Independent energy supply system suitable for high altitude area and control method thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of new energy, and discloses an independent energy supply system suitable for a high-altitude area and a control method thereof, electric power is generated through photovoltaic power generation, part of the electric power is stored in a storage battery, and the residual electric power is used for electrolyzing water to prepare hydrogen and oxygen, and the hydrogen and the oxygen are respectively stored. The oxygen content in the air is increased by mixing the oxygen, the oxygen and the hydrogen jointly enter the fuel cell for chemical reaction, and stable electric power and hot water are output. In order to ensure the stability of the system, a low-temperature air source heat pump is configured to serve as standby heat supply equipment, and accurate adjustment and storage of electric power are achieved through cooperative work of a load tracking module and an efficient storage battery. According to the system, photovoltaic power generation, hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell technologies are combined, continuous and reliable power and heat combined supply can be achieved in high-altitude areas lack of power grid support, and an efficient and environment-friendly solution is provided for energy supply in remote areas.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of new energy, and particularly to an independent energy supply system applicable to high-altitude areas and a control method thereof. Background Art

[0002] In high-altitude areas, the terrain is complex and the population is sparse. The cost of power grid construction is high, and there are often challenges in insufficient power supply. Especially in remote areas, due to the great difficulty in infrastructure construction, the expansion of the traditional power grid has become a huge economic burden. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an energy system that independently supplies electricity and heat outdoors in this area.

[0003] At the same time, the natural environmental characteristics of high-altitude areas bring complexity to the design and operation of energy systems. In this area, there are generally environmental factors such as thin air, low air pressure, large temperature differences, and little water vapor, and the solar radiation is large and the sunshine time is long, which provides advantages for solar energy utilization. However, this climate environment also brings many problems. Especially for a photovoltaic power generation system that relies on solar energy, seasonal changes and climate instability will directly affect the reliability of energy supply.

[0004] In traditional energy systems, most rely on fossil fuels such as fuel oil. This method not only has a high cost, but also has difficulties in fuel supply in high-altitude areas, and requires high-frequency maintenance and transportation, resulting in system instability and high operating costs. In addition, fuel generators usually have problems such as low energy utilization efficiency and pollutant emissions, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of modern low-carbon environmental protection.

[0005] Although photovoltaic power generation is regarded as a clean and renewable energy solution, its stability is often affected by climate, seasonality, and energy storage technology. Especially in the absence of an effective energy storage system, photovoltaic power generation can only supply electricity during the day, and the power supply during the night and cloudy days cannot be guaranteed. At the same time, the problem of heat supply has not been effectively solved. Common photovoltaic hot water systems often cannot cope with the problems of too low winter temperatures and too large heating demands in high-altitude areas.

[0006] In addition, as a high-efficiency and low-emission power generation technology, fuel cells show great potential in the field of low-carbon energy. However, the low-oxygen and low-air-pressure environment in high-altitude areas has a significant impact on the operation effect of fuel cells. The efficiency of fuel cells is usually limited by the insufficient oxygen content. Therefore, in such an environment, the performance of fuel cells cannot be fully exerted, which greatly limits its application prospects. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides an independent energy supply system applicable to high-altitude areas and its control method, which solves the problems that in the low-oxygen and low-atmospheric-pressure environment of high-altitude areas in the prior art, traditional energy systems and photovoltaic power generation cannot supply power and heat stably.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention is realized through the following technical solutions: An independent energy supply system applicable to high-altitude areas, comprising: A photovoltaic power generation system for converting solar energy into direct current. The output end of the photovoltaic power generation system is connected to an electrolytic water hydrogen production system, a battery energy storage system, and an external power load through a first electrical connection line; An electrolytic water hydrogen production system, whose input end is electrically connected to the output end of the photovoltaic power generation system, and is used for electrolyzing the input water to generate hydrogen and oxygen during power-on; A hydrogen storage system, whose input end is connected to the hydrogen output end of the electrolytic water hydrogen production system, and is used for storing hydrogen; An oxygen storage system, whose input end is connected to the oxygen output end of the electrolytic water hydrogen production system, and is used for storing oxygen; An oxygen regulation and oxygen supply system, whose first input end is connected to the oxygen storage system, the second input end is connected to an air channel, and the output end is connected to the cathode end of a fuel cell system through a mixed gas channel, and is used for adjusting the mixing ratio of oxygen and air to meet the oxygen concentration required for the operation of the fuel cell; A fuel cell system, whose anode end is connected to the hydrogen storage system through a hydrogen supply pipeline, and the cathode end is connected to the oxygen regulation and oxygen supply system through the mixed gas channel. The fuel cell system is used for electrochemically reacting hydrogen with mixed oxygen to generate electric energy and heat energy; A battery energy storage system, which is connected to the photovoltaic power generation system through the first electrical connection line and is connected to the fuel cell system through a second electrical connection line, and is used for storing and releasing electric energy to meet the fluctuations in power consumption requirements; A heat pump heating system, whose heat source input end is connected to the heat energy output end of the fuel cell system, and the output end is connected to a hot water storage tank or an external heat load, and is used for heating or heat storage; An intelligent control system, which is electrically connected to the above-mentioned modules, including a data acquisition unit, a control instruction processing unit, and an execution control module, and is used for collecting the operating states of the modules and coordinating the electric energy output, gas flow ratio, and heat energy scheduling according to a preset strategy to achieve multi-energy complementary regulation.

