Bumblebee pollination method for tomatoes in solar greenhouse

Abstract

The invention provides a bumblebee pollination method for tomatoes in a solar greenhouse, and belongs to the technical field of bumblebee pollination. The pollination method comprises the steps of bumblebee food adaptability training feeding, ionone adsorbate spreading and bumblebee releasing for pollination. The method for releasing bumblebee pollination comprises the steps that beta-ionone is not added into sweet water eaten by bumblebees, an outlet of a bear bee hive is opened, the bumblebees naturally fly out of a beehive to complete pollination, and the daytime temperature in a greenhouse is controlled to be 20-30 DEG C in the pollination period; according to the bumblebee pollination method, the bumblebees are high in activeness and good in continuity in the first 30 days, the number of bumblebees entering and exiting a beehive per hour reaches 30-38, the fruit setting rate reaches 92.6-96.1%, the malformed fruit rate is 3.5-4.8%, the average fruit weight is 211.4-226.5 g, and the VC content is 16.4-18.6 mg / 100g.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of bumblebee pollination, and particularly relates to a bumblebee pollination method for tomatoes in a solar greenhouse. Background Art

[0002] Tomato is a hermaphroditic plant and theoretically has the ability of self-pollination. However, due to its anther structure being approximately closed, the natural fruit setting rate is often low, especially in a greenhouse environment. Therefore, in actual cultivation, the success of pollination often depends on insects or artificial pollination.

[0003] Bumblebees belong to the genus Bombus in the family Apidae and are important pollinators for global agriculture and wild plants. Currently, the bumblebees used for pollination mainly include: Bombus terrestris, Bombus lucorum, Bombus ignitus, Bombus impatiens, Bombus occidentalis, etc. Bumblebee pollination can not only save labor but also significantly improve the yield and quality of crops, bringing huge economic benefits to agricultural production. Bumblebees are important pollinators for various vegetables and fruits, such as tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, cabbages, cucumbers, blueberries, apples, strawberries, sweet cherries, and kiwifruits.

[0004] During the actual pollination process, the applicant found that bumblebees are more easily attracted to large, brightly colored and strongly scented flowers. However, tomato flowers are usually small yellow flowers and have only pollen without nectar, so the flower fragrance is relatively light or even has no special smell, which has little attraction to bumblebees. There are phenomena such as poor enthusiasm for leaving the nest, low flower-visiting efficiency, and unsatisfactory pollination effect. Usually, attractants are used to improve the pollination effect of bumblebees. However, in existing research, common attractant formulations are mostly flower juices, syrups or volatile compounds of various plants, and a large amount of sugar is mixed. Spraying the prepared attractant on plants is likely to cause various plant diseases and also attract other pests. At the same time, most attractants are volatile and have a short duration of action, which also affects the overall effect of attracting bumblebees.

[0005] Bumblebees have relatively strict requirements for environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. As is well known in the art, the suitable temperature for bumblebee activities is between 15°C and 25°C. In high-temperature and low-temperature environments, the activity ability and pollination efficiency of bumblebees decrease significantly. For example, when the temperature exceeds 30°C, bumblebees will reduce their outdoor activities; in low-temperature weather, such as below 10°C, they even stop activities, which to a certain extent limits the application of bumblebee pollination in different seasons and different regions. Existing solar greenhouses can achieve environmental conditions not lower than 10°C, but it is difficult to achieve that the temperature is not higher than 25°C throughout the day, especially in high-temperature seasons.

[0006] Patent CN111345233B discloses a method for biological pollination of fruits and vegetables in facilities. This method uses a mixture of corn pollen, rape pollen and camellia pollen, and a mixed sugar solution of sucrose, spirulina polysaccharide and lentinan with a mass concentration of 30wt% as a nutrient to feed bumblebees. During the flowering period of tomatoes, egg white solution is sprayed to attract bumblebees for pollination, which can improve the enthusiasm of bumblebees to visit flowers and help improve the pollination efficiency of crops. However, the main component of the egg white solution is protein, which is prone to spoilage and deterioration, attracting other pests. At the same time, during the spraying process, the pollen may be washed off and dropped, resulting in a decrease in the fruit setting rate and an increase in the rate of deformed fruits.

