Novel anchor rod for reinforcing dangerous rock in cold region and intelligent monitoring and early warning system

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of geotechnical engineering reinforcement, in particular to a novel anchor rod for reinforcing dangerous rock in a cold region and an intelligent monitoring and early warning system. Comprising an anchoring system, a heating system and a drainage system, the anchoring system is used for connecting an anchor rod with a dangerous rock, the heating system is used for heating the vicinity of the anchor rod, and the drainage system is used for draining water; the part, anchored into the dangerous rock, of the anchor rod for reinforcing the dangerous rock in the cold region is divided into anchoring sections and heating drainage sections, the anchoring sections and the heating drainage sections are arranged in a staggered mode, and the anchor rod for reinforcing the dangerous rock in the cold region is obliquely upwards arranged in the dangerous rock body at a certain anchoring angle. According to the novel anchor rod for reinforcing the dangerous rock in the cold region and the intelligent monitoring and early warning system, the anchor rod system integrates multiple functions, and the limitation of a traditional anchoring technology is broken through; through the innovative design of the barb structure and the expansive polymer concrete, the stability and durability of the anchor rod are improved, and the anchor rod can adapt to temperature and moisture changes in a cold or humid environment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of geotechnical engineering reinforcement, and particularly to a new type of rock bolt for reinforcing dangerous rocks in cold regions and an intelligent monitoring and early warning system, integrating functions of reinforcement, temperature control, drainage, and intelligent monitoring and early warning. Background Art

[0002] Dangerous rocks refer to unstable rock masses caused by changes in rock mass structure, physical and chemical properties, or external environment, which are prone to disasters such as landslides, collapses, and rock falls. Their formation is usually related to factors such as rock layer inclination, joint fissures, lithological differences, and geological activities. These rock masses are more likely to be damaged under high external stress, especially when affected by precipitation, vibration, or climate change.

[0003] In cold regions, due to the influence of special climate conditions such as freeze-thaw action, temperature fluctuations, snow accumulation, and icing, the stability of rock masses is more likely to be damaged. The freeze-thaw action in cold regions is one of the main characteristics of dangerous rocks in cold regions. Water freezes and expands, and melts and shrinks repeatedly in the rock mass fissures, resulting in a decrease in rock strength and crack expansion, and then causing rock mass rupture or collapse. In cold regions with large diurnal temperature differences, the temperature fluctuates violently, and the freeze-thaw action accelerates the deterioration of the rock mass. Microcracks continue to expand, further weakening the stability of the rock mass. Snow accumulation and icing also exacerbate the instability of the rock mass. The ice layer expansion intensifies the fissure expansion, resulting in damage to the rock mass structure. With the melting of ice and snow and the freeze-thaw cycle, the humidity inside the rock mass changes violently, further exacerbating the weakening of the rock mass. The extreme low temperature and frequent climate changes in cold regions expose the rock mass to a low-temperature environment for a long time, and the freeze-thaw effect on the rock mass is more significant, increasing the risk of damage.

[0004] Therefore, the reinforcement technology for dangerous rocks in cold regions needs to pay special attention to the freeze-thaw effect, temperature difference changes, and the influence of ice and snow. Traditional anchoring technologies mainly rely on mechanical force to resist rock mass sliding. However, under long-term freeze-thaw action, microcracks will appear and expand at the anchoring interface, resulting in the attenuation of the effective pre-tightening force of the rock bolt and even overall failure. The current technologies are difficult to cope with the thermo-mechanical coupling effect of the freeze-thaw cycle, lack the ability to drain seepage water, and the monitoring method relying on manual inspection is difficult to capture the initial signs of frost heave damage. In addition, the climate is harsh and the power supply stability is poor in high-altitude areas, and the conventional electric heating de-icing scheme also fails due to energy interruption, further increasing the risk of instability of dangerous rocks in cold regions. Therefore, how to construct an anchoring system integrating functions of reinforcement, temperature control, drainage, and intelligent monitoring and early warning has become a key bottleneck in the prevention and control technology of dangerous rocks in cold regions.

[0005] Therefore, a new type of rock bolt for reinforcing dangerous rocks in cold regions and an intelligent monitoring and early warning system are designed to provide another technical solution to the above technical problems. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Based on this, it is necessary to provide a new type of reinforced cold region dangerous rock anchor and intelligent monitoring and early warning system to solve the technical problems proposed in the above background technology for the above technical problems.

[0007] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a multifunctional anchor system applicable to cold region dangerous rocks, integrating functions of reinforcement, temperature control, drainage and intelligent monitoring and early warning.

