Voltage monitoring system for power supply state evaluation

Abstract

The invention provides a voltage monitoring system for power supply state evaluation, and relates to the field of power supplies, the system is characterized in that the input end of a turn-off voltage acquisition module is connected with a power supply power device collector emitter, and the output end is connected with the input end of an analog-to-digital conversion module; the input end of the saturation voltage drop acquisition module is connected with the collector-emitter of the power supply power device, and the output end is connected with the input end of the analog-to-digital conversion module; the input end of the current generation module is connected with the MCU module, and the output end is connected with the saturation voltage drop acquisition module; the output end of the analog-to-digital conversion module is connected with the input end of the MCU module, and the output end of the MCU module is connected with the state evaluation system. Complexity and cost of circuit redesign are reduced, and due to the characteristic of direct measurement, the device can quickly respond to voltage change so as to provide instant voltage feedback, which is particularly important for a medical environment needing real-time monitoring, and continuous operation of equipment and safety of a patient are ensured.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of power supplies, and particularly relates to a voltage monitoring system for power supply state assessment. Background Art

[0002] Currently, in the medical field, the normal operation of medical devices has a crucial impact on the diagnosis and treatment of patients. As an important part of medical devices, the performance of medical power supplies is directly related to the operation stability and safety of medical devices. As key components for power conversion, accurate voltage monitoring provides solid data support for state assessment applications such as fault diagnosis, preventive maintenance, and energy efficiency optimization, and is of great significance for improving the reliability of power supply devices and ensuring the stable and safe operation of medical electrical systems.

[0003] Prior Art:

[0004] Publication No. CN221380555U discloses a power management system for medical devices, including a power supply module, an MCU module, an opto-isolation module, a monitoring module, and an alarm module, which can monitor the output voltage and current of the power supply module in real time and issue an alarm in a timely manner, but fails to monitor the voltage of key power devices.

[0005] Publication No. CN104848961A discloses a new type of medical switching power supply that uses dual-parameter feedback of current and voltage to achieve short-circuit protection and avoid electric leakage, including an AC surge suppression circuit, a rectification circuit, a main control circuit, a regulated output control circuit, an overvoltage protection circuit, a short-circuit protection circuit, and an overload protection circuit. It can rectify the externally connected current, achieve stable voltage output, and at the same time use dual-parameter feedback of current and voltage to achieve short-circuit protection and avoid leakage current, improving the reliability of the switching power supply, but fails to support a comprehensive assessment of the medical power supply state.

[0006] The voltage monitoring devices in the prior art often have some limitations. On the one hand, ordinary voltage monitoring devices may not be able to adapt to the complex electrical environment of medical power supplies, and can only monitor the voltage output of medical power supplies, unable to deeply monitor the voltage of key power devices inside the power supply. On the other hand, most of the existing voltage monitoring devices can only perform simple voltage value measurements, lacking the ability to comprehensively assess the state of medical power supplies. During the switching process of power devices, the collector-emitter voltage changes rapidly between low voltage and high voltage, and traditional monitoring circuits cannot achieve its wide-range and high-precision measurement.

[0007] Therefore, how to provide a voltage monitoring system for power supply state assessment has become a technical problem urgently to be solved in this field. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The object of the present invention is to provide a voltage monitoring system for power supply state assessment.

[0009] The present invention provides a voltage monitoring system for power supply state assessment, including a turn-off voltage acquisition module, a saturation voltage drop acquisition module, a current generation module, an analog-to-digital conversion module, and an MCU module;

[0010] The input end of the turn-off voltage acquisition module is connected to the collector-emitter of the power supply power device, and the output end is connected to the input end of the analog-to-digital conversion module;

[0011] The input end of the saturation voltage drop acquisition module is connected to the collector-emitter of the power supply power device, and the output end is connected to the input end of the analog-to-digital conversion module;

[0012] The input end of the current generation module is connected to the MCU module, and the output end is connected to the saturation voltage drop acquisition module;

[0013] The output end of the analog-to-digital conversion module is connected to the input end of the MCU module, and the output end of the MCU module is connected to the state assessment system;

[0014] The turn-off voltage acquisition module is used to acquire the turn-off high voltage signal of the power supply power device;

[0015] The saturation voltage drop acquisition module is used to acquire the turn-on low voltage signal of the power supply power device;

[0016] The current generation module is used to provide a constant current input for the saturation voltage drop acquisition module;

[0017] The analog-to-digital conversion module is used to convert the analog voltage signal into a digital voltage signal;

[0018] The MCU module is used to receive the digital voltage signal, analyze and process it, and send out a signal.

