Systems and methods for adaptive aware power control

Abstract

Aspects of the present application provide an adaptive perception method that enables separate power control parameter configuration for uplink (UL) communication transmission or sidelink (SL) communication transmission and perception transmission. When a signal or channel is simultaneously used for communication and perception, two sets of parameters may be configured, a first set of parameters being used for UL or SL communication and a second set of parameters being used for perception. Some aspects of the present disclosure provide a distributed power control method that includes a slow power ramp-up for a perceived transmission signal. The distributed power control method may also include interference avoidance. Aspects of the present application provide a centralized power control method that includes when interference is detected, a centralized network side device (e.g., a base station) sends signaling to adjust UE power to reduce interference between UEs.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to wireless communication, and in particular, to systems and methods for adaptive sensing power control. Background Art

[0002] In some wireless communication systems, a user equipment (UE) communicates wirelessly with a base station (e.g., NodeB, evolved NodeB, or gNB) to send data to and / or receive data from the base station. The wireless communication from the UE to the base station is referred to as uplink (UL) communication. The wireless communication from the base station to the UE is referred to as downlink (DL) communication. The wireless communication from a first UE to a second UE is referred to as sidelink (SL) communication or device-to-device (D2D) communication.

[0003] Performing uplink communication, downlink communication, and sidelink communication requires resources. For example, a base station can wirelessly send data, such as a transport block (TB), to a UE in a downlink transmission at a specific frequency for a specific duration. The frequency and duration used are examples of resources.

[0004] A UE can perform sensing to obtain information about the UE's surrounding environment. Sensing enables the UE to detect information about one or more objects, such as but not limited to the environmental information near the UE, the UE's location, the UE's speed, the UE's orientation, and information about the objects near the UE, the distance to the objects, and the shape of the objects. Sensing may involve the UE performing measurements of signals reflected by the objects. The measurements can be performed through radio-frequency (RF) sensing. For example, a wireless signal is reflected by an object and measured by the UE. There are two types of sensing, monostatic sensing and bistatic sensing. For monostatic sensing, the transmitter and the receiver are the same device. For example, the UE sends an RF signal and receives the echo to measure and determine the sensing result. For bistatic sensing, the transmitter and the receiver are different devices. For example, the base station sends a sensing signal and the UE receives the echo signal, and vice versa.

[0005] Interference may occur when using monostatic or bistatic sensing when multiple UEs are close to each other and use the same or similar resources (i.e., time, frequency, and spatial resources) for sensing transmissions.

[0006] Generally, there are two types of solutions for attempting to solve interference-related problems. In a centralized solution, the base station allocates sensing resources and transmission power for each UE. However, due to the mobility of the UE, this method may be relatively complex. In a distributed solution, the UEs are responsible for communicating with each other in order to allocate sensing resources and transmission power for the UEs in the local area. This distributed solution may also be difficult to coordinate multiple UEs to reduce interference. Summary of the Invention

[0007] Some aspects of the present application provide an adaptive sensing method that can configure separate power control parameters for uplink (UL) communication transmissions or sidelink (SL) communication transmissions and sensing transmissions. When a signal or channel is used for both communication and sensing, two parameter sets can be configured, a first parameter set for UL or SL communication, and a second parameter set for sensing. Using separate power control parameters for UL or SL communication transmissions and sensing enables flexible configuration for sensing power control.

[0008] Some aspects of the present application provide a centralized power control method, which includes: when interference is detected, a centralized network-side device (such as a base station) sends a signaling to adjust the UE power, thereby reducing the interference between UEs. Centralized UE power control including a base station that forwards power control information to the UEs can achieve interference coordination among multiple UEs that are performing sensing.

[0009] Some aspects of the present application provide a distributed power control method, which includes a slow power ramp-up of the transmission signal for sensing. The distributed power control method may also include interference avoidance. Distributed UE sensing power control including multiple UEs that coordinate power control information among the UEs can improve the spectral efficiency among multiple UEs that are performing sensing.

[0010] According to some aspects of the present application, there is provided a method used by a user equipment (UE) that has both communication and sensing capabilities, the method including: the UE receives a first set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of an uplink (UL) communication transmission or a sidelink (SL) communication transmission and a second set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of a sensing transmission; the UE performs at least one of the following determinations: determining the transmission power for the UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission based on the first set of multiple power control parameters; or determining the transmission power for the sensing transmission based on the second set of multiple power control parameters.

[0011] In some embodiments, the UE determines whether to use the first set of multiple power control parameters or the second set of multiple power control parameters based on receiving an indication to select the first set or the second set.

[0012] In some embodiments, the UE determines whether to use the first set of multiple power control parameters or the second set of multiple power control parameters based on the first set and the second set of multiple power control parameters, wherein the first set and the second set are each associated with a reference signal resource, and when a given reference signal resource is selected, the associated first set or second set of multiple power control parameters is selected.

[0013] In some embodiments, the UE determines whether to use the first set of multiple power control parameters or the second set of multiple power control parameters based on the first set and the second set of multiple power control parameters, wherein the first set and the second set are each associated with a resource configuration parameter, and when a given resource configuration parameter is selected, the associated first set or second set of multiple power control parameters is selected.

[0014] In some embodiments, the resource configuration parameter is one of a reference signal bandwidth, a number of reference signal ports, a number of reference signal symbols, or a number of physical channel symbols.

[0015] In some embodiments, the method further includes: determining a transmission power of a UL communication transmission or an SL communication transmission using the first set of multiple power control parameters; or determining a transmission power of a sensing transmission using the second set of multiple power control parameters.

[0016] In some embodiments, the UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission and the sensing transmission are sounding reference signals (SRS).

[0017] In some embodiments, the parameters in the first parameter set are different from the parameters in the second parameter set.

[0018] In some embodiments, one or more parameters in the second set are dedicated to sensing power control.

[0019] In some embodiments, the method for interference avoidance of a sensing transmission includes: the UE receives an indication for the UE to adjust the UE sensing transmission power, wherein the indication is an indication of an absolute sensing transmission power or an indication of a differential sensing transmission power; the UE adjusts the sensing transmission power based on the indication.

[0020] In some embodiments, the indication is received on UE-specific downlink control information (DCI), group-specific DCI, medium access control-control element (MAC-CE), or radio resource control (RRC) message.

[0021] In some embodiments, the indication includes at least one of the following: an indication of whether the UE is configured for power control for adjusting UL communication transmission or SL communication transmission and sensing transmission; or a transmission power command (TPC).

[0022] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE receives configuration information indicating whether the indication of whether the UE is configured for power control for adjusting UL communication transmission or SL communication transmission and sensing transmission is included in the indication, and if not, the indication for adjusting the sensing transmission power.

[0023] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE receives configuration information related to sensing resources used by other UEs.

[0024] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE measures resources of other UEs.

[0025] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE sends a report including interference information measured by the UE.

[0026] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE increases the sensing transmission power by at least one of the following ways: exponentially ramping up the sensing transmission power; or linearly ramping up the sensing transmission power.

[0027] In some embodiments, the increase in sensing transmission power is performed by the UE at the following times: before receiving an indication for the UE to adjust the UE sensing transmission power; or after the UE has adjusted the UE sensing transmission power by reducing the UE sensing signal transmission power.

[0028] In some embodiments, the method for interference avoidance of sensing transmission includes: the UE receives configuration information related to sensing resources used by other UEs; when interference from a second UE among other UEs is detected, comparing the priority of the UE with the priority of the second UE; based on the comparison: if the priority of the UE is higher than the priority of the second UE, sending a sensing transmission power reduction request to reduce the transmission power of the second UE; or if the priority of the UE is lower than the priority of the second UE, reducing the sensing transmission power of the UE.

[0029] In some embodiments, the configuration information related to the sensing resources used by other UEs includes at least one priority associated with the sensing resources of at least one of the other UEs.

[0030] In some embodiments, reducing the sensing transmission power of a UE includes: reducing the sensing transmission power to a value that is less than the latest value of the sensing transmission power before it is determined that the sensing transmission power should be reduced.

[0031] In some embodiments, the value that is less than the latest value of the sensing transmission power is: equal to the value of the initial power; or a previously configured value.

[0032] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE increasing the sensing transmission power by at least one of the following ways: exponentially ramping up the sensing transmission power; or linearly ramping up the sensing transmission power.

[0033] In some embodiments, increasing the sensing transmission power is performed by the UE at the following times: before receiving an indication for the UE to adjust the UE sensing transmission power; or after the UE has adjusted the UE sensing transmission power by reducing the UE sensing transmission power.

[0034] In some embodiments, the method further includes: receiving an indication of a threshold, the threshold indicating the maximum sensing transmission power for the UE when ramping up the sensing transmission power.

[0035] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE receiving priority configuration information for defining the priority of the UE.

[0036] In some embodiments, the priority of the resources of the UE is determined based on the sensing requirement report of the UE.

[0037] In some embodiments, detecting interference from a second UE includes: the UE detecting the sensing resources of the second UE, and the sensing resources being able to determine the priority of the sensing resources of the second UE based on the configuration information related to the sensing resources used by other UEs.

[0038] In some embodiments, the UE sending a sensing transmission power reduction request for reducing the transmission power of the second UE includes: the UE sending a request for reducing the sensing transmission power to the second UE via the SL to the second UE; or the UE sending a request for reducing the sensing transmission power to the base station via the UL so that the base station forwards the request for reducing the sensing transmission power to the second UE via the downlink (DL).

[0039] In some embodiments, the method further includes: The UE receives sensing configuration information related to interference avoidance, and the sensing configuration information related to interference avoidance includes at least one of the following: sensing transmission timing offset information for offsetting the timing of sensing transmission; or sensing transmission signal interval information for changing the interval of sensing transmission.

[0040] According to some aspects of the present application, a device including a processor and a computer-readable storage medium is provided. Computer-executable instructions are stored in the computer-readable storage medium, and when executed by the processor, the computer-executable instructions perform the methods described above or detailed below.

[0041] According to some aspects of the present application, a method is provided, including: The base station transmits a first set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of UL communication transmission or SL communication transmission and a second set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of sensing transmission.