[0007] In order to avoid the rapid volatilization of the attractant, the prior art usually adsorbs the attractant on a special lure core, such as a rubber stopper, a sponge, etc., and then places the lure core near the beehive or in the crop field. However, due to the lack of effective protection in the prior art of the lure core method, the effects of the attractant are affected by high temperature, high humidity and strong light environments. For example, the chemical structure of β-ionone contains an enone functional group, which undergoes a hydrolysis reaction in a high humidity environment, especially under high temperature and high humidity conditions, resulting in molecular degradation and the generation of by-products (such as ionol or other oxides), reducing its effectiveness and aroma intensity. At the same time, when the humidity is relatively high, the dissolved oxygen in the air increases, accelerating the oxidation of β-ionone, especially under light conditions, generating peroxides or aldehydes, affecting its quality. The above problems have to a certain extent affected the use of the existing lure core method in the solar greenhouse environment. Summary of the Invention

[0008] Aiming at the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a method for pollinating tomatoes in a solar greenhouse to achieve the following invention objectives: to provide an attractant that can improve the pollination effect of bumblebees without affecting the tomato flowers themselves, thereby improving the fruit setting rate of tomatoes and reducing the rate of deformed fruits.

[0009] To solve the above technical problems, the technical solutions adopted by the present invention are as follows: A method for pollinating tomatoes in a solar greenhouse includes the following steps: bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding, spreading β-ionone adsorbent, and releasing bumblebees for pollination; The method of spreading the β-ionone adsorbent is to evenly sprinkle the β-ionone adsorbent around the tomatoes to be pollinated 1 day before pollination, and determine the spreading density of the β-ionone adsorbent according to the amount of β-ionone, with the dosage of β-ionone being 0.2 - 0.4 g / ㎡; The preparation method of the β-ionone adsorbent includes the following steps: S1. Stir yellow mud, plant fiber and water evenly, knead them into a ball and then roll them into a round thin slice. Place the pomelo peel on the thin slice, wrap it completely, and then knead it into a spherical object with a diameter of 3 - 5 cm; S2. Isolate the spherical object from air in a muffle furnace and calcine it at 350 - 450 °C for 17 - 23 min to obtain an adsorption carrier; S3. Stir β - ionone, cis - 3 - hexenal, melissyl palmitate, and deionized water evenly, and ultrasonically disperse them for 8 - 12 min to form a uniform emulsion; S4. Inject the emulsion into the interior of the adsorption carrier, and seal the injection holes with yellow mud to obtain the ionone adsorbent.

[0010] In the above - mentioned S1, the mass ratio of yellow mud, plant fiber, and water is 1.2 - 1.4∶0.3 - 0.5∶0.5 - 0.7; The plant fiber is wheat straw fiber, and the water content of the wheat straw fiber is controlled at 8 - 12%; The thickness of the round - shaped thin sheet is 4 - 6 mm, and the diameter is 5 - 7 cm; The mass ratio of the round - shaped thin sheet to pomelo peel is 0.8 - 1.2∶0.2 - 0.4; The pomelo peel needs to be crushed into particles with a particle size of 1 - 3 mm; In the above - mentioned S3, the mass ratio of β - ionone, cis - 3 - hexenal, melissyl palmitate, and deionized water is 0.8 - 1.2∶0.4 - 0.6∶1.6 - 1.8∶1.3 - 1.5; In the above - mentioned S4, the injection amount of the emulsion is based on the content of β - ionone in the emulsion, and each adsorption carrier is injected with an emulsion containing 0.2 - 0.4 g of β - ionone.

[0011] The method for the food adaptability training and feeding of bumblebees is as follows: Starting from 8 - 12 days before bumblebee pollination, add a small amount of β - ionone to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees, so that bumblebees can adapt to the smell of bumblebee - attracting particles in advance, form a memory, and thus improve the pollination efficiency; In the method for the food adaptability training and feeding of bumblebees, the mass ratio of sugar water to β - ionone is 0.8 - 1.2∶0.006 - 0.008; The sugar water is a 30% - 50% sucrose aqueous solution.