[0019] Optionally, the MCU module is further used to provide a constant voltage for the current generation module.

[0020] Optionally, the turn-off voltage acquisition module includes a first voltage-dividing resistor, a second voltage-dividing resistor, a first operational amplifier, a first power device, and a first driving circuit;

[0021] The gate of the first power device is connected to the first driving circuit, the collector is sequentially connected to the first voltage-dividing resistor and the second voltage-dividing resistor, the other end of the second voltage-dividing resistor is grounded, and the emitter is grounded;

[0022] The positive feedback of the first operational amplifier is connected between the first voltage-dividing resistor and the second voltage-dividing resistor, and the negative feedback is connected to the output end.

[0023] Optionally, both the first voltage-dividing resistor and the second voltage-dividing resistor are low-temperature-drift resistors.

[0024] Optionally, the first voltage-dividing resistor is more than a hundred times the resistance value of the second voltage-dividing resistor.

[0025] Optionally, the turn-off voltage V ce-off can be calculated from the output voltage V out1 of the first operational amplifier as follows:

[0026]

[0027] where R 1 is the resistance value of the first voltage-dividing resistor, and R 2 is the resistance value of the second voltage-dividing resistor.

[0028] Optionally, the saturation voltage drop acquisition module includes a second power device, a first diode, a second diode, a third diode, a zener diode, a second operational amplifier, a third feedback resistor, a fourth feedback resistor, a first filter capacitor, and a second drive circuit;

[0029] The gate of the second power device is connected to the second drive circuit, the collector is connected to the cathode of the first diode, and the emitter is grounded;

[0030] The anode of the first diode is connected to the positive feedback of the second operational amplifier;

[0031] The negative feedback of the second operational amplifier is connected to the first filter capacitor and then to the output terminal of the second operational amplifier;

[0032] The anode of the third diode is connected to the anode of the zener diode, the cathode of the zener diode is connected to the cathode of the second diode, one branch of the anode of the second diode is connected to the current generation module, the other branch of the anode of the second diode is sequentially connected to the third feedback resistor and the fourth feedback resistor, the other end of the fourth feedback resistor is connected to the output terminal of the second operational amplifier, and the cathode of the third diode is grounded;

[0033] The positive feedback of the second operational amplifier is connected to the first diode via the line between the second diode and the zener diode;

[0034] The negative feedback of the second operational amplifier is connected to the first filter capacitor via the line between the third feedback resistor and the fourth feedback resistor.

[0035] Optionally, due to the action of the current generation module, the currents flowing through the first diode and the second diode are approximately equal, so V D1 = V D2 ;

[0036] When the second power device is turned on, it can be obtained from the characteristics of the operational amplifier that:

[0037]

[0038] By setting the third feedback resistor = the fourth feedback resistor, the output voltage V of the operational amplifier out2 That is, the collector-emitter saturation voltage drop V ce-sat , the error influence brought by the diode voltage drop can be eliminated;

[0039] Among them, V D1 is the voltage of the first diode, V D2 is the voltage of the second diode, R 3 is the resistance value of the third feedback resistor, R 4 is the resistance value of the fourth feedback resistor.

[0040] Optionally, the current generation module includes a third operational amplifier, a fifth resistor and a second capacitor;

[0041] The positive feedback of the third operational amplifier is connected to the MCU module, and the negative feedback is connected to the current output terminal I out connected;

[0042] One end of the second capacitor is connected to the output terminal of the third operational amplifier, and the other end is connected to one end of the fifth resistor. The other end of the fifth resistor is grounded; One end of the fifth resistor is also respectively connected to the negative feedback of the operational amplifier and the current output terminal I out connected.

