Fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail, preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The present invention belongs to the technical field of biomass resource utilization and microbial fertilizers, and specifically relates to a fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail, a preparation method and its application. The fertilizer described in the present invention is prepared by a collaborative fermentation process of Aspergillus niger, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Bacillus subtilis. The obtained fermentation product is separated into solid and liquid to obtain a solid, the solid being a solid fertilizer, and the liquid being a foliar fertilizer after post-treatment. Both can be used for the cultivation of crops such as tangerines and oil-tea camellias. Based on the microbial collaborative fermentation process, the content of anti-nutritional factors tannin and tea saponin in the obtained solid fertilizer is significantly reduced, which is less than 1.8 g / kg and 0.1% respectively on a dry basis, while maintaining a seed germination index higher than 95%. According to a planting comparative test, the average yield per mu of oil-tea camellias using the solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer obtained in this application increased by 12%. The average yield per mu of tangerines increased by about 11%, and the sugar, vitamin C, and trace element contents in tangerines were higher than those using traditional fertilizers.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of biomass resource utilization and microbial fertilizers, and particularly relates to a fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail, a preparation method and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] Camellia oleifera fruit is the hard outer shell of the Camellia oleifera fruit, consisting of the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Its primary components are cellulose and hemicellulose, and it is rich in bioactive ingredients such as tea saponins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, and tannins. As a byproduct of tea oil processing, it accounts for 50%-60% of the fresh fruit's mass. After drying, the remaining husk is separated from the encased camellia seeds, and is commonly referred to as Camellia oleifera fruit.

[0003] Camellia oleifera is widely distributed across southern and southern my country, including Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, yet much of its use remains unutilized. Currently, its primary application involves low-value-added production, such as small amounts of activated carbon, organic fertilizer, or as raw material for edible fungi cultivation. Extraction technologies for higher-value components like tea saponins and polysaccharides (such as ethanol extraction and microwave-catalyzed conversion) are still in the research phase and have yet to be widely adopted. Due to the high toughness of the camellia fiber and the complex de-waxing process (which requires drying to reduce moisture content and enhance brittleness), most of the fruit is still incinerated or landfilled, resulting in resource waste and environmental pollution.

[0004] The surface of Camellia oleifera has strong hydrophobic properties. This property is mainly determined by the special structure of its exocarp. The exocarp is composed of epidermal hairs, a cuticle, and a wax layer, among which the composite structure of the cuticle and the wax layer is the core source of hydrophobicity. The cuticle is composed of cutin monomers cross-linked by ester bonds to form a dense network structure, and the wax covering the surface is arranged in flaky or granular forms. This physical barrier effectively hinders water penetration. The wax components are mainly long-chain fatty hydrocarbons and ester compounds, and their low-polarity molecules form a non-wetting interface on the surface. The contact angle is usually more than 90°, which gives Camellia oleifera significant hydrophobicity. In addition, the deposition of lignin in the exocarp cells (such as stone cells) intensifies during the maturation process, further enhancing the hydrophobic effect through the thickening of the secondary wall.

[0005] The structure-function relationship manifests itself in the chemical inertness of the cuticle and wax, which reduces surface energy. The microscopic morphology of the wax layer (flaky or granular texture) increases surface roughness, synergistically achieving a superhydrophobic property similar to the "lotus effect." Studies have shown that the water adsorption rate of untreated Camellia oleifera is less than 5%. However, after chemical or thermal treatment to destroy the wax layer, its water absorption rate can be significantly increased to over 30%, confirming the surface's natural resistance to water.

[0006] As a byproduct of camellia oil processing, the utilization of camellia husks as fertilizer has recently become a key research focus for the resource utilization of agricultural waste. my country's camellia oil industry is developing rapidly, with annual camellia seed production estimated at 3.3 to 3.4 million tons. The annual output of camellia husks is approximately 2.5 to 3 times that of camellia seeds, or 8.25 to 10.2 million tons. Traditionally, farmers pile the husks in the open air or burn them directly, wasting biomass resources while releasing significant amounts of greenhouse gases and dust. Converting camellia husks into organic fertilizer through biofermentation and composting can significantly enhance environmental benefits while improving soil structure and crop yields.

