycle of the grassland, the feeding requirements of livestock, and seasonal change factors, determine the number of grazing areas, and use GPS to demarcate the boundaries of the grazing areas.

[0074] In the embodiments of the present invention, multiple quadrats are randomly or systematically selected in the grassland. The size and shape of each quadrat should be kept consistent to ensure the comparability of data. The number and distribution of quadrats should be able to comprehensively reflect the overall condition of the grassland. In each quadrat, key indicators such as the species, height, coverage, and biomass of the vegetation are recorded for evaluating the productivity of the grassland. The collected data is statistically analyzed to calculate the grassland productivity in different regions, including the average biomass, productivity change trend, etc.

[0075] In one embodiment, according to the growth cycle of the grassland, the feeding requirements of livestock, and seasonal change factors, the specific steps for formulating a rotational grazing plan are as follows:

[0076] Evaluate the grassland growth cycle and productivity: Measure the grassland productivity in different regions, observe and record the growth cycle of the grassland, and calculate the available days of the grassland in each stage according to the growth cycle and productivity of the grassland;

[0077] Analyze the feeding requirements of livestock: According to the breeding plan, determine the types and numbers of grazing livestock, and calculate the daily forage requirements;

[0078] Consider seasonal changes: Study the effects of different seasons on grassland growth, forage quality, rainfall, and temperature, and adjust the grazing time, location, and frequency according to seasonal changes;

[0079] Formulate a rotational grazing plan: According to the available days of the grassland and the feeding requirements of livestock, determine the cycle for each grazing area to be grazed in rotation once. According to the rotational grazing cycle, the feeding requirements of livestock, and seasonal changes, arrange the specific grazing time, location, and types of livestock for each grazing area.

[0080] In one embodiment, gradually reduce external intervention, and the specific steps for maintaining the multifunctionality of the grassland through the self-regulation of ecological balance are as follows:

[0081] Protect and promote grassland biodiversity, introduce native plant and microbial communities, enhance the self-regulation ability of the grassland, and allow competition and symbiotic relationships to form among plants, animals, and microorganisms within the grassland ecosystem;

[0082] Reduce the frequency and amount of fertilization, and reduce the irrigation frequency according to the actual needs of the grassland and weather conditions;

[0083] Introduce deep-rooted grass species, enhance the root network of the grassland, and continue to implement the zonal rotational grazing strategy to balance the production and restoration needs of the grassland;

[0084] Regularly conduct a health assessment of the grassland, quantify the health status of the grassland through ecological indicators, and calculate the grassland multifunctionality.

[0085] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A manual management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grassland in alpine areas, characterized in that: include: S1: Select perennial forage grass varieties by comprehensively evaluating their cold resistance, drought resistance, barrenness resistance, and nutritional value, and then sow them in high-cold areas to establish grasslands; S2: In the early stage of grassland establishment, regular fertilization and introduction of microbial agents are carried out; S3: During the grassland steady-state period, fine management is carried out through rotational grazing, introduction of deep-rooted grass species and control of irrigation frequency; S4: Gradually reduce external intervention and maintain grassland multifunctionality through self-regulation of ecological balance.

2. The artificial management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grassland in alpine areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific steps of selecting perennial forage varieties by comprehensively evaluating the cold resistance, drought resistance, barrenness resistance and nutritional value of the forage are: Scoring criteria are set: cold resistance A is scored from 0 to 10 points based on the survival rate and growth of forage in high-cold areas; drought tolerance D is scored from 0 to 10 points based on the growth performance and water use efficiency of forage under drought conditions; barrenness tolerance P is scored from 0 to 10 points based on the growth ability and nutrient absorption efficiency of forage on poor soil; nutritional value N is scored from 0 to 10 points based on the protein content, mineral content and vitamin content of forage; Determine the weight: Set a weight for each factor according to the characteristics of the high-cold region, and set the cold resistance weight as ω A , the drought tolerance weight is ω D , the weight of barrenness tolerance is ω P , the nutritional value weight is ω N , the sum of the weights is 1, expressed as: ω A +ω D +ω P +ω N =1; Calculate the total score: For each forage variety, calculate its overall score S, the calculation formula is: S = ω A ×A+ω D ×D+ω P ×P+ω N ×N; Select varieties: Based on the overall score, select forage varieties with higher scores for matching and sowing.