[0042] In some embodiments, the method further includes: The base station transmits an explicit indication as to whether the UE will use the first set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of UL communication transmission or SL communication transmission or will use the second set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of sensing transmission.

[0043] In some embodiments, the method further includes: The base station transmits a first association between the first set of multiple power control parameters and a first reference signal resource and a second association between the second set of multiple power control parameters and a second reference signal resource.

[0044] In some embodiments, the method further includes: The base station transmits a first association between the first set of multiple power control parameters and a first resource configuration parameter and a second association between the second set of multiple power control parameters and a second resource configuration parameter.

[0045] In some embodiments, the resource configuration parameter is one of a reference signal bandwidth, a reference signal port number, a reference signal symbol number, or a physical channel symbol number.

[0046] In some embodiments, the transmission power of UL communication transmission or SL communication transmission is determined using the first set of multiple power control parameters; or the transmission power of sensing transmission is determined using the second set of multiple power control parameters.

[0047] In some embodiments, the UL communication transmission or SL communication transmission and the sensing transmission are sounding reference signals (SRS).

[0048] In some embodiments, the parameters in the first parameter set are different from the parameters in the second parameter set.

[0049] In some embodiments, one or more parameters in the second set are dedicated to sensing power control.

[0050] In some embodiments, the method for interference avoidance of sensing transmission includes: when interference involving two or more UEs is detected, the base station sends an indication to at least one UE to adjust the sensing transmission power of the UE, where the indication is an indication of absolute sensing transmission power or an indication of differential sensing transmission power.

[0051] In some embodiments, the indication is transmitted on a UE-specific DCI, group-specific DCI, MAC-CE, or RRC message.

[0052] In some embodiments, the indication includes at least one of the following: an indication of whether the UE is configured for power control of adjusting UL communication transmission or SL communication transmission and sensing transmission; or TPC.

[0053] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the base station sends configuration information indicating whether the UE is configured for power control of adjusting UL transmission and whether the indication of sensing transmission indication is included in the indication, and if not included, the indication is for adjusting the sensing transmission power.

[0054] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the base station sends configuration information related to the sensing transmission power of other UEs.

[0055] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the base station receives a report including interference information measured by at least one UE.

[0056] In some embodiments, the method for interference avoidance of sensing transmission includes: the base station sends configuration information related to the sensing resources used by at least one UE, where the configuration information enables the first UE to determine the priority of the sensing resources of the second UE, so that when interference between the first UE and the second UE is detected, the first UE is used to compare the priority of the sensing resources of the first UE with the priority of the sensing resources used by the second UE.

[0057] In some embodiments, the configuration information related to the sensing resources used by at least one UE includes the priority associated with the sensing resources of at least one of the other UEs.

[0058] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the base station sends threshold information for the first UE to use during interference reduction, and the threshold information is compared with the exponentially ramped sensing transmission power of the first UE.

[0059] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the base station sending priority configuration information for defining the priority of a first UE.

[0060] In some embodiments, the method further includes: sending a sensed transmission power reduction request for reducing the transmission power of a second UE, where sending the sensed transmission power reduction request includes: the base station receiving, via UL, a request from the first UE to reduce the sensed transmission power of the second UE; and the base station forwarding, via DL, the request to reduce the sensed transmission power to the second UE.

[0061] In some embodiments, the method further includes: sending sensed configuration information related to interference avoidance, the sensed configuration information related to interference avoidance including at least one of the following: sensed transmission timing offset information for offsetting the timing of sensed transmission; or sensed transmission signal interval information for changing the interval of sensed transmission.

[0062] According to some aspects of the present application, there is provided a device including a processor and a computer-readable storage medium. Computer-executable instructions are stored in the computer-readable storage medium, and when executed by the processor, execute the method as described above or detailed below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0063] To more fully understand the current embodiments and their advantages, reference is now made, by way of example, to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0064] Figure 1A is a schematic diagram of a communication system in which embodiments of the present application may be implemented.

[0065] Figure 1B is another schematic diagram of a communication system in which embodiments of the present application may be implemented.

[0066] Figure 2 is a block diagram of units or modules in a device in which embodiments of the present application may be implemented.

[0067] Figure 3 is a block diagram of units or modules in a device in which embodiments of the present application may be implemented.

[0068] Figure 4 includes two examples of list information used in an adaptive transmit power control (TPC) method for sensing and UL transmission control according to one aspect of the present application.

[0069] Figure 5A shows an example of determining values to be used as time increases, as part of a power ramp-up method using an exponential power ramp-up for sensed transmission.

[0070] Figure 5B Illustrates an example of determining values to be used as time increases, as part of a power ramp method that uses both exponential and linear power ramps for sensing transmissions.

[0071] Figure 6A Is a schematic diagram of a first example of adaptive control of variable pulse power ramping with power backoff, where the power backoff is for interference reduction, according to one aspect of the present application.

[0072] Figure 6B Is a schematic diagram of a second example of adaptive control of variable pulse power ramping with power backoff, where the power backoff is for interference reduction, according to one aspect of the present application.

[0073] Figure 7A Is a schematic diagram of an example of adaptive sensing timing offset for interference reduction, according to one aspect of the present application.

[0074] Figure 7B Is a schematic diagram of an example of adaptive sensing interval for interference reduction, according to one aspect of the present application.

[0075] Figure 8 Illustrates an example of a signal flow diagram of signaling between a base station and a UE according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0076] Figure 9 Illustrates another example of a signal flow diagram of signaling between a base station and a UE according to an embodiment of the present application. Detailed Description

[0077] For illustration, specific exemplary embodiments will now be explained in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0078] The embodiments set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate the manner of practicing such subject matter. After reading the following description with reference to the drawings, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize that the application of these concepts is not particularly shown herein. It should be understood that these concepts and their applications are within the scope of the present application and the appended claims.

[0079] In addition, it will be understood that any module, component, or device that executes instructions disclosed herein may include or otherwise access one or more non-transitory computer / processor-readable storage media to store information such as computer / processor-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor-readable storage media includes magnetic tape cartridges, tapes, magnetic disk memories, or other magnetic storage devices, compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital video disc or digital versatile disc (i.e., DVD), Blu-ray Disc TM and other optical discs, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, or other storage technologies. Any of these non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of the device or accessible or connected to the device. The computer / processor-readable / executable instructions for implementing the applications or modules described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor-readable storage media.

[0080] According to some aspects of the present application, an adaptive sensing method is provided that is capable of separately configuring power control parameters for uplink (UL) communication transmissions or sidelink (SL) communication transmissions and sensing transmissions. In some embodiments, one or more parameters are dedicated to sensing power control. When a signal or channel is used for both communication and sensing, two parameter sets may be configured, a first parameter set for UL or SL communication and a second parameter set for sensing. In some embodiments, one or both of the first parameter set and the second parameter set for power control may be explicitly indicated to the UE. In some embodiments, one or both of the first parameter set and the second parameter set for power control may be implicitly provided to the UE so that the UE can determine the power control information based on the provided information.

[0081] According to some aspects of the present application, a distributed power control method is provided, which includes a slow power ramp-up for the sensed transmission signal. The slow power ramp-up can include an exponential power ramp-up or a linear power ramp-up, or both types of power ramp-ups. The distributed power control method can also include interference avoidance. Interference avoidance can include interference measurement and interference reduction. In some embodiments, the UE can be notified of the sensing resources (e.g., time and frequency for sensing signals, sequence resources) of other UEs. In some embodiments, the UE can be notified of the associated sensing priorities of one or more other UEs, or more generally, the overall priorities of one or more other UEs. When the measured interference from one or more other UEs exceeds a threshold, and when the UE has a higher priority than one or more other UEs, the UE requests one or more other UEs to reduce the interference. This can include causing one or more other UEs to reduce power or change sensing resources. When the measured interference from one or more other UEs exceeds a threshold, and when the priority of the UE is lower than that of other UEs, the UE reduces its power or changes sensing resources, or both, to avoid interfering with one or more other UEs. Changing the sensing resources can include changing the UE sensing mode, which includes various characteristics such as sensing timing offset or sensing signal interval, or both.

[0082] According to some aspects of the present application, a centralized power control method is provided, which includes: when interference is detected, the centralized network-side device (e.g., base station) sends signaling to adjust the UE power, thereby reducing the interference between UEs.

[0083] The following Figure 1A 、 Figure 1B and Figure 2 provide the context of the network and devices that can be in the network and can implement some aspects of the present application.

[0084] Reference Figure 1A, by way of illustrative example and not limitation, provides a simplified schematic diagram of a communication system. Communication system 100 includes a radio access network 120. The radio access network 120 can be a next-generation (e.g., sixth generation (6G) or later) radio access network, or a traditional (e.g., 5G, 4G, 3G, or 2G) radio access network. In the radio access network 120, one or more communication electronic devices (EDs) 110a to 120j (commonly referred to as 110) can be interconnected with each other and can also or alternatively be connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, commonly referred to as 170). The core network 130 can be part of the communication system and can be dependent on or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. The communication system 100 also includes a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160.

[0085] Figure 1B An exemplary communication system 100 in which embodiments of the present application can be implemented is shown. Generally, system 100 is capable of enabling multiple wireless or wired elements to transmit data and other content. System 100 can provide content (voice, data, video, text) via broadcast, narrowcast, user equipment to user equipment, etc. System 100 can operate efficiently by sharing resources such as bandwidth.

[0086] In this example, communication system 100 includes electronic devices (EDs) 110a to 110c, radio access networks (RANs) 120a and 120b, core network 130, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, Internet 150, and other networks 160. Although Figure 1B a certain number of these components or elements are shown, any reasonable number of these components or elements can be included in system 100.

[0087] EDs 110a to 110c are used for operation and / or communication in system 100. For example, EDs 110a to 110c are used for transmitting and / or receiving via a wireless communication channel. Each of EDs 110a to 110c represents any suitable end-user device for wireless operation and may include the following devices (or may be referred to as): user equipment (UE), wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), mobile station, mobile subscriber unit, cellular phone, station (STA), machine type communication (MTC) device, personal digital assistant (PDA), smart phone, laptop computer, computer, touchpad, wireless sensor, or consumer electronic device.

