Method for preventing and treating water and soil loss in karst rock mountain area

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of soil improvement, and discloses a method for preventing and treating water and soil loss in a karst rock mountain area, which comprises the following steps: a) performing preparation investigation on soil type, fissure degree and gradient; b) preparing a polyacrylamide solution, wherein the molecular weight and concentration of acrylamide are adjusted according to the soil type; c) uniformly spraying the acrylamide solution on the slope surface; d) carrying out a rainfall simulation experiment, and collecting data related to soil erosion and runoff; and e) evaluating the change of the soil erosion amount and the runoff amount according to the collected data, further performing comprehensive evaluation of topographic features by using at least a remote sensing technology, and collecting soil moisture data at each sampling point in combination with a soil humidity sensor. By using the polyacrylamide solution, water and soil loss is effectively reduced in the karst rock mountain area, and the method can remarkably improve the soil structure stability, so that soil erosion and water loss are effectively prevented.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of soil improvement, and particularly to a method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas. Background Art

[0002] Due to their unique geological structures and environmental conditions, karst rocky mountain areas often face serious soil erosion problems. The soil in these areas is vulnerable to rainwashing and surface runoff erosion, especially during the rainy season, and the soil loss problem is particularly serious. Soil erosion not only leads to infertile land, but also affects the groundwater system and ecological balance, threatening local biodiversity and agricultural productivity.

[0003] In existing technologies, common methods for preventing and controlling soil erosion include physical engineering measures, biological technologies, and chemical treatments, etc. Although these methods can alleviate soil erosion to a certain extent, they often require complex construction equipment or rely on a long-term ecological recovery period. For example, although vegetation restoration technology can improve soil structure, the manifestation of its effect often takes a long time. Physical measures such as building terraced fields and protective dams often involve large-scale terrain transformation, with high costs and may affect the regional landscape.

[0004] The main problems of the existing technologies are that they often cannot provide timely and continuous protection effects, and there are also certain challenges in operation and maintenance. Especially when dealing with sudden heavy rainfall, existing methods often have difficulty quickly adjusting treatment measures to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. In addition, some chemical treatment methods may cause secondary pollution to the environment, such as the use of non-degradable chemical substances may have a long-term impact on soil and groundwater quality. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Aiming at the deficiencies of the existing technologies, the present invention provides a method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas, solving the problems that traditional methods often cannot provide timely and continuous protection effects, and existing methods often have difficulty quickly adjusting treatment measures when dealing with sudden heavy rainfall.

[0006] To achieve the above purposes, the present invention is realized through the following technical solutions: A method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas, comprising the following steps:

[0007] a) Conduct a preliminary investigation on soil type, fissure degree, and slope;

[0008] b) Prepare a polyacrylamide solution, wherein the molecular weight and concentration of acrylamide are adjusted according to the soil type;

[0009] c) Uniformly spray the acrylamide solution on the slope surface;

[0010] d) Conduct simulated rainfall experiments to collect data on soil erosion and runoff;

[0011] e) Evaluate the changes in soil erosion amount and runoff amount based on the collected data.

[0012] Preferably, the preliminary investigation further includes comprehensively evaluating topographic features using at least remote sensing technology and collecting soil moisture data at each sampling point in combination with soil moisture sensors.

[0013] Preferably, the preparation of the polyacrylamide solution further includes adjusting the viscosity of the polyacrylamide solution to meet the permeability requirements of different soil structures, wherein the viscosity adjustment is based on the following formula:

[0014]

[0015] where η is the target viscosity, η 0 is the base viscosity, K conc is the concentration adjustment coefficient, and C is the concentration of acrylamide.

[0016] Preferably, the spraying of the acrylamide solution further includes:

[0017] Using an automatic spraying system equipped with sensors to detect slope and fissure information;

[0018] According to the detected slope and fissure data, automatically adjust the nozzle opening size and spraying pressure of the spraying equipment to ensure that the acrylamide solution can evenly cover the soil surface to be treated and effectively penetrate into the soil fissures;

[0019] The adjustment of the spraying parameters is based on the following relationship: the functional relationship between the nozzle opening size S and the spraying pressure P and the slope θ and the fissure degree δ to optimize the coverage efficiency and penetration depth, and the formula is expressed as:

[0020] S = f 1 (θ, δ), P = f 2 (θ, δ)

[0021] where f 1 and f 2 are functions determined through experiments to describe the response of the nozzle opening and spraying pressure to the slope and fissure degree.