[0008] A new type of reinforced cold region dangerous rock anchor and intelligent monitoring and early warning system includes an anchoring system, a heating system and a drainage system. The anchoring system is used to connect the anchor with the dangerous rock, the heating system is used to heat the vicinity of the anchor, and the drainage system is used to drain the water flow.

[0009] The part of the reinforced cold region dangerous rock anchor anchored into the dangerous rock is divided into an anchoring section and a heating and drainage section, and the anchoring section and the heating and drainage section are arranged alternately. The reinforced cold region dangerous rock anchor is arranged obliquely upward at a certain anchoring angle in the dangerous rock body.

[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the new type of reinforced cold region dangerous rock anchor and intelligent monitoring and early warning system provided by the present invention, the anchoring system includes a barbed anchor head, a hollow rod body, a middle barbed structure, a grout outlet hole, a circular steel plate, a telescopic ring, a rubber ring, a barrier steel plate, a steel backing plate and a nut.

[0011] The barbed structure of the barbed anchor head increases the contact area and friction force between the anchor head and the rock mass.

[0012] The middle barbed structure is located in the middle part of the hollow rod body and is arranged in the anchoring section to enhance the anchoring force together with the barbed anchor head.

[0013] The grout outlet hole is arranged on the barbed anchor head and the middle barbed structure for pouring cement mortar.

[0014] The telescopic ring and the rubber ring are located around the circular steel plate, and the rubber ring is arranged outside the telescopic ring. The telescopic ring and the rubber ring are jointly used to block the anchoring section and the heating and drainage section. After the cement mortar is injected into the anchoring section, the staff controls the telescopic ring to stretch until the rubber ring abuts against the rock surface to achieve the effect of blocking the cement mortar. The rubber ring is arranged outside the telescopic ring, which can fit the rock surface more effectively, make the blocking effect better, and at the same time can protect the telescopic ring from being worn and extend the service life.

[0015] The barrier steel plate is welded inside the hollow rod body to block the heating and drainage section and the anchoring section to prevent the cement mortar in the anchoring section from entering the heating and drainage section.

[0016] The reinforced cold region dangerous rock anchor is fixed on the dangerous rock by the steel backing plate and the nut.

[0017] As a preferred embodiment of the novel reinforced cold-region dangerous rock bolt and intelligent monitoring and early warning system provided by the present invention, the heating system includes a heating mesh, fiber Bragg grating sensors, a supercapacitor-sodium sulfur battery combined energy storage system, electric wires, and a micro vertical-axis wind turbine;

[0018] The heating mesh is located on the inner wall of the hollow rod body;

[0019] The fiber Bragg grating sensors are symmetrically arranged on the circular steel plate and are used to measure the ambient temperature, the temperature of the heating mesh, and the stress around the crack tip;

[0020] The supercapacitor-sodium sulfur battery combined energy storage system is used to store the excess power of the micro vertical-axis wind turbine and supply power to the heating mesh when the wind power is insufficient;

[0021] The electric wires are used to transmit electric energy;

[0022] The micro vertical-axis wind turbine is used to convert wind energy into electric energy.

[0023] As a preferred embodiment of the novel reinforced cold-region dangerous rock bolt and intelligent monitoring and early warning system provided by the present invention, the heating mesh is composed of stainless steel electric heating wires or nickel-chromium alloy wires. Both have good toughness and durability at low temperatures, are not easily embrittled, and have strong high-temperature resistance, which can ensure uniform heating and effectively control the temperature.

[0024] As a preferred embodiment of the novel reinforced cold-region dangerous rock bolt and intelligent monitoring and early warning system provided by the present invention, the drainage system includes expansive polymer concrete, filter cloth, carbon fiber composite patches, water permeable holes, diversion pipes, and water collecting pipes;

[0025] The expansive polymer concrete is arranged on the surface of the bolt. After the bolt is installed in place, the expansive polymer concrete is tightly combined with the surrounding rock mass or structure through expansion, thereby enhancing the anchoring force and stability. The expansive polymer concrete is mainly used to provide strength and water permeability in the drainage system. The added polymers and expanders enable it to effectively expand and compact when affected by moisture and temperature changes, while retaining good water permeability;

[0026] The filter cloth is arranged outside the carbon fiber composite patch and is used for preliminary filtration and blocking of larger particle impurities to prevent them from entering the drainage holes;

[0027] The carbon fiber composite patch is arranged outside the hollow rod body and is used for fine filtration on the basis of the filter cloth;

[0028] Water permeable holes are provided on the hollow rod body, and the water entering the water permeable holes flows into the water collecting pipe through the diversion pipe.