[0088] Figure 1B Exemplary communication system 100 in which embodiments of the present application may be implemented is shown. Generally, communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to transmit data and other content. Communication system 100 may provide content (voice, data, video, text) via broadcast, multicast, unicast, user equipment to user equipment, etc. Communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources such as bandwidth.

[0089] In this example, communication system 100 includes electronic devices (EDs) 110a to 110d, radio access networks (RANs) 120a to 120c, core network 130, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, Internet 150, and other networks 160. Although Figure 1B a certain number of these components or elements are shown, any reasonable number of these components or elements may be included in communication system 100.

[0090] EDs 110a to 110d are used to operate and / or communicate in the communication system 100. For example, EDs 110a to 110d are used to transmit and / or receive via a wireless or wired communication channel. Each of EDs 110a to 110d represents any suitable end-user device for wireless operation and may include the following devices (or may be referred to as): user equipment (UE), wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, cellular phone, station (STA), machine type communication (MTC) device, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, laptop computer, computer, tablet, wireless sensor, or consumer electronic device.

[0091] In Figure 1B RANs 120a and 120b respectively include base stations 170a and 170b. Each of base stations 170a and 170b is used to wirelessly connect to one or more of EDs 110a to 110c so as to be able to access any other base stations 170a and 170b, core network 130, PSTN 140, Internet 150, and / or other networks 160. For example, base stations 170a and 170b may include (or may be) one or more of several known devices, such as base transceiver station (BTS), Node-B, evolved NodeB (eNodeB), home eNodeB, gNodeB, transmission and receive point (TRP), site controller, access point (AP), or wireless router.

[0092] In some examples, one or more of base stations 170a and 170b can be terrestrial base stations connected to the ground. For example, a terrestrial base station can be installed on a building or a tower. Alternatively, one or more of base stations 172 can be non-terrestrial base stations, or non-terrestrial TRPs (NT-TRPs), not connected to the ground. A flying base station is an example of a non-terrestrial base station. A flying base station can be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. Non-limiting examples of flying devices include airborne platforms (such as airships or dirigibles), balloons, quadcopters, and other aircraft. In some implementations, a flying base station can be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (such as a drone or a quadcopter). A flying base station can be a movable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed at different locations to meet network requirements. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station can be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station can also be referred to as an orbital base station.

[0093] Alternatively or additionally, any of EDs 110a to 110d can be used to connect to, access, or communicate with any other base stations 170a and 170b, the Internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, other networks 160, or any combination of the above.

[0094] EDs 110a to 110d and base stations 170a and 170b, 172 are all examples of communication equipment that can be used to implement some or all of the operations and / or embodiments described herein. In Figure 1BIn the illustrated embodiment, base station 170a is part of RAN 120a, which may include other base stations, a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, elements, and / or devices. Either of base stations 170a and 170b may be a single element, as shown, or may be multiple elements distributed in the corresponding RAN, and so on. In addition, base station 170b forms part of RAN 120b, which may include other base stations, elements, and / or devices. Each of base stations 170a and 170b transmits and / or receives wireless signals within a specific geographic area, sometimes referred to as a "cell" or "coverage area". For example, a cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and base stations 170a and 170b may use multiple transceivers to serve multiple sectors. In some embodiments, there may be established pico cells or femto cells supported by a wireless access technology. In some embodiments, each cell may use multiple transceivers by using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. The number of RANs 120a and 120b shown is merely exemplary. Any number of RANs may be considered when designing communication system 100.

[0095] Base stations 170a, 170b, and 172 communicate with one or more of EDs 110a to 110c via one or more air interfaces 190a, 190c using wireless communication links such as radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), etc. The air interfaces 190a, 190c may use any suitable wireless access technology. For example, communication system 100 may implement one or more orthogonal or non-orthogonal channel access methods in air interfaces 190a, 190c, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA).

[0096] Base stations 170a and 170b, 172 can implement Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) to establish radio interfaces 190a, 190c using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). In this way, base stations 170a and 170b, 172 can implement protocols such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Evolved HSPA (HSPA+), etc., optionally including High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High Speed Packet Uplink Access (HSPUA), or both. Alternatively, base stations 170a and 170b, 172 can establish radio interfaces 190a, 190c with Evolved UTMS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) using LTE, LTE-A, and / or LTE-B. It can be considered that communication system 100 can use multi-channel access operations, including those scenarios described above. Other radio technologies for implementing radio interfaces include IEEE 802.11, 802.15, 802.16, CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, IS-2000, IS-95, IS-856, GSM, EDGE, and GERAN. Of course, other multiple access schemes and radio protocols can also be used.

[0097] RANs 120a and 120b communicate with core network 130 to provide various services to EDs 110a to 110c, such as voice, data, and other services. RANs 120a and 120b and / or core network 130 can communicate directly or indirectly with one or more other RANs (not shown), and the one or more other RANs may (or may not) be directly served by core network 130 and may (or may not) employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b, or both. Core network 130 can also serve as a gateway access between (i) RANs 120a and 120b, or EDs 110a to 110c, or both, and (ii) other networks (such as PSTN 140, Internet 150, and other networks 160).

[0098] EDs 110a through 110d communicate with each other via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b, 190d using a wireless communication link such as radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), etc. The SL air interfaces 190b, 190d can use any suitable radio access technology. The SL air interfaces 190b, 190d can be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c through which EDs 110a through 110c communicate with one or more of the base stations 170a and 170b, or can be substantially different from the air interfaces 190a, 190c. For example, the communication system 100 can implement one or more channel access methods in the SL air interfaces 190b, 190d, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA). In some embodiments, the SL air interface 180 can be implemented at least partially on an unlicensed spectrum.

[0099] In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a through 110d can include operations to communicate with different wireless networks via different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of (or in addition to) wireless communication, the ED can also communicate with a service provider or a switch (not shown) and with the Internet 150 via a wired communication channel. The PSTN 140 can include a circuit-switched telephone network for providing plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 150 can include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporates protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), etc. The EDs 110a through 110d can be multimode devices capable of operating according to multiple radio access technologies and include multiple transceivers required to support multiple radio access technologies.

[0100] In some embodiments, the signal is sent from the terrestrial BS to the UE, or directly from the UE to the terrestrial BS, and in both cases, the signal is not reflected by the RIS. However, the signal may be reflected by obstacles and reflection sources such as buildings, walls, and furniture. In some embodiments, the signal communicates between the UE and a non-terrestrial BS (such as a satellite, a drone, and an aerial platform). In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted between a relay and the UE, or between a relay and the BS, or between two relays. In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted between two UEs. In some embodiments, one or more RISs are used to reflect the signals from the transmitter and the receiver, where any one of the transmitter and the receiver includes a UE, a terrestrial or non-terrestrial BS, and a relay.

[0101] Figure 2 Another example of the ED 110 and network devices (including base stations 170a, 170b (at 170), and NT-TRP 172) is shown. The ED 110 is used to connect people, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 can be widely applied to various scenarios, such as cellular communication, device-to-device (D2D), vehicle to everything (V2X), peer-to-peer (P2P), machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-type communication (MTC), internet of things (IOT), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), industrial control, autonomous driving, telemedicine, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearables, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery, and mobility, etc.

[0102] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end-user device for wireless operation and may include devices such as (or may be referred to as): user equipment (UE), wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, cellular phone, station (STA), machine type communication (MTC) device, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, laptop computer, computer, tablet, wireless sensor, consumer electronic device, smartbook, vehicle, automobile, truck, bus, train, or IoT device, industrial device, or apparatus in the above devices (such as a communication module, modem, or chip), etc. The next-generation ED 110 may be referred to using other terms. Base stations 170a and 170b are T-TRPs and are hereinafter referred to as T-TRP 170. Also as Figure 2 shown, the NT-TRP is hereinafter referred to as NT-TRP 172. Each ED 110 connected to the T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled), turned off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled), and / or configured in response to one or more of the following: connection availability and connection necessity.

[0103] The ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is shown. Alternatively, one, some, or all of the antennas may be panels. For example, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated into a transceiver. The transceiver is used to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna 204 or a network interface controller (NIC). The transceiver is also used to demodulate data or other content received by at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or for processing signals received wirelessly or wiredly. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.

[0104] ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. The memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or acquired by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 may store software instructions or modules executed by one or more processing units 210 for implementing some or all of the functions and / or embodiments described herein. Each memory 208 includes one or more any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval devices. Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), hard disk, optical disk, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache, etc.

[0105] The ED 110 may also include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as Figure 1A or Figure 1B a wired interface to the Internet 150 in

[0106] The ED 110 also includes a processor 210 for performing operations including operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170, operations related to processing a downlink transmission received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170, and operations related to processing sidelink transmissions to and from another ED 110. The processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulation, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. The processing operations related to processing a downlink transmission may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulation, and decoding received symbols. According to an embodiment, the receiver 203 may receive a downlink transmission (possibly using receive beamforming), and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (e.g., by detecting and / or decoding the signaling). Examples of signaling may be reference signals sent by the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 implements transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on an indication of a beam direction received from the T-TRP 170 (e.g., beam angle information (BAI)). In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations related to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations related to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding, and acquiring system information. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation using reference signals received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170, etc.

[0107] Although not shown, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203. Although not shown, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.

[0108] The processor 210, and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors for executing instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 208). Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a graphical processing unit (GPU), or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

[0109] In some implementations, T-TRP 170 may have other names, such as base station, base transceiver station (BTS), radio base station, network node, network device, network-side device, transmission / reception node, Node B, evolved Node B (eNodeB or eNB), home eNodeB, next generation Node B (gNB), transmission point (TP), site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, relay station, remote radio head, terrestrial node, terrestrial network device, terrestrial base station, base band unit (BBU), remote radio unit (RRU), active antenna unit (AAU), remote radio head (RRH), central unit (CU), distributed unit (DU), positioning node, etc. T-TRP 170 may be a macro BS, micro BS, relay node, host node, etc. or a combination thereof. T-TRP 170 may refer to the above devices or the devices (e.g., communication module, modem or chip) in the above devices. Although the accompanying descriptions of the drawings and the examples and embodiments of the present application generally use the terms AP, BS, and AP or BS, it should be understood that such devices may be any one of the above types.