[0022] Preferably, the setting of the simulated rainfall experiment further includes using a multi-point real-time monitoring system to record the dynamic changes during the soil erosion process, and the system includes soil erosion sensors and high-speed cameras.

[0023] Preferably, the data collection further includes analyzing the collected soil erosion and runoff data using a machine learning model, and the model is trained and predicted based on the following steps:

[0024] Training step: Use historical erosion data to train a prediction model and determine model parameters;

[0025] Prediction step: Apply the trained model to predict the erosion amount and runoff amount under different acrylamide treatment conditions.

[0026] Preferably, the evaluation of the soil erosion amount further includes using an improved RUSLE model, in which the P factor is modified to consider the application effect of acrylamide, and the specific formula is as follows:

[0027]

[0028] Where P 0 is the erosion control factor when untreated, eff is the acrylamide coefficient, D is the acrylamide application dose, and D 0 is the reference dose.

[0029] Preferably, the acrylamide effect evaluation formula further includes considering an additional factor of soil crust formation when the acrylamide solution concentration is greater than 3 g / m 2 as follows:

[0030]

[0031] Where α is the crust formation adjustment coefficient and C crit is the critical acrylamide concentration for crust formation.

[0032] Preferably, the data collection and analysis steps further include: After each simulated rainfall experiment, use high-precision soil moisture and density sensors to collect soil physical property data; analyze the collected soil erosion amount, runoff amount and soil physical property data using advanced statistical methods.

[0033] Preferably, the data collection and analysis steps specifically include: applying a multivariable linear regression model to evaluate the relationship between the polyacrylamide solution concentration, slope, fracturing degree and soil erosion amount and runoff amount; using ANOVA analysis to determine whether the differences in soil erosion amount and runoff amount under different polyacrylamide treatment conditions are statistically significant, and further using Tukey HSD test for subsequent multiple comparison analysis; performing sensitivity analysis on model parameters to evaluate the influence degree of different variables on the prediction results.

[0034] The present invention provides a method for preventing and controlling soil and water loss in karst rocky mountain areas. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0035] 1. The present invention effectively reduces soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas by using polyacrylamide solution. Polyacrylamide significantly improves the soil's erosion resistance by enhancing the binding ability between soil particles, reducing the loss of topsoil caused by natural factors such as rainfall. By scientifically formulating and precisely spraying the polyacrylamide solution, this method can significantly enhance the stability of the soil structure, thereby effectively preventing soil erosion and water loss.

[0036] 2. The present invention improves the ecological compatibility of the solution by adding a biodegradation aid to the polyacrylamide solution. This biodegradation aid can accelerate the decomposition of polyacrylamide in the soil, reducing the long-term impact on the environment. This not only ensures the soil improvement effect of polyacrylamide but also takes into account environmental protection requirements and reduces potential ecological risks.

[0037] 3. Through an integrated real-time monitoring and feedback system, the present invention can dynamically adjust the application strategy of polyacrylamide according to real-time environmental changes and soil conditions. This system collects real-time soil humidity, erosion status, and meteorological data, and automatically adjusts spraying parameters such as concentration and spraying volume based on data analysis to ensure the optimal anti-erosion effect. This intelligent management method significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of polyacrylamide use, ensuring the adaptability of the method and the maximization of the effect. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] Figure 1 is the flowchart of the method of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 2 is the test result graph of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0040] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0041] Embodiment 1:

[0042] Please refer to the attached Figure 1 , the embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas, including the following steps:

[0043] a) Conduct a preliminary investigation of soil type, fracture degree, and slope;

[0044] b) Prepare a polyacrylamide solution, where the molecular weight and concentration of acrylamide are adjusted according to the soil type;

[0045] c) Uniformly spray acrylamide solution on the slope surface;

[0046] d) Conduct a simulated rainfall experiment and collect data on soil erosion and runoff;

[0047] e) Evaluate the changes in soil erosion amount and runoff amount based on the collected data.

[0048] In one embodiment, in this embodiment, a preliminary investigation of soil type, fissure degree, and slope is first carried out. This step is crucial because it determines the pertinence and effectiveness of subsequent treatment measures. Remote sensing techniques, such as multispectral scanners and infrared cameras carried by unmanned aerial vehicles, are used to obtain high-resolution images of terrain features. These images are then analyzed to identify soil types, such as clay, soil, or sandy soil, while evaluating soil fissure degree and slope. In addition, soil moisture sensors are installed at key sampling points to monitor the soil moisture conditions in real time. This step provides data support for determining the optimal ratio of polyacrylamide (PAM) solution in the subsequent steps.