[0043] Optionally, the MCU module provides a stable voltage input V MCU , by adjusting the resistance value of the fifth resistor, the current passing through the load is controlled to achieve constant current output; According to the characteristics of the operational amplifier, it can be obtained that:

[0044]

[0045] Among them, I out is the output current, R 5 is the resistance value of the fifth resistor.

[0046] As can be seen from the above solution, the embodiment of the present invention provides a voltage monitoring system for power state evaluation, which has the following beneficial effects:

[0047] Not only reduces the complexity and cost of redesigning the circuit, but also due to its direct measurement characteristics, the device can quickly respond to voltage changes to provide instant voltage feedback, which is particularly important for medical environments that require real-time monitoring, ensuring the continuous operation of the device and the safety of patients. Description of the Drawings

[0048] Figure 1Schematic diagram of a voltage monitoring system for power supply state evaluation provided according to an embodiment;

[0049] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the turn-off voltage acquisition module circuit in a voltage monitoring system for power supply state evaluation provided according to an embodiment;

[0050] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the saturation voltage drop acquisition module circuit in a voltage monitoring system for power supply state evaluation provided according to an embodiment;

[0051] Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the current generation module circuit in a voltage monitoring system for power supply state evaluation provided according to an embodiment.

[0052] Description of the reference numerals:

[0053] R 1 - The first voltage-dividing resistor, R 2 - The second voltage-dividing resistor, R 3 - The third feedback resistor, R 4 - The fourth feedback resistor, R 5 - The fifth resistor, U 1 - The first operational amplifier, U 2 - The second operational amplifier, U 3 - The third operational amplifier, Q1 - The first power device, Q2 - The second power device, D 1 - The first diode, D 2 - The second diode, D 3 - The third diode, D 4 - The zener diode, C 1 - The first filter capacitor, C 2 - The second capacitor. Detailed implementation manners

[0054] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Apparently, the described embodiments are some, but not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0055] The present invention provides a voltage monitoring system for power supply state evaluation, especially for monitoring the voltage of the medical power supply state, such as Figure 1 shown, the system includes: a turn-off voltage acquisition module, a saturation voltage drop acquisition module, a current generation module, an analog-to-digital conversion module, and an MCU module;

[0056] The input end of the turn-off voltage acquisition module is connected to the collector-emitter of the power device, and the output end is connected to the input end of the analog-to-digital conversion module;

[0057] The input end of the saturation voltage drop acquisition module is connected to the collector-emitter of the power device, and the output end is connected to the input end of the analog-to-digital conversion module;

[0058] The input end of the current generation module is connected to the MCU module, and the output end is connected to the saturation voltage drop acquisition module;

[0059] The output end of the analog-to-digital conversion module is connected to the input end of the MCU module, and the output end of the MCU module is connected to the state evaluation system;

[0060] The turn-off voltage acquisition module is used to acquire the turn-off high voltage signal of the power device;

[0061] The saturation voltage drop acquisition module is used to acquire the turn-on low voltage signal of the power device;

[0062] The current generation module is used to provide a constant current input for the saturation voltage drop acquisition module;

[0063] The analog-to-digital conversion module is used to convert the analog voltage signal into a digital voltage signal;

[0064] The turn-off voltage acquisition module includes a resistor voltage division circuit and a voltage holding circuit;

[0065] The saturation voltage drop acquisition module includes a clamping measurement circuit and an operational amplifier circuit;

[0066] The MCU module is used to receive the digital voltage signal, analyze and process it, and send it to the state evaluation system to support the state evaluation function of the power device. The MCU module is also used to provide a constant voltage for the current generation module. The MCU module includes an STM32 chip and its peripheral circuits. The analog-to-digital conversion module includes an AD analog-to-digital conversion chip and its peripheral circuits, and uses a high-speed and high-precision analog-to-digital converter with a resolution of not less than 16 bits.

[0067] As Figure 2 shown, the turn-off voltage acquisition module includes a first voltage division resistor R 1 , a second voltage division resistor R 2 , a first operational amplifier U 1 , a first power device Q1 and a first drive circuit; the gate of the first power device Q1 is connected to the first drive circuit, the collector is connected to the first voltage division resistor R 1 and the second voltage division resistor R 2 in sequence, the other end of the second voltage division resistor R 2 is grounded, and the emitter is grounded; the first operational amplifier U 1The positive feedback connection is between the first voltage-dividing resistor R 1 and the second voltage-dividing resistor R 2 , and the negative feedback is connected to the output terminal; preferably, the first power device Q1 is a triode.