[0110] In some embodiments, parts of T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some modules of T-TRP 170 may be located at a position remote from the device housing the antenna of T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the device housing the antenna through a communication link (not shown) sometimes referred to as fronthaul, such as the common public radio interface (CPRI). Thus, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to the modules on the network side that perform processing operations such as determining the position of ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling), message generation and encoding / decoding, and are not necessarily part of the device housing the antenna of T-TRP 170. These modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, T-TRP 170 may actually be multiple T-TRPs that work together, for example, through coordinated multi-point transmission, to serve ED 110.

[0111] The T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is shown. Alternatively, one, some, or all of the antennas may be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated into a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 further includes a processor 260 for performing operations including operations related to the following: preparing a transmission for a downlink transmission to the ED 110; processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110; preparing a transmission for a backhaul transmission to the NT-TRP 172; processing a transmission received via the backhaul from the NT-TRP 172. The processing operations related to preparing a transmission for a downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulation, precoding (e.g., multiple input multiple output (MIMO) precoding), transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. The processing operations related to processing a transmission received in the uplink or received via the backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations related to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of a synchronization signal block (SSB), generating system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates an indication of a beam direction, e.g., a BAI, which may be scheduled by the scheduler 253 for transmission. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy the NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g., to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is transmitted by the transmitter 252. It should be noted that the "signaling" used herein may alternatively be referred to as control signaling. Dynamic signaling may be transmitted in a control channel (e.g., a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH)), and static or semi-static high-layer signaling may be included in data packets transmitted in a data channel (e.g., a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)).

[0112] The scheduler 253 can be coupled to the processor 260. The scheduler 253 can be included within or operate separately from the T-TRP 170, and the scheduler can schedule uplink transmissions, downlink transmissions, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring grant-free (“configured grant”) resources. The T-TRP 170 also includes a memory 258 for storing information and data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 can store software instructions or modules executed by the processor 260 for implementing some or all of the functions and / or embodiments described herein.

[0113] Although not shown, the processor 260 can form part of the transmitter 252 and / or the receiver 254. Additionally, although not shown, the processor 260 can implement the scheduler 253. Although not shown, the memory 258 can form part of the processor 260.

[0114] The processing components of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, and the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 can each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors for executing instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 258). Alternatively, some or all of the processing components of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, and the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 can be implemented using dedicated circuitry (e.g., FPGA, GPU, or ASIC).

[0115] Although NT-TRP 172 is shown only as an example of a drone, NT-TRP 172 can be implemented in any suitable non-ground form. Additionally, NT-TRP 172 can have other names in some implementations, such as non-ground node, non-ground network device, or non-ground base station. NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is shown. Alternatively, one, some, or all of the antennas can be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 can be integrated as a transceiver. NT-TRP 172 also includes a processor 276 for performing operations, including operations related to the following: preparing a transmission for a downlink transmission to ED 110; processing an uplink transmission received from ED 110; preparing a transmission for a backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170; processing a transmission received from T-TRP 170 via the backhaul. The processing operations related to preparing a transmission for a downlink transmission or a backhaul transmission can include operations such as encoding, modulation, precoding (e.g., MIMO precoding), transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. The processing operations related to processing a transmission received in the uplink or received via the backhaul can include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating, and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g., BAI) received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 can generate signaling, e.g., to configure one or more parameters of ED 110. In some embodiments, NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions of the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. Since this is just an example, more generally, NT-TRP 172 can also implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.

[0116] NT-TRP 172 also includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not shown, the processor 276 can form part of the transmitter 272 and / or the receiver 274. Although not shown, the memory 278 can form part of the processor 276.

[0117] Processor 276, and the processing components of transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors, the one or more processors being configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 278). Alternatively, processor 276 and some or all of the processing components of transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry (e.g., programmed FPGA, GPU, or ASIC). In some embodiments, NT-TRP 172 may actually be multiple NT-TRPs that work together, e.g., via coordinated multi-point transmission, to serve ED 110.

[0118] T-TRP 170, NT-TRP 172, and / or ED 110 may include other components, but these are omitted for clarity.

[0119] According to Figure 2 , one or more steps of the example methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules. Figure 2 Units or modules in a device (e.g., in ED 110, T-TRP 170, or NT-TRP 172) are shown. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The corresponding units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more of the units or modules may be an integrated circuit, such as a programmed FPGA, GPU, or ASIC. It should be understood that if the above modules are implemented using software for a processor or the like to execute, these modules may be retrieved in whole or in part by the processor as needed, retrieved individually or collectively for processing, retrieved in one or more instances as needed, and these modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.

[0120] Additional details regarding ED 110, T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, these details are omitted here for clarity.

[0121] According to Figure 3 , one or more steps of the example methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules. Figure 3Shows the units or modules in the device (e.g., in ED 110, T-TRP 170, or NT-TRP 172). For example, a signal can be sent by a transmitting unit or transmitting module. A signal can be received by a receiving unit or receiving module. A signal can be processed by a processing unit or processing module. Other steps can be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The corresponding units or modules can be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more of the units or modules can be integrated circuits, such as a programmed FPGA, GPU, or ASIC. It should be understood that if the above modules are implemented using software for a processor or the like to execute, these modules can be retrieved in whole or in part by the processor as needed, retrieved individually or collectively for processing, retrieved in one or more instances as needed, and these modules themselves can include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.

[0122] Additional details regarding ED 110, T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 are known to those skilled in the art. Therefore, these details are omitted here for clarity.

[0123] For future wireless networks, a large number of new devices may grow exponentially, with diverse functions. In addition, compared with existing 5G, many new applications and new use cases in future wireless networks may emerge with more diverse quality of service requirements. This will bring new key performance indicators (KPIs) to future wireless networks (e.g., 6G networks), which will be extremely challenging. Therefore, sensing technology and AI technology, especially deep learning (ML) technology, are introduced into the telecommunications field to improve the performance and efficiency of the system.

[0124] Communications involving AI / ML technologies include AI / ML communications in the physical layer and AI / ML communications in the medium access control (MAC) layer. For the physical layer, AI / ML communications can be used to optimize component design and improve algorithm performance, such as in channel coding, channel modeling, channel estimation, channel decoding, modulation, demodulation, MIMO, waveforms, multiple access, optimization and update of PHY component parameters, beamforming and tracking, sensing and positioning, etc. For the MAC layer, AI / ML communications can utilize the AI / ML capabilities of learning, prediction, and decision-making to solve complex optimization problems with better strategies and optimal solutions, such as optimizing functions in the MAC, such as intelligent TRP management, intelligent beam management, intelligent channel resource allocation, intelligent power control, intelligent spectrum utilization, intelligent modulation and coding scheme (MCS), intelligent hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) strategy, intelligent transmit / receive (Tx / Rx) mode adaptation, etc.

[0125] AI / ML architectures typically include multiple nodes, and these nodes can be organized in two modes, namely centralized and distributed, and both modes can be deployed in the access network, core network, edge computing system, or third-party network. Centralized training and computing architectures are restricted by huge communication overhead and strict user data privacy. Distributed training and computing architectures include several frameworks, such as distributed machine learning and federated learning. AI / ML architectures include intelligent controllers, which can execute as single agents or multi-agents based on joint optimization or individual optimization. New protocols and signaling mechanisms are needed to enable the corresponding interface links to be personalized through custom parameters to meet specific requirements, while minimizing signaling overhead and maximizing the overall system spectrum efficiency through personalized AI technologies.

[0126] Further terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks can enable a series of new services and applications, such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery, and mobility. Terrestrial network-based sensing and non-terrestrial network-based sensing can provide an intelligent context-aware network to enhance the UE experience. For example, terrestrial network-based sensing and non-terrestrial network-based sensing may involve opportunities for positioning and sensing applications based on a new set of features and service capabilities. Applications such as THz imaging and spectroscopy have the potential to provide continuous, real-time physiological information for future digital health technologies through dynamic, non-invasive, non-contact measurements. Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) methods can not only enable advanced cross-reality (XR) applications but also enhance the navigation of autonomous objects such as vehicles and drones. In terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, measured channel data and sensing location data can be obtained through large bandwidth, new spectrum, dense networks, and more line-of-sight (LOS) links. Based on this data, a wireless environment map can be drawn through AI / ML methods, where the channel information is associated with its corresponding location or environmental information to provide an enhanced physical layer design based on the map.

[0127] A sensing coordinator is a node in the network that can assist in sensing operations. These nodes can be independent nodes dedicated to sensing operations or other nodes that perform sensing operations in parallel with communication transmissions (such as TRP 170, ED 110, or core network nodes). A new protocol and signaling mechanism are needed such that the corresponding interface links can be executed with customized parameters to meet specific requirements while minimizing signaling overhead and maximizing the overall system spectrum efficiency.

[0128] Both AI / ML and sensing methods are data-intensive. To incorporate AI / ML and sensing into wireless communication, more and more data needs to be collected, stored, and exchanged. The characteristics of wireless data extend over a considerable range in multiple dimensions, such as from sub-6 GHz, millimeter to terahertz carrier frequencies, from spatial, outdoor to indoor scenarios, and from text, voice to video. The operations of collecting, processing, and using this data are carried out in a unified framework or different frameworks.

[0129] Control information is referred to in some embodiments of this document. Control information may sometimes alternatively be referred to as control signaling or signaling. In some cases, control information may be transmitted dynamically, for example, in the physical layer in a control channel, such as in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), or a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). An example of control information indicated dynamically is information sent in physical layer control signaling, such as uplink control information (UCI) sent in a PUCCH or PUSCH, or downlink control information (DCI) sent in a PDCCH. The dynamic indication may be an indication in a lower layer, such as physical layer / layer 1 signaling, rather than an indication in a higher layer (e.g., rather than in RRC signaling or in a MAC CE). The semi-static indication may be an indication in semi-static signaling. The semi-static signaling used herein may refer to non-dynamic signaling, such as higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling) and / or a MAC CE. As used herein, dynamic signaling may refer to dynamic signaling, such as physical layer control signaling sent in the physical layer, such as DCI sent in a PDCCH or UCI sent in a PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0130] According to some aspects of the present application, an adaptive sensing method is provided that can configure separate power control parameters for UL communication transmission (or SL communication transmission) and sensing transmission. Examples of existing UL power control schemes can be found in Section 7 of 3GPP TS 38.213 v17.2.0. Examples of existing sidelink power control schemes can be found in Section 16.2 of 3GPP TS 38.213 v17.2.0.