[0012] The method for releasing bumblebees for pollination is as follows: On the day when pollination starts, cancel the addition of β - ionone to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees, open the exit of the bumblebee nest, and let bumblebees fly out of the beehive naturally to visit flowers for pollination; during pollination, the temperature in the greenhouse during the day is controlled at 20 - 30 °C.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: The ionone adsorbent of the present invention is formed by wrapping pomelo peel with yellow mud and calcining it. Wheat straw fibers are doped in the yellow mud, which can disperse the shrinkage stress generated during the firing process and reduce the cracks caused by uneven shrinkage of a single material. The internal pomelo peel pyrolyzes at high temperature, and the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose containing hydroxyl groups are greatly reduced, forming a loose and porous three-dimensional network structure, improving the hydrophobic effect, and being able to effectively adsorb β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, and melissyl palmitate. When the gas released by pyrolysis forms micropores from the inside to the outside on the yellow mud, it can ensure the slow release of the odors of the adsorbed β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, and melissyl palmitate, and the release duration is long; the yellow mud can effectively isolate heat, prevent the internal odor from volatilizing too fast, and at the same time, it can also effectively block the entry of moisture in a high-humidity environment and prevent the hydrolysis reaction of β-ionone; The ionone adsorbent emits a lasting odor, can be naturally degraded, and will not cause pollution to the environment. Compared with directly spraying attractants, there is no need for repeated spraying, avoiding wetting the pollen during the spraying process and causing a decline in the pollination effect; The activity ability of the bumblebees of the present invention is less affected by high temperature, breaking through the problem of limited environmental adaptability of bumblebee pollination; In the bumblebee pollination method of the present invention, bumblebees can adapt to the odor of β-ionone in advance. During pollination, the activity of bumblebees is high and the action duration is long. The number of bumblebees entering and leaving the beehive per hour in the first 30 days reaches 30 - 38, the pollination effect is good, the fruit setting rate reaches 92.6 - 96.1%, the rate of deformed fruits is 3.5 - 4.8%, the average fruit weight is 211.4 - 226.5 g, and the VC content is 16.4 - 18.6 mg / 100 g. Specific implementation manners

[0014] Example 1 A bumblebee pollination method for tomatoes in a solar greenhouse includes the following steps: bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding, spreading the ionone adsorbent, and releasing bumblebees for pollination; 1. Bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding Starting from 10 days before bumblebee pollination, a small amount of β-ionone is added to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees to enable bumblebees to adapt to the odor of bumblebee attractant particles in advance, form a memory, and thus improve the pollination efficiency; The mass ratio of the sugar water to β-ionone is 1:0.007; The sugar water is a 40% sucrose aqueous solution.

[0015] 2. Spreading the ionone adsorbent One day before pollination, the ionone adsorbent is evenly sprinkled around the tomatoes to be pollinated. The spreading density of the ionone adsorbent is determined by the amount of β-ionone, and the dosage of β-ionone is 0.3 g / ㎡; The preparation method of the ionone adsorbent includes preparing an adsorption carrier and adsorption; a. Preparation of the adsorption carrier Mix yellow mud, plant fiber, and water evenly, knead into a ball, and then roll it into a round - shaped thin sheet. Place pomelo peel on the round - shaped thin sheet, wrap it completely, and then knead it into a ball with a diameter of 4 cm. Calcinate it in a muffle furnace under air - isolation at 400 °C for 20 min to obtain the adsorption carrier; The mass ratio of the yellow mud, plant fiber, and water is 1.3∶0.4∶0.6; The plant fiber is wheat straw fiber, and the water content of the wheat straw fiber is controlled at 10%; The thickness of the round - shaped thin sheet is 5 mm, and the diameter is 6 cm; The mass ratio of the round - shaped thin sheet to the pomelo peel is 1∶0.3; The pomelo peel needs to be crushed into particles with a particle size of 2 mm.

[0016] b. Adsorption Stir β - ionone, cis - 3 - hexenal, myricyl palmitate, and deionized water evenly, disperse them ultrasonically for 10 min to form a uniform emulsion, and then inject the emulsion into the interior of the adsorption carrier. Seal the injection hole with yellow mud to obtain the ionone adsorbent; The mass ratio of the β - ionone, cis - 3 - hexenal, myricyl palmitate, and deionized water is 1∶0.5∶1.7∶1.4; The injection amount of the emulsion is calculated based on the content of β - ionone in the emulsion. Inject an emulsion containing 0.3 g of β - ionone into each adsorption carrier.