[0007] The key to turning oil-tea camellia husks into fertilizer lies in regulating the carbon-nitrogen ratio, optimizing the composting process, and degrading their anti-nutritional factors. Fresh oil-tea camellia husks contain as much as 26%-31% lignin, with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of approximately 55:1. Direct application can trigger competition between soil microorganisms and crops for nitrogen. Effective treatment requires aerobic composting techniques. By adding livestock manure, soybean meal (with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of approximately 25:1), or other nitrogen sources, the overall carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is adjusted to the optimal range of 25-30:1. The temperature is maintained at a steady 55-65°C for 7-10 days during the warming period, reducing the moisture content from an initial 65% to below 45%, inactivating pathogens and converting them into humus. During the fermentation process, 12%-14% of the cellulose and 19%-21% of the hemicellulose in the husks are broken down into small organic molecules, while retaining minimal amounts of bioactive substances such as tea saponins and polyphenols, imparting antibacterial and antimicrobial properties to the fertilizer. Experiments conducted by Guangxi University have shown that composite bacterial agents (including Bacillus and actinomycetes) can shorten the composting cycle from the traditional 60 days to 28 days, and increase the maturity index (GI value) to more than 92%, achieving complete harmlessness.

[0008] Field application has confirmed the dual advantages of Camellia oleifera organic fertilizer in improving soil and crop quality. In a two-year trial, where 22,500 kg / hm² (T3 treatment) was applied, soil organic matter content in litchi orchards increased from 1.2% to 2.8%, available potassium increased by 42.3 mg / kg, soil bulk density decreased by 0.23 g / cm³, and porosity increased by 10.6%.

[0009] Compared with pure fertilizers, formula fertilization (360kg / hm² of compound fertilizer + 15,000kg / hm² of organic fertilizer) significantly increased the biomass of bitter melon: the aboveground fresh weight increased by 29.50g / plant, the vitamin C content increased by 18.7%, and the nitrate residue decreased by 34.2%.

[0010] The use of cattail oil palm as fertilizer faces multiple technical and non-technical obstacles. In terms of material properties, the initial C / N ratio of cattail oil palm is as high as 55:1, and the lignin content is 26%-31%. It is necessary to add additional nitrogen sources (such as livestock manure) to adjust it to the appropriate range of 25-30:1, resulting in a 30%-40% increase in pretreatment costs. It is difficult to maintain a high temperature environment of 55-65℃ during the composting process. Field monitoring in Guangxi showed that 34% of the piles were locally anaerobic due to insufficient turning frequency, resulting in In the collection, storage, and transportation system, fresh fruit shells account for 0.8-1.2 tons per cubic meter. Logistics costs rise to 45% when the transportation radius exceeds 50 kilometers. Pre-processing, such as crushing and drying, requires 120-150 kW·h / ton of energy, 40% more than straw processing. The dispersed nature of farmers in Guangxi results in a collection point density of less than one per 10 square kilometers, resulting in a transportation loss rate exceeding 15%.

[0011] The technology system for converting oil-tea camellia fruit into fertilizer focuses on controlling the carbon-nitrogen ratio, improving composting maturity, and enhancing its synergy. Currently, three major technical approaches have been developed. Traditional composting processes use physical crushing to control the husk particle size to 0.5-2 cm to increase the specific surface area. The initial C / N ratio of 55:1 requires the addition of chicken manure (C / N = 10:1), soybean meal (C / N = 4.5:1), or other nitrogen sources to adjust the ratio to an optimal range of 25-30:1. The typical mixing ratio is husk: nitrogen source = 3:1 (dry basis). A compost height of 1.2-1.5 meters maintains a high temperature period of 55-65°C. Mechanical turning every three days to ensure an oxygen concentration of ≥5% can shorten the composting period to 28-35 days, achieving a humic acid content of 28.3%-31.7%. The Guangxi demonstration base adopts a trough composting system with integrated temperature-oxygen linkage sensors and automated turning equipment, which improves fermentation uniformity by 40% and stabilizes the seed germination index (GI value) at above 85%.

[0012] A composite inoculant composting enhancement technology addresses the challenge of nutshell lignin degradation. A composite bacterial strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and white-rot fungi has been developed. At an inoculum level of 0.5%-1%, lignin degradation increased to 62.8%, fiber bundle breakage time decreased from 72 hours to 48 hours, and the porosity of the compost product increased by 15%. This technology is complemented by a low-temperature starter that can maintain a compost temperature above 45°C for 10 days even when ambient temperatures fall below 15°C, increasing winter fermentation efficiency by 32% year-over-year. Pilot projects in Yunnan have shown that the composite inoculant can reduce nitrogen addition by 25%, lowering processing costs by 80-120 yuan per ton.

[0013] The microbial system used in the fermentation fertilizer process of Camellia oleifera mainly includes the synergistic effects of Trichoderma, Aspergillus and functional bacteria, and its mechanism of action involves lignocellulose degradation, humus synthesis and ecological function regulation.

