A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication

Abstract

The present invention discloses a highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication, which relates to the field of highway toll collection technology. The system includes a quantum key management module, a quantum authentication and session key management module, a quantum secure data transmission module, a quantum secure storage module, a quantum computing toll accounting module, and a quantum intelligent risk control module. The quantum key management module establishes a quantum key distribution network in the highway network toll collection system, generates keys for toll collection communications through a quantum random number generator, and transmits unbreakable quantum keys between the toll collection management center, roadside units, and on-board units through quantum key distribution technology to ensure absolute security of data transmission. The present invention uses QKD technology to ensure the security of toll collection data, and combines quantum storage with intelligent risk control to enhance the system's anti-attack capabilities, stability, and ability to prevent abnormal transactions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of highway toll collection, and in particular to a highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication. Background Art

[0002] Electronic toll collection (ETC) and networked toll collection systems have become mainstream in modern highway toll collection systems. These systems primarily rely on technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID), license plate recognition, satellite navigation, and data encryption to automatically identify and deduct vehicle tolls. In this networked toll collection model, data is exchanged between toll booths, on-board units (OBUs), bank payment systems, and data centers via the internet or dedicated networks to achieve seamless toll collection services across regions and provinces. However, with the continuous advancement of cyberattack technologies, traditional encryption communication schemes (such as symmetric and asymmetric encryption) may fail to withstand quantum computing threats, posing potential security risks to data transmission and user information in highway toll collection systems. Therefore, exploring toll collection schemes based on quantum secure communication to address future information security challenges has become an important research direction.

[0003] Existing technologies have the following shortcomings: Existing highway toll collection systems suffer from multiple security deficiencies. First, traditional key management systems rely on public key infrastructure (PKI). Once the key is leaked or cracked by quantum computing, the security of the entire toll collection network will be seriously threatened. Second, existing encryption algorithms (such as RSA and ECC) face the challenge of quantum computing and may be quickly cracked in the future, making sensitive information (such as vehicle identity and bank account data) vulnerable to malicious theft. Furthermore, existing networked toll collection systems rely on centralized servers for data processing, making them vulnerable to hacker attacks, such as man-in-the-middle attacks, DDoS attacks, or data tampering, resulting in toll errors, financial losses, and even system failures. Therefore, traditional toll collection systems have significant security risks and resistance to quantum attacks. There is an urgent need to introduce quantum secure communication technology to build a more robust highway toll collection solution.

[0004] The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the present disclosure and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication. This system employs quantum key distribution (QKD) technology, replacing traditional encryption algorithms (such as RSA and ECC). This fundamentally addresses the potential threat of quantum computing cracking the toll collection system's encryption technology, ensuring the security of vehicle identity, driving path, and payment data. QKD leverages the properties of quantum states to render key transmissions untraceable, ensuring end-to-end encryption protection. Furthermore, the system utilizes quantum key-based erasure code storage and a distributed quantum-secure database to enhance data durability and attack resistance. Even if some storage nodes are damaged, complete data can still be restored. Quantum identity authentication and intelligent risk control prevent abnormal transactions, ensuring the security, stability, and reliability of the toll collection system and addressing the aforementioned background issues.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication, comprising a quantum key management module, a quantum authentication and session key management module, a quantum secure data transmission module, a quantum secure storage module, a quantum computing toll collection module, and a quantum intelligent risk control module:

[0007] The quantum key management module establishes a quantum key distribution network in the highway network toll collection system. It uses a quantum random number generator to generate keys for toll collection communications. Through quantum key distribution technology, it transmits unbreakable quantum keys between the toll collection management center, roadside units, and on-board units to ensure the absolute security of data transmission.

[0008] The quantum authentication and session key management module uses distributed quantum keys to enable the toll collection management center to conduct two-way identity authentication with each terminal device and negotiate session keys through a quantum secure handshake protocol. The session keys use a "one-time pad" mechanism, are only used for the current communication session, and are destroyed immediately after use, thus avoiding the key leakage risks existing in traditional public key infrastructure.

[0009] Quantum secure data transmission module: When a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, the ETC onboard unit sends quantum-encrypted vehicle identity information, driving route data, and payment account information to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts and verifies it with the quantum key, and then transmits the data to the toll management center, realizing full quantum-encrypted data interaction.

[0010] After receiving the toll data, the quantum-safe storage module and the toll management center encrypt the transaction records using quantum-safe keys and store them in a distributed quantum-safe database. This database uses a quantum-key-based erasure code storage mechanism to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored through the quantum key, thereby improving the system's anti-attack capabilities and data persistence.

[0011] The quantum computing toll calculation module uses a quantum computing-based vehicle toll calculation algorithm in the toll management center. This algorithm uses the parallel computing advantages brought by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving routes, and toll policies, and dynamically adjusts the toll strategy to meet the toll requirements of different time periods and regions, ensuring the efficiency and immutability of toll calculations.

[0012] The quantum intelligent risk control module uses an anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning in the charging system to model historical charging data. Through the high-dimensional data processing capabilities of quantum computing, it can detect abnormal transaction behaviors in the charging process in real time, improve the security and intelligence level of the charging system, and effectively reduce the risk of fraud and losses caused by system vulnerabilities.

[0013] Preferably, in the highway network toll collection system, a quantum key distribution network is established, keys for toll collection communication are generated by a quantum random number generator, and unbreakable quantum keys are transmitted between the toll collection management center, roadside units, and on-board units through quantum key distribution technology to ensure the absolute security of data transmission. The specific steps are as follows:

[0014] Use a quantum random number generator in the toll collection center to generate unpredictable quantum security keys and store them in a classified manner to prepare for subsequent key distribution and secure communication;

[0015] Through quantum key distribution technology, quantum keys are securely transmitted to toll terminals, and error correction and privacy amplification technologies are used to improve key security;

[0016] Each terminal device stores the received quantum key in a secure hardware module and adopts key rotation and access control strategies to prevent key leakage and abuse;

[0017] The charging management center and the terminal equipment use quantum keys for two-way identity authentication and negotiate a unique session key to ensure the security and integrity of charging data transmission.

[0018] Preferably, based on the distributed quantum key, the charging management center and each terminal device perform two-way identity authentication and negotiate the session key through the quantum secure handshake protocol. The session key adopts a "one-time pad" mechanism, is only used for the current communication session, and is immediately destroyed after use, thereby avoiding the key leakage risk existing in the traditional public key infrastructure. The specific steps are as follows:

[0019] Before initiating a charging transaction, the charging management center sends an encrypted identity authentication request to the charging management center and uses a pre-distributed quantum key to ensure the security and authenticity of the request;

[0020] After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the terminal identity, it sends an encrypted authentication challenge, requiring the terminal device to decrypt and return an authentication response to ensure that it holds a valid quantum key and prevent forged identity access;

[0021] After the terminal device passes the authentication, it executes the quantum secure handshake protocol with the charging management center to negotiate a unique session key and ensure key consistency to prevent tampering and replay attacks;

[0022] The negotiated session key is used to encrypt this charging transaction. After the transaction is completed, the key is immediately destroyed and the record is updated in the key management system to prevent key leakage and reuse.