[0131] In some embodiments, when a signal or channel is used for both UL or SL transmission communication and sensing simultaneously, two parameter sets may be configured for the UE, a first parameter set for UL or SL communication, and a second parameter set for sensing. A network-side device, such as a base station, may provide configuration information to configure separate power control parameters for UL communication (and / or SL communication) transmission and for sensing transmission. Then, the UE may determine the transmission power for UL or SL communication transmission and for sensing transmission according to the configuration information provided by the network-side device.

[0132] In some embodiments, one or more parameters are dedicated to sensing power control. An example of a parameter dedicated to sensing power control is the maximum sensing power used by the UE, which can be denoted as P MAX,sensing This maximum sensing power is generally less than the maximum transmission power capability of the UE, which can be denoted as P CMAX .

[0133] The following is an example of how to determine the sensing power P Sensing (i) at the UE based on the configuration information provided by the network-side device to the UE, where i is an integer representing the index of the timing (e.g., time slot or symbol) at which the sensing power is being determined. The UE can determine P Sensing (i) for the transmission of the sensing signal or sensing channel in the transmission timing according to the following exemplary formula:

[0134]

[0135] where P CMAX is the maximum output power capability of the UE, P MAX,sensing is the maximum sensing power configured by the network-side device, P O,s is the target sensing received power configured by the network-side device, μ is the subcarrier index used for the sensing signal or sensing channel, is the number of resource blocks (RBs) used for the sensing signal or sensing channel, PL S is the reference path loss, and α S is the coefficient of the reference path. In some embodiments, P MAX,sensing , P O,S , PL S and α S are dedicated parameters for sensing power control. PL S and α S can be configured by the network-side device. Exemplary values of μ for several different sub-carrier spacings (SCSs) include, but are not limited to, μ = 0 for 15 kHz SCS, μ = 1 for 30 kHz SCS, and μ = n for 15 * 2 n kHz SCS.

[0136] When a signal or channel can be used as both a UL (or SL) communication transmission signal or UL (or SL) communication transmission channel and a sensing transmission signal or sensing transmission channel simultaneously, the network-side device can configure two sets of power control parameters. Among them, one set of power control parameters is for UL or SL communication transmission, and the other set of power control parameters is for sensing transmission. An example of a signal that is simultaneously used as a UL (or SL) communication transmission signal and a signal for sensing transmission is the sounding reference signal (SRS). An example of a channel that is simultaneously used as a UL (or SL) communication transmission channel and a channel for sensing transmission is the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0137] Although the formula in the above reference P Sensing (i) describes the calculation of sensing power, the determination method of UL communication power or SL communication power can be similar to that of similar types of parameters related to UL communication or SL communication.

[0138] In some embodiments, the UE determines the transmission power according to the function f(a, b, c, d), where a, b, c, d represent the parameters configured by the network-side device. In a specific example where the first parameter set includes {a1, b1, c1, d1} for UL (or SL) communication transmission and the second parameter set {a2, b2, c2, d2} for sensing transmission, at least one parameter in the two parameter sets is different. It should be understood that although the above parameter set includes 4 parameters (a, b, c, d), the number of parameters used to determine the transmission power in this set can be more or less than 4.

[0139] Regarding the use of SRS as a signal, when the UE sends SRS on the active UL bandwidth part (BWP) b of the carrier f in the serving cell c using the SRS power control adjustment state with index l, the UE can set the SRS transmission power P SRS,b,f,c (i,q s ,l) to be determined as

[0140]

[0141] where P CMAX,f,c (i) is the maximum output power configured by the UE for the carrier f in the serving cell c at the SRS transmission occasion i, and P O_SRS,b,d,c (q s ) is configured by the base station for the active UL BWP b of the carrier f in the serving cell c and the SRS resource set q s configured. q sFor the SRS bandwidth (expressed in terms of resource blocks) of the SRS transmission occasion i on the activated UL BWP b of carrier f of serving cell c, μ is the SCS configuration, and α SRS,b,f,c (q s ) is provided by the α value of the activated UL BWP b of carrier f of serving cell c and the SRS resource set q s . PL b,f,c (q d ) is the estimated downlink path loss (in dB) calculated by the UE using the RS resource index q d . h b,f,c (i, l) is for the SRS power control adjustment state of the activated UL BWP b of carrier f of serving cell c and the SRS transmission occasion i.

[0142] Continuing to take SRS as an example of a signal, the network - side device can configure two sets of power control parameters for SRS. The first parameter set is for UL channel sounding and the second parameter set is for sensing. Each parameter set includes one or more of the following parameters P O_SRS,b,f,c (q s ), M SRS,b,f,c (i), α SRS,b,f,c (q s ), PL b,f,c (q d ), h b,f,c (i, l). When SRS is used for UL channel sounding, the UE should use the first parameter set for power control; when SRS is used for single - base or bi - base sensing, the UE should use the second parameter set for power control.

[0143] In some embodiments, the network - side device explicitly provides configuration information to the UE. The configuration information can be provided to the UE through one or more of DCI, MAC - CE, or RRC. In some embodiments, after providing the first parameter set and the second parameter set to the UE, the network - side device notifies the UE that the first parameter set is for UL or SL transmission and the second parameter set is for sensing transmission, and vice versa.

[0144] In some embodiments, after providing the first parameter set and the second parameter set to the UE, the network - side device provides configuration information to the UE, and the UE can implicitly determine which parameter set to use for UL communication (or SL communication) or for sensing.

[0145] The following examples illustrate how an appropriate parameter set can be selected based on the reference signal resources or resource configuration parameters provided by the network - side device.

[0146] In some embodiments, each parameter set may be associated with a reference signal (RS) resource defined by time, frequency, and spatial resources, where the association is configured by a network-side device or is predefined. Based on the selected resources and the association, the UE can then know the appropriate parameter set to be used for power control.

[0147] In some embodiments, each parameter set may be associated with specific resource configuration parameters, where the association is configured by a network-side device or is predefined for the UE. Thus, if the UE is configured for a specific resource configuration, based on the association, the UE selects the appropriate parameter set to be used for power control.

[0148] Several examples of different types of associations of resource configuration parameters are described below.

[0149] In a first example, the parameter set is associated with the RS bandwidth (BW) or channel BW used by the UE. If the RS BW or channel BW is less than or equal to a certain threshold, the UE selects specific parameters for UL transmission. In some embodiments, if the RS BW or channel BW is greater than the threshold, the UE defaults to selecting specific sensing parameters. In some embodiments, if the RS BW or channel BW is greater than the threshold, the UE is used to select parameters for UL transmission or specific sensing parameters via RRC by a network-side device. The threshold can be configured by a network-side device or can be predefined.

[0150] In a second example, the parameter set is associated with multiple RS ports. If the number of RS ports is greater than a certain threshold, the UE selects specific parameters for UL transmission. In some embodiments, if the number of ports is less than or equal to the threshold, the UE defaults to selecting specific sensing parameters. In some embodiments, if the number of ports is less than or equal to the threshold, the UE is used to select parameters for UL transmission or specific sensing parameters via RRC by a network-side device. The threshold can be configured by a network-side device or can be preconfigured.

[0151] In a third example, the parameter set is associated with multiple RS symbols or channel symbols. If the number of RS symbols or channel symbols is greater than the threshold, the UE selects specific parameters for UL transmission, UL Tx specific parameters. In some embodiments, if the number of RS symbols or channel symbols is less than or equal to a certain threshold, the UE defaults to selecting specific sensing parameters. In some embodiments, if the number of RS symbols or channel symbols is less than or equal to the threshold, the UE is used to select parameters for UL transmission or specific sensing parameters via RRC by a network-side device. The threshold can be configured by a network-side device or can be preconfigured.

[0152] Figure 9An example of a signal flow graph 900 is shown. The signal flow graph 900 is used to provide an adaptive sensing method that can configure separate power control parameters for UL communication transmissions (or SL communication transmissions) and sensing transmissions for use by a UE having communication and sensing capabilities. Figure 9 Signaling between the base station 905 and the UE 907 is shown.

[0153] In step 910, the base station 905 sends a first set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of UL communication transmissions or SL communication transmissions and a second set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of sensing transmissions to the UE 907.

[0154] Step 915 is an optional step that includes the base station 905 sending an indication to select either the first set of multiple power control parameters or the second set of multiple power control parameters. Although this can be performed in some embodiments, in other embodiments, the UE 907 selects the appropriate set of parameters for the appropriate action to be performed by the UE 907.

[0155] In step 920, the UE 907 determines the transmission power for UL transmissions or SL transmissions based on the first set of multiple power control parameters and / or determines the transmission power for sensing transmissions based on the second set of multiple power control parameters.

[0156] In some embodiments, for example, if the UE does not receive the indication sent in the optional step 915, the UE determines whether to use the first set of multiple power control parameters or the second set of multiple power control parameters based on the first set and the second set of multiple power control parameters, where the first set and the second set are each associated with a reference signal resource, and when a given reference signal resource is selected, the associated first set or second set of multiple power control parameters is selected.

[0157] In some embodiments, for example, if the UE does not receive the indication sent in the optional step 915, the UE determines whether to use the first set of multiple power control parameters or the second set of multiple power control parameters based on the first set and the second set of multiple power control parameters, where the first set and the second set are each associated with a resource configuration parameter, and when a given resource configuration parameter is selected, the associated first set or second set of multiple power control parameters is selected. The resource configuration parameter can be one of a reference signal bandwidth, the number of reference signal ports, the number of reference signal symbols, or the number of physical channel symbols.

[0158] In step 930, the UE determines the transmission power of an uplink (UL) communication transmission or an SL communication transmission using a first set of multiple power control parameters, or determines the transmission power of a sensing transmission using a second set of multiple power control parameters.