[0029] As a preferred embodiment of the novel reinforced rock bolt for cold regions and the intelligent monitoring and early warning system provided by the present invention, it further includes a collection module, a communication module, a host, an early warning module, and a visualization system;

[0030] The collection module is used to collect the ambient temperature measured by the fiber Bragg grating sensor and the stress conditions received from the surroundings;

[0031] The host triggers the heating system according to the data transmitted by the communication module, and judges the stability of the dangerous rock by calculating the rate of dangerous rock crack expansion through the monitoring data, and sends the result to the early warning module;

[0032] After the early warning module determines different early warning levels, it issues an early warning and transmits the result to the visualization system;

[0033] The visualization system is used to enable operators to monitor in real time.

[0034] As a preferred embodiment of the novel reinforced rock bolt for cold regions and the intelligent monitoring and early warning system provided by the present invention, the communication module uses LoRa wireless transmission technology to transmit data to the host.

[0035] It can be undoubtedly seen that through the above technical solutions of the present application, the technical problems to be solved by the present application can surely be solved.

[0036] Meanwhile, through the above technical solutions, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0037] 1. The bolt system of the present invention integrates multiple functions and breaks through the limitations of traditional anchoring technologies. Traditional bolt designs mainly rely on mechanical anchoring force or grouting materials for reinforcement, lacking the ability of real-time monitoring and adapting to environmental changes. However, through the innovative designs of the barbs structure and the expansive polymer concrete, the present invention not only improves the stability and durability of the bolt, but also can adapt to temperature and moisture changes in cold or humid environments.

[0038] 2. Different from traditional technologies, the bolt system of the present invention can monitor the expansion of rock mass cracks in real time through sensors and the intelligent monitoring and early warning system, and dynamically evaluate the stability of the rock mass.

[0039] 3. Traditional anchoring technologies do not consider the influence of environmental factors such as frost heaving on the anchoring force. The intelligent adjustment system of this bolt system combined with sensors and the host can monitor the change of ambient temperature in real time, automatically adjust the heating power and power supply of the electric heating network, reduce the pressure caused by frost heaving, thereby maintaining the stability of the anchoring force and improving the durability and efficiency of the system.

[0040] 4. The anchor bolt system of the present invention is not only applicable to alpine regions in cold seasons, but can also be used as a drainage anchor bolt in summer, adapting to the needs of different seasons and environments, and enhancing the versatility and application scope of the system.

[0041] 5. The present invention adopts wind power generation technology to solve the problem that traditional power supply and fuel supply may be restricted in cold regions, especially in remote areas lacking power grids. Wind power generation does not rely on conventional energy supply, can make full use of local natural resources, reduce dependence on traditional power and fuel, and improve the independence and stability of the system. At the same time, as a clean energy, wind power generation does not produce pollutants, can reduce carbon emissions, and reduce dependence on fossil energy, meeting the requirements of modern environmental protection and sustainable development. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0042] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for the description of the embodiments. Obviously, the following drawings are some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0043] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the anchor bolt for strengthening dangerous rocks in cold regions of the present invention;

[0045] Figure 3 It is a detailed view of the heating and drainage section of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 4 It is a sectional view of the heating and drainage section of the present invention;

[0047] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the intelligent monitoring and early warning system of the present invention.

[0048] In the figure: 1, barbed anchor head; 2, hollow rod body; 3, middle barbed structure; 4, slurry outlet hole; 5, circular steel plate; 6, expansion ring; 7, rubber ring; 8, barrier steel plate; 9, steel backing plate; 10, nut; 11, heating mesh; 12, fiber Bragg grating sensor; 13, supercapacitor - sodium sulfur battery combined energy storage system; 14, electric wire; 15, micro vertical axis wind turbine; 16, expansive polymer concrete; 17, filter cloth; 18, carbon fiber composite patch; 19, water permeable hole; 20, diversion pipe; 21, water collecting pipe; 22, communication module; 23, host; 24, early warning module; 25, visualization system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0049] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clear and understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention.

[0050] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the solution of the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0051] It should be noted that, without conflict, the embodiments in the present invention and the features and technical solutions in the embodiments can be combined with each other.

[0052] It should be noted that similar reference numerals and letters indicate similar items in the following drawings. Therefore, once an item is defined in one drawing, it does not need to be further defined and explained in subsequent drawings.

[0053] The present invention aims to solve the deficiencies in the application of existing anchor bolt technologies in alpine regions, especially the inability of existing anchor bolts to effectively cope with the effects of extreme low temperatures and freeze-thaw cycles on the anchoring force. Traditional anchor bolts are prone to anchoring failure or strength reduction due to temperature differences, frost heaving, and water expansion in cold environments. Therefore, an anchoring system that can adapt to the special environmental conditions in cold regions and provide stronger stability and long-term effectiveness is needed.