[0023] Preferably, when a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, the ETC onboard unit sends quantum-encrypted vehicle identity information, driving route data, and payment account information to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts and verifies it with the quantum key, and then transmits the data to the toll management center. The specific steps for achieving full quantum-encrypted data interaction are as follows:

[0024] When a vehicle passes through a toll booth, the ETC onboard unit uses a session key to encrypt key data such as vehicle identity, driving route, and payment information, and securely transmits it to the roadside unit via a short-range communication protocol to prevent data from being eavesdropped or tampered with.

[0025] After receiving the encrypted data, the roadside unit uses the session key to decrypt and verify the data integrity, verifies the ETC device identity through the digital signature, and checks the timestamp and anti-replay flag to prevent data from being forged or replayed.

[0026] The verified data is re-encrypted by the roadside unit and securely transmitted to the toll collection management center via a quantum-secure network. Quantum encryption technology is used to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks and data tampering, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of toll collection data.

[0027] After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the data, it uses quantum keys for secondary encryption storage and combines intelligent risk control algorithms to analyze abnormal transaction behaviors to improve the security and reliability of the charging system.

[0028] Preferably, after receiving the charging data, the charging management center encrypts the transaction records using a quantum-safe key and stores them in a distributed quantum-safe database. The database uses a quantum-key-based erasure code storage mechanism to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored through the quantum key, thereby improving the system's anti-attack capability and data persistence. The specific steps are as follows:

[0029] After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the received charging data, it uses the new quantum key to perform secondary encryption and assigns a unique transaction identifier to ensure the integrity and security of the data;

[0030] The encrypted charging data is stored in shards using a quantum key-derived erasure code algorithm, ensuring that even if part of the data is lost or damaged, the complete data can be restored through redundant information.

[0031] Encrypted data blocks are distributed and stored across multiple quantum-safe database nodes, and quantum key distribution technology is used to ensure data access security, improve anti-attack capabilities and system availability;

[0032] The charging management center uses the quantum key indexing system to restore charging data, and combines it with the intelligent risk control system to analyze abnormal transaction behavior, thereby improving the security and data traceability of the charging system.

[0033] Preferably, a vehicle toll calculation algorithm based on quantum computing is used in the toll management center. This algorithm utilizes the parallel advantages of quantum computing brought about by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving routes, and toll policies, and dynamically adjusts the toll strategy to adapt to the toll needs of different time periods and regions. The specific steps to ensure the efficiency and immutability of toll calculation are as follows:

[0034] In a highway network, different driving paths have an impact on toll collection. Therefore, we first calculate the path-weighted charging function. To achieve quantum-safe computing, we use quantum state superposition to construct a path charging calculation model, which is defined as follows:

[0035] , where is the weighted charge value of the path, is the total number of path segments, Is a path segment The dynamic weight coefficient of Is a path segment The quantum safety factor, Is a path segment The quantum state weight of It is a parameter used to adjust the balance between the contribution of path charges and toll station charges to the total charges. The shortest travel time is used to dynamically adjust the toll value in congestion situations. is the number of toll booths, It's a toll booth The charge entanglement factor, It's a toll booth The quantum entanglement factor of

[0036] After determining the weighted charging value of the path Finally, the final dynamic charging value is calculated, and the quantum computing model is used to ensure the efficiency and tamper resistance of the charging calculation. The formula is as follows:

[0037] , where is the final dynamic charge value, is the path charge adjustment factor, is the quantum path entanglement factor, is the vehicle charging adjustment coefficient, It is The charging base value for vehicles of this category, It is Quantum correction factors for vehicles of this type, It is the number of vehicle types classified. Different types of vehicles have different charging coefficients. is the regional charging weight, is the normalization parameter of regional charging, It is The quantum entanglement correction value of the region, is the number of partitions for the regional charging strategy.

[0038] Preferably, in the toll collection system, an anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning is used to model historical toll collection data. The high-dimensional data processing capabilities of quantum computing are used to detect abnormal transaction behaviors in the toll collection process in real time, thereby improving the security and intelligence level of the toll collection system and effectively reducing the risk of fraud and losses caused by system vulnerabilities. The specific steps are as follows:

[0039] First, features are extracted from historical charging data, and high-dimensional data representation is constructed using quantum state superposition and entanglement characteristics. Suppose the charging data set is ,in Representative The feature vector of the transaction, is the total amount of historical charging data. The quantum feature mapping function is defined to embed classical data into the quantum state space for subsequent calculation of anomaly scores. The quantum feature mapping is implemented through parameterized quantum circuits. The specific formula is as follows:

[0040] , where It means the The representation of historical fee transaction data in the baryon space, It is a transformation operation in quantum computing. represents the set of trainable parameters of the circuit, It is the initial state of the quantum system. Before data is loaded, all quantum bits are in state, is the dimension in the quantum system, corresponding to the number of features in the dataset, is the feature weight coefficient, which is used to represent the The importance of dimensional features in anomaly detection, is the data conversion function, is the quantum phase factor, is the quantum basis state, representing the first status.

[0041] Preferably, when detecting a new transaction, the new transaction data Mapping to the quantum state space, calculating its quantum state similarity with the historical data distribution and based on quantum Divergence calculation anomaly score, first embed the new transaction data into the quantum state:

[0042] , where is the quantum state representation of the new transaction data, is the feature weight coefficient, is the quantum phase factor, is a data conversion function;

[0043] Then, define the quantum anomaly scoring function , based on quantum Divergence is used to measure the degree of deviation between the distribution of new transaction data and historical data. The formula is as follows:

[0044] , where is the quantum anomaly score, which is used to measure the degree of anomaly of new transaction data. It is transaction data Compared with the historical data set Transaction data The quantum state similarity of is as follows:

[0045] , It is the mean similarity within the historical transaction data, which is used to construct the overall distribution of historical transactions. The formula is as follows:

[0046] , where It is The quantum state of historical transaction data.

[0047] In the above technical solution, the technical effects and advantages provided by the present invention are:

[0048] This invention uses quantum key distribution (QKD) technology to replace traditional public key encryption algorithms based on mathematical complexity (such as RSA and ECC), fundamentally addressing the security risks posed by quantum computing's potential to crack existing encryption technologies. In highway toll collection systems, vehicle identity information, driving routes, and payment account data are highly sensitive, and their disclosure poses serious privacy and financial risks. QKD exploits the superposition and measurement collapse properties of quantum states to make key transmissions resistant to eavesdropping. Even if an attacker attempts to intercept the key, both communicating parties immediately detect and discard it, preventing data leakage. Furthermore, toll collection data is encrypted using quantum-secure keys during transmission, storage, and authentication. Even if a hacker intercepts the encrypted data, they cannot decrypt its contents, thus achieving end-to-end quantum security. This solution effectively enhances the security level of the toll collection system, enabling it to withstand future threats posed by quantum computing technology and ensuring long-term stable operation.