[0009] Preferably, the oxygen regulation and oxygen supply system includes: An oxygen regulating valve, whose inlet is connected to the oxygen storage system; An air intake pipeline, whose inlet is connected to the atmosphere; A blender, whose first input port is connected to the oxygen regulating valve, the second input port is connected to the air intake pipeline, and the output port is connected to the cathode end of the fuel cell system; An oxygen content detection module, which is arranged downstream of the blender and is used for detecting the oxygen content in the mixed gas in real time; A blending control module, which is electrically connected to the oxygen regulating valve and the oxygen content detection module, and is used for adjusting the oxygen ratio according to the detection signal to keep the oxygen content within the target range.

[0010] Preferably, the water electrolysis hydrogen production system includes: A pure water treatment module, which is used for purifying raw water into electrolysis water; A raw material water tank, which is used for storing the purified electrolysis water; An electrolytic cell, whose inlet is connected to the raw material water tank and is used for implementing an electrolysis reaction to generate hydrogen and oxygen; A gas-liquid separation device, whose inlet is connected to the electrolytic cell and is used for separating the gas and liquid generated during the electrolysis process; A gas purification module, which is respectively connected to the hydrogen end and the oxygen end of the gas-liquid separation device and is used for improving the gas purity and then sending them to the hydrogen storage system and the oxygen storage system respectively.

[0011] Preferably, the fuel cell system includes: A fuel cell stack, whose anode is connected to the hydrogen storage system and the cathode is connected to the oxygen regulation and supply system, and is used for generating direct current and heat energy; An electric output module, whose output end is connected to the battery energy storage system and an external load; A heat exchange device, whose heat input end is connected to the fuel cell stack and the heat output end is connected to the heat pump heating system, and is used for the recovery and utilization of heat energy.

[0012] Preferably, the intelligent control system includes: A data acquisition module, which is respectively connected to the photovoltaic power generation system, the water electrolysis hydrogen production system, the hydrogen storage system, the oxygen storage system, the fuel cell system, the oxygen regulation and supply system, the heat pump heating system and the battery energy storage system, and is used for acquiring operation parameters such as voltage, current, air pressure, temperature and oxygen concentration; A control logic module, which is used for judging the operation states of the subsystems according to the acquired data; A control execution module, which is used for sending control instructions to adjust the photovoltaic power distribution, the electrolysis switch state, the gas flow rate, the fuel cell output power and the heat pump heating mode.

[0013] A control method for an independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas, comprising the following steps: The photovoltaic power generation system generates direct current under sunlight conditions, supplies external loads, and feeds the excess electricity into the electrolytic water hydrogen production system and the battery energy storage system; After receiving the excess electric energy, the electrolytic water hydrogen production system starts the electrolysis process, producing hydrogen and oxygen, which are respectively transported to the hydrogen storage system and the oxygen storage system; When the load exceeds the photovoltaic power generation capacity or there is no sunlight, the fuel cell system starts. Its anode receives hydrogen, and its cathode receives the oxygen-air mixture processed by the oxygen-regulated oxygen supply system, generating electric energy and heat; The heat energy is transferred to the heat pump heating system through the heat exchange device for hot water supply or heat storage; The intelligent control system coordinates and controls each module, and adjusts the gas ratio, current distribution, and load priority according to the feedback signals of gas concentration, voltage, current, and temperature.

[0014] Preferably, during the process of controlling the oxygen-regulated oxygen supply system, the intelligent control system dynamically adjusts the opening of the oxygen regulating valve according to the deviation between the detected oxygen content and the set target concentration to maintain the oxygen concentration in the mixture gas within the preset range.

[0015] Preferably, when the intelligent control system detects a hydrogen leakage signal, the following operations are performed: Control the electrolytic water hydrogen production system to stop running; Close the output pipeline valve of the hydrogen storage system; Send out an audible and visual alarm signal, and disconnect the gas connection between the fuel cell system and the hydrogen storage system.

[0016] Preferably, when the heat pump heating system detects that the temperature of the hot water storage tank is lower than the set lower limit value, it automatically starts the air source heat pump to heat the hot water storage tank until the target temperature.

[0017] Preferably, when the load fluctuates rapidly, the intelligent control system determines whether to call the battery to discharge or charge according to the current state of charge of the battery and the load change rate to assist the fuel cell system in power balancing.

[0018] The present invention provides an independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas and its control method. It has the following Beneficial effects: 1. The present invention adopts the composite regulation of the intelligent control system and multi-source energy linkage, achieving the purpose of continuous power supply and heating in plateau and remote areas without relying on the conventional power grid. Compared with the existing technologies that rely on diesel power generation or single solar energy systems, it solves the long-term problems such as low energy efficiency, unstable energy, and high operation and maintenance costs.

[0019] 2. By introducing oxygen concentration adaptive regulation into the control method and combining it with high-precision proportional gas mixing control, the present invention significantly improves the load capacity of fuel cells under lean air conditions. Compared with the serious defect of the traditional fuel cell system that the output decays severely in a low-oxygen environment, this solution effectively avoids the problem of system efficiency collapse caused by insufficient oxygen.