[0049] In one embodiment, in this embodiment, the molecular weight and concentration of polyacrylamide are adjusted according to the soil type obtained from the preliminary investigation, and the solution is prepared. As an effective soil stabilizer, the molecular weight of polyacrylamide (PAM) is usually selected between 1.5 million and 3 million to optimize the bonding effect of soil particles. The preparation of the solution includes slowly adding precisely quantified PAM powder into water with a set temperature control and using a high-speed stirrer for at least 30 minutes to ensure that PAM is completely dissolved and a uniform solution is formed. In addition, the viscosity of the solution is adjusted to ensure that it can be effectively sprayed on soils with different structures, and the viscosity adjustment is carried out by measuring and making necessary adjustments according to the preset viscosity range.

[0050] In one embodiment, the uniform spraying of polyacrylamide solution is completed by an advanced automatic spraying system. This system is equipped with terrain and fissure degree sensors, which automatically adjust the nozzle size and spraying pressure to adapt to soils with different slopes and fissure degrees. The spraying system adjusts the spraying parameters according to the water absorption capacity of the soil and slope information through a preset algorithm to ensure that the polyacrylamide solution can evenly cover the soil surface and effectively penetrate into the fissures. This intelligent spraying technology maximizes the treatment effect and the use efficiency of resources.

[0051] In one embodiment, a simulated rainfall experimental device is set up to evaluate the effect of polyacrylamide treatment. This experimental device can simulate rainfall conditions of different intensities and durations, so as to test soil erosion and runoff under different weather conditions. The data collected in the experiment include soil erosion amount, runoff amount and other relevant environmental parameters, and these data are then input into specially developed data analysis software. Using advanced statistical methods and machine learning techniques, the data are analyzed to evaluate the erosion prevention effect of the polyacrylamide solution and optimize the usage strategy of polyacrylamide.

[0052] The preliminary investigation further includes comprehensively evaluating topographic features using at least remote sensing technology and collecting soil moisture data at each sampling point in combination with soil moisture sensors.

[0053] The preparation of the polyacrylamide solution further includes adjusting the viscosity of the polyacrylamide solution to meet the permeability requirements of different soil structures, and the adjustment of the viscosity is based on the following formula:

[0054]

[0055] where η is the target viscosity, η 0 is the base viscosity, K conc is the concentration adjustment coefficient, and C is the concentration of acrylamide.

[0056] The spraying of the acrylamide solution further includes:

[0057] using an automatic spraying system equipped with sensors to detect slope and fissure information;

[0058] According to the detected slope and fissure data, automatically adjust the nozzle opening size and spraying pressure of the spraying equipment to ensure that the acrylamide solution can evenly cover the soil surface to be treated and effectively penetrate into the soil fissures;

[0059] The adjustment of the spraying parameters is based on the following relationship: the functional relationship between the nozzle opening size S and the spraying pressure P and the slope θ and the fissure degree δ to optimize the coverage efficiency and penetration depth, and the formula is expressed as:

[0060] S = d 1 (θ,δ), P = f 2 (θ,δ)

[0061] where f 1 and f 2 are functions determined through experiments to describe the response of the nozzle opening and spraying pressure to the slope and fissure degree.

[0062] The setup of the simulated rainfall experiment further includes using a multi-point real-time monitoring system to record the dynamic changes during the soil erosion process. This system includes soil erosion sensors and high-speed cameras.

[0063] Data collection further includes using a machine learning model to analyze the collected soil erosion and runoff data. The model is trained and predicted based on the following steps:

[0064] Training step: Use historical erosion data to train a prediction model and determine the model parameters;

[0065] Prediction step: Apply the trained model to predict the erosion amount and runoff volume under different acrylamide treatment conditions.

[0066] The assessment of soil erosion amount further includes using an improved RUSLE model. In this model, the P factor is modified to consider the application effect of acrylamide. The specific formula is as follows:

[0067]

[0068] Where P 0 is the erosion control factor without treatment, eff is the acrylamide coefficient, D is the acrylamide application dose, and D 0 is the reference dose.