[0049] The present invention greatly improves the durability and anti-attack capability of charging data through quantum key-based erasure code storage and distributed quantum security database. Traditional charging systems use centralized database storage, which has risks such as single point failure, hacker attack and data tampering. Once a malicious attack or server failure occurs, charging data may be lost, affecting traffic efficiency. Through this solution, the charging data is encrypted and stored in multiple physical nodes in fragments. Even if some nodes are attacked or the hardware is damaged, the complete data can still be restored through the remaining data blocks and redundant check information to ensure data integrity. At the same time, the system adopts a quantum key indexing mechanism to strictly control data access rights. Only devices and users that have passed quantum identity authentication can access it, avoiding unauthorized access and data tampering. In addition, the intelligent risk control system combines quantum computing to analyze historical transaction data, detect abnormal charging behavior in real time, and prevent problems such as repeated deductions and forged identity transactions, further improving the stability and reliability of the charging system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0050] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, a brief introduction to the drawings required for use in the embodiments will be given below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments recorded in the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings.

[0051] Figure 1 This is a module schematic diagram of a highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication in the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0052] Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, example embodiments can be implemented in many forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, these example embodiments are provided so that the description of this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the concepts of the example embodiments to those skilled in the art.

[0053] The present invention provides Figure 1 A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication is shown.

[0054] It includes quantum key management module, quantum authentication and session key management module, quantum secure data transmission module, quantum secure storage module, quantum computing fee accounting module and quantum intelligent risk control module:

[0055] Quantum key management module, establish quantum key distribution in highway network toll collection system Network, through quantum random number generator Generate the key for toll communication and use quantum key distribution technology to distribute the key between the toll management center and the roadside unit. and vehicle-mounted units Transmit unbreakable quantum keys between devices to ensure the absolute security of data transmission;

[0056] Establishing quantum key distribution in highway network toll collection system Network, through quantum random number generator Generate the key for toll communication and use quantum key distribution technology to distribute the key between the toll management center and the roadside unit. and vehicle-mounted units The specific steps to transmit unbreakable quantum keys to ensure the absolute security of data transmission are as follows:

[0057] Use a quantum random number generator in the toll collection center to generate unpredictable quantum security keys and store them in a classified manner to prepare for subsequent key distribution and secure communication;

[0058] First, a quantum random number generator (QRNG) is deployed in the toll collection center, leveraging the properties of quantum physics to generate completely unpredictable random key sequences. These keys are generated by quantum noise, or the uncertainty of photon quantum states. Unlike traditional pseudo-random algorithms, their randomness is based on the laws of physics rather than mathematical calculations, making them computationally infeasible or impossible to infer or crack. The generated quantum keys are initially stored in a key management system (KMS) and segmented according to security policies to ensure key integrity and security. Furthermore, the toll collection center will conduct preliminary classification of the generated quantum keys, such as for identity authentication, session encryption, and data integrity verification, in preparation for subsequent key applications.

[0059] Through quantum key distribution Technology that securely transmits quantum keys to toll terminals and uses error correction and privacy amplification techniques to improve key security;

[0060] After the quantum key is generated, the system distributes the Protocol, securely transmits the key to each networked toll collection terminal, including the roadside unit 、 On-board unit and toll booth systems. Utilizing the superposition and measurement collapse properties of quantum states, any eavesdropping on key transmission will be immediately discovered, thus avoiding the traditional public key infrastructure. The key received by each terminal is unique and cannot be reused. The charging management center records the key usage status to ensure that the key is synchronized between the correct devices. During this process, the system also performs error correction and privacy amplification technologies to eliminate errors in the physical channel and further enhance the security of the key, fully meeting the requirements of security applications.

[0061] Each terminal device stores the received quantum key in a secure hardware module and adopt key rotation and access control strategies to prevent key leakage and abuse;

[0062] When each terminal device receives the quantum key, the system will store the key in the secure hardware module Trusted Execution Environment To prevent external attacks or unauthorized access, each terminal device is equipped with a dedicated key storage module to ensure that keys are not tampered with, leaked, or reused. In addition, the system adopts a key rotation strategy to regularly generate new keys and replace old keys based on key usage frequency, communication requirements, and security policies to minimize the possibility of key attacks. At the same time, the charging management center strictly controls access rights to keys, allowing only authenticated devices to obtain keys within a specific time window to prevent potential malicious access or information leakage.

[0063] The charging management center and the terminal equipment use quantum keys for two-way identity authentication and negotiate a unique session key to ensure the security and integrity of charging data transmission;

[0064] After the key distribution is completed, the charging management center and each terminal device (including The on-board unit (ODU) and the toll booth system will perform bidirectional identity authentication based on distributed quantum keys, ensuring that each device is a trusted entity. First, each terminal uses the quantum key to generate an authentication token and transmit it via an encrypted channel to the toll management center. The management center then uses the corresponding quantum key to decrypt and verify the terminal's legitimacy. After identity authentication is complete, the toll management center and the terminal device further negotiate a session key. This key is used to encrypt the transaction data and protect toll information from eavesdropping or tampering during transmission. The generation and distribution of session keys will rely on the quantum key system to ensure uniqueness and security. These keys will be updated immediately after each communication session, establishing a secure barrier for subsequent data exchanges and facilitating subsequent encrypted data transmission, distributed storage, and intelligent risk control analysis.

[0065] The quantum authentication and session key management module, based on the distributed quantum key, enables the toll collection management center to conduct two-way identity authentication with each terminal device (including the ETC vehicle-mounted unit and the toll station system), and negotiates the session key through the quantum secure handshake protocol. The session key adopts a "one-time-one-pad" Mechanism, which is used only for the current communication session and destroyed immediately after use, thus avoiding the traditional public key infrastructure The risk of key leakage exists;

[0066] Based on the distributed quantum key, the charging management center and each terminal device (including The vehicle-mounted unit and the toll booth system) perform two-way identity authentication and negotiate the session key through the quantum secure handshake protocol. The session key adopts the "one-time one-key" Mechanism, which is used only for the current communication session and destroyed immediately after use, thus avoiding the traditional public key infrastructure The specific steps to solve the key leakage risk are as follows:

[0067] Before initiating a charging transaction, the charging management center sends an encrypted identity authentication request to the charging management center and uses a pre-distributed quantum key to ensure the security and authenticity of the request;

[0068] exist On-board unit or roadside unit When preparing to initiate a charging transaction, the terminal first sends an identity authentication request to the charging management center. The request contains the terminal's unique device identifier (such as hardware ID or device public key), timestamp, random number and other information to prevent replay attacks or forged requests. Before sending the request, the terminal device uses a pre-distributed quantum key to encrypt the identity authentication data to prevent the data from being eavesdropped or tampered with during transmission. At the same time, the charging management center will obtain the key from the key management system. The corresponding quantum key is retrieved and the identity authentication process is initialized to prepare to verify the legitimacy of the request.

[0069] After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the terminal identity, it sends an encrypted authentication challenge, requiring the terminal device to decrypt and return an authentication response to ensure that it holds a valid quantum key and prevent forged identity access;

[0070] After receiving the terminal's identity authentication request, the charging management center uses the distributed quantum key to decrypt the encrypted data and verify whether the identity information of the terminal device matches the system registration information. If the authentication is successful, the charging management center will send an authentication challenge to the terminal device. The challenge consists of a newly generated random number, the unique identifier of the charging management center, and a timestamp. It is encrypted using a quantum key and returned to the terminal. The purpose of this challenge is to ensure that the terminal device possesses a valid quantum key and prevent a middleman from forging an identity to access the system. Upon receiving the challenge, the terminal device must decrypt it using the corresponding quantum key and return an authentication response calculated based on the challenge data to prove its legitimacy.