[0054] As Figures 1 to 5 shown, based on the above technical problems to be solved, the present invention discloses a new type of anchor bolt for reinforcing dangerous rocks in cold regions and an intelligent monitoring and early warning system.

[0055] As Figures 1 to 4 shown, the present invention discloses a new type of anchor bolt for reinforcing dangerous rocks in cold regions, including an anchoring system, a heating system, and a drainage system.

[0056] The part of the anchor bolt for reinforcing dangerous rocks in cold regions that is anchored into the dangerous rock is divided into an anchoring section and a heating and drainage section, and the anchoring section and the heating and drainage section are arranged alternately. Through the alternate arrangement, the heating and drainage section can cover a wider area to ensure that the moisture in the cracks is effectively heated and drained, thereby avoiding the damage caused by freeze-thaw action to the rock mass. At the same time, the presence of multiple anchoring sections also ensures the strength of the anchor bolt; the anchor bolt for reinforcing dangerous rocks in cold regions is arranged obliquely upward at a certain anchoring angle in the dangerous rock body, and the anchoring angle can be adjusted according to the specific situation of the dangerous rock.

[0057] The anchoring system includes a barbed anchor head 1, a hollow rod body 2, a middle barbed structure 3, a slurry outlet hole 4, a circular steel plate 5, a telescopic ring 6, a rubber ring 7, a barrier steel plate 8, a steel backing plate 9, and a nut 10.

[0058] Preferably, the barbed structure of the barbed anchor head 1 significantly enhances the anchoring force by increasing the contact area and friction between the anchor head and the rock mass, enabling the anchoring system to more effectively resist external loads, especially when affected by freeze-thaw cycles, temperature differences, and other external stresses. The design of the barbs not only improves the mechanical locking effect between the anchor head and the rock mass but also effectively extends the service life of the anchoring system by preventing the anchor head from slipping or loosening due to external forces.

[0059] Preferably, the middle barbed structure 3 is located in the middle part of the hollow rod body 2 and is arranged in the anchoring section to enhance the anchoring force together with the barbed anchor head 1.

[0060] Preferably, the grout holes 4 are arranged on the barbed anchor head 1 and the middle barbed structure 3 for grouting cement mortar.

[0061] Preferably, the expansion ring 6 and the rubber ring 7 are located around the circular steel plate 5. The expansion ring 6 and the rubber ring 7 are jointly used to block the anchoring section and the heating and drainage section to prevent the cement mortar from entering the heating and drainage section and affecting the heating effect. The rubber ring 7 is arranged outside the expansion ring 6, which can better fit the rock surface, making the blocking effect better. At the same time, it can protect the expansion ring 6 from being worn and extend its service life. After the cement mortar is injected into the anchoring section by the telescopic rod, the staff controls the telescopic rod to stretch until the rubber ring 7 abuts against the rock surface to achieve the effect of blocking the cement mortar.

[0062] The blocking steel plate 8 is welded inside the hollow rod body 2 to block the heating and drainage section and the anchoring section to prevent the cement mortar in the anchoring section from entering the heating and drainage section.

[0063] Preferably, the rock bolt for strengthening cold region dangerous rocks is fixed on the dangerous rock by the steel backing plate 9 and the nut 10.

[0064] The heating system includes a heating mesh 11, a fiber Bragg grating sensor 12, a supercapacitor - sodium sulfur battery combined energy storage system 13, an electric wire 14, and a micro vertical axis wind turbine 15.

[0065] Preferably, the heating mesh 11 is located on the inner wall of the hollow rod body 2 and is composed of stainless steel electric heating wires or nickel-chromium alloy wires. Both have good toughness and durability at low temperatures, are not easily embrittled, and have strong high-temperature resistance, which can ensure uniform heating and effectively control the temperature.

[0066] Preferably, the fiber Bragg grating sensors 12 are symmetrically arranged on the annular steel plate 5. The fiber Bragg grating sensors 12 are a type of sensor very suitable for extreme temperature environments. They can measure temperature and stress simultaneously and have extremely high temperature resistance and reliability. The normal operating temperature range is from -200°C to +1000°C. When the fiber Bragg grating sensors 12 measure the temperature and stress, the communication module 22 will transmit the data to the host 23. The host 23 triggers the heating system according to the temperature situation. Through sectional heating and drainage, precise heating can be achieved. The host 23 dynamically adjusts the power according to the ambient temperature, thereby achieving the best balance between energy conservation and efficient heating.