[0020] 3. With the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen as the core of energy buffering, combined with dynamic hydrogen storage management and intelligent power regulation, the present invention realizes the real-time adaptive matching between the energy consumption side and the energy supply side. Different from the strategy of relying on fixed working modes to control energy storage devices in the prior art, it overcomes a series of operation bottlenecks such as slow response, resource mismatch, and inflexible scheduling. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] Figure 1 is the process flow chart of the low-carbon off-grid energy system of the present invention; Figure 2 is the process flow chart of the oxygen-air mixing system of the present invention; Figure 3 is the schematic diagram of the system operation control logic when there is light and load consumption in the present invention; Figure 4 is the schematic diagram of the system operation control logic when there is no light and load consumption in the present invention; Figure 5 is the schematic diagram of the system operation control logic when there is no light and no load consumption in the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0022] Next, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0023] Please refer to the attached Figures 1-5 , the embodiments of the present invention provide an independent energy supply system applicable to high-altitude areas and its control method, including: In the independent energy supply system applicable to high-altitude areas of the present invention, considering the natural characteristics of thin air and insufficient oxygen content in the plateau area, relying solely on natural air supply is difficult to meet the reaction requirements of the cathode end of the fuel cell. Especially under low-pressure and low-temperature conditions, the traditional natural aspiration-based oxygen supply method will significantly reduce the output efficiency and stability of the fuel cell stack.

[0024] Therefore, a dedicated oxygen regulation and supply system is introduced into the system. A reliable connection is established between this system, the oxygen storage system, the outside air passage, and the cathode gas inlet end of the fuel cell system to achieve stable regulation and supply of the oxygen-air mixed gas.

[0025] The output end of the oxygen storage system is connected to the oxygen regulation and supply system through a dedicated oxygen gas pipeline. Another path of the oxygen regulation and supply system is connected to the outside air passage, and the outlet of the mixed gas after oxygen regulation is hermetically connected to the cathode interface of the fuel cell stack via a mixing channel. This connection relationship ensures that the oxygen source of the fuel cell system has the ability to select dual paths, enabling the system to flexibly regulate the oxygen concentration under different working conditions, thereby improving the fuel cell reaction efficiency and the system operation stability. The oxygen regulation and supply system includes an oxygen regulating valve, an air intake passage, a gas mixing module, an oxygen content detection module, and a mixed gas output pipeline. The above-mentioned components constitute a complete dynamic gas ratio regulation unit, which can continuously and automatically complete the adjustment of the mixing ratio of oxygen and air during the working cycle of the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.

[0026] The oxygen regulating valve selects a proportional type electrically controlled valve, and the control accuracy can reach within ±0.5%. Its inlet end is connected to the outlet of the oxygen storage tank, and the outlet end is connected to the first inlet of the mixing module. This regulating valve is driven by an intelligent control unit and can adjust the opening degree in real time according to the oxygen concentration feedback signal, so as to achieve refined oxygen supply control.

[0027] The air intake passage is an independent air inlet. After passing through the filtering module, it is connected to the second inlet of the mixing module. The filtering module is used to remove impurities such as dust and water vapor that may be carried in the air, preventing pollution to the fuel cell electrode material or a decrease in electrochemical performance.

[0028] The mixing module is a passive eddy mixing device, and a double spiral guide vane design is adopted in its structure. Its function is to make the oxygen and air form sufficient disturbance before entering the output channel to improve the mixing uniformity. An oxygen concentration detection probe is arranged inside this mixer, and the output signal of the detection probe is sent to the oxygen content detection module in real time.

[0029] The oxygen content detection module adopts an electro-chemical oxygen sensor with a measuring range of 0 - 100% O2, a response time of less than 1 second, and a measurement accuracy that can be controlled within ±0.1%. The output signal of this module is transmitted to the controller through an analog or CAN bus interface, and the controller performs closed-loop control calculation in combination with the set concentration target value.

[0030] In the control strategy, the system takes the required oxygen concentration target value C t as the reference input, subtracts the actually detected concentration value C a from it to obtain the concentration deviation ΔC = C t - C a, This deviation signal serves as the input to the PID controller, and the controller outputs a control quantity u(t) to adjust the opening degree of the oxygen regulating valve. The general expression of the PID controller is as follows: Where: u(t): The control output, which adjusts the opening degree of the oxygen valve; e(t) = C t -C a : The real-time concentration error; K p 、K i 、K d : The proportional, integral, and differential coefficients, which are used to adjust the response speed, steady-state accuracy, and disturbance response ability of the controller respectively; τ: The integral time variable.

[0031] The oxygen and air mixed gas after the above adjustment is output by the mixing module and introduced into the cathode gas inlet of the fuel cell system through the mixed gas output pipeline.

[0032] In the cathode region of the fuel cell, oxygen molecules in the mixed gas and hydrogen molecules coming from the anode side undergo an electrochemical reaction under the action of a catalyst, generating water and releasing energy. The oxygen concentration in the cathode air supply has a great influence on this reaction process. If the oxygen concentration is too low, it will cause the polarization of the fuel cell stack to increase, the power to drop, and even the flameout; if the oxygen concentration is too high, the excess oxygen in the reaction zone will consume the oxygen storage resources ineffectively, and may even increase the risk of corrosion and drying on the cathode side. Therefore, adjusting the oxygen concentration through the above feedback control strategy not only improves the operating efficiency of the fuel cell but also effectively controls the resource utilization rate.

[0033] Furthermore, to avoid the influence of gas fluctuations on the oxygen supply stability of the fuel cell, a buffer gas storage cavity is integrated in the oxygen regulation and supply system, which is set between the mixing module and the output pipeline and is used to balance the air pressure fluctuations during the mixing process for a short time. The designed volume of this gas storage cavity is between 1 and 3 L, and it can be flexibly adjusted according to the specifications of the fuel cell stack. The oxygen regulation and supply system is not simply a gas proportion mixing device in essence, but constitutes a closed-loop control logic link with the oxygen storage system, air channel, and fuel cell system. During the operation of the system, any change at one end will affect the setting of the mixing parameters. For example, when the pressure of the oxygen storage system is insufficient, the control system will automatically reduce the target oxygen concentration to adapt to the maximum supply flow rate of the oxygen regulating valve.