[0071] After the terminal device passes the authentication, it executes the quantum security handshake protocol with the charging management center , negotiate a unique session key and ensure key consistency to prevent tampering and replay attacks;

[0072] When the terminal device successfully passes the identity authentication, the charging management center and the terminal device will enter the quantum security handshake protocol The two parties use quantum cryptography to generate a shared session key and verify key consistency, ensuring that the session keys held by both parties are identical and have not been tampered with. Furthermore, the toll collection center marks the session key as a one-time use, allowing it to be used only for encryption and decryption of the current transaction data, preventing the key from being reused in future communications. This step ensures that even if an attacker intercepts a communication, they cannot reuse the data for attacks, thereby improving the overall toll collection system's resilience.

[0073] The negotiated session key is used to encrypt the current charging transaction. The key is immediately destroyed after the transaction is completed, and the record is updated in the key management system to prevent key leakage and reuse.

[0074] After the session key negotiation is completed, the charging management center will distribute the key to the terminal device and immediately use the key to encrypt the data of this charging transaction. After the terminal device completes the charging transaction, the session key will be securely destroyed to ensure that it will not be maliciously used or stored in the device, further reducing the risk of key leakage. At the same time, the charging management center will update the key management system The key status record is kept to ensure that the session key is not reused in subsequent transactions. This process ensures the security and efficiency of key management, provides a solid foundation for subsequent data encryption transmission, storage security, and intelligent risk prevention and control, and effectively improves the security level of the entire networked charging system.

[0075] Quantum secure data transmission module, when a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, The onboard unit sends quantum-encrypted vehicle identity information, driving route data, and payment account information to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts and verifies it using the quantum key, and then transmits the data to the toll management center, achieving full quantum-encrypted data exchange.

[0076] When a vehicle passes through a highway toll booth, The onboard unit sends quantum-encrypted vehicle identity information, driving route data, and payment account information to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts and verifies it using the quantum key, and then transmits the data to the toll management center. The specific steps for achieving full quantum-encrypted data exchange are as follows:

[0077] When a vehicle passes through a toll booth, the onboard unit uses a session key to encrypt key data such as vehicle identity, driving route, and payment information, and securely transmits it to the roadside unit via a short-range communication protocol to prevent data from being eavesdropped or tampered with.

[0078] When a vehicle is about to pass through a highway toll booth, The onboard unit first encrypts the charging data using the negotiated session key. The encrypted data includes the vehicle identity , driving route, license plate number, payment account information, timestamp and anti-replay mark and other key information. In addition, The device will also add a digital signature to ensure the authenticity of the data source and prevent malicious forgery. The device communicates via a short-range communication protocol (such as ) transmits data to the roadside unit. Because the key is negotiated based on quantum security technology, even if an attacker intercepts the data during wireless communication, they cannot decipher the ciphertext, thus ensuring the confidentiality of data transmission.

[0079] After receiving the encrypted data, the RSU uses the session key to decrypt and verify the data integrity, and verifies the data through digital signature. Device identity, while checking timestamps and anti-replay identifiers to prevent data from being forged or replayed;

[0080] When the roadside unit Received After the encrypted charging data is sent by the vehicle-mounted unit, it is first decrypted using the locally stored session key and the data content is parsed. To ensure data integrity, The decrypted information will be hashed to verify that the data has not been tampered with. Use the public key or quantum signature authentication mechanism issued by the charging management center to verify The digital signature of the device confirms the legal source of the data. The timestamp and anti-replay mark in the data will also be checked to ensure that the data is the latest legitimate request, rather than historical data used by hackers, thereby preventing replay attacks. A receipt confirmation message will be generated, encrypted again using the session key, and returned to The OMU is informed that the charging data has been successfully received and verified.

[0081] The verified data is re-encrypted by the roadside unit and securely transmitted to the toll collection management center via a quantum-secure network. Quantum encryption technology is used to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks and data tampering, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of toll collection data.

[0082] In completion After the data of the vehicle-mounted unit is decrypted and verified, the roadside unit transmits the authenticated toll data to the toll management center through the quantum security network. Quantum keys will be used for end-to-end encryption to ensure that data is not subject to man-in-the-middle attacks during wide-area transmission. or traffic eavesdropping. In addition, the link layer encryption of quantum secure networks (such as quantum or quantum ) further strengthens the transmission security, so that even if there are malicious nodes in the network, attackers cannot crack or tamper with the data content. After receiving the data, the charging management center uses The negotiated session key is decrypted and verified twice to ensure that the data has not been tampered with or lost during transmission, providing reliable input data for the next step of charging calculation.

[0083] After the toll collection management center decrypts and verifies the data, it uses quantum keys for secondary encryption and storage, and combines it with intelligent risk control algorithms to analyze abnormal transaction behavior to improve the security and reliability of the toll collection system.

[0084] Once the toll collection center decrypts and verifies the received data, the system stores it in a quantum-safe database and integrates it with an intelligent risk control system for anomaly detection. First, the toll collection data is re-encrypted using quantum keys and stored in a distributed storage system to enhance its attack resistance and resilience. Second, the toll collection center utilizes intelligent risk control algorithms based on quantum computing to compare historical data and identify potential risks such as duplicate charges, fraudulent transactions, and unusual route changes. If an anomaly is detected, the system automatically flags the transaction and triggers a manual review mechanism, thereby enhancing the security of the toll collection system. This completes the entire data encryption, transmission, storage, and risk control detection process, providing reliable data support for subsequent payment and settlement.

[0085] After receiving the toll data, the quantum-safe storage module and the toll management center encrypt the transaction records using quantum-safe keys and store them in a distributed quantum-safe database. This database uses a quantum-key-based erasure code storage mechanism to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored through the quantum key, thereby improving the system's anti-attack capabilities and data persistence.

[0086] After receiving the toll data, the toll management center encrypts the transaction records using quantum-safe keys and stores them in a distributed quantum-safe database. This database uses a quantum-key-based erasure code storage mechanism to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored using the quantum key, thereby improving the system's anti-attack capabilities and data persistence. The specific steps are as follows:

[0087] After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the received charging data, it uses the new quantum key to perform secondary encryption and assigns a unique transaction identifier to ensure the integrity and security of the data;

[0088] After the charging management center receives the encrypted charging data transmitted from the roadside unit, it first uses The negotiated quantum session key is used to decrypt the data and perform integrity verification on the decrypted data. The integrity verification uses hash value comparison or quantum digital signature verification to ensure that the data has not been tampered with or lost. At the same time, the toll management center classifies the data according to a predefined format, including vehicle identity information, driving route, toll amount, payment account association information and timestamp, and assigns a unique transaction identifier. The system then uses the new quantum key to re-encrypt the charging data and prepares to store it in a distributed quantum-safe database to ensure the security and anti-attack capabilities of subsequent data management.

[0089] The encrypted charging data is stored in shards using a quantum key-derived erasure code algorithm, ensuring that even if part of the data is lost or damaged, the complete data can be restored through redundant information.