[0014] Aspergillus tubingensis secretes laccase (Lac) and manganese peroxidase (MnP), which act on the aromatic ring structure of lignin. Experimental data show that an inoculation rate of 1.5% can achieve a lignin degradation rate of 71.3%, while also producing humic acid precursors such as 3,5-dimethoxyphenol. This strain is particularly effective in maintaining compost temperature. At a C / N ratio of 25:1, it can raise the compost temperature to 58°C on the fifth day of fermentation, entering the high-temperature phase 24 hours earlier than the control group.

[0015] Trichoderma citrinoviride exhibits multifaceted functional advantages. Its cellulase exo-histase (CBH) activity reaches 28.6 U / mg, reducing the crystallinity index of camellia oil shells from 0.64 to 0.41 within 72 hours and increasing cellobiose production by 4.3-fold. It also produces the terpene secondary metabolite citrinoviridin, which has an 82% 24-hour feeding repellency against bean worms and a 46.7% reduction in soil nematode density after application. The enzyme maintains stable activity within the pH range of 5.5-7.2, demonstrating its self-regulating properties to adapt to the initial acidic environment of camellia oil shells (pH 4.8).

[0016] Bacillus amyloliquefaciens plays a key role in nitrogen metabolism, increasing the urea hydrolysis rate by 37% and the total nitrogen content of compost by 1.2 percentage points. Its synthetic Surfactin lipopeptide reduces the surface tension of the material to 31.5 mN / m, boosting the water retention of camellia oleifera shells from 52% to 68% and increasing oxygen diffusion efficiency by 25%. When co-inoculated with Aspergillus fumigatus, this strain synergistically enhances lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity by 2.3-fold and the degree of humic acid condensation (ΔlogK) reaches 0.68, significantly outperforming treatments with either strain alone.

[0017] Beauveria bassiana, as a biocontrol fungus, forms conidia in the late fermentation period (25-35 days), with a spore content of 1000 spores per gram of compost. CFU, effectively inhibiting the hatching rate of pest eggs such as leek maggots and root-knot nematodes in the soil (inhibition rate 81.4%). When its mycelial network is combined with camellia oil shell biochar, the specific surface area increases to 285m² / g, and the adsorption capacity for Cd²+ is increased to 143.6mg / g.

[0018] The composite bacterial system construction strategy utilizes a three-stage inoculation model: in the initial stage (0-7 days), Trichoderma citriodora primarily degrades cellulose; in the middle stage (8-21 days), Aspergillus tubingensis enhances lignin breakdown; and in the final stage (22-35 days), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens promotes humification. This model achieves a compost GI value of 92%, shortening the composting cycle by 14 days compared to traditional composting, and reducing water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) content by 38%, demonstrating a high degree of composting maturity.

[0019] During the solid-state fermentation of Camellia oleifera, a certain amount of fermentation leachate is produced. Its formation mechanism is primarily related to the water-holding capacity of the material and microbial metabolic activity. Studies have shown that when the initial moisture content exceeds 55%, 12±3 L of leachate can be produced per ton of Camellia oleifera during the peak period of aerobic fermentation between days 3 and 15. The leachate's primary components include water-soluble organic carbon, trace elements, amino acids, and free tea saponins, exhibiting a weakly acidic pH of 5.3-6.2.

[0020] The fermentation of Camellia oleifera fruit into fertilizer can adopt a closed fermentation system. Compared with open-air fermentation, the closed system reduces ammonia volatilization by 72%. Emissions are reduced by 65%. The experimental group data showed that closed fermentation can reduce the C / N ratio from the initial 30.83 to 17.49, and complete composting 8-10 days faster than open-air fermentation. The activated carbon filter layer (iodine value ≥ 950mg / g) installed on the side wall of the barrel can absorb volatile organic compounds, making The concentration is controlled at <5ppm.

[0021] Tannins and tea saponins, as anti-nutritional factors in fertilizers, primarily interfere with soil microorganisms, nutrient availability, and plant absorption. Tannins, as polyphenolic compounds, can bind to proteins or alkaloids, inhibiting the metabolic activity of soil microorganisms and reducing their growth rate. For example, the approximately 3% tannins in rapeseed meal can inhibit digestive enzyme activity. Their phenolic hydroxyl groups can also chelate trace elements such as iron and zinc, reducing plant absorption of these nutrients. While tannins possess antioxidant properties that scavenge free radicals, their excessive presence can disrupt the normal redox balance in plants.

[0022] Tea saponin, a natural surfactant, alters soil structure through emulsification, affecting the stable release of nutrients. While its disruptive effect on bacterial cell membranes (for example, minimum inhibitory concentrations for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are 0.5 mg / mL and 1 mg / mL, respectively) inhibits pathogens, it may also suppress beneficial microbial communities. Furthermore, tea saponin can activate heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the soil, converting them from fixed states to free states. For example, in ramie remediation, 0.5 g / L of tea saponin can peak the cadmium enrichment factor, increasing the risk of heavy metal uptake by plants.