[0017] 3. Releasing bumblebees for pollination On the day when pollination starts, cancel the addition of β - ionone in the sugar water for bumblebees to eat, open the exit of the bumblebee nest, and let bumblebees fly out of the beehive naturally to visit flowers for pollination; during pollination, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 25 °C.

[0018] Example 2 A method for bumblebee pollination of tomatoes in a solar greenhouse includes the following steps: bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding, spreading the ionone adsorbent, and releasing bumblebees for pollination; 1. Bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding Starting 8 days before bumblebee pollination, add a small amount of β - ionone to the sugar water for bumblebees to eat, so that bumblebees can adapt to the smell of bumblebee - attracting particles in advance, form a memory, and thus improve the pollination efficiency; The mass ratio of the sugar water to β - ionone is 0.8∶0.006; The sugar water is a 30% sucrose aqueous solution.

[0019] 2. Spreading the ionone adsorbent One day before pollination, the ionone adsorbent was evenly sprinkled around the tomatoes to be pollinated. The spreading density of the ionone adsorbent was determined by the amount of β-ionone, and the dosage of β-ionone was 0.2 g / ㎡. The preparation method of the ionone adsorbent includes preparing an adsorption carrier and adsorption. a. Preparation of the adsorption carrier The yellow clay, plant fiber, and water were stirred evenly, kneaded into a ball, and then rolled into a roundish thin sheet. The pomelo peel was placed on the roundish thin sheet and completely wrapped, and then kneaded into a ball with a diameter of 3 cm. It was calcined in a muffle furnace for 17 min at 350 °C under air isolation to obtain the adsorption carrier. The mass ratio of the yellow clay, plant fiber, and water was 1.2∶0.3∶0.5. The plant fiber was wheat straw fiber, and the water content of the wheat straw fiber was controlled at 8%. The thickness of the roundish thin sheet was 4 mm, and the diameter was 5 cm. The mass ratio of the roundish thin sheet to the pomelo peel was 0.8∶0.2. The pomelo peel needed to be crushed into particles with a particle size of 1 mm.

[0020] b. Adsorption β-Ionone, cis-3-hexenal, myricyl palmitate, and deionized water were stirred evenly and ultrasonically dispersed for 8 min to form a uniform emulsion. Then the emulsion was injected into the interior of the adsorption carrier, and the injection hole was sealed with yellow clay to obtain the ionone adsorbent. The mass ratio of β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, myricyl palmitate, and deionized water was 0.8∶0.4∶1.6∶1.3. The injection amount of the emulsion was calculated based on the content of β-ionone in the emulsion, and each adsorption carrier was injected with an emulsion containing 0.2 g of β-ionone.

[0021] 3. Releasing bumblebees for pollination On the day when pollination started, β-ionone was no longer added to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees. The exit of the bumblebee nest was opened to allow bumblebees to fly out of the beehive naturally to visit flowers for pollination. During pollination, the temperature in the greenhouse was controlled at 20 °C during the day.

[0022] Example 3 A method for bumblebee pollination of tomatoes in a solar greenhouse includes the following steps: bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding, spreading the ionone adsorbent, and releasing bumblebees for pollination. 1. Bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding Starting from 12 days before bumblebee pollination, a small amount of β-ionone was added to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees to enable bumblebees to adapt to the smell of bumblebee attracting particles in advance, form a memory, and thus improve the pollination efficiency. The mass ratio of the sugar water to β-ionone is 1.2∶0.008; The sugar water is a 50% sucrose aqueous solution.