[0090] In order to improve the security and recovery capability of stored data, the charging management center will use quantum key-based erasure codes before storage. The encrypted data is fragmented. This method splits the fee transaction data into multiple small blocks and generates a quantum key-derived check code for each data block. In this way, even if some data blocks are damaged during storage, they can still be restored through redundant information. The storage strategy of the erasure code adopts mode, where Represents the total number of data shards, Represents the minimum number of shards required to recover data. For example, if the (6, 4) model is used, even if two data blocks are damaged, the system can still successfully recover the entire data using the quantum key and redundant checksum information. Furthermore, each data shard has a separate quantum key index, ensuring efficient location of the required information during subsequent queries and recovery.

[0091] The encrypted data blocks are distributed and stored in multiple quantum-safe database nodes and distributed through quantum key distribution. Technology ensures data access security, improves anti-attack capabilities and system availability;

[0092] After the erasure code processing is completed, the encrypted data blocks will be distributed and stored in a multi-node quantum secure database to avoid the security risks brought by the centralized storage of data. The database nodes use quantum key distribution The system is interconnected, with each node storing only fragments of data rather than complete information, thereby improving overall security. Furthermore, an access control mechanism is introduced into the storage process, ensuring that only quantum-certified devices and users can decrypt and access designated data, further reducing the possibility of data leakage. Storage nodes are distributed across different physical locations, such as the main server of the charging management center, the data disaster recovery center, and cloud-based encrypted storage units. This not only improves data availability but also ensures that even if some storage nodes fail or are attacked, complete data can still be restored through other nodes.

[0093] The toll collection management center uses a quantum key indexing system to recover toll collection data and combines it with an intelligent risk control system to analyze abnormal transaction behavior, thereby improving the security and data traceability of the toll collection system.

[0094] When the toll collection system needs to query or restore data, the distributed database invokes the quantum key indexing system to locate and reassemble the required encrypted data blocks. The toll collection management center decrypts the data using the quantum key matched to the storage node and automatically repairs any damaged data fragments using an erasure coding algorithm to ensure data integrity. Furthermore, the recovered toll collection data is fed into a quantum computing-based intelligent risk control system to analyze abnormal toll collection behavior, such as duplicate charges, identity fraud, and abnormal route transactions, thereby improving the security and reliability of the entire highway toll collection system. Ultimately, the data can be used in various business scenarios, including financial settlement, historical query, and legal evidence collection, providing robust data support for networked highway toll collection.

[0095] The quantum computing toll calculation module uses a quantum computing-based vehicle toll calculation algorithm in the toll management center. This algorithm uses the parallel computing advantages brought by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving routes, and toll policies, and dynamically adjusts the toll strategy to meet the toll requirements of different time periods and regions, ensuring the efficiency and immutability of toll calculations.

[0096] At the toll collection management center, a vehicle toll calculation algorithm based on quantum computing is used. This algorithm leverages the parallel computing advantages brought about by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving routes, and toll policies. It also dynamically adjusts toll collection strategies to meet the toll collection needs of different time periods and regions. The specific steps to ensure the efficiency and immutability of toll calculation are as follows:

[0097] In a highway network, different driving paths have an impact on toll collection. Therefore, we first calculate the path-weighted charging function. To achieve quantum-safe computing, we use quantum state superposition to construct a path charging calculation model, which is defined as follows:

[0098] , where It is the path weighted charging value, which is used for subsequent dynamic charging calculation. is the total number of route segments, and the charge for each route segment will be calculated independently. Is a path segment The dynamic weight coefficient is adjusted according to the road congestion, time period, etc., and the value range is , Is a path segment Quantum security factor, based on quantum key distribution Generated to ensure the security of path charging calculation, Is a path segment The quantum state weight represents the relative weight of the path after the quantum state superposition, which is determined by the measurement results of the quantum computer during calculation. It is a parameter used to adjust the balance between the contribution of path charges and toll station charges to the total charges. The shortest travel time is used to dynamically adjust the toll value in congestion situations, in minutes. is the number of toll stations, and the charges of each toll station are calculated separately and then weighted summed. It's a toll booth The charging entanglement factor depends on the charging policy and time period. It's a toll booth The quantum entanglement factor, used to ensure the immutability of charging calculations, comes from the entangled state measurement results of the quantum computer;

[0099] After determining the weighted charging value of the path Finally, the final dynamic toll value is calculated by combining factors such as vehicle type, time period, and regional charging policy. The quantum computing model is used to ensure the efficiency and tamper resistance of the toll calculation. The formula is as follows:

[0100] , where is the final dynamic charging value, that is, the toll that the vehicle needs to pay, It is the path charging adjustment factor, which is used to adjust according to the government charging policy. is the quantum path entanglement factor, used to prevent data tampering in path charging calculations, is the vehicle charging adjustment coefficient, which is used to adjust the charging impact of different vehicle types. It is The charging base value for vehicles of this category, It is The quantum correction factor of the vehicle is dynamically adjusted according to the quantum calculation results to improve the calculation accuracy. It is the number of vehicle types classified. Different types of vehicles have different charging coefficients. is the regional charging weight, which controls the impact of regional policies on the final charging. It is the normalization parameter of regional charging, which is used to balance the charging standards of different regions. It is The quantum entanglement correction value of each region is used to ensure the incalculable modification of the charge calculation in different regions. It is the number of zones in the regional charging strategy, which is adjusted according to the policies of different cities or regions.

[0101] The quantum intelligent risk control module uses an anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning in the toll collection system to model historical toll collection data. Leveraging the high-dimensional data processing capabilities of quantum computing, it can detect abnormal transaction behaviors during the toll collection process in real time, such as repeated deductions, illegal vehicle identity forgery, and abnormal route changes. This improves the security and intelligence level of the toll collection system, thereby effectively reducing the risk of fraud and losses caused by system vulnerabilities.

[0102] In the toll collection system, an anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning is used to model historical toll collection data. Through the high-dimensional data processing capabilities of quantum computing, abnormal transaction behaviors during the toll collection process, such as repeated deductions, illegal vehicle identity forgery, and abnormal route changes, are detected in real time. This improves the security and intelligence level of the toll collection system, thereby effectively reducing the risk of fraud and losses caused by system vulnerabilities. The specific steps are as follows:

[0103] First, features are extracted from historical charging data, and high-dimensional data representation is constructed using quantum state superposition and entanglement characteristics. Suppose the charging data set is ,in Representative The feature vector of each transaction includes key attributes such as transaction time, fee amount, vehicle ID, driving route, and payment method. is the total amount of historical charging data. The quantum feature mapping function is defined to embed classical data into the quantum state space for subsequent calculation of anomaly scores. The quantum feature mapping is implemented through parameterized quantum circuits. The specific formula is as follows:

[0104] , where It means the The representation of historical fee transaction data in the baryon state space. After quantum feature mapping, each transaction data will become a high-dimensional quantum state for subsequent calculations. It is a transformation operation in quantum computing, which is a set of parameterized quantum gates that control how classical data is transformed. Transform to quantum state , represents the set of trainable parameters of the circuit, It is the initial state of the quantum system. Before data is loaded, all quantum bits are in state, It is the dimension (or number of features) in the quantum system, corresponding to the number of features in the dataset, and is usually determined by the key features of the transaction data (such as amount, time, vehicle ID, path, etc.). is the feature weight coefficient, which is used to represent the The importance of dimensional features in anomaly detection can be adjusted through training to optimize detection accuracy. Is a data conversion function, which is used to convert classic transaction data Converting data into a value suitable for quantum computing usually uses a nonlinear mapping function (such as trigonometric function or exponential function) to ensure that the data can adapt to the requirements of quantum state encoding. is the quantum phase factor, which is used to introduce phase information into the star state, so that data can be more efficiently embedded into the quantum computing space. Since quantum computing relies on phase interference, this term ensures that the data can be processed correctly. is the quantum basis state, representing the first states, The range is 1 to , that is, the transaction data is mapped to a linear combination of multiple quantum states;

[0105] At this point, we map all historical data to form a quantum dataset as a training set for subsequent anomaly detection models.