[0023] The combined mechanism of action of the two is as follows: reducing the efficiency of organic matter decomposition by inhibiting microbial activity, reducing the bioavailability of trace elements through chelation or morphological transformation, and possibly interfering with the nutrient cycle process by changing the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Summary of the Invention

[0024] The applicant is committed to the research on the recycling of oil-tea camellia cattail waste and has designed a fermentation process for oil-tea camellia cattail, through which the wood cellulose of oil-tea camellia cattail can be converted into organic matter such as humic acid, which is beneficial to plant utilization.

[0025] The method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail comprises the following steps:

[0026] S1: Raw material crushing: crushing camellia oleifera fruit with a crusher;

[0027] S2: Steam sterilization: Place the crushed camellia oleifera obtained in S1 into a sterilization tank and sterilize with steam. After sterilization, turn off the steam, start circulating water, and allow the temperature to cool naturally.

[0028] S3: Aspergillus niger fermentation: Add Aspergillus niger spore suspension to the cooled material and stir to ensure uniform distribution of the fungus;

[0029] S4: Co-fermentation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium: After fermentation of Aspergillus niger, add spore suspension of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, spray corncob hydrolyzate and The solution mixture is aerated and fermentation is continued;

[0030] S5: Transition period adjustment: adding wheat bran extract to the material obtained in S4, and adding cellulose enzymatic hydrolysate, increasing the temperature of the fermentation system, and reducing the ventilation volume;

[0031] S6: Bacillus subtilis fermentation: The pH value of the fermentation system rises naturally, and the Bacillus subtilis liquid is added and stirred to evenly disperse the liquid. The system temperature is raised, aerated, and a mixed nutrient solution of molasses solution and peptone is added to promote the fermentation of Bacillus subtilis.

[0032] S7: Directed regulation of humification: before the end of fermentation, add humic acid precursor solution, increase the system temperature, adjust the solution pH, and introduce pure oxygen; near the end of fermentation, increase the system temperature to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium;

[0033] S8: Fermentation termination and solid-liquid separation: End the fermentation and separate the solid and liquid to obtain solid organic fertilizer or soil improvement fertilizer;

[0034] S9: Post-processing of liquid fertilizer: filter the liquid component and add stabilizer; add humic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the liquid component, stir and dissolve it to obtain foliar fertilizer.

[0035] In the method for preparing fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail, the inoculation ratio of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium is 1.8-2.2:1.

[0036] In the method for preparing a fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail, the inoculation ratio of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Bacillus subtilis is 1:180-220.

[0037] The method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail is further disclosed as follows:

[0038] S1: Raw material crushing: crush the oil-tea camellia fruit with a crusher, and the particle size after crushing is less than 2cm;

[0039] S2: Steam sterilization: Place the crushed camellia oleifera obtained in S1 into a sterilization tank and sterilize with steam. After sterilization, turn off the steam, start circulating water, and allow the temperature to cool naturally.

[0040] S3: Aspergillus niger fermentation: Add the Aspergillus niger spore suspension to the cooled material and stir to ensure uniform distribution of the bacteria. Fermentation conditions: temperature 30 ± 2°C, ventilation, and continue for 18-24 hours.

[0041] S4: Co-fermentation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium: After 18 hours of fermentation with Aspergillus niger, add spore suspension of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The ratio of viable bacteria of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium is 1.8-2.2:1. After 24 hours of fermentation with Aspergillus niger, spray corncob hydrolyzate and The mixture of the solutions was maintained at 30±2°C during the fermentation process with ventilation and continued to ferment for 24 hours.

[0042] S5: Transition period adjustment: add wheat bran extract to the material obtained in S4, and add cellulose enzymatic hydrolysate, increase the temperature of the fermentation system, and reduce the ventilation volume.

[0043] S6: Bacillus subtilis fermentation: The pH value of the fermentation system is naturally raised to greater than 6.0, and the Bacillus subtilis culture liquid is added and stirred to ensure uniform dispersion of the culture liquid. The ratio of the viable counts of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Bacillus subtilis is 1:180-220. The system temperature is raised to 37±3°C and aerated. A mixed nutrient solution of molasses solution and peptone is added every 12 hours to promote Bacillus subtilis fermentation.

[0044] S7: Humification-directed control: 12 hours before fermentation, add humic acid precursor solution, raise the system temperature, adjust the pH with potassium hydroxide solution, and introduce pure oxygen. 2 hours before termination, raise the system temperature to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

[0045] S8: Fermentation termination and solid-liquid separation: Fermentation is terminated, and solid and liquid are separated. After separation, the moisture content of the solid product is less than 40%, which is a solid organic fertilizer or soil improvement fertilizer;

[0046] S9: Post-processing of liquid fertilizer: filter the liquid component and add stabilizer; add humic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the liquid component, stir and dissolve it to obtain foliar fertilizer.