[0023] 2. Sprinkle the ionone adsorbent One day before pollination, evenly sprinkle the ionone adsorbent around the tomatoes to be pollinated. Determine the spreading density of the ionone adsorbent based on the amount of β-ionone, and the dosage of β-ionone is 0.4 g / ㎡; The preparation method of the ionone adsorbent includes preparing an adsorption carrier and adsorption; a. Prepare the adsorption carrier Mix yellow clay, plant fiber, and water evenly, knead them into a ball, and then roll them into a roundish thin sheet. Place the pomelo peel on the roundish thin sheet, wrap it completely, and then knead it into a ball with a diameter of 5 cm. Calcinate it in a muffle furnace under air isolation at 450 °C for 23 minutes to obtain the adsorption carrier; The mass ratio of the yellow clay, plant fiber, and water is 1.4∶0.5∶0.7; The plant fiber is wheat straw fiber, and the water content of the wheat straw fiber is controlled at 12%; The thickness of the roundish thin sheet is 6 mm, and the diameter is 7 cm; The mass ratio of the roundish thin sheet to the pomelo peel is 1.2∶0.4; The pomelo peel needs to be crushed into particles with a particle size of 3 mm.

[0024] b. Adsorption Stir β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, myricyl palmitate, and deionized water evenly, disperse them ultrasonically for 12 minutes to form a uniform emulsion, and then inject the emulsion into the interior of the adsorption carrier. Seal the injection holes with yellow clay to obtain the ionone adsorbent; The mass ratio of β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, myricyl palmitate, and deionized water is 1.2∶0.6∶1.8∶1.5; The injection amount of the emulsion is based on the content of β-ionone in the emulsion. Inject 0.4 g of β-ionone-containing emulsion into each adsorption carrier.

[0025] 3. Release bumblebees for pollination On the day when pollination starts, cancel the addition of β-ionone in the sugar water for bumblebees to eat. Open the exit of the bumblebee nest and let the bumblebees fly out of the beehive naturally to visit the flowers for pollination; during pollination, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 30 °C during the day.

[0026] Example 4 A method for bumblebee pollination of tomatoes in a solar greenhouse includes the following steps: bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding, sprinkling the ionone adsorbent, and releasing bumblebees for pollination; 1. Bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding Starting from 10 days before the bumblebees pollinate, a small amount of β-ionone is added to the sugar water consumed by the bumblebees, so that the bumblebees can adapt to the smell of the bumblebee attractant particles in advance and form a memory, thereby improving the pollination efficiency; The mass ratio of the sugar water to β-ionone is 1:0.007; The sugar water is a 40% sucrose aqueous solution.

[0027] 2. Spreading ionone adsorbent One day before pollination, evenly sprinkle the ionone adsorbent around the tomato to be pollinated. The amount of β-ionone determines the spreading density of the ionone adsorbent. The amount of β-ionone is 0.3 g / ㎡. The method for preparing the ionone adsorbate comprises preparing an adsorption carrier and adsorption; a. Preparation of adsorption carrier The yellow mud and water were mixed evenly, kneaded into a ball, and then rolled into a circular thin sheet. The grapefruit peel was placed on the circular thin sheet, and after being completely wrapped, it was kneaded into a ball with a diameter of 4 cm. The ball was isolated from air in a muffle furnace and calcined at 400°C for 20 minutes to obtain an adsorption carrier. The mass ratio of yellow mud to water is 1.3:0.6; The circular thin slice has a thickness of 5 mm and a diameter of 6 cm; The mass ratio of the circular thin slices to the grapefruit peel is 1:0.3; The grapefruit peel needs to be crushed into particles with a particle size of 2 mm.

[0028] b. Adsorption β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, myricyl palmitate and deionized water were stirred evenly, and ultrasonically dispersed for 10 minutes to form a uniform emulsion, and then the emulsion was injected into the adsorption carrier, and the injection hole was sealed with yellow mud to obtain ionone adsorbent; The mass ratio of the β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, myricyl palmitate and deionized water is 1:0.5:1.7:1.4; The injection amount of the emulsion was calculated based on the content of β-ionone in the emulsion. Each adsorption carrier was injected with an emulsion containing 0.3 g of β-ionone.

[0029] 3. Release bumblebees for pollination On the day when pollination begins, β-ionone is removed from the sugar water consumed by the bumblebees, the exit of the bumblebee hive is opened, and the bumblebees are allowed to fly out of the hive naturally to visit flowers for pollination; during the pollination period, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 25°C.

[0030] Example 5 A method for bumblebee pollination of tomatoes in a solar greenhouse, comprising the following steps: bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding, spreading ionone adsorbent, and releasing bumblebees for pollination; 1. Bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding Starting from 10 days before bumblebee pollination, add a small amount of β-ionone to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees to enable bumblebees to adapt to the smell of bumblebee attracting particles in advance, form a memory, and thereby improve the pollination efficiency; The mass ratio of the sugar water to β-ionone is 1:0.007; The sugar water is a 40% sucrose aqueous solution.