[0106] When detecting new transactions, the new transaction data Mapping to the quantum state space, calculating its quantum state similarity with the historical data distribution and based on quantum Divergence calculation anomaly score, first embed the new transaction data into the quantum state:

[0107] , where Is the quantum state representation of the new transaction data. This variable represents the new transaction data In the quantum state space, each transaction data corresponds to a unique quantum state for subsequent calculation and classification. Feature weight coefficient, which is used to represent the The importance of dimensional features in anomaly detection can be optimized through training to improve detection accuracy. is the quantum phase factor, which is used to introduce phase information into the star state, so that data can be more efficiently embedded into the quantum computing space. Since quantum computing relies on phase interference, this term ensures that the data can be processed correctly. Is a data conversion function, which is used to convert classic data Converting data into a numerical value suitable for quantum computing usually uses a nonlinear mapping function (such as trigonometric or exponential functions) to ensure that the data can meet the requirements of quantum state encoding;

[0108] Then, define the quantum anomaly scoring function , based on quantum Divergence (Quantum Kullback-Leiblen Divergence, QKL) is used to measure the degree of deviation between the distribution of new transaction data and historical data. The formula is as follows:

[0109] , where is the quantum anomaly score, which is used to measure the degree of anomaly of new transaction data. It is transaction data Compared with the historical data set Transaction data The quantum state similarity of is as follows: , It is the mean similarity within the historical transaction data, which is used to construct the overall distribution of historical transactions. The formula is as follows: , where It is The quantum state of historical transaction data.

[0110] if Exceeding the set threshold , the system determines that the transaction is abnormal and triggers a real-time warning or manual review mechanism, thereby improving the security and anti-fraud capabilities of the highway toll collection system.

[0111] Implementation 1: Current highway toll collection systems rely on traditional encryption algorithms (such as RSA and ECC) for data protection. However, given the potential threat of quantum computing, these algorithms could be rapidly cracked in the future, leaving toll collection data vulnerable to attack. Therefore, this implementation utilizes quantum key distribution (QKD) technology to ensure that toll collection data cannot be eavesdropped or tampered with during transmission. QKD technology leverages quantum mechanical principles (such as single-photon transmission, the uncertainty principle, and the measurement collapse effect) to generate unbreakable keys, providing the strongest security for data transmission.

[0112] In this implementation, a quantum key distribution network is established between the toll collection center, roadside units (RSUs), and ETC onboard units (OBUs). Highly secure quantum keys are generated using a quantum random number generator (QRNG). Keys are distributed using a QKD protocol (such as BB84 or E91). This ensures that even if an attacker attempts to eavesdrop during transmission, the collapse of the quantum state immediately exposes the attempt, preventing the attacker from obtaining the key.

[0113] Specifically, when a vehicle approaches a highway toll booth, the OBU first encrypts the transaction data using a pre-distributed quantum session key. This data includes vehicle identity information (license plate number, OBU ID), travel route, travel time, toll amount, and payment account information. The OBU also calculates a hash value and appends a digital signature to ensure data integrity and authenticity. The OBU then securely transmits the encrypted toll data to the RSU via short-range communication protocols such as DSRC and C-V2X. Because this data is encrypted using quantum keys, even if an attacker intercepts the data during wireless communication, they cannot decrypt its contents.

[0114] After receiving the encrypted data from the OBU, the roadside unit (RSU) first decrypts it using a pre-distributed quantum key and verifies the data's integrity, such as by comparing hash values, verifying digital signatures, and checking timestamps and anti-replay flags, to ensure the transaction data has not been tampered with or forged. If verification is successful, the RSU re-encrypts the data and securely transmits it to the toll collection management center using the QKD network. Upon receipt, the toll collection management center decrypts the data using the corresponding quantum key and, in conjunction with an intelligent risk control system, analyzes it to confirm the legitimacy of the charge. This implementation ensures the security of toll transaction data during transmission, preventing security threats such as man-in-the-middle attacks, data eavesdropping, and tampering.

[0115] Implementation 2: In a connected highway toll collection system, identity authentication and key agreement between terminal devices (such as ETC on-board units, roadside units, and toll collection management centers) are critical to system security. However, traditional authentication schemes rely on public key infrastructure (PKI). If the key is leaked or cracked by quantum computing, attackers can forge legitimate identities, resulting in the tampering or theft of toll collection data. Therefore, this implementation utilizes a quantum key-based mutual authentication and handshake protocol (QSHP) to ensure the authenticity of terminal device identities and negotiate secure session keys.

[0116] Before the charging transaction begins, the OBU sends an identity authentication request to the RSU, which contains the device's unique identifier (such as OBUID), timestamp, random number, etc., and is encrypted using a quantum key to prevent replay attacks or forged requests. After receiving the request, the RSU decrypts it using the key distributed by QKD and verifies whether the OBU's identity information matches the system registration data. If the identity authentication is successful, the RSU generates an authentication challenge (Challenge), which contains a newly generated random number, the unique identifier of the charging management center, and a timestamp, and encrypts it again using the quantum key and returns it to the OBU. After receiving the challenge, the OBU decrypts the data and returns an authentication response calculated based on the challenge data to prove its legitimacy.

[0117] After completing mutual authentication, the OBU and RSU negotiate a session key using the Quantum Secure Handshake Protocol (QSHP). Both parties use quantum keys to generate a shared session key and perform a key consistency check to prevent tampering or interception during the key negotiation process. Furthermore, the toll collection management center also performs identity verification to ensure secure and reliable communication between the OBU and RSU. This implementation effectively prevents identity forgery and man-in-the-middle attacks, while ensuring data integrity and non-repudiation in toll collection transactions.

[0118] Implementation 3: To further improve the security and data persistence of the charging system, this implementation uses quantum-safe key encryption and storage in a distributed quantum-safe database. It also incorporates an intelligent risk control system to achieve secure storage and abnormal transaction analysis.

[0119] When the charging management center receives the charging data, it first encrypts the data using a new quantum key and assigns a unique transaction identifier (TransactionID) to each transaction record. The data is then processed using quantum erasure coding (Quantum Erasure Coding), which splits the charging data into multiple small blocks and generates an independent quantum key index for each data block. This ensures that even if some data blocks are attacked or damaged, the system can still restore the complete data through redundant information.