[0068] The first voltage-dividing resistor R 1 and the second voltage-dividing resistor R 2 are both high-precision, low-temperature-drift resistors to ensure the accuracy of the voltage division ratio. The first voltage-dividing resistor R 1 is more than a hundred times the resistance value of the second voltage-dividing resistor R 2 , which is determined by the operating voltage level of the power device and the input voltage range of the operational amplifier. This also requires that the resistor R 1 is a high-voltage-resistant resistor or a series connection of multiple high-voltage-resistant resistors. The switching process of the first power device Q1 is at the millisecond (ms) or even nanosecond (ns) level. The voltage holding circuit composed of the first operational amplifier U 1 can ensure the stability of the input signal during the analog-to-digital conversion process, which is particularly important for processing rapidly changing signals and improving the accuracy and reliability of measurements.

[0069] The turn-off voltage V ce-off can be calculated from the output voltage V 1 of the first operational amplifier U out1 :

[0070]

[0071] where R 1 is the resistance value of the first voltage-dividing resistor, and R 2 is the resistance value of the second voltage-dividing resistor.

[0072] As Figure 3 shown, the saturation voltage drop acquisition module includes a second power device Q2, a first diode D 1 , a second diode D 2 , a third diode D 3 , a zener diode D 4 , a second operational amplifier U 2 , a third feedback resistor R 3 , a fourth feedback resistor R 4 , a first filter capacitor C 1 and a second drive circuit;

[0073] The gate of the second power device Q2 is connected to the second drive circuit, the collector is connected to the cathode of the first diode D 1 , and the emitter is grounded;

[0074] The anode of the first diode D 1 is connected to the second operational amplifier U 2Positive feedback connection;

[0075] The second operational amplifier U 2 The negative feedback of is connected to the first filter capacitor C 1 After connection, it is connected to the output terminal of the second operational amplifier U 2 ;

[0076] The anode of the third diode D 3 is connected to the anode of the voltage stabilizing diode D 4 The cathode of the voltage stabilizing diode D 4 is connected to the cathode of the second diode D 2 The anode of the second diode D 2 has one branch connected to the current generating module, and the anode of the second diode D 2 has another branch connected to the third feedback resistor R 3 and the fourth feedback resistor R 4 connected in sequence. The other end of the fourth feedback resistor R 4 is connected to the output terminal of the second operational amplifier U 2 The cathode of the third diode D 3 is grounded;

[0077] The positive feedback of the second operational amplifier U 2 is connected to the first diode D 2 via the line between the second diode D 4 and the voltage stabilizing diode D 1 ;

[0078] The negative feedback of the second operational amplifier U 2 is connected to the first filter capacitor C 3 via the line between the third feedback resistor R 4 and the fourth feedback resistor R 1 ;

[0079] Due to the effect of the current generating module, the currents flowing through the first diode D 1 and the second diode D 2 are approximately equal, so V D1 = V D2 ; Due to the effect of the current generating module, the currents flowing through D 1 and D 2 are approximately equal, and it is approximately considered that the conduction characteristics, external environment, and junction temperature of D 1 and D 2 are the same, so it can be considered that V D1 = V D2 .

[0080] When the second power device is turned on, it can be obtained from the characteristics of the operational amplifier that:

[0081]

[0082] By setting the third feedback resistor R 3 = the fourth feedback resistor R 4 , the output voltage V of the operational amplifier out2 , that is, the collector-emitter saturation voltage drop V ce-sat , the error influence caused by the diode voltage drop can be eliminated;

[0083] Among them, V D1 is the voltage of the first diode, V D2 is the voltage of the second diode, R 3 is the resistance value of the third feedback resistor, R 4 is the resistance value of the fourth feedback resistor;

[0084] By setting R 3 = R 4 , the output of the operational amplifier V out2 , that is, the collector-emitter saturation voltage drop V ce-sat , the error influence caused by the diode voltage drop can be eliminated. In addition, considering the negative voltage overshoot of the second power device Q2, an operational amplifier with a larger input voltage range should be selected, such as the LT1363 with an input range of up to 36V. When the power device is turned off, the zener diode D 4 utilizes the reverse breakdown characteristic to achieve the voltage stabilizing and clamping function when the voltage exceeds the zener voltage.