[0034] The oxygen regulation and supply system described in the present invention is applicable to fixed and mobile fuel cell energy platforms, and is particularly suitable for energy systems in high-altitude, cold, and low-pressure regions. It has good modular expansion ability and can be linearly configured according to the power level of the fuel cell stack.

[0035] In the independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude and severe cold environments proposed by the present invention, the fuel cell system and the heat pump heating system work together as core modules, playing a key role in the process of realizing efficient energy conversion and comprehensive utilization. The foregoing embodiments have detailed the composition and working mechanism of parts such as the oxygen regulation oxygen supply system, the hydrogen storage and hydrogen production module, etc. On this basis, the fuel cell and the heat pump system jointly construct an electricity-heat combined supply energy framework, which not only has the ability to output electricity continuously and stably, but also can meet the heat load requirements such as district heating or domestic hot water through waste heat recovery, forming a closed-loop and efficient energy network.

[0036] In this embodiment, the fuel cell system mainly consists of a fuel cell stack, an electric output module, and a heat exchange component. The fuel cell stack adopts a proton exchange membrane type PEMFC structure. Its anodic end is supplied with pure hydrogen through an electrolytic water hydrogen production unit, and its cathodic end is supplied with an oxygen-air mixed gas by an oxygen regulation oxygen supply system. When the fuel cell operates under stable conditions, the following electrochemical reactions occur between hydrogen and oxygen on the surface of the electrode catalyst: Anode: H2 → 2H + + 2e - ; Cathode: During the whole reaction process, electric energy and heat energy are released. The electric energy generated by the above reaction is rectified and stabilized by a DC / DC converter and then output to the energy storage unit or used for external loads. The heat generated during the operation of the stack is transferred to the integrated heat exchange unit through the coolant medium to provide heat source for the rear-end heat pump system.

[0037] The heat pump heating system is arranged downstream of the heat output path of the fuel cell stack and forms a closed cycle with the heat exchange device and the external heat storage unit. The heat pump system adopts a compression type heat pump structure based on R134a refrigerant, and its core consists of a compressor, a condenser, a throttle valve, an evaporator, etc. The heat absorption side of the heat pump is connected to the fuel cell cooling circuit to absorb the low-grade heat energy generated by the stack reaction.

[0038] During the operation cycle of the heat pump, the exhaust gas of the fuel cell enters the evaporator through the heat exchanger. The low-pressure refrigerant absorbs heat and evaporates into a gas, which is compressed into a high-temperature and high-pressure gas by the compressor and then enters the condenser. On the condenser side, the gas releases heat for heating hot water or the heating system. The condensed refrigerant passes through the throttle valve to reduce pressure and re-enters the evaporator to form a closed-loop cycle.

[0039] The output heat power Q 热 of the heat pump system and its input power W 功 The coefficient of performance (COP) between them is defined as follows: Among them, Q 热: Heat released by the heat pump system, in kJ or W·s; W 功 : Electrical work consumed by the compressor, in kJ or W·s; The COP value is usually between 2.5 and 4.5, and is significantly affected by the ambient temperature, heat source temperature and refrigerant state. The controller will adjust the compressor frequency and the opening degree of the expansion valve according to the real-time monitoring results of the temperature sensor to maintain the COP within the optimal working range.

[0040] Furthermore, in this embodiment, by setting an intermediate buffer hot water tank, the hot water output by the heat pump system is stored for heat release in scenarios with fluctuating heating demands during the day or at night. The hot water tank is equipped with an intelligent temperature control probe, which cooperates with the PID control strategy to feedback and adjust the operating state of the heat pump to achieve temperature stability and energy consumption balance.

[0041] The system can also model and analyze the overall operating state through the following comprehensive energy conservation equation: Q 燃料电池 =Q 电 +Q 热损 +Q 可回收 ; where, Q 燃料电池 : Total energy released by the fuel cell reaction; Q 电 : Electrical energy generated by the fuel cell; Q 热损 : System heat loss, including heat transfer loss and non-recoverable part; Q 可回收 : Heat recovered and converted by the heat pump system.

[0042] This energy relationship expression is used to evaluate the efficiency distribution of energy flow between the sub-modules of the system, which is helpful for the later system optimization and the construction of the energy efficiency management model.

[0043] It should be noted that the coupling between the fuel cell system and the heat pump system is not a simple series connection, but a multi-level integrated linkage through fluid interfaces, data interfaces and energy interfaces. In the initial stage of the system, since the fuel cell has not reached a stable operating condition, the heat pump will start by auxiliary electric heating; while when the system load drops or the ambient temperature rises, the heat pump will reduce the operating frequency through variable frequency control to ensure reasonable energy consumption.

[0044] The above structure is not only applicable to independent energy scenarios such as communication base stations and border defense posts in plateau areas, but also has the potential to be extended to various extended applications such as outdoor camping equipment, polar scientific research stations, and field emergency systems. The collaborative configuration of the fuel cell system and the heat pump heating system disclosed in this embodiment has significant characteristics such as high modularity, strong operating stability, and high energy integration ability.