[0120] The encrypted data blocks are then distributed and stored across multiple physical nodes, such as the main server at the toll collection center, the data disaster recovery center, and cloud storage units. Quantum key distribution (QKD) technology establishes secure interconnections to ensure the security of data storage and access. Only quantum-certified devices and users can access and decrypt the specified data, preventing data leakage or tampering by unauthorized users.

[0121] Furthermore, the toll collection management center utilizes an intelligent risk control system based on quantum computing to analyze stored data in real time and detect abnormal transaction behavior. For example, the system compares historical transaction data to identify potential security risks such as duplicate deductions, fraudulent identity transactions, and unusual route changes. If an abnormal transaction is detected, the system automatically triggers an alarm and conducts manual review to ensure the security and reliability of the toll collection system. Ultimately, this data can be used for business scenarios such as financial settlement, historical inquiries, and legal evidence collection, providing a solid security guarantee for the highway toll collection system.

[0122] This invention uses quantum key distribution (QKD) technology to replace traditional public key encryption algorithms based on mathematical complexity (such as RSA and ECC), fundamentally addressing the security risks posed by quantum computing's potential to crack existing encryption technologies. In highway toll collection systems, vehicle identity information, driving routes, and payment account data are highly sensitive, and their disclosure poses serious privacy and financial risks. QKD exploits the superposition and measurement collapse properties of quantum states to make key transmissions resistant to eavesdropping. Even if an attacker attempts to intercept the key, both communicating parties immediately detect and discard it, preventing data leakage. Furthermore, toll collection data is encrypted using quantum-secure keys during transmission, storage, and authentication. Even if a hacker intercepts the encrypted data, they cannot decrypt its contents, thus achieving end-to-end quantum security. This solution effectively enhances the security level of the toll collection system, enabling it to withstand future threats posed by quantum computing technology and ensuring long-term stable operation.

[0123] The present invention greatly improves the durability and anti-attack capability of charging data through quantum key-based erasure code storage and distributed quantum security database. Traditional charging systems use centralized database storage, which has risks such as single point failure, hacker attack and data tampering. Once a malicious attack or server failure occurs, charging data may be lost, affecting traffic efficiency. Through this solution, the charging data is encrypted and stored in multiple physical nodes in fragments. Even if some nodes are attacked or the hardware is damaged, the complete data can still be restored through the remaining data blocks and redundant check information to ensure data integrity. At the same time, the system adopts a quantum key indexing mechanism to strictly control data access rights. Only devices and users that have passed quantum identity authentication can access it, avoiding unauthorized access and data tampering. In addition, the intelligent risk control system combines quantum computing to analyze historical transaction data, detect abnormal charging behavior in real time, and prevent problems such as repeated deductions and forged identity transactions, further improving the stability and reliability of the charging system.

[0124] The above formulas are all dimensionless and numerical calculations. The formulas are obtained by collecting a large amount of data and performing software simulation to obtain the most recent real situation. The preset parameters in the formulas are set by technicians in this field according to actual conditions.

[0125] The above description is merely illustrative of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention. It goes without saying that those skilled in the art will be able to modify the described embodiments in various ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the above drawings and description are illustrative in nature and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the claims.

[0126] It should be noted that, in this document, if there are relational terms such as first and second, etc., they are only used to distinguish one entity or operation from another entity or operation, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Moreover, the terms "comprises", "comprising" or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, method, article or device that includes a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also other elements not explicitly listed, or also includes elements inherent to such process, method, article or device. In the absence of further restrictions, an element defined by the sentence "comprising a ..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article or device that includes the element.

[0127] It should be understood that in the various embodiments of the present application, the size of the serial numbers of the above-mentioned processes does not mean the order of execution. The execution order of each process should be determined by its function and internal logic, and should not constitute any limitation on the implementation process of the embodiments of the present application.

[0128] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the units and algorithm steps of each example described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented in electronic hardware, or a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether these functions are performed in hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Professional and technical personnel can use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementation should not be considered beyond the scope of this application.

[0129] Those skilled in the art will clearly understand that, for the convenience and brevity of description, the specific working processes of the systems, devices and units described above can refer to the corresponding processes in the aforementioned method embodiments and will not be repeated here.

[0130] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate, and the components shown as units may or may not be physical units, that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of these units may be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.

[0131] In addition, each functional unit in each embodiment of the present application may be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit may exist physically separately, or two or more units may be integrated into one unit.

[0132] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of the present application, but the scope of protection of the present application is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in this application should be included in the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be based on the scope of protection of the claims.

[0133] The above description is merely illustrative of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention. It goes without saying that those skilled in the art will be able to modify the described embodiments in various ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the above drawings and description are illustrative in nature and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the claims.

Claims

1. A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication, characterized in that: It includes quantum key management module, quantum authentication and session key management module, quantum secure data transmission module, quantum secure storage module, quantum computing fee accounting module and quantum intelligent risk control module: The quantum key management module establishes a quantum key distribution network in the highway network toll collection system. It uses a quantum random number generator to generate keys for toll collection communications. Through quantum key distribution technology, it transmits unbreakable quantum keys between the toll collection management center, roadside units, and on-board units to ensure the absolute security of data transmission. The quantum authentication and session key management module uses distributed quantum keys to enable the toll collection and management center to conduct two-way identity authentication with each terminal device and negotiate session keys through a quantum secure handshake protocol. The session keys use a "one-time pad" mechanism, are used only for the current communication session, and are destroyed immediately after use, thus avoiding the key leakage risks inherent in traditional public key infrastructure. Quantum secure data transmission module: When a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, the ETC onboard unit sends quantum-encrypted vehicle identity information, driving route data, and payment account information to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts and verifies it with the quantum key, and then transmits the data to the toll management center, realizing full quantum-encrypted data interaction. After receiving the toll data, the quantum-safe storage module and the toll management center encrypt the transaction records using quantum-safe keys and store them in a distributed quantum-safe database. This database uses a quantum-key-based erasure code storage mechanism to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored through the quantum key, thereby improving the system's anti-attack capabilities and data persistence. The quantum computing toll calculation module uses a quantum computing-based vehicle toll calculation algorithm in the toll management center. This algorithm uses the parallel computing advantages brought by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving routes, and toll policies, and dynamically adjusts the toll strategy to meet the toll requirements of different time periods and regions, ensuring the efficiency and immutability of toll calculations. The quantum intelligent risk control module uses an anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning in the toll collection system to model historical toll collection data. Leveraging the high-dimensional data processing capabilities of quantum computing, it detects abnormal transaction behavior during the toll collection process in real time, improving the security and intelligence of the toll collection system, thereby effectively reducing the risk of fraud and losses caused by system vulnerabilities. After receiving the toll data, the toll management center encrypts the transaction records using quantum-safe keys and stores them in a distributed quantum-safe database. This database uses a quantum-key-based erasure code storage mechanism to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored using the quantum key, thereby improving the system's anti-attack capabilities and data persistence. The specific steps are as follows: After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the received charging data, it uses the new quantum key to perform secondary encryption and assigns a unique transaction identifier to ensure the integrity and security of the data; The encrypted charging data is stored in shards using a quantum key-derived erasure code algorithm, ensuring that even if part of the data is lost or damaged, the complete data can be restored through redundant information. The encrypted data blocks are distributed and stored in multiple quantum-safe database nodes and distributed through quantum key distribution. Technology ensures data access security, improves anti-attack capabilities and system availability; The charging management center uses the quantum key indexing system to restore charging data, and combines it with the intelligent risk control system to analyze abnormal transaction behavior, thereby improving the security and data traceability of the charging system.