[0047] The method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail is further disclosed as follows:

[0048] S1: Raw material crushing: crush the oil-tea camellia fruit with a crusher, and the particle size after crushing is less than 2cm;

[0049] S2: Steam sterilization: Place the crushed camellia oleifera obtained in S1 into a sterilization tank, introduce steam, and heat to 85°C at a rate of 2°C / min for 45 minutes to ensure that the total microbial count of the material after sterilization is ≤1000 CFU / g (on a wet basis). After sterilization, turn off the steam, start circulating water, and naturally cool to 50°C.

[0050] S3: Aspergillus niger fermentation: Inoculate the cooled material with Aspergillus niger spore suspension at an inoculum size of CFU / g material (based on wet basis), stir at low speed for 5 minutes (speed 1 rpm) to ensure uniform distribution of bacteria. Fermentation conditions: temperature 30±2℃, ventilation , continue for 18-24 hours, detect cellulase activity every 6 hours, and require ≥120U / g (determined by DNS method).

[0051] S4: Co-fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium: After 18 hours of fermentation with Aspergillus niger, the spore suspension of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was inoculated with an inoculum size of CFU / g material (based on wet basis). The ratio of viable bacteria count of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium was 1.8-2.2:1. After fermentation for 6 hours, corn cob hydrolyzate (0.5% w / w) and 0.05% A mixture of solution (concentration 10% w / v) was used to activate laccase and manganese peroxidase. The fermentation process was maintained at 28±2℃ and the ventilation volume was , fermentation time 24 hours; determine the lignin degradation rate (acetyl bromide method) every 6 hours, with a target of ≥40%, and simultaneously monitor laccase activity (ABTS method), with a peak value of ≥300U / g.

[0052] S5: Transition period adjustment: add 0.3% wheat bran extract to the material obtained in S4, and add 0.5% cellulose enzymatic hydrolyzate, increase the temperature of the fermentation system to 32℃, and reduce the ventilation volume to .

[0053] S6: Bacillus subtilis fermentation: The pH value of the fermentation system naturally rises to greater than 6.0. CFU / g material (based on wet basis) was inoculated into the Bacillus subtilis liquid and stirred to disperse the liquid evenly. The ratio of viable bacteria of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Bacillus subtilis was 1:180-220. The system temperature was raised to 37±3℃ and the ventilation volume was increased to , 3% molasses solution (50%) and 0.2% peptone mixed nutrient solution were added every 12 hours to promote Bacillus subtilis fermentation; fermentation time was 36 hours;

[0054] S7: Humification-directed control: 12 hours before fermentation termination, add 0.2% humic acid precursor solution (containing catechol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 5% w / v), raise the system temperature to 35±5°C, adjust the pH to 7.2-7.5 with 1M potassium hydroxide solution, and aerate with pure oxygen for 5 minutes every hour at a flow rate of 10 L / min. 2 hours before termination, raise the system temperature to 45±5°C to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

[0055] S8: Fermentation termination and solid-liquid separation: When the tannin degradation rate (Folin phenol method) is measured every 24 hours and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the three measurement results is less than 1%, the fermentation is terminated and the solid and liquid are separated by a belt filter press. After separation, the moisture content of the solid product is less than 40%, which is a solid organic fertilizer or soil improvement fertilizer;

[0056] S9: Post-processing of liquid fertilizer: filter the liquid component to remove particles with a diameter greater than 50μm, and add 0.1% polyaspartic acid as a stabilizer; add 0.5% humic acid and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the liquid component, stir and dissolve, and it becomes foliar fertilizer.

[0057] The present application secondly discloses a fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia, prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method, characterized in that the tannin content in the solid fertilizer is less than 1.8 g / kg on a dry basis, the tea saponin content is less than 0.1% on a dry basis, and the liquid fertilizer contains the elements boron, manganese, and zinc and has an effective viable bacterial count of ≥120 million / mL.

[0058] This application finally discloses the application of the solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer based on Camellia oleifera in tangerine cultivation, as well as in camellia oleifera cultivation, and the application is to promote the growth of tangerine or camellia oleifera.