[0069] The acrylamide effect evaluation formula further includes considering an additional factor of soil crust formation when the acrylamide solution concentration is greater than 3 g / m 2 The specific adjustment is as follows:

[0070]

[0071] Where α is the crust formation adjustment coefficient, and C crit is the critical acrylamide concentration for crust formation.

[0072] The data collection and analysis steps further include: After each simulated rainfall experiment, use high-precision soil moisture and density sensors to collect the physical property data of the soil; Analyze the collected soil erosion amount, runoff volume, and soil physical property data using advanced statistical methods.

[0073] The data collection and analysis steps specifically include: Applying a multivariate linear regression model to evaluate the relationships between the polyacrylamide solution concentration, slope, fissure degree, and soil erosion amount and runoff volume; Using ANOVA analysis to determine whether the differences in soil erosion amount and runoff volume under different polyacrylamide treatment conditions are statistically significant, and further using the Tukey HSD test for subsequent multiple comparison analysis; Conducting a sensitivity analysis on the model parameters to evaluate the influence degree of different variables on the prediction results.

[0074] In a preferred embodiment, the selection and proportioning of the biodegradation aid

[0075] In this preferred embodiment, the preparation of the polyacrylamide solution not only involves adjusting the molecular weight and concentration according to the soil type, but also includes the addition of specific biodegradation aids. Biodegradation aids suitable for the soil environment are selected, such as specific types of microbial media or enzymes, which have been proven to accelerate the decomposition process of polyacrylamide without affecting its original soil stabilization effect.

[0076] Proportioning principle:

[0077] C bio = C PAM × R bio

[0078] Wherein, C bio is the concentration of the biodegradation aid, C PAM is the concentration of polyacrylamide, and R bio is a proportionality factor set based on experimental data to adjust the addition amount of the biodegradation aid to ensure its complementary effect with the effect of PAM.

[0079] Preparation and application of the solution

[0080] Solution mixing: Add the pre-quantified polyacrylamide powder and biodegradation aid to the temperature-controlled water according to the above-mentioned proportion. Stir using a high-speed stirrer under strictly controlled conditions to ensure full fusion and uniform distribution of the two.

[0081] Viscosity adjustment: Monitor and adjust the viscosity of the solution to adapt to the permeability of different soils. Viscosity adjustment focuses on maintaining sufficient fluidity so that the solution can effectively cover the soil surface and penetrate into the fissures through the spraying system.

[0082] Ecological testing: Test the ecological effect and soil improvement effect of the polyacrylamide and biodegradation aid mixed solution in laboratory and small-scale field tests to confirm its environmental friendliness and effectiveness.

[0083] In a preferred embodiment, the integration of a real-time monitoring and feedback system

[0084] System configuration

[0085] In this preferred embodiment, the entire spraying system is equipped with an advanced sensor network, including soil moisture sensors, erosion monitoring sensors, and weather stations. These sensors can collect data on soil conditions and environmental conditions in real time, such as soil moisture, soil temperature, rainfall, and wind speed.

[0086] Data collection and transmission

[0087] Data collection: All sensors collect data in real time and transmit it to the central data processing unit via low-power Bluetooth or Wi-Fi network.

[0088] Data processing: The data is aggregated and analyzed in the central processing unit. Machine learning algorithms are used to analyze the data to predict soil erosion and runoff trends.

[0089] Automatic adjustment mechanism

[0090] Based on the collected data and prediction results, the spraying strategy is automatically adjusted, including the concentration, spraying volume and frequency of the polyacrylamide solution. The algorithm for adjusting the strategy can be expressed as:

[0091] P new = P old + k·(ΔE - E target )

[0092] where P new and P old are the spraying parameters after and before adjustment respectively, k is the adjustment factor, ΔE is the predicted change in erosion amount, and E target is the target erosion amount.

[0093] Please refer to the appendix Figure 2 , polyacrylamide, abbreviated as PAM, is a kind of high molecular polymer, which is the general name of linear water-soluble high molecular chemical products formed by homopolymerization of acrylamide (abbreviated as AM) or copolymerization with other monomers with a content of more than 50%. PAM will not pollute the soil, and adding an appropriate amount of PAM to the soil can effectively improve the physical structure of the soil, improve the stability of soil aggregates, enhance the soil's erosion resistance, prevent soil crusting, and improve the soil infiltration condition. If an excessive amount of PAM is added, PAM will enter the water body together with water and flowing sediment, resulting in an increase in the PAM concentration in the water body, reacting with other substances in the water to form difficult-to-degrade organic polymers, and having an impact on aquatic organisms. Currently, PAM has been tested in black soil areas, loess areas and red soil areas for enhancing soil erosion resistance, and good test results have been obtained. Because of its simple operation and quick effect in preventing soil and water loss, it has a wide application prospect in karst rocky mountain areas.