[0085] Such as Figure 4 shown, the current generating module includes a third operational amplifier U 3 , a fifth resistor R 5 and a second capacitor C 2 ;

[0086] The positive feedback of the third operational amplifier U 3 is connected to the MCU module, and the negative feedback is connected to the current output terminal I out ;

[0087] One end of the second capacitor C 2 is connected to the output terminal of the third operational amplifier U 3 , and the other end is connected to one end of the fifth resistor R 5 . The other end of the fifth resistor R 5 is grounded; One end of the fifth resistor R 5 is also respectively connected to the negative feedback of the operational amplifier U 3 and the current output terminal I out ;

[0088] The MCU module provides a stable voltage input V MCU , by adjusting the fifth resistor R 5The resistance value is used to control the current passing through the load to achieve constant current output. According to the characteristics of the operational amplifier, it can be obtained that:

[0089]

[0090] Among them, I out is the output current, and R 5 is the resistance value of the fifth resistor;

[0091] The MCU module provides a stable voltage input V MCU , the resistor R 5 is connected to the negative feedback terminal of the operational amplifier U 3 . By adjusting the resistance value of R 5 , the current passing through the load can be accurately controlled to achieve constant current output; the second capacitor C 2 can effectively remove high-frequency noise, ensure the smoothness and stability of the current signal, and at the same time prevent the small changes in the load or power supply voltage from affecting the output current.

[0092] 1. The present application provides an efficient and economical solution by directly introducing a voltage monitoring device at both ends of the collector-emitter of the medical power device. It not only reduces the complexity and cost of redesigning the circuit, but also due to its direct measurement characteristics, the device can quickly respond to voltage changes to provide instant voltage feedback, which is particularly important for medical environments that require real-time monitoring, ensuring the continuous operation of the device and the safety of patients.

[0093] 2. The present application can achieve wide-range and high-precision voltage monitoring, monitor high voltages during shutdown, can accurately reflect the actual operating conditions of the power device, can predict potential faults and intervene in a timely manner, and is a key part of fault diagnosis; monitoring low voltages during startup can be used for calculating the internal thermal resistance of the power device, thereby identifying and evaluating the aging condition of the device, which is an important basis for technicians to carry out preventive maintenance.

[0094] 3. The voltage monitoring device of the present application can also be integrated with other monitoring systems (such as temperature, current monitoring, etc.) to form a comprehensive diagnostic tool. It can provide a more comprehensive view of the device performance, help technicians conduct more in-depth analysis and optimization, formulate preventive maintenance plans, reduce unexpected downtime, and ensure that medical devices are always in the best operating state, thereby improving the efficiency and safety of the entire medical system.

[0095] The above are the preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention, several improvements and refinements can be made, and these improvements and refinements should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A voltage monitoring system for power supply status assessment, characterized in that: include: Shutdown voltage acquisition module, saturation voltage drop acquisition module, current generation module, analog-to-digital conversion module and MCU module; The input end of the shutdown voltage acquisition module is connected to the collector-emitter of the power device, and the output end is connected to the input end of the analog-to-digital conversion module; The input end of the saturation voltage drop acquisition module is connected to the collector-emitter of the power device, and the output end is connected to the input end of the analog-to-digital conversion module; The input end of the current generating module is connected to the MCU module, and the output end is connected to the saturation voltage drop acquisition module; The output end of the analog-to-digital conversion module is connected to the input end of the MCU module, and the output end of the MCU module is connected to the state evaluation system; The shutdown voltage acquisition module is used to collect the shutdown high voltage signal of the power device; The saturation voltage drop acquisition module is used to collect the low voltage signal of the power device; The current generating module is used to provide a constant current input for the saturation voltage drop acquisition module; The analog-to-digital conversion module is used to convert the analog voltage signal into a digital voltage signal; The MCU module is used to receive digital voltage signals, analyze and process them, and send signals to the outside.

2. The voltage monitoring system for power supply status assessment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The MCU module is also used to provide a constant voltage for the current generating module.