[0059] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0060] This application first discloses a fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattails. It is prepared using a synergistic fermentation process with Aspergillus niger, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Bacillus subtilis. The resulting fermentation product undergoes solid-liquid separation to produce a solid and a liquid. The solid, thus serving as a solid fertilizer, can be used for growing tangerines and oil-tea camellias, promoting their growth and improving soil quality. During the fermentation process, microorganisms secrete enzymes to break down structural substances such as cellulose and hemicellulose in the oil-tea camellia cattails, causing cell wall rupture. This process releases previously bound trace elements (such as manganese, zinc, and boron), allowing them to dissolve in the fermentation broth. Furthermore, manganese sulfate added during the fermentation process is also retained in the broth in liquid form. The liquid after solid-liquid separation undergoes further post-processing to produce a foliar fertilizer containing numerous trace elements, which can also be used for growing tangerines and oil-tea camellias. Based on the microbial synergistic fermentation process, the content of anti-nutritional factors tannin and tea saponin in the obtained solid fertilizer is significantly reduced, and calculated on a dry basis is less than 1.8g / kg and 0.1%, respectively, which greatly reduces their adverse effects on the planted plants, while maintaining the seed germination index above 95%. After a comparative test of base planting, the per-acre yield of oil tea using the solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer obtained in this application increased by 12%. The per-acre yield of mandarin oranges increased by about 11%, and the content of sugar, vitamin C, and trace elements were all higher than those using traditional fertilizers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0061] Attachment Figure 1 Preparation process of fertilizer based on Camellia oleifera. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0062] The present invention is further described in detail below by way of examples. The following examples are provided to explain the present invention, but the examples do not limit the present invention in any form. Unless otherwise specified, the reagents, methods and equipment used in the present invention are conventional reagents, methods and equipment in the art.

[0063] Example 1: Preparation of solid organic fertilizer (soil improvement fertilizer) and foliar fertilizer based on Camellia oleifera

[0064] The method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail is as follows:

[0065] S1: Material crushing: crush the oil-tea camellia fruit with a crusher, and the particle size after crushing is less than 2cm;

[0066] S2: Steam sterilization: Place the crushed camellia oleifera obtained in S1 into a sterilization tank, introduce steam, and heat to 85°C at a rate of 2°C / min for 45 minutes to ensure that the total microbial count of the material after sterilization is ≤1000 CFU / g (on a wet basis). After sterilization, turn off the steam, start circulating water, and naturally cool to 50°C.

[0067] S3: Aspergillus niger fermentation: Inoculate the cooled material with Aspergillus niger spore suspension at an inoculum size of CFU / g material (based on wet basis), stir at low speed for 5 minutes (speed 1 rpm) to ensure uniform distribution of bacteria. Fermentation conditions: temperature 30±2℃, ventilation , continue for 18-24 hours, detect cellulase activity every 6 hours, and require ≥120U / g (determined by DNS method).

[0068] S4: Co-fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium: After 18 hours of fermentation with Aspergillus niger, the spore suspension of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was inoculated with an inoculum size of CFU / g material (based on wet basis). The ratio of viable bacteria count of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium was 2:1. After fermentation for 6 hours, corn cob hydrolyzate (0.5% w / w) and 0.05% A mixture of solution (concentration 10% w / v) was used to activate laccase and manganese peroxidase. The fermentation process was maintained at 28±2℃ and the ventilation volume was , fermentation time 24 hours; determine the lignin degradation rate (acetyl bromide method) every 6 hours, with a target of ≥40%, and simultaneously monitor laccase activity (ABTS method), with a peak value of ≥300U / g.

[0069] S5: Transition period adjustment: add 0.3% wheat bran extract to the material obtained in S4, and add 0.5% cellulose enzymatic hydrolyzate, increase the temperature of the fermentation system to 32℃, and reduce the ventilation volume to .

[0070] S6: Bacillus subtilis fermentation: The pH value of the fermentation system naturally rises to greater than 6.0. CFU / g material (based on wet basis) was inoculated with Bacillus subtilis liquid and stirred to make the liquid dispersed evenly. The ratio of viable bacteria of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Bacillus subtilis was 1:200. The system temperature was raised to 37±3℃ and the ventilation volume was increased to , 3% molasses solution (50%) and 0.2% peptone mixed nutrient solution were added every 12 hours to promote Bacillus subtilis fermentation; fermentation time was 36 hours;

[0071] S7: Humification-directed control: 12 hours before fermentation termination, add 0.2% humic acid precursor solution (containing catechol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 5% w / v), raise the system temperature to 35±5°C, adjust the pH to 7.2-7.5 with 1M potassium hydroxide solution, and aerate with pure oxygen for 5 minutes every hour at a flow rate of 10 L / min. 2 hours before termination, raise the system temperature to 45±5°C to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

[0072] S8: Fermentation termination and solid-liquid separation: When the tannin degradation rate (Folin phenol method) is measured every 24 hours and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the three measurement results is less than 1%, the fermentation is terminated and the solid and liquid are separated by a belt filter press. After separation, the moisture content of the solid product is less than 40%, which is a solid organic fertilizer or soil improvement fertilizer;

[0073] S9: Post-processing of liquid fertilizer: filter the liquid component to remove particles with a diameter greater than 50μm, and add 0.1% polyaspartic acid as a stabilizer; add 0.5% humic acid and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the liquid component, stir and dissolve, and it becomes foliar fertilizer.