[0045] In the independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude and severe cold environments proposed by the present invention, the hydrogen storage and oxygen storage system, as the core hub connecting the hydrogen production, oxygen supply, and fuel cell modules, plays a key role in the intermediate caching, scheduling, and high-pressure management of energy. The foregoing has detailed the structures and operating logics of the electrolytic water hydrogen production unit and the oxygen regulation and supply system, providing necessary gas stability and safety buffering under variable climates and operating loads, and providing necessary guarantees for the continuous and efficient operation of the fuel cell system.

[0046] In this embodiment, the hydrogen storage system includes a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank, a pressure reduction and regulation module, a safety valve, a gas delivery pipeline, a temperature and pressure monitoring unit, and a data interface with the control system.

[0047] The high-pressure hydrogen storage tank is a type III gas cylinder made of 7075-T6 aviation aluminum alloy or carbon fiber composite material. Its designed working pressure is not less than 35 MPa, and the maximum allowable pressure can reach 70 MPa. The tank body is internally provided with multiple composite linings and airtight coatings for long-term stable storage of pure hydrogen.

[0048] The intake end of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank is connected to the electrolytic water hydrogen production unit through a one-way check valve to prevent gas backflow; the outlet end is connected to the pressure reduction and regulation module. This pressure reduction module consists of two-stage pressure regulating valves connected in series. The first-stage pressure regulator reduces the hydrogen storage pressure from 35 MPa to the order of 1 MPa; the second-stage regulator further controls the gas pressure to the range of 0.05 - 0.2 MPa to adapt to the anode end working conditions of the fuel cell. The adjustment process uses a proportional electro-control valve combined with a PID control algorithm for continuous pressure regulation.

[0049] To enhance the stability and safety of system operation, a temperature and pressure integrated monitoring module is provided in the hydrogen storage system. This module includes a high-precision pressure sensor (range 0 - 70 MPa, accuracy ±0.25% FS) and a thermocouple type temperature probe (range -50 - 150 °C). The output signal of the sensor is transmitted to the main control unit in real time through the A / D conversion module. The system judges the hydrogen storage state based on the monitoring data and controls the opening and closing of the electromagnetic pressure relief valve or the emergency cut-off valve.

[0050] For the dynamic evaluation of the hydrogen mass flow rate, the following flow estimation model is introduced in this embodiment: where, The mass flow rate of hydrogen per unit time (kg / s); P: The current absolute pressure of the hydrogen storage tank (Pa); V: The effective volume of the tank body (m 3 ) R: The hydrogen gas constant, with a value of 4124 J / (kg·K); T: The temperature of the gas inside the tank (K); The rate of change of the pressure inside the tank (Pa / s).

[0051] This formula is used to estimate the instantaneous flow output in the scenario without a mass flowmeter, in combination with the gas state equation, providing a basis for the hydrogen supply control strategy.

[0052] The hydrogen storage system and the fuel cell stack are connected by a stainless steel braided hose, and an explosion-proof membrane assembly and a flame arrester are provided to ensure the safe operation of the system in a high-altitude and low-temperature environment. To reduce the risks of condensation and low-temperature brittle fracture, a heating tape is installed on the hydrogen storage pipeline, and the heating power is controlled by a temperature control relay.

[0053] Corresponding to the above hydrogen storage system, the oxygen storage system is composed of a high-pressure dry oxygen storage tank, which also has functions such as high-pressure storage, safe pressure regulation, and data monitoring. The oxygen storage tank preferably adopts a titanium alloy shell and a polymer inner lining in terms of structure, the working pressure is set at 20 MPa, and the volume can be flexibly matched according to the rated power of the fuel cell, and the typical value is taken as 10 - 50 L.

[0054] An airtight transmission channel is provided between the oxygen pressure regulating module and the oxygen storage system, and the oxygen release rate is regulated through a proportional valve. The pressure regulating logic is executed with reference to the concentration feedback mechanism of the oxygen regulating and supplying system. The system controller adjusts the opening of the oxygen valve in real time through the CAN bus to ensure that the oxygen concentration of the mixed gas meets the requirements of the cathode reaction of the fuel cell stack.

[0055] A temperature and pressure combined sensor group is also configured in the oxygen storage system. The data is transmitted to the host computer system through the control bus, and a graphical human-machine interface is provided for visualizing the operating state. To prevent self-heating effects or pressure overshoot caused by long-term high-pressure storage, an over-temperature cut-off module is embedded in the oxygen pressure regulating valve group, and the valve automatically closes when the sensed temperature exceeds 75 °C.

[0056] During the overall integration of the hydrogen storage and oxygen storage systems, a central gas dispatching unit is also set up. This unit cooperates with the control unit through a multi-channel solenoid valve group to achieve the rotation switching and redundancy backup between different gas storage tanks. For example, when the gas pressure in a single tank is lower than the threshold, the controller automatically switches to the standby storage tank to ensure continuous gas supply without interruption of the system.

[0057] The hydrogen storage system and the oxygen storage system face special challenges such as low air pressure and large temperature differences when operating in a plateau environment. For this reason, in this embodiment, an adiabatic coating is also set on the surface of the gas storage tank and is wrapped with multi-layer heat insulation materials to improve the heat preservation ability of the low-temperature gas. In some implementation scenarios, to suppress excessive gasification or gas backflow, a micro check valve and a thermal sensing pressure relief switch can be added at the end of the pipeline to adapt to the gas expansion caused by the day-night temperature difference.