[0067] The fiber Bragg grating sensors 12 produce periodic refractive index changes (i.e., fiber Bragg gratings) in the optical fiber, causing the optical fiber to reflect light within a specific wavelength range. The wavelength of the reflected light is related to physical quantities of the external environment (such as temperature and stress). There is a direct linear relationship between the reflection wavelength of the fiber Bragg grating and the changes in ambient temperature and stress (or displacement). When the temperature changes, the length of the optical fiber and the structure of the fiber Bragg grating will undergo slight changes, which results in changes in the reflection wavelength. By measuring the changes in the reflection wavelength, the ambient temperature can be accurately deduced. The relationship between the reflection wavelength of the fiber Bragg grating and temperature can be expressed as:

[0068] Δλ B =λ 0 ·α·ΔT

[0069] In the formula: Δλ B is the change amount of the reflection wavelength; λ 0 is the initial reflection wavelength of the fiber Bragg grating; α is the thermal sensitivity coefficient of the fiber Bragg grating (usually a constant); ΔT is the temperature change amount.

[0070] Preferably, in cold regions, especially remote areas lacking power grids, traditional power supply and fuel supply may be restricted. Wind power generation does not depend on conventional energy supply, so it has particular advantages in these regions. Through wind power generation, the system can make full use of local natural resources, reduce dependence on traditional power and fuel, and improve the independence and stability of the system. At the same time, wind power generation is clean energy, does not produce pollutants, helps reduce carbon emissions and dependence on fossil energy.

[0071] The micro vertical axis wind turbine 15 converts wind energy into electrical energy to supply power to the heating grid 11 and the intelligent warning system. When the wind turbine generates excess power, the supercapacitor - sodium sulfur battery combined energy storage system 13 can effectively store this excess power for use when the wind speed is low.

[0072] In this embodiment, the micro vertical axis wind turbine 15 is a prior art, and it directly applies existing equipment to convert wind power into electrical energy.

[0073] Preferably, the supercapacitor - sodium sulfur battery combined energy storage system 13 is used to supply power to the heating network 11 when the wind power is insufficient. The sodium sulfur battery serves as the main energy storage unit, while the supercapacitor serves as an emergency supplement for instantaneous load fluctuations. When the wind power is sufficient, the wind turbine converts wind energy into electrical energy and directly supplies power to the heating wire; when the wind power is insufficient, the output power of the wind turbine decreases, and the system will automatically switch to the energy storage device for power supply to ensure that the heating wire can still operate normally. Through the efficient cooperation of wind power generation and energy storage, self - sufficiency and continuous operation of the heating network 11 can be achieved, especially suitable for environments with high potential for wind power generation in cold regions.

[0074] Preferably, the electric wire 14 is used to transmit electrical energy in the power system. It connects various components, such as the micro - vertical - axis wind turbine 15, the heating network 11, and the supercapacitor - sodium sulfur battery combined energy storage system 13, etc., to ensure the transmission of electrical energy from one device to another.

[0075] The drainage system includes expansive polymer concrete 16, filter cloth 17, carbon fiber composite patch 18, water - permeable holes 19, diversion pipes 20, and water - collecting pipes 21.

[0076] Preferably, before the installation of the anchor rod, the expansive polymer concrete 16 is pre - filled on the surface of the anchor rod. When the anchor rod is installed in place, the concrete is tightly combined with the surrounding rock mass or structure through the expansion effect, thereby enhancing the anchoring force and stability. The expansive polymer concrete 16 is mainly used in the drainage system to provide strength and water permeability. The added polymers and expanders enable it to effectively expand and compact when affected by moisture and temperature changes, while retaining good water permeability.

[0077] Preferably, the filter cloth 17 is arranged outside the carbon fiber composite patch 28 and is mainly used for preliminary filtration and blocking of larger particle impurities, such as gravel, rock particles, sand grains, etc., to prevent them from entering the drainage holes or the system. The filter cloth 17 has good water permeability and can allow water to flow through freely while filtering out larger solid substances.

[0078] Preferably, the carbon fiber composite patch 18 is located in the inner layer and is arranged outside the hollow rod body 2. As a fine filtration layer, it is used to further filter smaller particle substances, such as fine sand, suspended matter, etc., to ensure the cleanliness of the final drainage. The main advantages of the carbon fiber composite are its high strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and good filtration performance. Carbon fiber has extremely high tensile strength and excellent fatigue resistance, is lightweight and strong, and is resistant to high and low temperatures and corrosion.

[0079] Preferably, the hollow rod body 2 is provided with water - permeable holes 19, and the water entering the water - permeable holes 19 flows into the water - collecting pipe 21 through the diversion pipe 20.