[0031] 2. Spreading ionone adsorbent One day before pollination, evenly sprinkle the ionone adsorbent around the tomatoes to be pollinated. Determine the spreading density of the ionone adsorbent based on the amount of β-ionone, and the dosage of β-ionone is 0.3 g / ㎡; The preparation method of the ionone adsorbent includes preparing an adsorption carrier and adsorption; a. Preparing an adsorption carrier Place the pomelo peel in a muffle furnace, calcine it at 500 °C for 20 min in an air-free environment to obtain an adsorption carrier; The pomelo peel needs to be crushed into particles with a particle size of 2 mm.

[0032] b. Adsorption Stir β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, melissyl palmitate, and deionized water evenly, disperse them ultrasonically for 10 min to form a uniform emulsion, then completely immerse the adsorption carrier in the emulsion for sufficient adsorption, and filter to obtain the ionone adsorbent; The mass ratio of β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, melissyl palmitate, and deionized water is 1:0.5:1.7:1.4; The injection amount of the emulsion is based on the content of β-ionone in the emulsion, and each adsorption carrier is injected with an emulsion containing 0.3 g of β-ionone.

[0033] 3. Releasing bumblebees for pollination On the day when pollination starts, cancel the addition of β-ionone to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees, open the exit of the bumblebee nest, and let bumblebees fly out of the beehive naturally to visit flowers for pollination; during pollination, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 25 °C during the day.

[0034] Example 6 1. Preparation before pollination Starting from 10 days before bumblebee pollination, add a small amount of β-ionone to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees to enable bumblebees to adapt to the smell of bumblebee attracting particles in advance, form a memory, and thereby improve the pollination efficiency; The mass ratio of the sugar water to β-ionone is 1:0.007; The sugar water is a 40% sucrose aqueous solution.

[0035] 2. Spraying ionone emulsion One day before pollination, stir β-ionone, (Z)-3-hexenal, melissyl palmitate, and deionized water evenly, and ultrasonically disperse for 10 min to form a uniform emulsion. Then evenly spray the emulsion around the tomatoes to be pollinated. Determine the spraying density of the emulsion based on the amount of β-ionone, with the dosage of β-ionone being 0.3 g / ㎡. The mass ratio of β-ionone, (Z)-3-hexenal, melissyl palmitate, and deionized water is 1∶0.5∶1.7∶1.4.

[0036] 3. Pollination On the day when pollination starts, cancel the addition of β-ionone in the sugar water consumed by bumblebees, open the exit of the bumblebee nest, and let the bumblebees fly out of the beehive naturally to visit the flowers for pollination. During pollination, control the daytime temperature in the greenhouse at 25 °C.

[0037] Example 7 A method for bumblebee pollination of tomatoes in a solar greenhouse, comprising the following steps: bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding, spreading ionone adsorbents, and releasing bumblebees for pollination; 1. Bumblebee food adaptability training and feeding Starting from 10 days before bumblebee pollination, add a small amount of β-ionone to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees to enable the bumblebees to adapt to the smell of bumblebee attracting particles in advance, form a memory, and thereby improve the pollination efficiency. The mass ratio of the sugar water to β-ionone is 1∶0.007. The sugar water is a 40% sucrose aqueous solution.

[0038] 2. Spreading ionone lure cores One day before pollination, evenly sprinkle the ionone lure cores around the tomatoes to be pollinated. Determine the spreading density of the ionone lure cores based on the amount of β-ionone, with the dosage of β-ionone being 0.3 g / ㎡. The preparation method of the ionone lure cores includes preparing an adsorption carrier and adsorption. a. Preparing the adsorption carrier Select high-density sponge, cut it into small cubes with a side length of 4 cm to obtain the adsorption carrier.