[0058] As an indispensable part of the energy link, the hydrogen storage and oxygen storage systems need to be designed not only to meet the capacity and pressure indicators, but also to have good thermal management, flow control and abnormal protection capabilities, ensuring smooth coordination and operation logic among the electrolytic water hydrogen production module, fuel cell stack, and oxygen supply module.

[0059] In the independent energy supply system proposed in this invention, the intelligent control system runs through multiple functional modules such as hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, oxygen supply, fuel cell power generation, and heat pump heating, playing a comprehensive control role in scheduling and coordination, parameter optimization, status perception, and safety assurance. Combining the hydrogen storage and oxygen storage systems, high-pressure gas supply devices, electrolytic water hydrogen production modules, fuel cell systems, and heat pump heating devices and other constituent elements described in the foregoing embodiments, the intelligent control system conducts real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustment of the system operation status through a multi-level sensor network, edge computing unit, and feedback control mechanism, realizing closed-loop control of the entire process of the energy system. This system does not exist as an accessory function, but constitutes the central nervous part of the technical solution of this invention. Its control logic is highly coupled with the overall performance of the system and cannot exist independently from the core technology of this invention.

[0060] In this embodiment, the intelligent control system includes a main control unit, a data acquisition module, an execution control module, a human-machine interface, a communication module, and an interface connection structure with various sensors and actuators. The main control unit is built based on the ARM Cortex-A series processor or industrial-grade FPGA platform, and has the capabilities of multi-channel data parallel processing and low-power operation characteristics. This main control unit establishes bidirectional communication links with each sub-module of the system through various communication protocols such as CAN bus, Modbus TCP, and I 2 C.

[0061] The data acquisition module of the control system forms a data path with temperature, pressure, flow rate, oxygen concentration, voltage, and current sensors in each functional component. The typical sampling period is 200ms - 500ms, and it can be reduced to 20ms in special emergency situations to improve response sensitivity. All raw data enters the control algorithm module after filtering and discretization processing for working condition discrimination and control quantity generation.

[0062] The execution control module outputs multi-variable control quantities according to the system objective function, covering the following core control processes: electrolytic water hydrogen production flow rate adjustment, hydrogen storage / oxygen storage tank switching logic, proportional valve opening control, fuel cell stack start / stop control, heat pump heating power setting, etc.

[0063] To achieve fine adjustment of oxygen concentration, a closed-loop concentration control link is introduced into the system, and the oxygen concentration is adjusted in combination with the foregoing PID controller.

[0064] For the electrolytic water hydrogen production power control part, the controller uses the current hydrogen storage tank air pressure P HAs a feedback parameter, set the target hydrogen storage pressure P T After that, calculate the error ΔP = P T - P H , and then combine with the system load power demand W L and the current fuel cell output capacity W F for joint regulation. The specific power distribution function is: W 电解 = α·ΔP + β·(W L - W F ); Where: W 电解 is the working power that should be allocated to the electrolytic water hydrogen production system currently, with the unit of W; α and β are weight coefficients, which determine the control tendency of preferentially supplementing pressure or preferentially supplementing energy. In this embodiment, the operating power of the heat pump system is also dynamically adjusted by the control system. The adjustment basis is the difference ΔT = T t between the target temperature T a of the hot water storage tank and the current temperature T t - T a , and consider the influence of the external environmental temperature T e . The setting formula of the operating frequency f of the heat pump compressor is as follows: f = f0 + γ1·ΔT + γ2·(T t - T e ); Where: f0 is the basic operating frequency; γ1 and γ2 are gain factors, which are used to adjust the temperature difference compensation intensity.

[0065] To ensure the safety and stability of the system operation, the intelligent control system is configured with a multi-level fault diagnosis and response mechanism. When any sensor has abnormal data, such as the pressure signal mutation exceeding ±20%, the controller will start logical judgment and combine the threshold database and the fault template for abnormal identification. Once the abnormality is confirmed, the system will enter the protection mode, automatically cut off the relevant gas supply path, send out an audible and visual alarm signal, and remotely upload the fault information through the communication module. The control system supports a composite control strategy based on fuzzy logic and state machine switching to cope with complex working conditions such as air pressure fluctuations in plateau areas and external load mutations. During the startup phase, the system first determines whether there is residual air pressure through the state recognition module; if not, it preferentially performs pre-charging; if low-pressure residual gas is detected, it directly enters the pressure boosting and air supplementing logic to reduce the system response time.

[0066] The human-machine interaction module displays the current system operation status, gas storage volume, current-voltage curve, fault warnings and historical data trends through a graphical interface. The controller has a built-in data storage function, which can record the operation log for no less than 60 days and support exporting the complete data set through USB / Ethernet.

[0067] In the independent energy supply system in high altitude areas described in the present invention, to ensure the coordinated operation of each sub-module during dynamic load, environmental changes, and energy interaction processes, the control method, as a key implementation mechanism, is directly related to the state linkage and closed-loop feedback among the water electrolysis hydrogen production unit, hydrogen and oxygen storage system, fuel cell power generation device, oxygen regulation and oxygen supply system, and heat pump heating module. The aforementioned intelligent control system module has described its hardware configuration and interface structure, while this part focuses on the logic flow, calculation strategy, parameter scheduling, and adaptive decision-making mechanism of the control method itself. The control method not only allocates the energy path of system operation but also provides composite regulation in multiple dimensions such as gas concentration, electric power, and heat load, constituting an inseparable control core in the present invention and not being regarded as an arbitrary solution or alternative option. In this embodiment, the control method is based on the system load power demand W L , environmental temperature T e , gas storage pressure P, gas concentration target value C t , and the current output state W F of the fuel cell stack, oxygen concentration C a and other multiple real-time monitoring parameters as inputs to construct a cross-domain coupled multi-variable control decision-making process. The overall control method adopts a hierarchical structure, including three types of functional logics: global scheduling layer, local control layer, and safety protection layer. In the global scheduling layer, the control method first determines the dominant relationship of the current power supply path of the system based on the load power demand and the state of the hydrogen storage tank. When it is detected that the system load power demand W L is higher than the current fuel cell output capacity W F and the hydrogen storage pressure P H is higher than the minimum use threshold P min , the control method preferentially starts the fuel cell stack power generation process; otherwise, it triggers the parallel energy supply strategy of the water electrolysis hydrogen production system and the energy storage unit to ensure supply-demand matching.