[0159] In some embodiments, the UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission and the sensing transmission are sounding reference signals (SRS).

[0160] In some embodiments, the parameters in the first parameter set are different from the parameters in the second parameter set.

[0161] In some embodiments, one or more parameters in the second set are dedicated to sensing power control.

[0162] Using separate power control parameters for UL or SL communication transmissions and sensing can achieve flexible configuration for sensing power control.

[0163] According to some aspects of the present application, a centralized power control method is provided, including a network-side device sending signaling to one or more UEs to adjust the UE sensing power when interference is detected, thereby reducing interference between UEs.

[0164] In some embodiments, the network-side device notifies the UE to adjust its sensing transmission power. In some embodiments, when the network-side device observes interference between UEs, the network-side device sends a notification to the UE. In some embodiments, the network-side device can observe interference between UEs based on UE reports received from one or more UEs that provide measurements of other UE resources. In some embodiments, the network-side device can observe interference between UEs based on measurements of UE resources and determine that interference may exist based on these measurements. In some embodiments, for example, in a bistatic sensing scenario, the network-side device receives sensing signals from two different UEs and measures the interference between the sensing signals.

[0165] In some embodiments, after the network-side device determines that interference exists between UEs, the network-side device indicates to one or more UEs the value of the transmission power that the UE should use to avoid potential interference. For example, the network-side device indicates an updated value of the power control parameter, or the network-side device indicates the transmission power of the UE. The indication of the value of the transmission power can be carried on downlink control information (DCI), medium access control-control element (MAC-CE), or radio resource control (RRC).

[0166] In some embodiments, after the network - side device determines that there is interference between UEs, the network - side device instructs one or more UEs to increase or decrease the UE sensing power. The indication of the value of the transmission power can be carried on UE - specific DCI, group - specific DCI, MAC - CE, or RRC.

[0167] The following provides an example of how to send an indication of the transmission power through DCI, where the DCI is used to transmit a transmit power control (TPC) command for sensing. In some embodiments, a radio network temporary identifier (RNTI), such as a TPC - SENSING - RNTI, can be used to scramble the TPC with a cyclic redundancy check (CRC). The transmission power indication can be transmitted by the network - side device for each UE block - by - block (i.e., block number 1, block number 2... block number N). In a specific example, a parameter represented as tpc - SENSING sent by the higher layer can indicate the index of the block number of the UE.

[0168] For each block, the indication of the transmission power can include one or more fields to provide UE information. Examples of two different fields included in the indication are the UL transmission and sensing indication field and the TPC command field. The UL transmission and sensing indication field can be a single bit. For example, when this field is "0", the power control indication is for UL transmission, and when this field is "1", the power control indication is for sensing.

[0169] The TPC command field includes one or more bits and serves as an index associated with a specific power value. The value in the TPC command field can be used to increase or decrease the UE transmission power. Figure 4 Examples of two sets of TPC commands are shown. The first set 400 is for sensing transmission, and the second set 450 is for UL transmission. In Figure 4 , the TPC command field is indicated as values from 0 to 3. Four values of this type can be represented by two bits (00, 01, 10, 11). Each set of 400, 450 bits for the TPC command is shown in the corresponding table in Figure 4 , where the first column 410 of the table is the TPC command value that serves as an index associated with the power value, and the second column 412 is the associated power value in decibels (dB). When the UE is notified of the TPC command index, the UE increases or decreases the sensing transmission or UL or SL transmission power according to the associated power value. The updated power is represented as P Update =P current+Δ, where Δ is a value selected from the second column based on the indicated TPC command index. Although Figure 4 illustrates an example where the TPC command index is two bits, it should be understood that this is merely an example, and the TPC command index can have more or fewer than two bits.

[0170] In some embodiments, the set of TPC command values for sensing and UL communication (or SL communication) transmissions may include similar values for sensing and UL communication (or SL communication) transmissions. In some embodiments, the set of TPC command values for sensing and UL transmissions may include one or more values for sensing and UL communication (or SL communication) transmissions that are different in the respective sets of TPC command values. If the UL communication (or SL communication) transmission and sensing indication field indicates that the TPC command is for UL communication (or SL communication) transmission, the UE determines the TPC value according to the set of TPC command values for UL communication (or SL communication) transmission. If the UL transmission and sensing indication field indicates that the TPC command is for sensing, the UE determines the TPC value according to the set of TPC command values for sensing.

[0171] In some embodiments, if the UE is not used to indicate power control for UL communication (or SL communication) or sensing, there may be no UL communication (or SL communication) transmission and sensing indication field.

[0172] In some embodiments, the network-side device may notify one or more UEs of the sensing resources (such as time / frequency, sequence resources) used by other UEs. This can enable the UE to know the sensing resources used by other UEs, thereby supporting the UE to know which other UEs are interfering with the UE based on the measurements performed on these resources.

[0173] The UE may measure the resources identified by the network-side device. In some embodiments, to assist the network-side device in power control, the UE may report measurement information to the network-side device, such as the interference measured by the UE. This can enable the network-side device to notify a specific UE to increase or decrease power based on the information of the measurements from multiple UEs by the network-side device and other information such as the priority of the UE.

[0174] Centralized UE power control including a base station that forwards power control information to the UE can achieve interference coordination among multiple UEs that are performing sensing.

[0175] According to some aspects of the present application, a distributed power control method is provided, including that when interference between UEs is detected, the UEs coordinate the power control of the UEs.

[0176] The sensing service requirements of some UEs may be different from those of other UEs. The sensing service requirements may include, but are not limited to, parameters such as sensing latency, accuracy, range resolution, angle or speed, detection probability, and false alarm probability. The sensing service requirements may affect the sensing priority, or more generally, the priority of the UE.

[0177] In some embodiments, the UE is configured with a sensing priority, or more generally, an overall priority, by the base station. In some embodiments, the priority of the second UE can be notified to the first UE through a sensing requirement report sent from the second UE to the first UE.

[0178] In some embodiments, the UE can measure the interference from one or more other UEs. When the interference has been detected and when the interference is determined to exceed a threshold, the UE can determine whether it has a higher priority or a lower priority compared to one or more other UEs that are determined to interfere with the UE. The threshold can be configured for the UE or predefined. For example, the network-side device can provide the threshold to the UE as part of the configuration information, and the UE can also be pre-configured with the threshold.

[0179] When the first UE determines that its priority is higher than that of the second UE with which there is interference, the first UE can be considered a type 1 UE. When the first UE is considered a type 1 UE and detects that the measured interference exceeds the threshold, the first UE sends a request to the second UE with a lower priority to reduce the transmission power of the second UE with a lower priority or change its sensing resources to reduce the interference.

[0180] When the first UE determines that its priority is lower than that of the second UE with which there is interference, the first UE is considered a type 2 UE. When the first UE is considered a type 2 UE and detects that the interference exceeds the threshold, the first UE can autonomously reduce the power or change the sensing mode, or both, to avoid interfering with the second UE.

[0181] In some embodiments, the first UE can determine that it is a type 2 UE by receiving a notification from the second UE that the first UE needs to reduce the transmission power or change the sensing resources. In some embodiments, the first UE can determine that it is a type 2 UE by receiving priority information from the second UE, and after comparing the priority of the first UE with the priority information from the second UE, determining that the priority of the first UE is lower than that of the second UE.

[0182] The UE performs interference measurement:

[0183] In some embodiments, a UE is notified of the sensing resources (e.g., time / frequency, sequence resources) of one or more other UEs. Additionally, the associated priority of the sensing resources may also be indicated. Different sensing sequences may be associated with different sensing priorities, so a UE with a specific priority can be assigned a sensing sequence suitable for that UE's priority. Thus, when a UE is notified of the sensing resources of other UEs and the UE knows that a specific priority is associated with a specific sensing resource, when the UE detects the specific sensing resource, the UE can determine the priority of the other UEs based on the detected sensing sequence. In some embodiments, when a UE is notified of the sensing resources and priorities of other UEs, when the UE detects a specific sensing resource, the UE can determine the identity of the other UEs based on the detected sensing sequence. When detecting the sensing resources of one or more other UEs as part of interference measurement, the UE can determine the priority levels of one or more other UEs. In some embodiments, an overall priority of one or more other UEs may be provided to the UE, and the overall priority of one or more other UEs may be associated with the sensing resources of one or more other UEs.

[0184] In some embodiments, by comparing the priority of one or more other UEs with the priority of the UE, the UE can determine whether the UE is a type 1 UE or a type 2 UE.

[0185] The following describes a scenario that occurs between two UEs (a first UE and a second UE) that coordinate interference cancellation during sensing. When the first UE is a type 1 UE, the first UE can send a request for interference reduction to the second UE with a lower priority. Among them, the request for interference reduction may include the priority level of the UE that sends the request.

[0186] In some embodiments, the request for interference reduction can be carried directly on the SL channel to the second UE via broadcast, multicast, or unicast. In some embodiments, the request can be sent to the second UE via the Uu link. The request for interference reduction is sent to a network-side device, such as a base station, on the UL channel, and the network-side device forwards the request for interference reduction to the second UE.

[0187] When the first UE is a type 2 UE, the first UE can reduce the transmission power of the first UE or change at least one sensing resource. The transmission power and at least one sensing resource can be changed according to predefined rules or rules configured by the network-side device.

[0188] The following example describes a method for a UE to perform sensing (monostatic or bistatic sensing), where the UE uses an adaptive control variable pulse method to determine the transmit sensing power.

[0189] Slow power ramp-up

[0190] As part of the nth sensing transmission, where n is an integer value, the UE determines the transmission power according to the relationship indicated in the following formula (1):

[0191] P n = min(α n-1 * P1, P Max,C ) (1)

[0192] where α > 1, P1 is the initial power, and P Max,C is the maximum transmission power of the UE. The parameters α and P1 can be configured by the base station. In some embodiments, P Max,C is the maximum transmission power that can be transmitted by the UE pre - defined for the UE. In some embodiments, P Max,C is the maximum transmission power configured for the UE by the network - side device.