[0039] b. Adsorption Stir β-ionone, (Z)-3-hexenal, melissyl palmitate, and deionized water evenly, and ultrasonically disperse for 10 min to form a uniform emulsion. Then inject the emulsion into the interior of the adsorption sponge carrier to obtain the ionone lure cores. The injection amount of the emulsion is calculated based on the content of β-ionone in the emulsion. Each sponge adsorption carrier is injected with an emulsion containing 0.3 g of β-ionone. The mass ratio of the β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, melissyl palmitate, and deionized water is 1:0.5:1.7:1.4.

[0040] 3. Release bumblebees for pollination On the day when pollination starts, cancel the addition of β-ionone to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees, open the exit of the bumblebee nest, and let the bumblebees fly out of the beehive naturally to visit flowers for pollination; during pollination, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 25°C.

[0041] Example 8 A method for pollinating tomatoes in a solar greenhouse with bumblebees, except that β-ionone is not added during the adaptive training feeding of bumblebee food, and other steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0042] Example 9 A method for pollinating tomatoes in a solar greenhouse with bumblebees, except that during the 5th to 9th days of pollination, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 30°C, and other steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0043] Example 10 A method for pollinating tomatoes in a solar greenhouse with bumblebees, except that during the 5th to 9th days of pollination, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 35°C, and other steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0044] Test Example 1 Using the methods of Examples 1 to 8, pollination tests were carried out on tomatoes in 8 greenhouses respectively. The number of bumblebees in each greenhouse was 80, and the area of each greenhouse was 667㎡. Monitor the activity of bumblebees on the 1st day, 5th day, 10th day, 20th day, and 30th day after pollination. The activity of bumblebees is judged by the number of bumblebees entering and leaving the beehive per hour. The tomato varieties in the 8 greenhouses are the same, the planting time is the same, and other management is exactly the same except for the pollination measures.

[0045] The activity of bumblebees is shown in Table 1, and the pollination effect of tomatoes is shown in Table 2: Table 1

[0046] Table 2

[0047] Test Example 2 Using the same method as in Test Example 1, monitor the activity of bumblebees on the 5th day, 6th day, 7th day, 8th day, and 9th day after pollination in Examples 1, 9, and 10. The activity of bumblebees is judged by the number of bumblebees entering and leaving the beehive per hour.

[0048] The activity of bumblebees is shown in Table 3: Table 3

[0049] It can be seen from Examples 1 to 8 that: Compared with Example 1, since the adsorption carrier obtained in Example 4 has no wheat straw fiber in the yellow mud, it is easy to crack during the calcination process, resulting in poor sustained release effect of the ionone adsorbent, fast odor emission, short action duration, poor attraction effect on bumblebees in the later stage, low activity of bumblebees, and thus low fruit setting rate and low average fruit weight; The adsorption carrier obtained in Example 5 lacks the outer yellow mud, resulting in less adsorption of β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, and melissyl palmitate, faster odor emission, short action duration, poor attraction effect on bumblebees, low activity of bumblebees, and thus low fruit setting rate and low average fruit weight; In Example 6, β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, and melissyl palmitate were directly sprayed. The attraction effect on bumblebees was good in the early stage and the bumblebee activity was high. However, as β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, and melissyl palmitate quickly dissipated, the activity of bumblebees gradually decreased in the middle and later stages, and the overall fruit setting rate was low. At the same time, directly spraying the mixed solution will also wet the pollen, thereby affecting the pollen activity, resulting in an increase in the rate of deformed fruits, a decrease in the average fruit weight, and a decrease in the VC content.

[0050] In Example 7, the traditional lure core method was used. Since the adsorbed β-ionone was not effectively protected, under the conditions of a solar greenhouse, due to the inevitable high humidity environment at night and the high temperature and strong light environment during the day, the quality, effectiveness, and aroma intensity of the β-ionone adsorbed by the lure core decreased, the attraction effect on bumblebees became poor, the activity of bumblebees became low, and thus the fruit setting rate was low and the average fruit weight was low.

[0051] In Example 8, bumblebees were not fed β-ionone in advance, so bumblebees could not adapt to the odor of the bumblebee attracting particles in advance and form a memory. As a result, the activity of bumblebees was low during pollination. Although the activity of bumblebees increased in the middle and later stages, it did not reach a sufficiently active level, and the overall fruit setting rate was low.

[0052] In Examples 1, 2, and 3, the activity of bumblebees was high and the action duration was long. The activity of bumblebees remained above 30 on the 30th day after pollination.