[0068] The power input of the water electrolysis hydrogen production system is controlled by the following relationship: W EL = α·(W L - W F ) + + β·(P T - P H ) + ; Among them, W EL is the working power of the water electrolysis system (unit: W); (x) + represents max(x,0); P T is the target hydrogen storage pressure, unit MPa; P His the current hydrogen storage pressure, unit: MPa; α and β are the distribution weight coefficients adaptively adjusted by the system according to the current environment and load conditions.

[0069] In the local control layer, the concentration control logic for regulating the oxygen supply system for oxygen no longer repeats the aforementioned PID formula, but instead calls the controller logic in this method layer. The control method takes the oxygen concentration target value C t and the measured value C a as inputs, and calculates the control output u(t) through the error e(t) = C t - C a , and adjusts the opening of the oxygen proportional valve accordingly to achieve precise control of the gas mixture on the cathode side of the fuel cell. This controller supports a self-tuning strategy based on empirical rules to automatically adjust K p , K i , K d to adapt to different altitude and air pressure conditions. In the heat pump heating module part, the control method uses a temperature difference prediction algorithm to dynamically determine the heat pump operation level. The algorithm is defined as follows: ΔT eff = (T t - T a ) + λ·(T t - T e ); P HP = f(ΔT eff ); where, ΔT eff is the effective temperature difference, unit: K; T t is the target hot water tank temperature, unit: °C; T a is the current hot water tank temperature, unit: °C; T e is the external environment temperature, unit: °C; λ is the environmental temperature influence weight, and the value range is usually 0.2 - 0.6 P HP is the heat pump output power, unit: W; f(·) represents the power decision function under the heat pump energy efficiency matching curve.

[0070] Under the above numerical control, the control method can achieve multiple operating state switches such as on-demand start / stop, variable frequency operation, and energy-saving load balancing of the heat pump system, effectively reducing the start / stop impact in the alpine environment.

[0071] In the safety protection layer, the control method integrates a pressure anomaly response mechanism, a high-temperature protection strategy, and a gas leakage discrimination algorithm. Once any sensor feedback exceeds the safety threshold range, the control method immediately triggers the following control responses: closing the main gas valve, starting the residual gas discharge path, cutting off the power supply of the electrolyzed water, and simultaneously sending an alarm signal to the human-machine interaction system. All abnormal states will be recorded in the form of timestamps, and diagnostic data can be exported via USB or Ethernet.

[0072] In addition, to improve the adaptability of the control method and the long-term operation stability of the system, a parameter self-learning module is introduced in this embodiment. This module performs regression modeling and trend prediction based on historical operation data, and is mainly applied to the following two types of parameter optimization: First, the PID parameter optimization of the oxygen controller. By establishing a loss function for indicators such as response time, steady-state error, and adjustment frequency in the past n working cycles, the following objective function is minimized: where e ss,i is the steady-state error in the i-th adjustment process; t res,i is the response time; u var,i is the degree of fluctuation of the control quantity; γ1, γ2, γ3 are weight factors.

[0073] Second, the correction of hydrogen consumption prediction parameters. The control method uses the known output power of the fuel cell stack and the historical hydrogen mass flow rate to inversely deduce the current average efficiency of the fuel cell stack, and combines the electrochemical theoretical efficiency to correct the target interval of the input pressure or flow rate, so as to improve the accuracy of the fuel consumption ratio.

[0074] In summary, the control method provided in this embodiment realizes the precise coupling between the hydrogen production, oxygen supply, heat supply, and power generation subsystems through a linkage control strategy for the entire system process, meeting the multiple requirements of system operation stability, safety, and high-efficiency utilization.

[0075] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. An independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas, characterized in that, Comprising: A photovoltaic power generation system for converting solar energy into direct current. The output end of the photovoltaic power generation system is connected to an electrolytic water hydrogen production system, a battery energy storage system, and an external power load through a first electrical connection line; An electrolytic water hydrogen production system, whose input end is electrically connected to the output end of the photovoltaic power generation system, and is used for electrolyzing input water to generate hydrogen and oxygen when there is electricity; A hydrogen storage system, whose input end is connected to the hydrogen output end of the electrolytic water hydrogen production system, and is used for storing hydrogen; An oxygen storage system, whose input end is connected to the oxygen output end of the electrolytic water hydrogen production system, and is used for storing oxygen; An oxygen regulation and oxygen supply system, whose first input end is connected to the oxygen storage system, the second input end is connected to an air channel, and the output end is connected to the cathode end of a fuel cell system through a mixed gas channel, and is used for adjusting the mixing ratio of oxygen and air to meet the oxygen concentration required for the operation of the fuel cell; A fuel cell system, whose anode end is connected to the hydrogen storage system through a hydrogen supply pipeline, and the cathode end is connected to the oxygen regulation and oxygen supply system through the mixed gas channel. The fuel cell system is used for electrochemically reacting hydrogen with mixed oxygen to generate electric energy and heat energy; A battery energy storage system, which is connected to the photovoltaic power generation system through the first electrical connection line and is connected to the fuel cell system through a second electrical connection line, and is used for storing and releasing electric energy to meet the fluctuations in electricity demand; A heat pump heating system, whose heat source input end is connected to the heat energy output end of the fuel cell system, and the output end is connected to a hot water storage tank or an external heat load, and is used for heating or heat storage; An intelligent control system, which is electrically connected to the above-mentioned modules, including a data acquisition unit, a control instruction processing unit, and an execution control module, and is used for collecting the operating states of the modules and coordinating the electric energy output, gas flow ratio, and heat energy scheduling according to a preset strategy to achieve multi-energy complementary regulation.