[0080] Preferably, the diversion pipe 20 and the water collecting pipe 21 are made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polypropylene (PP). These materials not only resist high and low temperatures and corrosion, but also have good frost heaving resistance, enabling them to effectively cope with the extreme climate and freeze-thaw cycles in cold regions. At the same time, the flexibility and strength of these materials can also ensure their long-term stability in high-stress environments.

[0081] An intelligent monitoring and early warning system is also disclosed, which includes a collection module, a communication module 22, a host 23, an early warning module 24, and a visualization system 25.

[0082] Preferably, the collection module is used to collect the ambient temperature measured by the fiber Bragg grating sensor 12 and the stress applied to the surroundings.

[0083] Preferably, the communication module 22 uses LoRa wireless transmission technology to transmit data to the host 23. LoRa is a low-power and long-distance wireless communication technology. In alpine environments, the energy supply is often limited, and the low-power characteristic of LoRa can greatly extend the service life of the device, especially in remote areas where the battery cannot be replaced frequently. In addition, LoRa has strong anti-interference ability and can maintain stable communication performance under adverse conditions such as climate change and signal blockage. Its long-distance transmission ability enables effective coverage in extensive mountainous areas or high-altitude regions, even in places where communication base stations are scarce.

[0084] Preferably, the host 23 triggers the heating system according to the data transmitted by the communication module 22, and judges the stability of the dangerous rock by calculating the expansion rate of the dangerous rock crack through the monitoring data, and sends the result to the early warning module 24.

[0085] Preferably, using the ambient temperature and the temperature of the heating network 11 monitored in real time by the fiber Bragg grating sensor 12, the host 23 adjusts the heating power through an automatic control system to achieve a balance between energy conservation and efficient heating. Multiple temperature thresholds are set in the host 23, and the system automatically adjusts the power and temperature of the heating network 11 according to the real-time ambient temperature. Each temperature threshold corresponds to a specific heating power level, thereby realizing the automatic adjustment of the heating power. Specifically, as the ambient temperature decreases, the system gradually increases the power and the target heating temperature, and when the ambient temperature rises, the system automatically reduces the heating power to avoid wasting energy due to overheating.

[0086] When the monitored ambient temperature is -5°C or above, low-power heating is enabled, and at this time, the temperature of the heating grid 11 is maintained at 0°C to 5°C; when the monitored ambient temperature is -5°C to -15°C, medium-power heating is enabled, and at this time, the temperature of the heating grid 11 is maintained at 5°C to 10°C to ensure that the heat inside the rock mass will not quickly dissipate and reduce the impact of freeze-thaw cycles; when the monitored ambient temperature is -15°C or below, high-power heating is enabled, and at this time, the temperature of the heating grid 11 is maintained at 10°C to 15°C to ensure that the rock mass and the anchor bolt can withstand lower external temperatures and prevent structural damage caused by drastic temperature fluctuations. At the same time, to avoid overheating or wasting energy, the system can dynamically adjust the power and temperature of the heating grid 11 according to the change of the ambient temperature.

[0087] Preferably, the fiber Bragg grating sensor 12 can indirectly measure the crack propagation amount. During the crack propagation process, there is a certain relationship between the change in stress and the propagation length of the crack. Therefore, by measuring the change in the reflected wavelength, the propagation length of the crack can be indirectly deduced.

[0088] The propagation of the crack will cause a change in the stress state, especially the stress near the crack will change. The stress change caused by the crack propagation is Δσ, and the change in the reflected wavelength of the fiber Bragg grating can be expressed as:

[0089] Δλ B =λ 0 ·k s ·Δσ

[0090] In the formula: Δλ B is the change in the reflected wavelength, λ 0 is the initial reflected wavelength of the fiber Bragg grating, k s is the stress sensitivity coefficient of the fiber Bragg grating, and Δσ is the stress change.

[0091] The propagation of the crack can cause a change in the local stress, and these changes will be manifested as a change in the reflected wavelength in the fiber Bragg grating. The relationship between the crack propagation length and the stress change can be expressed as:

[0092]

[0093] In the formula: σ 0 is the original stress before the crack propagation, ΔL is the length of the crack propagation, and L 0 is the initial length of the crack.

[0094] Combining the above two formulas, by measuring the wavelength change Δλ B , the crack propagation length ΔL can be deduced, and the relationship between the crack propagation length and the wavelength change can be expressed as:

[0095]

[0096] Preferably, the fiber Bragg grating sensor 12 records the crack propagation in real time, and the communication module 22 transmits the data to the host 23. After receiving the crack propagation length, the host 23 calculates the crack propagation rate, and its calculation formula is:

[0097]

[0098] In the formula: v is the crack propagation rate; ΔL is the crack propagation length per unit time (m); Δt is the unit time (s).