[0053] The trend of bumblebee activity in Examples 4, 5, 7 and Example 6 was basically the same, that is, large in the early stage and gradually decreasing in the middle and later stages. Using the traditional lure core method to adsorb β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, and melissyl palmitate technology is the same as directly spraying β-ionone, cis-3-hexenal, and melissyl palmitate, and it is difficult to achieve the sustainability of high bumblebee activity.

[0054] It can be seen from Examples 9 to 10 that: In Examples 9 and 10, the activity of bumblebees was only slightly lower than that in Example 1, indicating that the activity ability of the bumblebees of the present invention is less affected by high temperature.

Claims

1. A method for bumblebee pollination of tomatoes in a solar greenhouse, characterized in that: The pollination method includes the following steps: performing food adaptability training and feeding on bumblebees, spreading ionone adsorbents, and releasing bumblebees for pollination; The method for spreading ionone adsorbents is as follows: one day before pollination, evenly sprinkle the ionone adsorbents around the tomatoes to be pollinated. Determine the spreading density of the ionone adsorbents based on the amount of β-ionone, and the dosage of β-ionone is 0.2 - 0.4 g / ㎡; The preparation method of the ionone adsorbent is as follows: S1. Stir yellow mud, plant fiber, and water evenly, knead them into a dough, then roll it into a round - shaped thin sheet. Place the pomelo peel on the thin sheet, completely wrap it, and then knead it into a spherical object with a diameter of 3 - 5 cm; S2. Calcinate the spherical object in a muffle furnace under an air - free condition at 350 - 450 °C for 17 - 23 min to obtain an adsorption carrier; S3. Stir β - ionone, cis - 3 - hexenal, melissyl palmitate, and deionized water evenly, and perform ultrasonic dispersion for 8 - 12 min to form a uniform emulsion; S4. Inject the emulsion into the interior of the adsorption carrier, and seal the injection holes with yellow mud to obtain the ionone adsorbent.

2. The bumblebee pollination method for tomatoes in a solar greenhouse according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the preparation method of the ionone adsorbent, the mass ratio of yellow mud, plant fiber, and water is 1.2 - 1.4∶0.3 - 0.5∶0.5 - 0.7; The plant fiber is wheat straw fiber, and the water content of the wheat straw fiber is controlled at 8 - 12%; The thickness of the round - shaped thin sheet is 4 - 6 mm, and the diameter is 5 - 7 cm; The mass ratio of the round - shaped thin sheet to the pomelo peel is 0.8 - 1.2∶0.2 - 0.4; The pomelo peel needs to be crushed into particles with a particle size of 1 - 3 mm.

3. The bumblebee pollination method for tomatoes in a solar greenhouse according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the preparation method of the ionone adsorbent, the mass ratio of β - ionone, cis - 3 - hexenal, melissyl palmitate, and deionized water is 0.8 - 1.2∶0.4 - 0.6∶1.6 - 1.8∶1.3 - 1.5; The injection amount of the emulsion is calculated based on the content of β - ionone in the emulsion. Inject an emulsion containing 0.2 - 0.4 g of β - ionone into each adsorption carrier.

4. A bumblebee pollination method for tomatoes in a solar greenhouse according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method for performing food adaptability training and feeding on bumblebees is as follows: starting from 8 - 12 days before bumblebee pollination, add a small amount of β - ionone to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees, so that bumblebees can adapt to the smell of bumblebee attracting particles in advance, form a memory, and thus improve the pollination efficiency.

5. A bumblebee pollination method for tomatoes in a solar greenhouse according to claim 4, characterized in that: In the method for performing food adaptability training and feeding on bumblebees, the mass ratio of sugar water to β - ionone is 0.8 - 1.2∶0.006 - 0.008; the sugar water is a 30% - 50% sucrose aqueous solution.

6. The bumblebee pollination method for tomatoes in a solar greenhouse according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method for releasing bumblebees for pollination is as follows: on the day when pollination starts, cancel the addition of β - ionone to the sugar water consumed by bumblebees, open the exit of the bumblebee nest, and let bumblebees fly out of the beehive naturally to visit flowers for pollination; during pollination, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 20 - 30 °C.

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