The invention discloses a test system and method of a data-driven rail traffic vehicle-mounted operation control system, belonging to the technical field of rail traffic signal system test. The test system comprises a test management module, a test execution module, a test interface adaption module and a test analysis and assessment module and is connected with a tested vehicle-mounted operation control system by the test interface adaption module, wherein the test management module finishes the functions of storing, modifying and configuring test data, the test execution module finishes the function of executing the test data, the test analysis and assessment module finishes the functions of recording, treating, analyzing and assessing the test data, and the test interface adaption module finishes the functions of adapting to the interface characteristics of real tested vehicle-mounted equipment and interacting practical information with the tested equipment. The invention can be conveniently used for various types of tests on the vehicle-mounted equipment of a train operation control system, wherein the tests comprise function test, interconnection test and the like; and in addition, the invention has good popularity and flexibility.