[0074] Example 2 According to the process of Example 1, two batches of solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer are prepared.

[0075] Example 3 Detection of solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer in Example 1 and Example 2

[0076] Table 1 Solid fertilizer test results:

[0077]

[0078] Table 2 Liquid fertilizer test results:

[0079] .

[0080] Example 4 Comparative Planting Experiment of Camellia Oil Base Using Solid Fertilizer and Liquid Fertilizer Obtained in Example 1

[0081] 4.1 Basic Information

[0082] Experiment entrusted by: She County Forestry Bureau, Huangshan Bawei Ecological Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd.

[0083] Experimental implementation unit: Shexi State Forest Farm, She County

[0084] Experimental location: Liguangshan Base, Zhengcun Town, She County

[0085] Experimental variety: Camellia oleifera

[0086] Experimental area: a total of 40 mu, including 20 mu of scientific planting area (solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer planting area for oil-tea camellia and cattail), 20 mu of traditional planting area, and oil-tea camellia forest with an average of about 100 plants per mu.

[0087] 4.2 Experimental Procedure

[0088] 4.2.1 Solid and liquid fertilizer planting area for Camellia oleifera and Cattail (20 mu)

[0089] Table 3 Experimental design of solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer for Camellia oleifera in the Camellia oleifera planting area (20 mu)

[0090]

[0091] 4.2.2 Traditional planting area (20 mu)

[0092] Table 4 Experimental design of traditional fertilizer oil-tea camellia planting area

[0093]

[0094] 4.3 Experimental Results

[0095] 4.3.1 Roots and leaves: Compared with traditional planting areas, the roots of tea trees in the oil-tea tree planting area are more extended, the capillary roots proliferate significantly, and the root lignification phenomenon is not obvious; the leaves in this area are shiny and glossy, and there are fewer diseases.

[0096] 4.3.2 Yield per mu: The average yield per mu in traditional planting areas is about 420 kg, and the average yield per mu in oil-tea camellia and cattail waste trace element nutrient fertilizer planting areas is about 480 kg, with the average yield per mu increased by about 12%.

[0097] Example 5 Comparison of solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer obtained in Example 1 for tangerine planting

[0098] 5.1 Basic Information

[0099] Experiment entrusted by: She County Forestry Bureau, Huangshan Bawei Ecological Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd.

[0100] Experimental implementation unit: Xinxikou Township People's Government of She County

[0101] Experimental location: Takeng Village, Xinxikou Township, She County

[0102] Experimental variety: Mandarin orange

[0103] Experimental area: 20 mu in total, 10 mu in scientific planting area (planting area with trace element fertilizer from oil-tea camellia and cattail waste), 10 mu in traditional planting area, 60 plants per mu.

[0104] 5.2 Experimental Procedure

[0105] 5.2.1 Solid and liquid fertilizer planting area for Camellia oleifera and Cattail (10 mu)

[0106] Table 5 Experimental design of solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer for tangerine planting area (10 mu)

[0107]

[0108] 5.2.2 Traditional planting area (10 mu)

[0109] Table 6 Experimental design of traditional fertilizer tangerine planting area (10 mu)

[0110]

[0111] 5.3 Experimental Results

[0112] 5.3.1 Tree growth status: In the area planted with trace element nutrient fertilizers (solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer) made from waste from Camellia oleifera, the root systems of the trees extended significantly, and the capillary roots proliferated significantly. Before the experiment, both areas had yellow leaves, but this area showed significant improvement, with a large proportion of leaves returning to normal, and the leaves were shiny and bright green, and the incidence of disease was less than in the traditional planting area.

[0113] 5.3.2 Yield data: The average yield per mu in the traditional planting area is about 1766 kg, and the average yield per mu in the oil-tea camellia and cattail waste trace element nutrient fertilizer planting area is about 1952 kg, with an average yield per mu increase of about 11%.

[0114] 5.3.3 Fruit quality: In November 2023, 2 kg of mandarin oranges were harvested and sent for inspection. The results from a third-party testing agency showed that the sugar content, vitamin C, trace elements, and other data of the fruits in the area planted with trace element nutrient fertilizers derived from oil-tea camellia and cattail waste were higher than those in the traditional planting areas. For specific results, please refer to Section 5.4.