2. The independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas according to claim 1, wherein, The oxygen regulation and oxygen supply system includes: An oxygen regulating valve, whose inlet is connected to the oxygen storage system; An air intake pipeline, whose inlet is connected to the atmosphere; A mixer, whose first input port is connected to the oxygen regulating valve, the second input port is connected to the air intake pipeline, and the output port is connected to the cathode end of the fuel cell system; An oxygen content detection module, which is arranged downstream of the mixer and is used for real-time detection of the oxygen content in the mixed gas; A mixing control module, which is electrically connected to the oxygen regulating valve and the oxygen content detection module, and is used for adjusting the oxygen ratio according to the detection signal to keep the oxygen content within the target range.

3. An independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrolytic water hydrogen production system includes: A pure water treatment module for purifying raw water into electrolytic water; A raw material water tank for storing the purified electrolytic water; An electrolytic cell, whose inlet is connected to the raw material water tank, and is used for carrying out an electrolytic reaction to generate hydrogen and oxygen; A gas-liquid separation device, whose inlet is connected to the electrolytic cell, and is used for separating the gas and liquid generated during the electrolysis process; A gas purification module, which is respectively connected to the hydrogen end and the oxygen end of the gas-liquid separation device, and is used for improving the gas purity and then sending it to the hydrogen storage system and the oxygen storage system respectively.

4. An independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas according to claim 1, characterized in that The fuel cell system includes: A fuel cell stack, with the anode connected to the hydrogen storage system and the cathode connected to the oxygen-regulated oxygen supply system, is used to generate direct current and heat energy. An electrical output module, whose output terminal is connected to the battery energy storage system and an external load. A heat exchange device, with its heat input terminal connected to the fuel cell stack and its heat output terminal connected to the heat pump heating system, is used for the recovery and utilization of heat energy.

5. An independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The intelligent control system includes: A data acquisition module, which is respectively connected to the photovoltaic power generation system, the electrolytic water hydrogen production system, the hydrogen storage system, the oxygen storage system, the fuel cell system, the oxygen-regulated oxygen supply system, the heat pump heating system, and the battery energy storage system, and is used to collect operating parameters such as voltage, current, air pressure, temperature, and oxygen concentration. A control logic module, which is used to judge the operating states of each subsystem according to the collected data. A control execution module, which is used to issue control instructions to adjust the photovoltaic power distribution, the electrolytic switch state, the gas flow rate, the fuel cell output power, and the heat pump heating mode.

6. A control method for an independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas, according to an independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas described in any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, It includes the following steps: The photovoltaic power generation system generates direct current under sunlight conditions, supplies it to the external load, and sends the excess power to the electrolytic water hydrogen production system and the battery energy storage system. The electrolytic water hydrogen production system starts the electrolysis process after receiving the excess electrical energy, produces hydrogen and oxygen, and transports them to the hydrogen storage system and the oxygen storage system respectively. When the load exceeds the photovoltaic power generation capacity or there is no sunlight, the fuel cell system starts. Its anode receives hydrogen, and its cathode receives the oxygen-air mixed gas processed by the oxygen-regulated oxygen supply system to generate electrical energy and heat energy. The heat energy is transferred to the heat pump heating system through the heat exchange device for hot water supply or heat storage. The intelligent control system coordinately controls each module, and adjusts the gas ratio, current distribution, and load priority according to the gas concentration, voltage, current, and temperature feedback signals.

7. The control method of an independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas according to claim 6, characterized in that, During the process of controlling the oxygen-regulated oxygen supply system, the intelligent control system dynamically adjusts the opening degree of the oxygen regulating valve according to the deviation between the detected oxygen content and the set target concentration to maintain the oxygen concentration in the mixed gas within the preset range.

8. The control method of an independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas according to claim 6, characterized in that, When the intelligent control system detects a hydrogen leakage signal, it performs the following operations: Controls the electrolytic water hydrogen production system to stop operating. Closes the output pipeline valve of the hydrogen storage system. Issues an audible and visual alarm signal and disconnects the gas connection between the fuel cell system and the hydrogen storage system.

9. The control method of an independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas according to claim 6, characterized in that When the heat pump heating system detects that the temperature of the hot water storage tank is lower than the set lower limit value, it automatically starts the air source heat pump to supply heat to the hot water storage tank until the target temperature.

10. The control method of an independent energy supply system applicable to high altitude areas according to claim 6, characterized in that, During rapid load fluctuations, the intelligent control system judges whether to call the battery to discharge or charge according to the current state of charge of the battery and the load change rate to assist the fuel cell system in power balancing.

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