3. The voltage monitoring system for power supply status evaluation according to claim 2, characterized in that: The shutdown voltage acquisition module includes a first voltage-dividing resistor, a second voltage-dividing resistor, a first operational amplifier, a first power device and a first driving circuit; The gate of the first power device is connected to the first driving circuit, the collector is connected to the first voltage-dividing resistor and the second voltage-dividing resistor in sequence, the other end of the second voltage-dividing resistor is grounded, and the emitter is grounded; The positive feedback of the first operational amplifier is connected between the first voltage-dividing resistor and the second voltage-dividing resistor, and the negative feedback is connected to the output terminal.

4. The voltage monitoring system for power supply status evaluation according to claim 3, characterized in that: The first voltage-dividing resistor and the second voltage-dividing resistor are both low-temperature drift resistors.

5. The voltage monitoring system for power supply status evaluation according to claim 4, characterized in that: The first voltage-dividing resistor has a resistance value more than one hundred times that of the second voltage-dividing resistor.

6. The voltage monitoring system for power supply status evaluation according to claim 5, characterized in that: Shutoff voltage V ce-off The output voltage V of the first operational amplifier can be out1 The calculations show that: Wherein, R1 is the resistance value of the first voltage-dividing resistor, and R2 is the resistance value of the second voltage-dividing resistor.

7. The voltage monitoring system for power supply status evaluation according to claim 6, characterized in that: The saturation voltage drop acquisition module includes a second power device, a first diode, a second diode, a third diode, a voltage regulator diode, a second operational amplifier, a third feedback resistor, a fourth feedback resistor, a first filter capacitor and a second drive circuit; The gate of the second power device is connected to the second driving circuit, the collector is connected to the cathode of the first diode, and the emitter is grounded; The anode of the first diode is connected to the positive feedback of the second operational amplifier; The negative feedback of the second operational amplifier is connected to the first filter capacitor and then connected to the output end of the second operational amplifier; The anode of the third diode is connected to the anode of the voltage-stabilizing diode, the cathode of the voltage-stabilizing diode is connected to the cathode of the second diode, a branch of the anode of the second diode is connected to the current generating module, another branch of the anode of the second diode is connected to the third feedback resistor and the fourth feedback resistor in sequence, the other end of the fourth feedback resistor is connected to the output end of the second operational amplifier, and the cathode of the third diode is grounded; The positive feedback of the second operational amplifier is connected to the first diode via the line between the second diode and the voltage regulator diode; The negative feedback of the second operational amplifier is connected to the first filter capacitor via a line between the third feedback resistor and the fourth feedback resistor.

8. The voltage monitoring system for power supply status evaluation according to claim 7, characterized in that: Due to the function of the current generating module, the current flowing through the first diode and the second diode is approximately equal, so V D1 =V D2 ; When the second power device is turned on, it can be concluded from the operational amplifier characteristics: By setting the third feedback resistor = the fourth feedback resistor, the operational amplifier output voltage V out2 That is, the collector-emitter saturation voltage drop V ce-sat , which can eliminate the error caused by the diode voltage drop; Among them, V D1 is the voltage of the first diode, V D2 is the voltage of the second diode, R3 is the resistance of the third feedback resistor, and R4 is the resistance of the fourth feedback resistor.

9. The voltage monitoring system for power supply status evaluation according to claim 8, characterized in that: The current generating module includes a third operational amplifier, a fifth resistor and a second capacitor; The positive feedback of the third operational amplifier is connected to the MCU module, and the negative feedback is connected to the current output terminal I out connect; One end of the second capacitor is connected to the output end of the third operational amplifier, and the other end is connected to one end of the fifth resistor, and the other end of the fifth resistor is grounded; one end of the fifth resistor is also connected to the negative feedback of the operational amplifier and the current output end I out connect.

10. The voltage monitoring system for power supply status evaluation according to claim 9, characterized in that: The MCU module provides a stable voltage input V MCU , by adjusting the resistance value of the fifth resistor, the current passing through the load is controlled to achieve constant current output; according to the characteristics of the operational amplifier, it can be concluded that: Among them, I out is the output current, and R5 is the resistance value of the fifth resistor.

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