2. A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the highway network toll collection system, the specific steps for connecting to a quantum key distribution network or generating keys for toll collection communications through a quantum random number generator, and transmitting unbreakable quantum keys between the toll collection management center, roadside units, and on-board units through quantum key distribution technology to ensure the absolute security of data transmission are as follows: Use a quantum random number generator in the toll collection center to generate unpredictable quantum security keys and store them in a classified manner to prepare for subsequent key distribution and secure communication; Access to the quantum key distribution network, using quantum key distribution technology to distribute quantum keys between toll terminals and toll management centers, and using error correction and privacy amplification technologies to improve key security; Each terminal device stores the received quantum key in a secure hardware module and adopts key rotation and access control strategies to prevent key leakage and abuse; The charging management center and the terminal equipment use quantum keys for two-way identity authentication and negotiate a unique session key to ensure the security and integrity of charging data transmission.

3. A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication according to claim 1, characterized in that: Based on the distributed quantum keys, the toll collection management center conducts two-way identity authentication with each terminal device and negotiates session keys through the quantum secure handshake protocol. The session keys use a "one-time pad" mechanism, are used only for the current communication session, and are destroyed immediately after use, thereby avoiding the key leakage risks existing in traditional public key infrastructure. The specific steps are as follows: Before initiating a charging transaction, the charging management center sends an encrypted identity authentication request to the charging management center and uses a pre-distributed quantum key to ensure the security and authenticity of the request; After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the terminal identity, it sends an encrypted authentication challenge, requiring the terminal device to decrypt and return an authentication response to ensure that it holds a valid quantum key and prevent forged identity access; After the terminal device passes the authentication, it executes the quantum secure handshake protocol with the charging management center to negotiate a unique session key and ensure key consistency to prevent tampering and replay attacks; The negotiated session key is used to encrypt this charging transaction. After the transaction is completed, the key is immediately destroyed and the record is updated in the key management system to prevent key leakage and reuse.

4. A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication according to claim 1, characterized in that: When a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, the ETC onboard unit sends quantum-encrypted vehicle identity information, driving route data, and payment account information to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts and verifies it using the quantum key, and then transmits the data to the toll management center. The specific steps for achieving full quantum-encrypted data interaction are as follows: When a vehicle passes through a toll booth, the ETC onboard unit uses a session key to encrypt key data such as vehicle identity, driving route, and payment information, and securely transmits it to the roadside unit via a short-range communication protocol to prevent data from being eavesdropped or tampered with. After receiving the encrypted data, the roadside unit uses the session key to decrypt and verify the data integrity, verifies the ETC device identity through the digital signature, and checks the timestamp and anti-replay flag to prevent data from being forged or replayed. The verified data is re-encrypted by the roadside unit and securely transmitted to the toll collection management center via a quantum-secure network. Quantum encryption technology is used to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks and data tampering, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of toll collection data. After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the data, it uses quantum keys for secondary encryption storage and combines intelligent risk control algorithms to analyze abnormal transaction behaviors to improve the security and reliability of the charging system.

5. The highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication according to claim 1 is characterized in that: At the toll collection management center, a vehicle toll calculation algorithm based on quantum computing is used. This algorithm leverages the parallel computing advantages brought about by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving routes, and toll policies. It also dynamically adjusts toll collection strategies to meet the toll collection needs of different time periods and regions. The specific steps to ensure the efficiency and immutability of toll calculation are as follows: In a highway network, different driving paths have an impact on toll collection. Therefore, we first calculate the path-weighted charging function. To achieve quantum-safe computing, we use quantum state superposition to construct a path charging calculation model, which is defined as follows: , where is the weighted charge value of the path, is the total number of path segments, Path Segment The dynamic weight coefficient of Is a path segment The quantum safety factor, Is a path segment The quantum state weight of It is a parameter used to adjust the balance between the contribution of path charges and toll station charges to the total charges. The shortest travel time is used to dynamically adjust the toll value in congestion situations. is the number of toll booths, It's a toll booth The charge entanglement factor, It's a toll booth The quantum entanglement factor of After determining the weighted charging value of the path Finally, the final dynamic charging value is calculated, and the quantum computing model is used to ensure the efficiency and tamper resistance of the charging calculation. The formula is as follows: , where is the final dynamic charge value, is the path charge adjustment factor, is the quantum path entanglement factor, is the vehicle charging adjustment coefficient, It is The charging base value for vehicles of this category, It is Quantum correction factors for vehicles of this type, It is the number of vehicle types classified. Different types of vehicles have different charging coefficients. is the regional charging weight, is the normalization parameter of regional charging, It is The quantum entanglement correction value of the region, is the number of partitions for the regional charging strategy.

6. A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the toll collection system, an anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning is used to model historical toll collection data. Through the high-dimensional data processing capabilities of quantum computing, abnormal transaction behaviors during the toll collection process can be detected in real time, improving the security and intelligence level of the toll collection system. This effectively reduces the risk of fraud and losses caused by system vulnerabilities. The specific steps are as follows: First, features are extracted from historical charging data, and high-dimensional data representation is constructed using quantum state superposition and entanglement characteristics. Suppose the charging data set is ,in Representative The feature vector of the transaction, is the total amount of historical charging data. The quantum feature mapping function is defined to embed classical data into the quantum state space for subsequent calculation of anomaly scores. The quantum feature mapping is implemented through parameterized quantum circuits. The specific formula is as follows: , where It means the The representation of historical fee transaction data in the baryon space, It is a transformation operation in quantum computing. represents the set of trainable parameters of the circuit, It is the initial state of the quantum system. Before data is loaded, all quantum bits are in state, is the dimension in the quantum system, corresponding to the number of features in the dataset, is the feature weight coefficient, which is used to represent the The importance of dimensional features in anomaly detection, is the data conversion function, is the quantum phase factor, is the quantum basis state, representing the first status.

7. A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication according to claim 6, characterized in that: When detecting new transactions, the new transaction data Mapping to the quantum state space, calculating its quantum state similarity with the historical data distribution and based on quantum Divergence calculation anomaly score, first embed the new transaction data into the quantum state: , where is the quantum state representation of the new transaction data, is the feature weight coefficient, is the quantum phase factor, is a data conversion function; Then, define the quantum anomaly scoring function , based on quantum Divergence is used to measure the degree of deviation between the distribution of new transaction data and historical data. The formula is as follows: , where is the quantum anomaly score, which is used to measure the degree of anomaly of new transaction data. It is transaction data Compared with the historical data set Transaction data The quantum state similarity of is as follows: , It is the mean similarity within the historical transaction data, which is used to construct the overall distribution of historical transactions. The formula is as follows: , where It is The quantum state of historical transaction data.

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