[0094] The application methods of PAM mainly include surface application, control, and mixed application. Surface application of PAM has obvious advantages in preventing soil water evaporation, increasing soil hydraulic conductivity, enhancing soil water retention capacity, and improving soil fertilizer retention capacity. Therefore, in this experiment, PAM solution was applied to the soil surface, and the concentrations of the PAM solution were 1 g / m2, 3 g / m2, and 5 g / m2, and the previous experimental steps were repeated for the experiment.

[0095] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: a) Conduct preliminary investigations on soil type, cracking degree and slope; b) preparing a polyacrylamide solution, wherein the molecular weight and concentration of acrylamide are adjusted according to the soil type; c) uniformly spraying the acrylamide solution on the slope surface; d) Conduct simulated rainfall experiments to collect data on soil erosion and runoff; e) Evaluate changes in soil erosion and runoff based on the collected data.

2. The method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The preliminary survey further includes using at least remote sensing technology to conduct a comprehensive assessment of terrain characteristics and collect soil moisture data at each sampling point in combination with soil moisture sensors.

3. The method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The preparation of the polyacrylamide solution further includes adjusting the viscosity of the polyacrylamide solution to adapt to the permeability requirements of different soil structures, wherein the viscosity is adjusted based on the following formula: Where η is the target viscosity, η0 is the base viscosity, K conc is the concentration adjustment factor, and C is the concentration of acrylamide.

4. The method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The spraying of the acrylamide solution further comprises: Use an automated spraying system equipped with sensors to detect slope and crack information; According to the detected slope and crack degree data, the nozzle opening size and spraying pressure of the spraying equipment are automatically adjusted to ensure that the acrylamide solution can evenly cover the surface of the soil to be treated and effectively penetrate into the soil cracks; The adjustment of spraying parameters is based on the following relationship: the nozzle opening size S and the spraying pressure P are functions of the slope θ and the crack degree δ to optimize the coverage efficiency and penetration depth, which is expressed as: S=d1(θ,δ),P=f2(θ,δ) where f1 and f2 are experimentally determined functions that describe the response of nozzle opening and spray pressure to slope and crack degree.

5. The method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The setting of the simulated rainfall experiment further includes using a multi-point real-time monitoring system to record dynamic changes in the soil erosion process, and the system includes a soil erosion sensor and a high-speed camera.

6. The method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The data collection further includes analyzing the collected soil erosion and runoff data using a machine learning model, wherein the model is trained and predicted based on the following steps: Training step: Use historical erosion data to train a prediction model and determine the model parameters; Prediction step: Apply the trained model to predict the erosion and runoff under different acrylamide treatment conditions.

7. The method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soil erosion assessment further includes the use of an improved RUSLE model, in which the P factor is modified to take into account the effect of acrylamide application. The specific formula is as follows: Where P0 is the erosion control factor without treatment, eff is the acrylamide coefficient, D is the acrylamide application dose, and D0 is the reference dose.

8. The method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The acrylamide effect evaluation formula further includes an additional factor for considering soil crust formation when the concentration of acrylamide solution is greater than 3g / m2, and the specific adjustment is as follows: Where α is the crust formation adjustment factor, C crit is the critical acrylamide concentration for crust formation.

9. The method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The data collection and analysis step further includes: after each simulated rainfall experiment, using high-precision soil moisture and density sensors to collect soil physical property data; using advanced statistical methods to analyze the collected soil erosion, runoff and soil physical property data.

10. The method for preventing and controlling soil erosion in karst rocky mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The data collection and analysis steps specifically include: applying a multivariate linear regression model to evaluate the relationship between polyacrylamide solution concentration, slope, fissure degree and soil erosion and runoff; using ANOVA analysis to determine whether the differences in soil erosion and runoff under different polyacrylamide treatment conditions are statistically significant, and further using the Tukey HSD test for subsequent multiple comparison analysis; performing sensitivity analysis on model parameters to evaluate the degree of influence of different variables on the prediction results.

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