[0099] Through experimental data, numerical simulation or on-site data analysis, determine the crack propagation rate of different rock masses before catastrophic rupture. By collecting data multiple times, the change trend of the crack propagation rate can be obtained, and then it can be judged whether the rock mass is in a dangerous state.

[0100] Preferably, the early warning module 24 judges whether the dangerous rock mass is stable according to the crack propagation rate of the dangerous rock and sets different thresholds.

[0101] When the crack propagation rate range of the dangerous rock is between 10 -9 m / s and 10 -7 m / s, the system starts the first-level early warning (normal state). At this time, the crack propagation is slow, the rock mass still maintains high stability, the crack is in an inactive state, and does not pose a serious threat to the rock mass structure; when the crack propagation rate range of the dangerous rock is between 10 -7 m / s and 10 -6 m / s, the system starts the second-level early warning (attention state). At this time, the crack propagation speed increases, the rock mass enters the active state, but has not reached the dangerous level; when the crack propagation rate range of the dangerous rock is between 10 -6 m / s and 10 -5 m / s, the system starts the third-level early warning (dangerous state). At this time, the crack propagation accelerates, the stability of the rock mass is seriously threatened, and local or overall rupture may occur; when the crack propagation rate of the dangerous rock reaches 10 -5 m / s or above, the system starts the fourth-level early warning (severe dangerous state). At this time, the crack propagation speed is extremely fast, the rock mass is extremely unstable, and has approached the failure threshold. At this time, there is a great risk in the rock mass, and catastrophic failure or collapse may occur at any time.

[0102] When the early warning module 24 determines different early warning levels and issues an early warning, and transmits the result to the visualization system 25. After receiving the early warning signal, relevant personnel formulate corresponding solutions according to different early warning levels.

[0103] The visualization system 25 is equipped with a user-friendly interface, enabling the operator to monitor and analyze the system status in real time. By presenting the data of sensors (such as temperature, stress) and the trend charts of various monitoring indicators, users can view historical data, conduct trend analysis and decision support, and understand the risk change patterns.

[0104] The working principle of the present invention is as follows: In cold regions, water in the cracks of dangerous rocks freezes and thaws repeatedly, resulting in a decrease in rock strength and crack expansion, increasing the risk of rupture or collapse. The large diurnal temperature difference and ice and snow melting exacerbate the deterioration of the rock mass, and the microcracks continue to expand, further weakening the stability. Therefore, the present invention provides a reinforcing rock bolt for cold regions that integrates reinforcement, heating, and drainage.

[0105] The anchoring system provided by the present invention is mainly used to enhance the stability of the rock mass and prevent the dangerous rock mass from sliding or collapsing. In cold regions, due to factors such as temperature difference changes and freeze-thaw effects, cracks and structural damages are prone to occur in the rock mass. The anchoring system effectively resists external pressure through rock bolts and reinforcement structures and maintains the stability of the rock mass.

[0106] The drainage system provided by the present invention cooperates with the heating system. After the fiber Bragg grating sensor 12 measures the ambient temperature, the communication module 22 transmits the monitoring data to the host 23. The host 23 judges and triggers the heating mesh 11 according to the temperature data, heats the vicinity of the rock bolt at different powers and maintains the corresponding temperature, thereby preventing the water in the crack from undergoing freeze-thaw cycles, and thus avoiding further damage to the rock mass caused by frost heave. When the heating mesh 11 heats the ice in the crack into water, the water passes through the expandable polymer concrete 16 layer, and then through the double filtration of the filter cloth 17 and the carbon fiber composite patch 18 to remove impurities, and finally enters the diversion pipe 20 through the water permeable holes 19, flows into the water collecting pipe 21, and finally the staff connects the drain pipe to drain the water.

[0107] The preferred embodiments of the present invention disclosed above are only used to help illustrate the present invention. The preferred embodiments do not describe all the details in detail, nor limit the present invention to only the specific embodiments. Obviously, many modifications and changes can be made according to the content of this specification. The present specification selects and specifically describes these embodiments to better explain the principle and practical application of the present invention, so that those skilled in the art in the relevant technical field can well understand and utilize the present invention. The present invention is only limited by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.