[0193] Figure 5A Illustrates a series of transmission powers of the UE based on formula (1) at sensing transmission times t1, t2, t3, and t k where k is the time when the UE reaches the maximum transmission power threshold P Max,C . Since α > 1, the power ramp - up grows exponentially within the time interval from t1 to t k .

[0194] In an alternative example, as part of the nth sensing transmission, where n is an integer value, the UE determines the transmission power according to the relationship indicated in the following formula (2):

[0195] P n = min(α n-1 * P1, Pth) (2)

[0196] where α > 1, P1 is the initial power, and P th is the threshold transmission power. Among them, the threshold transmission power P th can be configured by the network - side device.

[0197] In some embodiments, the UE can use an exponential power ramp - up to the threshold, and then after the exponential power ramp - up, the UE can perform a linear power ramp - up. For example, when the UE - supported UE transmission power is greater than the maximum power threshold of the exponential ramp - up configured by the network device, the UE can continue to linearly increase the transmission power. In the nth sensing transmission after the transmission at t k , the UE determines the transmission power according to the following formula (2):

[0198] P n = min(P K + (n - K) * Δ, P Max,C ) (3)

[0199] Where Δ is the increased power step, and K is the timing, i.e., the K-th transmission, at which time the UE transmission power is greater than the threshold P ThK . The parameter Δ can be configured by the network-side device.

[0200] Figure 5B Shows a series of transmission powers of the UE for times t1, t2, t3, t k , t k+1 and t k+2 based on formulas (2) and (3), where k is the time when the UE reaches the maximum power threshold P ThK of the exponential ramp. The maximum power threshold P ThK of the exponential ramp can be configured by the network-side device. Figure 5B Also shows a graph 500 with an exponential range 510 up to time point t k and a linear range 515 thereafter.

[0201] Interference avoidance

[0202] As described above, when the UE is a type 2 UE and the UE needs to reduce the transmission power, the UE can reduce the UE transmission power according to predefined or preconfigured rules. Two different methods for reducing the transmission power will be described below for a first UE that is a type 2 UE and a second UE that is a type 1 UE.

[0203] In the first method, when the first UE receives an interference reduction request from the second UE, or when the first UE measures interference and finds that the second UE has a higher priority, the first UE performs power reduction. In the first method, the first UE reduces the power to the initial transmission power (e.g., a 0 P1). Figure 6A Shows an example of a continuous curve 600 that shows a first power ramp portion 610 and a second power ramp portion 630 and a power reduction 625. Figure 6A Also shows an adaptive control variable pulse curve 650 that shows the same first power ramp portion 610 and second power ramp portion 630 and a power reduction 625, where at discrete times, the amplitude of the pulse is limited by the continuous curve 600. Figure 6A Both the curves 600 and 650 of n show a transmission power ramp between t0 and t n . At t

[0204] In the second method, when it is detected that the interference measurement exceeds a threshold, the first UE reduces the transmission power by an amount that is N times the power value to which it is reduced. The value of N is less than 1, for example, N = 0.5. The value of N can be configured by the network-side device or predefined. Figure 6B An example of a continuous curve 605 is shown, which shows a first power ramp-up portion 612, a second power ramp-up portion 632, and a power reduction 627. Figure 6B An adaptive control variable pulse curve 655 is also shown, which shows the same first power ramp-up portion 612 and second power ramp-up portion 632 and power reduction 627. At discrete times, the amplitude of the pulse is limited by the continuous curve 605. Figure 6B Both curves 605 and 655 show a transmission power ramp-up between t0 and t n At t n it is determined that the interference measurement value exceeds the threshold 620. Then, when it is detected that the interference measurement exceeds the threshold 620, the power is reduced (627) to a portion of the power. Instead of always reducing the power to the initial power as in the first method, the power of the first UE recovers faster.

[0205] For the first method and the second method described above, after reducing the power of the first UE according to appropriate rules (i.e., the initial power or a portion of the power when it is detected that the interference measurement exceeds the threshold), the first UE can return to ramping up the transmission power according to the appropriate power ramping method described above.

[0206] When determining the power by the ramping method described above and referring to Figure 6A and Figure 6B the UE can use a separate set of parameters to determine the power for sensing and for UL or SL communication as described above.

[0207] In addition to reducing the power to avoid interference, or as an alternative to reducing the power to avoid interference, one or more sensing configuration parameters can be adjusted at one or more UEs to reduce interference. Examples of sensing configuration parameters that can be adjusted include, but are not limited to, sensing timing offset and sensing signal interval.

[0208] For sensing transmissions that are essentially periodic, the UE can be used to send sensing signals in an opportunity based on a relationship such as n0 + period * n, where n0 is the initial transmission time, n is the number of transmissions, and the period is the fixed period between transmissions. The transmission opportunity can be based on time slots or on symbols. In some embodiments, a sensing timing offset K can be added to the timing relationship such that the UE can send a sensing signal in a certain opportunity based on the relationship n0 + K + period * n.

[0209] In some embodiments, the sensing signal interval can be varied by an amount M, where M can be a value greater than 0 and more commonly greater than 1. When the interval is configured to be M times the period, the UE will send the sensing signal at an opportunity based on the relationship of n0 + periodicity * M * n.

[0210] In some embodiments, the timing offset and / or the timing interval are configured by the network-side device. In some embodiments, the network-side device can configure a set of timing offsets or a set of timing intervals, or both, for the UE.

[0211] In some embodiments, the UE can be used to adjust the sensing timing offset or adjust the sensing interval, or both. If the UE desires to reduce interference relative to one or more other UEs, the UE can select an appropriate offset or interval from the set of timing offsets provided to the UE.

[0212] Figure 7A Example 700 shows two UEs (UE1 and UE2) that transmit sensing signals 705 during a period 702 between sensing transmissions. The transmissions are shown on a time series that increases with time on the horizontal axis. UE1 and UE2 are shown to simultaneously transmit sensing signals 705 in a first time series 710 and a second time series 720. In this example, it is assumed that UE1 is a type 1 UE and UE2 is a type 2 UE. Thus, when UE1 measures interference from UE2, UE1 notifies UE2 to reduce the interference. In response to this notification, UE2 selects a sensing timing offset 704 to offset the time at which UE2 transmits sensing signal 709 relative to the transmission of UE1, as shown in a third time series 730. Alternatively, UE2 can detect the interference and take action autonomously to reduce the interference. Since the sensing signal transmissions of UE1 and UE2 occur at different times in time series 710 and 730, the opportunity for interference is less.

[0213] Figure 7BAnother example 750 shows two UEs (UE1 and UE2) that transmit sensing signals 705 during a period 702 between sensing transmissions. The transmissions are shown on a time series that increases with time on the horizontal axis. UE1 and UE2 are shown as simultaneously transmitting sensing signals 705 in a first time series 710 and a second time series 720. In the second time series 720, there is an indicated first time interval 707 between the end of the first sensing signal and the start of the second sensing signal. In this example, it is assumed that UE1 is a type 1 UE and UE2 is a type 2 UE. Thus, when UE1 measures interference from UE2, UE1 notifies UE2 to reduce the interference. In accordance with this notification, UE2 selects a second sensing interval 714 to change the period in which UE2 transmits the sensing signal 719 relative to the transmission of UE1, as shown in a third time series 740. Alternatively, UE2 can detect the interference and autonomously take action to reduce the interference. Since the sensing signal transmissions of UE1 and UE2 occur at different times in time series 710 and 740, the opportunity for interference is less.

[0214] Distributed UE sensing power control, which includes multiple UEs coordinating power control information among the UEs, can improve spectral efficiency among multiple UEs performing sensing.

[0215] Figure 8 An example of a signal flow diagram for power ramp-up and interference reduction for a distributed UE sensing power control method according to an embodiment of the present application is shown. Figure 8 Signaling between a base station 805, a first UE (UE1 807), and a second UE (UE2 809) is shown.

[0216] In step 820, the base station 805 transmits one or more signals to convey configuration information to UE1 807. In step 825, the base station 805 transmits one or more signals to convey configuration information to UE2 809. The configuration information transmitted by the base station includes one or more of the following: information related to the sensing signal (e.g., time and frequency resource information of the sensing signal), sensing interval, detection time offset, interference threshold information, configuration information related to power ramp-up and power reduction, priority information of UE1 807 and UE2 809, or the association between sensing resources and priorities.

[0217] In step 830, UE1 807 performs a power ramp-up of the sensing signaling and can perform interference measurements of signals from other UEs (e.g., UE2 809). In step 835, UE2 809 performs a power ramp-up of the sensing signaling and can perform interference measurements of signals from other UEs (e.g., UE1 807).

[0218] InFigure 8 In the case of, UE1 807 is determined to be a type 1 UE, and UE2 809 is determined to be a type 2 UE. There are at least two possible ways for UE1 807 to notify UE2 809 to reduce power to reduce the interference between UE1 807 and UE2 809. In step 840, the first option is for UE1 807 to directly send a power reduction notification to UE2 809. In steps 845 and 846, the second option is for UE1 807 to send a power reduction notification to the base station 805, and for the base station 805 to send a power reduction notification to UE2 809.

[0219] In step 850, UE2 809 receives the notification sent in step 840 or step 846, and then takes steps to reduce the transmission power, as Figure 6A or Figure 6B shown in interference avoidance 625 or 627 in, or as Figure 7A or Figure 7B shown, change the sensing timing offset or sensing interval, or reduce the power consumption and change the sensing timing offset or sensing interval at the same time.

[0220] In another embodiment, UE2 809 may determine that there is interference between UE1 807 and UE2 809, and since UE2 809 is a type 2 UE, UE2 809 may autonomously reduce its power to reduce the interference.

[0221] In step 860, UE2 809 performs a power ramp-up of the sensing signaling again, and may perform interference measurement of signals from other UEs (such as UE1 807).

[0222] It should be understood that one or more steps of the method of the embodiments provided herein may be executed by corresponding units or modules. For example, a signal may be sent by a sending unit or a sending module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. The corresponding unit / module may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more of the above units / modules may be integrated circuits, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It should be understood that if these modules are software, these modules may be retrieved in whole or in part by the processor as needed, retrieved individually or collectively for processing, retrieved in one or more instances as needed, and these modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.