[0115] 5.3.4 The organic acids produced by fermentation promote the chelation and retention of potassium and phosphorus, enhancing the slow-release properties of the elements. Short-term detection values ​​may be lower than those of fast-acting chemical fertilizers, but field tracking shows that the element effectiveness period is extended by 35%.

[0116] 5.4 Tangerine Test Results

[0117] Table 7 Test results of tangerines obtained from traditional planting and scientific planting (i.e., planting with solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer of Camellia oleifera)

[0118] .

[0119] The above invention contents and embodiments describe the basic principles and main features of the patent application of the present invention and the advantages of the patent application of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the patent application of the present invention is not limited by the above embodiments. The above embodiments and descriptions only describe the optimal technical solutions of the patent application of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the patent application of the present invention, the patent application of the present invention may have various changes and improvements, all of which fall within the scope of the patent application of the present invention to be protected. The scope of protection claimed in the patent application of the present invention is defined by the attached claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail, characterized in that: The steps include: S1: Raw material crushing: crushing camellia oleifera fruit with a crusher; S2: Steam sterilization: Place the crushed camellia oleifera obtained in S1 into a sterilization tank and sterilize with steam. After sterilization, turn off the steam, start circulating water, and allow the temperature to cool naturally. S3: Aspergillus niger fermentation: Add Aspergillus niger spore suspension to the cooled material and stir to ensure uniform distribution of the fungus; S4: Co-fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium: After Aspergillus niger fermentation, add Phanerochaete chrysosporium spore suspension, spray a mixture of corncob hydrolyzate and MnSO4 solution after Aspergillus niger fermentation, ventilate, and continue fermentation; S5: Transition period adjustment: adding wheat bran extract to the material obtained in S4, and adding cellulose enzymatic hydrolysate, increasing the temperature of the fermentation system, and reducing the ventilation volume; S6: Bacillus subtilis fermentation: The pH value of the fermentation system rises naturally, and the Bacillus subtilis liquid is added and stirred to evenly disperse the liquid. The system temperature is raised, aerated, and a mixed nutrient solution of molasses solution and peptone is added to promote the fermentation of Bacillus subtilis. S7: Directed regulation of humification: before the end of fermentation, add humic acid precursor solution, increase the system temperature, adjust the solution pH, and introduce pure oxygen; When the reaction is nearing the end, the system temperature is raised to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. S8: Fermentation termination and solid-liquid separation: End the fermentation and separate the solid and liquid to obtain solid organic fertilizer or soil improvement fertilizer; S9: Post-processing of liquid fertilizer: filter the liquid component and add stabilizer; add humic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the liquid component, stir and dissolve, and then it becomes foliar fertilizer; The inoculum ratio of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium is 1.8-2.2:1; The inoculation ratio of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Bacillus subtilis is 1:180-220.

2. The method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail according to claim 1, wherein: The tannin content in the obtained solid fertilizer is less than 1.8 g / kg on a dry basis, the tea saponin content is less than 0.1% on a dry basis, the foliar fertilizer contains elements of boron, manganese and zinc, and the effective viable bacteria count is ≥120 million / mL.

3. The method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail according to claim 1, characterized in that: The particle size after crushing in S1 is less than 2 cm; the fermentation conditions in S3 are: temperature 30±2℃, ventilation, and duration for 18-24 hours.

4. The method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail according to claim 3, characterized in that: In S4, after 18 hours of fermentation with Aspergillus niger, a spore suspension of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was added, and the ratio of the number of viable bacteria of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium was 1.8-2.2:

1. After 24 hours of fermentation with Aspergillus niger, a mixture of corn cob hydrolyzate and MnSO4 solution was sprayed. The fermentation process was maintained at 30±2°C, aerated, and fermentation was continued for 24 hours.

5. The method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail according to claim 3, characterized in that: In S6, the pH value of the fermentation system naturally rises to greater than 6.0, and a Bacillus subtilis liquid is added and stirred to uniformly disperse the liquid. The ratio of the viable counts of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Bacillus subtilis is 1:180-220. The system temperature is raised to 37±3°C, aerated, and a mixed nutrient solution of molasses solution and peptone is added every 12 hours to promote Bacillus subtilis fermentation. In S7, 12 hours before termination of fermentation, a humic acid precursor solution is added, the system temperature is raised, the pH value of the solution is adjusted with a potassium hydroxide solution, and pure oxygen is introduced. Two hours before termination, the system temperature is raised to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

6. The method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail according to claim 3, characterized in that: The water content of the solid product after separation in S8 is less than 40%.

7. Use of the fertilizer based on Camellia oleifera according to claim 1 in promoting the growth of mandarin oranges.

8. Use of the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail according to claim 1 in promoting the growth of oil-tea camellia.

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