3. The artificial management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grassland in alpine areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific steps of establishing grassland in the alpine region after sowing after variety matching are as follows: Sowing preparation: determine the sowing time, improve the soil, and adjust the sowing density, depth and sowing method according to the seed characteristics and sowing requirements of the selected variety; Sowing implementation: Carry out sowing operations in high-altitude cold areas according to sowing preparation, and irrigate according to weather conditions and soil moisture after sowing.

4. The artificial management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grassland in alpine areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific steps of regularly fertilizing and introducing microbial agents in the early stage of grassland establishment are as follows: Fertilization steps: Before fertilization, conduct a comprehensive soil test to understand the basic soil conditions. According to the test results, formulate a fertilization plan, select the type and amount of fertilizer, apply sufficient base fertilizer before sowing, and apply topdressing during the growth of forage grass according to the growth of forage grass and changes in soil nutrients; Steps for introducing microbial agents: Select microbial agents for introduction based on the soil type, climatic conditions and forage variety factors of the grassland, mix the microbial agents with organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer and apply them to the soil.

5. The artificial management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grassland in alpine areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific steps of fine management through rotational grazing, introduction of deep-rooted grass species and control of irrigation frequency are as follows: Zoning rotational grazing: Divide the grassland into different grazing areas according to the growth of the grassland, formulate a rotational grazing plan based on the growth cycle of the grassland, the feeding needs of livestock and seasonal changes, and graze according to the rotational grazing plan; Introduce deep-rooted grass species: Select deep-rooted grass species for introduction based on the soil type, climate conditions and forage species of the grassland; Control irrigation frequency: monitor soil moisture, understand grassland moisture conditions and needs, develop irrigation plans based on grassland moisture needs and seasonal changes, and irrigate according to the irrigation plans.

6. The artificial management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grassland in alpine areas according to claim 5, characterized in that: The specific steps of dividing the grassland into different grazing areas according to the growth conditions of the grassland are: The grassland productivity in different areas is measured by sampling methods, and grasslands are divided into different types according to the vegetation type, soil conditions, and topographic factors of the grassland; Based on the total area of ​​grassland and the distribution of various types of grassland, the area of ​​each grazing area is calculated. According to the growth cycle of grassland, livestock feeding needs and seasonal factors, the number of grazing areas is determined, and the boundaries of the grazing areas are calibrated using GPS.

7. The artificial management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grassland in alpine areas according to claim 5, characterized in that: The specific steps for formulating a rotational grazing plan based on the grassland growth cycle, livestock feeding needs and seasonal changes are as follows: Assess grassland growth cycle and productivity: measure grassland productivity in different areas, observe and record grassland growth cycle, and calculate the number of days grassland can be used at each stage based on grassland growth cycle and productivity; Analyze livestock feeding needs: determine the types and quantity of livestock to be grazed according to the breeding plan, and calculate the amount of forage they need daily; Consider seasonal changes: Study the effects of different seasons on grassland growth, forage quality, rainfall and temperature, and adjust grazing time, location and frequency according to seasonal changes; Develop a rotation plan: Based on the number of days the grassland is available and the needs of livestock feeding, determine the cycle in which each grazing area is grazed in rotation. Based on the rotation cycle, livestock feeding needs and seasonal changes, arrange specific grazing times, locations and livestock types for each grazing area.

8. The artificial management method for improving the multifunctionality of cultivated grassland in alpine areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific steps of gradually reducing external intervention and maintaining grassland multifunctionality through self-regulation of ecological balance are: Protect and promote grassland biodiversity, introduce native plants and microbial communities, enhance grassland self-regulation capabilities, and allow for competition and symbiotic relationships between plants, animals and microorganisms within grassland ecosystems; Reduce the frequency and amount of fertilizers, and reduce the frequency of irrigation according to the actual needs of the grassland and weather conditions; Introduce deep-rooted grass species to strengthen the root network of grasslands, continue to implement the zoned rotational grazing strategy, and balance the production and restoration needs of grasslands; Regularly conduct grassland health assessments, quantify grassland health status through ecological indicators, and calculate grassland multifunctionality.

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