[0223] Although combinations of features are shown in the illustrative embodiments, not all features are required to achieve the advantages of the various embodiments of the present application. In other words, a system or method designed in accordance with an embodiment of the present application need not include all of the features shown in any of the figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the figures. Additionally, selected features of one exemplary embodiment may be combined with selected features of other exemplary embodiments.

[0224] Although the present application has been described with reference to the illustrative embodiments, such description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. After referring to this specification, various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the present application, will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims include any such modifications or embodiments.

Claims

1. A method used by a user equipment UE having both communication and sensing capabilities, characterized in that, The method includes: The UE receives a first set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of an uplink (UL) communication transmission or a sidelink (SL) communication transmission, and a second set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of a sensing transmission. The UE performs at least one of the following determinations: Determine the transmission power for the UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission based on the first set of the multiple power control parameters; or Determine the transmission power for the sensing transmission based on the second set of the multiple power control parameters.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein The UE determines whether to use the first set or the second set of the multiple power control parameters based on an indication received for selecting the first set or the second set.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The UE determines whether to use the first set or the second set of the multiple power control parameters based on the first set and the second set of the multiple power control parameters, where each of the first set and the second set is associated with a reference signal resource, and when a given reference signal resource is selected, the associated first set or second set of the multiple power control parameters is selected.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein The UE determines whether to use the first set or the second set of the multiple power control parameters based on the first set and the second set of the multiple power control parameters, where each of the first set and the second set is associated with a resource configuration parameter, and when a given resource configuration parameter is selected, the associated first set or second set of the multiple power control parameters is selected.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein The resource configuration parameter is one of a reference signal bandwidth, a reference signal port number, a reference signal symbol number, or a physical channel symbol number.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, It further includes performing the following determination: Determine the transmission power of the UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission using the first set of the multiple power control parameters; or Determine the transmission power of the sensing transmission using the second set of the multiple power control parameters.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, The UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission and the sensing transmission are sounding reference signals (SRS).

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The parameters in the first parameter set are different from the parameters in the second parameter set.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, One or more parameters in the second set are dedicated to sensing power control.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, For interference avoidance of sensing transmission, the method includes: The UE receives an indication for the UE to adjust the UE sensing transmission power, where the indication is an indication of an absolute sensing transmission power or a differential sensing transmission power. The UE adjusts the sensing transmission power based on the indication.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein The indication is received on a UE-specific downlink control information (DCI), a group-specific DCI, a media access control - control element (MAC-CE), or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

12. The method according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in that The indication includes at least one of the following: An indication of whether the UE is used to adjust the power control of the UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission and the sensing transmission; or A transmission power command (TPC).

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein It further includes: The UE receives configuration information, which indicates whether the UE is used to adjust the power control of the UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission and whether the indication for the sensing transmission is included in the indication. If not, the indication is used to adjust the sensing transmission power.

14. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 14, characterized in that It further includes: The UE increases the sensing transmission power by at least one of the following ways: Exponentially ramping up the sensing transmission power; or Linearly ramping up the sensing transmission power.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein Increasing the sensing transmission power is performed by the UE at the following times: Before receiving the indication for the UE to adjust the sensing transmission power of the UE; or After the UE has adjusted the sensing transmission power of the UE by reducing the sensing signal transmission power of the UE.

16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, For interference avoidance in sensing transmission, the method includes: The UE receives configuration information related to sensing resources used by other UEs; When interference from a second UE among the other UEs is detected, comparing the priority of the UE with the priority of the second UE; Based on the comparison: If the priority of the UE is higher than the priority of the second UE, sending a sensing transmission power reduction request to reduce the transmission power of the second UE; or If the priority of the UE is lower than the priority of the second UE, reducing the sensing transmission power of the UE.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein The configuration information related to the sensing resources used by the other UEs includes at least one priority associated with the sensing resources of at least one UE among the other UEs.

18. The method according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that, Reducing the sensing transmission power of the UE includes: reducing the sensing transmission power to a value that is less than the latest value of the sensing transmission power before it is determined that the sensing transmission power should be reduced.

19. The method according to claim 18, characterized in that, The value less than the latest value of the sensing transmission power is: A value equal to the initial power; or A previously configured value.

20. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 19, characterized in that, It further includes: The UE increases the sensing transmission power by at least one of the following ways: Exponentially ramping up the sensing transmission power; or Linearly ramping up the sensing transmission power.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein Increasing the sensing transmission power is performed by the UE at the following times: Before receiving the indication for the UE to adjust the sensing transmission power of the UE; or After the UE has adjusted the sensing transmission power of the UE by reducing the sensing transmission power of the UE.

22. The method according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that, It further includes an indication of a threshold, which indicates the maximum sensing transmission power for the UE when ramping up the sensing transmission power.

23. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 22, characterized in that, It further includes: The UE receives priority configuration information for defining the priority of the UE.

24. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 22, characterized in that, The priority of the resources of the UE is determined based on the sensing requirement report of the UE.

25. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 24, characterized in that Detecting interference from the second UE includes: the UE detecting the sensing resources of the second UE, and the sensing resources can determine the priority of the sensing resources of the second UE based on the configuration information related to the sensing resources used by the other UEs.

26. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 25, characterized in that, The sensing transmission power reduction request sent by the UE to reduce the transmission power of the second UE includes: The UE sends the request to reduce the sensing transmission power to the second UE via a sidelink SL to the second UE; or The UE sends the request to reduce the sensing transmission power to the base station via an uplink UL, so that the base station forwards the request to reduce the sensing transmission power to the second UE via a downlink DL.

27. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 26, characterized in that, It further includes: The UE receives sensing configuration information related to interference avoidance, and the sensing configuration information related to interference avoidance includes at least one of the following: Sensing transmission timing offset information for offsetting the timing of the sensing transmission; or Sensing transmission signal interval information for changing the interval of the sensing transmission.

28. A device, characterized in that, It includes: A processor; A computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 27.

29. A method, characterized in that, It includes: The base station sends a first set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of uplink UL communication transmission or sidelink SL communication transmission and a second set of multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of sensing transmission.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein It further includes: The base station sends an explicit indication as to whether the user equipment UE will use the first set of the multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of the UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission, or will use the second set of the multiple power control parameters for determining the transmission power of the sensing transmission.

31. The method according to claim 29, wherein It further includes: The base station sends a first association between the first set of the multiple power control parameters and a first reference signal resource and a second association between the second set of the multiple power control parameters and a second reference signal resource.

32. The method according to claim 29, wherein It further includes: The base station sends a first association between the first set of the multiple power control parameters and a first resource configuration parameter and a second association between the second set of the multiple power control parameters and a second resource configuration parameter.

33. The method according to claim 32, wherein The resource configuration parameter is one of a reference signal bandwidth, a reference signal port number, a reference signal symbol number, or a physical channel symbol number.

34. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The transmission power of the UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission is determined using the first set of the multiple power control parameters; or The transmission power of the sensing transmission is determined using the second set of the multiple power control parameters.

35. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 34, characterized in that, The UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission and the sensing transmission are sounding reference signals SRS.

36. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 35, characterized in that, The parameters in the first parameter set are different from the parameters in the second parameter set.

37. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 36, characterized in that, One or more parameters in the second set are dedicated to sensing power control.

38. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 37, characterized in that, For interference avoidance of sensing transmission, the method includes: When interference involving two or more UEs is detected, the base station sends an indication to at least one UE to adjust the UE's sensed transmission power, where the indication is an indication of absolute sensed transmission power or an indication of differential sensed transmission power.

39. The method according to claim 38, wherein The indication is sent on UE-specific downlink control information DCI, group-specific DCI, media access control-control element MAC-CE, or radio resource control (RRC) message.

40. The method according to claim 38 or 39, characterized in that, The indication includes at least one of the following: An indication of whether the UE is configured to adjust the power control of the UL communication transmission or the SL communication transmission and the sensed transmission; or Transmission power command TPC.

41. The method according to claim 40, wherein It further includes: The base station sends configuration information indicating whether the indication of whether the UE is configured to adjust the power control of the UL transmission and the sensed transmission indication is included in the indication. If not included, the indication is used to adjust the sensed transmission power.

42. The method according to any one of claims 38 to 41, characterized in that, It further includes: The base station sends configuration information related to the sensed transmission power of other UEs.

43. The method according to any one of claims 38 to 42, characterized in that, It further includes: The base station receives a report including interference information measured by the at least one UE.

44. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 37, characterized in that For interference avoidance in sensed transmission, the method includes: The base station sends configuration information related to the sensed resources used by the at least one UE, where the configuration information enables a first UE to determine the priority of the sensed resources of a second UE, so that when interference between the first UE and the second UE is detected, the first UE is used to compare the priority of the sensed resources of the first UE with the priority of the sensed resources used by the second UE.

45. The method according to claim 44, wherein The configuration information related to the sensed resources used by the at least one UE includes a priority associated with the sensed resources of at least one UE among the other UEs.

46. The method according to claim 44 or 45, characterized in that, It further includes: The base station sends threshold information for the first UE to use during interference reduction, and the threshold information is compared with the exponentially ramped sensed transmission power of the first UE.

47. The method according to any one of claims 44 to 46, characterized in that, It further includes: The base station sends priority configuration information for defining the priority of the first UE.

48. The method according to any one of claims 44 to 47, characterized in that, It further includes: Sending a sensed transmission power reduction request to reduce the transmission power of the second UE, where sending the sensed transmission power reduction request includes: The base station receives a request to reduce the sensed transmission power of the second UE from the first UE via the uplink UL; The base station forwards the request to reduce the sensed transmission power to the second UE via the downlink DL.

49. The method according to any one of claims 44 to 48, characterized in that, It further includes: Sending sensed configuration information related to interference avoidance, and the sensed configuration information related to interference avoidance includes at least one of the following: Sensed transmission timing offset information for offsetting the timing of the sensed transmission; or Sensed transmission signal interval information for changing the interval of the sensed transmission.

50. A device, characterized in that, It includes: A processor; A computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, execute the method according to any one of claims 29 to 49.

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