Claims

1. A new type of anchor rod for reinforcing dangerous rocks in cold regions and an intelligent monitoring and early warning system, characterized in that: It includes an anchoring system, a heating system and a drainage system, wherein the anchoring system is used to connect the anchor rod to the dangerous rock, the heating system is used to heat the area near the anchor rod, and the drainage system is used to drain the water flow; The part of the reinforced cold-region dangerous rock anchor rod anchored into the dangerous rock is divided into an anchoring section and a heating and drainage section, and the anchoring section and the heating and drainage section are arranged in a staggered manner. The reinforced cold-region dangerous rock anchor rod is arranged in the dangerous rock body obliquely upward at a certain anchoring angle.

2. According to claim 1, a new type of cold-region dangerous rock reinforcement anchor and intelligent monitoring and early warning system is characterized in that: The anchoring system comprises a barbed anchor head (1), a hollow shaft (2), a middle barbed structure (3), a slurry outlet hole (4), a circular steel plate (5), a telescopic ring (6), a rubber ring (7), a barrier steel plate (8), a steel pad (9) and a nut (10); The barb structure of the barbed anchor head (1) increases the contact area and friction between the anchor head and the rock mass; The middle barb structure (3) is located in the middle part of the hollow shaft (2), and is arranged in the anchoring section, and cooperates with the barb anchor head (1) to enhance the anchoring force; The slurry outlet hole (4) is arranged on the barbed anchor head (1) and the middle barbed structure (3) and is used for pouring cement mortar; The telescopic ring (6) and the rubber ring (7) are located around the annular steel plate (5), and the rubber ring (7) is arranged outside the telescopic ring (6). The telescopic ring (6) and the rubber ring (7) are used together to block the anchoring section and the heating and drainage section. The blocking steel plate (8) is welded inside the hollow rod body (2) and is used to block the heating and drainage section and the anchoring section to prevent the cement mortar in the anchoring section from entering the heating and drainage section; The cold region dangerous rock reinforcement anchor rod is fixed on the dangerous rock by a steel backing plate (9) and a nut (10).

3. According to claim 2, a new type of cold-region dangerous rock reinforcement anchor and intelligent monitoring and early warning system is characterized in that: The heating system comprises a heating network (11), a fiber grating sensor (12), a supercapacitor-sodium sulfur battery combined energy storage system (13), an electric conductor (14) and a micro vertical axis wind turbine (15); The heating net (11) is located on the inner wall of the hollow shaft (2); The fiber grating sensors (12) are symmetrically arranged on the annular steel plate (5) and are used to measure the ambient temperature and the temperature of the heating network, as well as the stress around the crack tip; The supercapacitor-sodium-sulfur battery combined energy storage system (13) is used to store excess power of the micro vertical axis wind turbine (15) and to supply power to the heating network when the wind power is insufficient; The electrical conductor (14) is used to transmit electrical energy; The micro vertical axis wind turbine (15) is used to convert wind energy into electrical energy.

4. According to claim 3, a new type of cold-region dangerous rock reinforcement anchor and intelligent monitoring and early warning system is characterized in that: The heating net (11) is made of stainless steel electric heating wire or nickel-chromium alloy wire.

5. According to claim 1, a new type of cold-region dangerous rock reinforcement anchor and intelligent monitoring and early warning system is characterized in that: The drainage system comprises an expanded polymer concrete (16), a filter cloth (17), a carbon fiber composite material patch (18), a water permeable hole (19), a flow guide pipe (20), and a water collecting pipe (21); The expanded polymer concrete (16) is arranged on the surface of the anchor rod; The filter cloth (17) is arranged outside the carbon fiber composite material patch (18) and is used for preliminary filtering and blocking larger particle impurities to prevent them from entering the drainage hole; The carbon fiber composite material patch (18) is arranged outside the hollow shaft (2) and is used for fine filtering again on the basis of the filter cloth (17); A water permeable hole (19) is provided on the hollow shaft (2), and water entering the water permeable hole (19) flows through the flow guide pipe (20) and flows into the water collecting pipe (21).

6. The novel cold-region dangerous rock reinforcement anchor and intelligent monitoring and early warning system according to claim 3 is characterized in that: It also includes a collection module, a communication module (22), a host (23), an early warning module (24) and a visualization system (25); The acquisition module is used to collect the ambient temperature and the ambient stress conditions measured by the fiber grating sensor (12); The host (23) triggers the heating system according to the data transmitted by the communication module (22), and calculates the rate of expansion of dangerous rock cracks through monitoring data to determine the stability of the dangerous rock, and sends the result to the early warning module (24); The warning module (24) issues a warning after determining different warning levels, and transmits the result to the visualization system (25); The visualization system (25) is used to enable operators to monitor in real time.

7. The novel cold-region dangerous rock reinforcement anchor and intelligent monitoring and early warning system according to claim 6 is characterized in that: The communication module (22) uses LoRa wireless transmission technology to transmit data to the host (23).

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